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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5SXQ4vv5xJHknBHkqJnfdTM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2003001400007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(03)08100607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2003001400007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pulmonary vein pulsatility in fetuses of diabetic mothers: prenatal Doppler echocardiographic study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piccoli Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>M&#226;nica</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Satler</surname>
            <given-names>Fab&#237;ola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vaz</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luchese</surname>
            <given-names>Stelamaris</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sheid</surname>
            <given-names>Marlui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcantonio</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hat&#233;m</surname>
            <given-names>Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2003</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>81</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>604</fpage>
      <lpage>607</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To verify the hypothesis that the pulmonary vein pulsatility index is higher in fetuses of diabetic mothers than it is in normal fetuses of nondiabetic mothers. METHODS: Twenty-four fetuses of mothers with either gestational or previous diabetes (cases), and 25 normal fetuses of mothers without systemic disease (control) were examined. Fetuses were examined through prenatal Doppler and color flow mapping. The pulmonary vein pulsatility index was obtained by placing the pulsed Doppler sample volume