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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rTCgPWcN8pyBtswsXMzMmWS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2004000100001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(04)08200101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2004000100001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular em funcion&#225;rios do Centro de Pesquisas da Petrobras</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de F&#225;tima Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Albuquerque Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimenta</surname>
            <given-names>Armando Jorge Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Ledo Alves da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>82</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>4</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular em funcion&#225;rios do Centro de Pesquisas da Petrobras. M&#201;TODOS: Em estudo descritivo transversal, foram avaliados cl&#237;nica e laboratorialmente, de mar&#231;o de 2000 e fevereiro de 2001, empregados do Centro de Pesquisas da Petrobras, tendo sido exclu&#237;dos os que n&#227;o compareceram &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame m&#233;dico peri&#243;dico anual de 2000. Calculados o percentual da ocorr&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco e a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o das vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas, da press&#227;o arterial e do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea. RESULTADOS: De um total de 1.191 empregados, foram estudados 970, sendo 75,4% homens e 24,6% mulheres, com idade m&#233;dia de 42,2 anos. A preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco foi o sedentarismo (67,3%), o colesterol &gt; 200 mg/dl (56,6%), o sobrepeso (42%), a obesidade (17%), a hipertens&#227;o arterial (18,2%), o tabagismo (12,4%) e o diabetes mellitus (2,5%). CONCLUS&#195;O: A elevada preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular, em indiv&#237;duos jovens, alerta para a necessidade de ado&#231;&#227;o de programas de promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as no ambiente de trabalho.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>ambiente de trabalho</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular em funcion&#225;rios do Centro de Pesquisas da Petrobras </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria de F&#225;tima Duarte Matos; Nelson Albuquerque Souza e Silva; Armando Jorge Marques Pimenta; Antonio Jos&#233; Ledo Alves da Cunha </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO </bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular em funcion&#225;rios do Centro de Pesquisas da Petrobras. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Em estudo descritivo transversal, foram avaliados cl&#237;nica e laboratorialmente, de mar&#231;o de 2000 e fevereiro de 2001, empregados do Centro de Pesquisas da Petrobras, tendo sido exclu&#237;dos os que n&#227;o compareceram &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame m&#233;dico peri&#243;dico anual de 2000. Calculados o percentual da ocorr&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco e a m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o das vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas, da press&#227;o arterial e do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> De um total de 1.191 empregados, foram estudados 970, sendo 75,4% homens e 24,6% mulheres, com idade m&#233;dia de 42,2 anos. A preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco foi o sedentarismo (67,3%), o colesterol &gt; 200 mg/dl (56,6%), o sobrepeso (42%), a obesidade (17%), a hipertens&#227;o arterial (18,2%), o tabagismo (12,4%) e o diabetes mellitus (2,5%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A elevada preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular, em indiv&#237;duos jovens, alerta para a necessidade de ado&#231;&#227;o de programas de promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as no ambiente de trabalho.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, fatores de risco, ambiente de trabalho</p>
    <p>Historicamente, o interesse da doen&#231;a e suas complica&#231;&#245;es no ambiente de trabalho esteve focado no grau de exposi&#231;&#227;o ocupacional, que leva aos perigos relacionados &#224; sa&#250;de<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, esta &#234;nfase tem mudado para doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o-transmiss&#237;veis, e os locais de trabalho passaram a atrair interesse, como lugar potencial para estudos causais e de interven&#231;&#245;es. Estes &#250;ltimos t&#234;m como alvo a modifica&#231;&#227;o de comportamentos precursores de doen&#231;as, n&#227;o espec&#237;ficas da fun&#231;&#227;o ocupacional, como dieta, exerc&#237;cios e tabagismo. </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares t&#234;m papel indiscut&#237;vel na morbidade e mortalidade do mundo ocidental, tanto nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos como nos em desenvolvimento. A cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e o acidente vascular cerebral s&#227;o e ser&#227;o, de acordo com as proje&#231;&#245;es para o ano 2020, as principais causas de morte, de anos de vida perdidos e de anos de vida perdidos com incapacita&#231;&#227;o<sup>2,3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em fun&#231;&#227;o da elevada preval&#234;ncia das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, dos poucos estudos nacionais, e da possibilidade de interven&#231;&#227;o nos fatores de risco no ambiente de trabalho, optou-se por realizar esta pesquisa, com objetivo de analisar, nos empregados do Centro de Pesquisas da Petrobras, a preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular e, a partir da&#237;, desenvolver a&#231;&#245;es de promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de estudo transversal, realizado com empregados do Centro de Pesquisas da Petrobras, situado no Rio de Janeiro, de mar&#231;o de 2000 a fevereiro de 2001. </p>
    <p>A Petrobras, com 38.908 empregados, atua de forma integrada e especializada nos segmentos relacionados &#224; ind&#250;stria de &#243;leo, g&#225;s e energia e &#233; o ber&#231;o da tecnologia do petr&#243;leo brasileiro, cuja popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; constitu&#237;da de f&#237;sicos, matem&#225;ticos, bi&#243;logos, ge&#243;logos, engenheiros, m&#233;dicos, t&#233;cnicos e administradores, reunindo 1.191 profissionais, entre mestres, doutores, gerentes com MBA (<italic>Master Business Administration</italic>), atuando em projetos de pesquisas ligados &#224;s &#225;reas de explora&#231;&#227;o, produ&#231;&#227;o e refino do petr&#243;leo nacional, al&#233;m da busca de novas fontes alternativas de energia para o pa&#237;s. O Centro possui 137 laborat&#243;rios e um parque com 28 unidades-piloto (unidades para testes em refinarias). </p>
    <p>Foram convocados 1.191 empregados para realizar o exame m&#233;dico anual da empresa no per&#237;odo citado. Os empregados que compareceram, foram submetidos a exame cl&#237;nico e laboratorial padronizados. O sangue foi coletado por t&#233;cnico especializado de laborat&#243;rio credenciado, e levado para an&#225;lise no mesmo dia. O exame cl&#237;nico foi realizado por m&#233;dicos da empresa e as medidas antropom&#233;tricas e da press&#227;o arterial foram efetuadas por t&#233;cnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem treinados, com equipamento para mensura&#231;&#227;o aferido regularmente. </p>
    <p>Os valores do perfil lip&#237;dico foram analisados de acordo com o Segundo Programa Nacional de Educa&#231;&#227;o do Colesterol dos EUA (NCEP)<sup>4</sup>, que classifica o colesterol total em normal (&lt; 200 mg/dl), lim&#237;trofe alto (200-239 mg/dl) e alto (&gt;240 mg/dl); os triglicer&#237;deos em normal (&lt;200 mg/dl), lim&#237;trofe alto (200-400 mg/dl), alto (400-1000 mg/dl) e muito alto (&gt; 100mg/dl) e o HDL colesterol em baixo (&lt; 35 mg/dl), normal (35-59 mg/dl) e alto (&gt; 60 mg/dl). </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de familiares de 1&#186; grau com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana manifesta e/ou cerebrovascular e/ou perif&#233;rica, foi considerada como hist&#243;ria familiar positiva. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de diabetes mellitus (glicemia de jejum com valor <underline>&gt;</underline> a 126 mg/dl) seguiu as normas do <italic>Expert Committee on Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus</italic><sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos que negavam pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica ou com freq&#252;&#234;ncia <underline>&lt;</underline> 2 vezes por semana, e dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 30min, foram tidos como sedent&#225;rios. </p>
    <p>Foram considerados fumantes indiv&#237;duos que fumavam, regularmente, em m&#233;dia, de tr&#234;s ou mais cigarros por dia, tragando a fuma&#231;a h&#225; <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 ano. </p>
    <p>De acordo com o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados em: eutr&#243;ficos (IMC<underline>&gt;</underline>18m<sup>2 </sup>e <underline>&lt;</underline> 24,99Kg/m<sup>2</sup>); sobrepeso (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 e <underline>&lt;</underline> 29,99Kg/m<sup>2</sup>); obesidade (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline>30Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o arterial, os valores de refer&#234;ncia adotados obedeceram &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Joint National Committee</italic> <italic>VI </italic>(JNC VI)<sup>7</sup>, que define como hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#237;veis <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg de press&#227;o diast&#243;lica e <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica. As pessoas que estavam com press&#227;o arterial abaixo desses n&#237;veis, mas referiam uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas, tamb&#233;m foram consideradas hipertensas. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial foi realizada an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva, calculado o valor m&#237;nimo, primeiro quartil, mediana, terceiro quartil, m&#225;ximo, m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas, para a press&#227;o arterial e para o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea e calculado o valor percentual dos fatores de risco. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 1.191 empregados convocados, 970 compareceram e foram avaliados, sendo 75,4% homens e 24,6% mulheres, com idade m&#233;dia de 42,2 anos. </p>
    <p>Dados referentes ao perfil laboratorial encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> e referentes &#224; press&#227;o arterial e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> est&#225; a preval&#234;ncia dos principais fatores de risco. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0001-00001-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0001-00001-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0001-00001-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O sedentarismo, presente em 67,3% da amostra, destacou-se como fator de risco mais prevalente. A obesidade foi observada em 17% da popula&#231;&#227;o, sendo que 42% encontravam-se com sobrepeso. A hipertens&#227;o arterial esteve presente em 18,2% dos empregados, sendo que apenas 16% dos hipertensos encontravam-se controlados. O tabagismo foi observado em 12,4% da amostra e o diabetes mellitus em 2,5%. </p>
    <p>Entre os antecedentes familiares, observou-se que para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, 25,5% possu&#237;am hist&#243;ria positiva; para hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e acidente vascular cererbral, 45,6% e 12,5%, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>N&#237;veis de colesterol total acima dos valores normais (lim&#237;trofe alto e alto) foram observados em 56,6% dos indiv&#237;duos, sendo 19,3% superiores a 240mg/dl. N&#237;veis diminu&#237;dos de HDL colesterol foram encontrados em 8,7% da popula&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;veis altos de colesterol HDL em 15,4%. N&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos acima de 200 mg/dl em 17%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante muito tempo, persistiu a id&#233;ia de que as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares seriam determinadas geneticamente, e que pouco poderia ser feito para sua preven&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, o reconhecimento dos fatores de risco modificou essa vis&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Os resultados iniciais do primeiro projeto de interven&#231;&#227;o nos h&#225;bitos de vida de um grupo populacional, realizado na Kar&#233;lia do Norte, prov&#237;ncia finlandesa com alt&#237;ssimas taxas de incid&#234;ncia e de mortalidade por doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, mostraram a possibilidade de redu&#231;&#245;es importantes nesses &#237;ndices, atrav&#233;s de a&#231;&#245;es abrangentes relacionadas ao estilo de vida<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar do grupo estudado ser bastante diferenciado, apresentou &#237;ndices bem semelhantes a outras popula&#231;&#245;es, independente do n&#237;vel s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico-cultural. </p>
    <p>No perfil lip&#237;dico, observou-se que 55,6% apresentavam colesterol &gt; 200 mg/dl, dos quais 19,1% colesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 240 mg/dl<sup>9</sup>. Preval&#234;ncia at&#233; mais elevada do que a da popula&#231;&#227;o norte-americana, onde se estima que 51,8% apresentam colesterol &gt; 200 mg/dl e 20% &gt;240 mg/dl <sup>4</sup>. A m&#233;dia de colesterol total foi de 207,6 mg/dl, tamb&#233;m superior &#224; observada em alguns estudos nacionais. Ducan e cols.<sup>10</sup> encontraram um colesterol m&#233;dio de 202,4 mg/dl e o estudo realizado em Cotia, munic&#237;pio da grande S&#227;o Paulo<sup>11</sup>, apresentou uma m&#233;dia de 184,9 mg/dl. Souza <sup>12</sup>, em popula&#231;&#227;o de motoristas de &#244;nibus, com idade m&#233;dia semelhante &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o do Centro de Pesquisa da Petrobras, encontrou m&#233;dia de 211,6mg/dl. </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis elevados de &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea foi outro aspecto preocupante nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Encontraram-se 42% dos indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e 16% obesos, ou seja, 58% com excesso de peso. A m&#233;dia de &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea foi de 26,3 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> e no estudo de Souza<sup>12 </sup>25,8 Kg/m<sup>2 </sup>e 59,5% de indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso. Dados do Consenso Latino-Americano de Obesidade<sup>13 </sup>mostraram que na Argentina 32,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o estava com sobrepeso e 27% com obesidade; no Uruguai, 42% com excesso de peso, e no Brasil, 53%. Nos EUA, em 2000<sup>14</sup>, observou-se que 19,8% da popula&#231;&#227;o encontravam-se na faixa de obesidade. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo, observou-se que 69,4% da popula&#231;&#227;o nunca havia fumado, 18,2% eram ex-fumantes e apenas 12,4% tabagistas, valores muito inferiores aos observados na literatura. Souza<sup>12 </sup>encontrou uma preval&#234;ncia de 32,7%. Na popula&#231;&#227;o da Ilha de Governador observou-se uma preval&#234;ncia de 33%<sup>15</sup>. Moreira e cols.<sup>16</sup> e Pohlmann e cols.<sup>17</sup> observaram preval&#234;ncia de 41,5% e 45,7% respectivamente. No mundo, estima-se que 1/3 da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta seja fumante. A baixa preval&#234;ncia deste fator de risco na popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo deve-se, provavelmente, ao trabalho intenso de convencimento para o abandono do h&#225;bito, que vem sendo desenvolvido pela empresa h&#225; aproximadamente 10 anos. </p>
    <p>O sedentarismo foi mais um fator de risco prevalente. Encontraram-se 67,4% dos indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios e apenas 32,6% ativos. Estudo envolvendo 37 estados americanos demonstrou que 58% dessa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; sedent&#225;ria<sup>18</sup>. No Estado de S&#227;o Paulo<sup>19</sup>, o sedentarismo atinge 69% da popula&#231;&#227;o e no estudo de Souza, 86%<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus foi de 2,5% (n= 24), inferior &#224; observada na literatura, considerando-se a idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o. Souza<sup>12</sup>, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com idade m&#233;dia de 41,3, encontrou preval&#234;ncia de 7,32%. </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial na popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 18,2%. Esta preval&#234;ncia varia amplamente no mundo, com valores pr&#243;ximos de 4% na China, e em torno de 20% nos EUA <sup>20</sup>. Recentemente, foi realizado um levantamento epidemiol&#243;gico e cl&#237;nico entre os moradores da XX Regi&#227;o Administrativa do Munic&#237;pio do Rio de Janeiro (Ilha do Governador) e encontrados 38%, bem acima do que &#233; descrito em outras popula&#231;&#245;es<sup>15</sup>, sendo o de Souza<sup>12</sup> 20,7%. </p>
    <p>Lessa<sup>21</sup> apresentou uma revis&#227;o de 51 estudos brasileiros (incluindo crian&#231;as e adolescentes) sobre a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial, realizada entre 1970 e meados de 1993. As diferen&#231;as entre as preval&#234;ncias mencionadas no Brasil s&#227;o muito amplas, variando entre 7,2% e 40,3% no Nordeste; 5,04% a 37,9% no Sudeste; 1,28% a 27,1% no Sul e 6,3% a 16,75% no Centro-Oeste, devidas, em parte, &#224; diversidade de caracter&#237;sticas metodol&#243;gicas importantes entre os estudos. </p>
    <p>A falta de pesquisas sobre fatores de risco na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira resulta em grande desvantagem em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. No caso da popula&#231;&#227;o economicamente ativa, a falta de dados &#233; dram&#225;tica, mesmo em setores de grande import&#226;ncia econ&#244;mica. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo, ressaltamos que foram observados os cuidados necess&#225;rios para redu&#231;&#227;o de erros sistem&#225;ticos, atrav&#233;s do treinamento da equipe t&#233;cnica envolvida, bem como aferi&#231;&#227;o dos equipamentos utilizados.A respeito dos 221 empregados exclu&#237;dos, que por motivos diversos n&#227;o puderam comparecer ao exame, sup&#245;e-se que n&#227;o difiram substancialmente da amostra total, dado que a idade m&#233;dia e a distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo foram semelhantes &#224; observada entre os 970 empregados estudados. </p>
    <p>Apesar dos resultados obtidos serem muito semelhantes aos observados na literatura em popula&#231;&#245;es distintas, as caracter&#237;sticas peculiares do grupo pesquisado n&#227;o permitem a generaliza&#231;&#227;o das observa&#231;&#245;es para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral. </p>
    <p>Pelos dados encontrados pode-se inferir que os empregados do Centro de Pesquisa da Petrobras apresentam risco moderado para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, apesar da baixa faixa et&#225;ria, do n&#237;vel de escolaridade elevado e dos recursos dispon&#237;veis na empresa. </p>
    <p>Levando-se em conta que &#233; freq&#252;ente a exist&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s, quatro ou mais fatores de risco em um mesmo paciente, altamente relacionados entre si, n&#227;o &#233; dif&#237;cil compreender a necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. Como o ser humano passa cerca de 65% de seu tempo de vida no ambiente de trabalho, torna-se o local ideal para que ele aprenda o que n&#227;o aprendeu na escola ou com a fam&#237;lia, j&#225; que s&#243; a partir da educa&#231;&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel efetivamente prevenir doen&#231;as. Assim, o desenvolvimento de programas de sa&#250;de de car&#225;ter preventivo, com enfoque na mudan&#231;a do estilo de vida, pode ser um meio eficaz para sensibilizar o indiv&#237;duo quanto &#224; mudan&#231;a de h&#225;bitos de vida nocivos &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> CENPES/SMS/SAUDE </p>
        <p> Cidade Universit&#225;ria - Quadra 7 - Ilha do Fund&#227;o </p>
        <p> Cep 21949-900 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mfmatos@cenpes.petrobras.com.br">mfmatos@cenpes.petrobras.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 30/12/02 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 13/5/2003</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in employees of the Research Center at Petrobras</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in employees of the research center at Petrobras. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, employees of the research center at Petrobras were assessed clinically and by laboratory testing from March 2000 and February 2001. Those who did not attend the periodical annual medical examination of 2000 were excluded from the study. The percentage of risk factor occurrence and the mean standard deviation of the biochemical variables, blood pressure, and body mass index were calculated. RESULTS: Of 1,911 employees, 970 were studied, 75.4% were men and 24.6% were women with a mean age of 42.2 years old. The risk factors were lack of exercise (67.3%), cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dL (56.6%), overweight (42%), obesity (17%), blood hypertension (18.2%), smoking (12.4%), and diabetes mellitus (2.5%). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young individuals draws attention to the need for the adoption of workplace programs to encourage healthy lifestyles and to prevent diseases.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>atherosclerotic disease</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>work place</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in employees of the Research Center at Petrobras</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maria de F&#225;tima Duarte Matos; Nelson Albuquerque Souza e Silva; Armando Jorge Marques Pimenta; Antonio Jos&#233; Ledo Alves da Cunha</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To determine the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in employees of the research center at Petrobras. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> In a cross-sectional study, employees of the research center at Petrobras were assessed clinically and by laboratory testing from March 2000 and February 2001. Those who did not attend the periodical annual medical examination of 2000 were excluded from the study. The percentage of risk factor occurrence and the mean standard deviation of the biochemical variables, blood pressure, and body mass index were calculated.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of 1,911 employees, 970 were studied, 75.4% were men and 24.6% were women with a mean age of 42.2 years old. The risk factors were lack of exercise (67.3%), cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dL (56.6%), overweight (42%), obesity (17%), blood hypertension (18.2%), smoking (12.4%), and diabetes mellitus (2.5%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The high prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young individuals draws attention to the need for the adoption of workplace programs to encourage healthy lifestyles and to prevent diseases.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> atherosclerotic disease, risk factors, work place</p>
      <p>Historically, interest in workplace diseases and their complications has focused on the level of occupational exposure leading to work-related health risks <sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>In recent years, the emphasis has changed to noncontagious chronic diseases, and the workplace has attracted attention as a potential place for causal studies and interventions. These interventional studies aim at changing triggering behaviors of diseases, nonspecific to occupational function, such as diet, exercise, and smoking. </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases play an unquestionable role in the morbidity and mortality of the Western world, both in developed countries and in developing ones. Ischemic heart diseases and stroke are, and will be, according to predictions for the year 2002, the main causes of death, and of years lived with disability <sup>2, 3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Because of this high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, of the few national studies, and of the possibility of risk factor intervention in the workplace, this research was carried out using employees of the Research Center at Petrobras, aiming at assessing risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and then developing actions to promote health. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This cross-sectional case study was performed with employees from the Research Center at Petrobras, in Rio de Janeiro, from March 2000 to February 2001. </p>
      <p>Petrobras has 39.908 employees, performing expert and integrated work in fields related to the oil, gas, and power industries and is the technology base for Brazilian oil. Its staff comprises physicists, mathematicians, biologists, engineers, physicians, technicians, and managers, with 1191 employees being those with masters degrees, MD degrees, and managers with MBAs (Master Business Administration) working on research projects concerning exploration, production, and refinement of national oil, in addition to searching for alternative sources of energy for the country. The center has 137 laboratories and a park with 28 pilot units (units for tests in refineries). </p>
      <p>The study included 1,191 employees who were requested to undergo the company's annual examination during the period mentioned. The employees who participated underwent standardized clinical and laboratory examinations. The blood was collected by an expert technician from an accredited laboratory, and it was sent for analysis on the same day. Clinical examination was performed by company doctors, and the anthropometric measures and blood pressure were taken by technicians and trained nurses using a regularly calibrated sphygmomanometer. </p>
      <p>Lipid profile values were assessed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program of the USA (NCEP) <sup>4</sup>, which classifies total cholesterol as desirable (&lt; 200 mg/dL), borderline (200-239 mg/dL) and undesirable (&gt;240 mg/dL); triglycerides as desirable (&lt;200 mg/dL), borderline (200-400 mg/dL), high (400-1000 mg/dL) and extremely high (&gt; 1000 mg/dL) and HDL cholesterol as low (&lt; 35 mg/dL), normal (35-59 mg/dL) and high (&gt; 60 mg/dL). </p>
      <p>The presence of first-degree relatives with manifest coronary artery disease and/or cerebrovascular and/or peripheral artery disease was considered a positive familial history. </p>
      <p>A diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (fasting glycemia <underline>&gt;</underline> at 126 mg/dL) followed the guidelines of the Expert Committee on Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus <sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Those individuals who did not participate in regular physical activity or with a frequency of <underline>&lt;</underline> 2 times a week, lasting at least 30 minutes were considered sedentary individuals. </p>
      <p>Individuals who regularly smoked 3 or more cigarettes a day for <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 year, inhaling the smoke were considered smokers. </p>
      <p>According to body mass index (BMI), individuals were classified as: normal weight (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline>18m<sup>2 </sup>and <underline>&lt;</underline> 24.99 kg/m<sup>2</sup>); overweight (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 and <underline>&lt;</underline> 29.99 kg/m<sup>2</sup>); obese (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline>30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Regarding blood pressure, the reference values adopted followed the recommendations of the Joint National Committee VI (JNC VI)<sup> 7</sup>, which defines as blood hypertension levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg for diastolic pressure and <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg for systolic pressure. People who had blood pressure below these levels but were using antihypertensive medication were also considered hypertensive. </p>
      <p>After clinical and laboratory evaluation, a descriptive statistical analysis was performed with calculation of the minimum value, the first quartile, median, third quartile, maximum, mean, and standard deviation for biochemical variables, for blood pressure, and for body mass index, and the percentage of risk factors was calculated. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 1,191 employees recruited, 970 attended and were assessed, 75.4% were men, and 24.6% were women with a mean age of 42.2 years old. </p>
      <p>Data concerning the laboratory profile are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>, and those referring to blood pressure and body mass index are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> presents the prevalence of the main risk factors. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0001-00001-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0001-00001-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-82-01-0001-00001-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Being sedentary, which occurred in 63.7% of the sample, was the most prevalent risk factor. Obesity was observed in 17% of the population, and 42% of the population was overweight. Blood hypertension was present in 18.2% of the employees, and hypertension was controlled in only 16% of the hypertensive individuals. Smoking was observed in 12.4% of the sample, and diabetes mellitus in 2.5%. </p>
      <p>Regarding family history, coronary artery disease was present in 25.5%; systemic blood hypertension and stroke in 45.6%, and 12.5%, respectively. </p>
      <p>Total cholesterol levels above normal values (borderline and undesirable) were observed in 56.6% of the individuals; 19.3% were higher than 240 mg/dL. Decreased levels of HDL cholesterol were found in 8.7% of the population and high levels of HDL cholesterol were found in 15.4% of the population. Triglyceride levels above 200 mg/dL were found in 17% of the population. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For a long time, the idea that cardiovascular diseases were genetically determined and that little could be done about their prevention has prevailed. However, the recognition of risk factors has changed this view. </p>
      <p>Initial results of the first intervention project on the habits of a population group, performed in the Finnish town of North Karelia, a town with an extremely high incidence and mortality due to coronary artery disease, have demonstrated the possibility of important reductions in these indexes, through wide-reaching actions regarding lifestyles <sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although the study group was very different, the indexes presented were quite similar to those of other populations, regardless of the social, economic, and cultural level. </p>
      <p>Regarding lipid profiles, it was observed that 55.6% of individuals had cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dL with 19.1% of individuals had cholesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 240 mg/dL <sup>9</sup>. This was an even higher prevalence than that in the North American population, where 51.8% of the population's cholesterol is estimated at &gt; 200 mg/dL and 20% &gt; 240 mg/dL <sup>4</sup>. The mean total cholesterol was 207.6 mg/dL, which was also higher than that observed in some national studies. Ducan et al <sup>10 </sup>found a mean cholesterol of 202.4 mg/dL, and the study performed in Cotia, a town near S&#227;o Paulo<sup>11</sup>, had a mean cholesterol of 184.9 mg/dL. Souza <sup>12</sup> found a mean cholesterol of 211.6 mg/dL in a population of bus drivers with a mean age similar to that of the population of the Research Center at Petrobras. </p>
      <p>The presence of higher levels of body mass index was another worrisome aspect in this population. Forty-two percent of the individuals were overweight, and 16% were obese; that is, 58% of the individuals had excessive weight. Mean body mass index was 26.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and in the study by Souza <sup>12,</sup> it was 25.8 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>with 59.5% of overweight individuals. Data from the Latin American Consensus on Obesity<sup>13 </sup>demonstrate that in Argentina 32.5% of the population is overweight, and 27% of the population is obese; in Uruguay, 42% of the population is overweight, and in Brazil, this number is 53%. In the USA, in 2000 <sup>14</sup>, it was observed that 19.8% of the population is obese. </p>
      <p>Regarding smoking, 69.4% of our population had never smoked, 18.2% were former smokers, and only 12.4% were smokers. These values are much lower than those observed in the literature. Souza <sup>12 </sup>found a prevalence of 32.7%. In the population of the Ilha do Governador, the prevalence observed was 33% <sup>15</sup>. Moreira et al <sup>16</sup> and Pohlmann<sup>17</sup> observed a prevalence of 41.5% and 45.7%, respectively. Around the world, 1/3 of the adult population is estimated to be smokers. The low prevalence of this risk factor in the population studied is probably due to the intense work to persuade them to quit smoking developed by the company for approximately 10 years. </p>
      <p>Being sedentary was another prevalent risk factor in our study. The findings demonstrate that 67.4% of the individuals did not exercise, and only 32.6% exercised regularly. Studies involving 37 American states demonstrate that 58% of this population does not exercise <sup>18</sup>. In the state of S&#227;o Paulo <sup>19</sup>, 69% of the population is sedentary and in a study by Souza, 86% <sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 2.5% (n=24), lower than that reported in the literature, considering the mean age of the population. Souza <sup>12</sup>, in a population with a mean age of 41.3 years old, found a prevalence of 7.32%. </p>
      <p>The prevalence of hypertension in our population was 18.2%. This prevalence varies widely in the world, with values near 4% in China and around 20% in the USA <sup>20</sup>. Recently, an epidemiological, clinical survey was performed among the inhabitants of the XX Administrative Region of the City of Rio de Janeiro (Ilha do Governador) with findings of 38% hypertensive individuals, which is extremely higher than that described in other populations <sup>15</sup>. In the Souza study <sup>12</sup>, this value was 20.7%. </p>
      <p>Lessa <sup>21</sup> presented a review of 51 Brazilian studies (including children and adolescents) on the prevalence of blood hypertension, performed between 1970 and around 1993. The differences between the prevalence mentioned in Brazil are extremely broad, ranging from 7.2% to 40.3% in the Northeast, 5.04% to 37.9% in the Southeast, 1.28% to 27.1% in the South, and 6.3% to 16.75% in the West-Center, due partly to the diversity of important methodological characteristics between the studies. </p>
      <p>The lack of research on risk factors in the Brazilian population results in great disadvantages in comparison with developed countries. In the case of the economically active population, the lack of data is enormous, even in sectors of great economic importance. </p>
      <p>Regarding the limitations of the study, we point out that, the necessary care for systematic error reduction was observed, through the training of the involved technical staff, as well as checking the equipment used. Concerning the 221 excluded employees, who could not attend the examination for several different reasons, we have inferred that they should not differ from the total sample, because the mean age and the distribution by sex are the same as that observed in 970 study employees. </p>
      <p>Although the results obtained are very similar to those observed in the literature for different populations, the peculiar characteristics of the group studied do not allow for generalization of the observations to the general population. </p>
      <p>Based on the data found, one may infer that the employees of the Research Center at Petrobras are at moderate risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, despite the relatively young age, the high education level, and the available resources at the company. </p>
      <p>Taking into account that the presence of 3, 4, or more related risk factors in a the same patient is very common, it is not difficult to understand the need for multiple interventions. As men spend 65% of their lifetime at work, it is the ideal place to learn what they haven't learned in school or at home, because only with education is it possible to effectively prevent diseases. Thus, the development of preventive health programs aimed at changing lifestyles may be effective to sensitize the individual to change habits harmful to health.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> CENPES/SMS/SAUDE</p>
          <p> Cidade Universit&#225;ria - Quadra 7 - Ilha do Fund&#227;o </p>
          <p> Cep 21949-900 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mfmatos@cenpes.petrobras.com.br">mfmatos@cenpes.petrobras.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 5/15/2002</p>
      <p> Accepted: 5/13/2003</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
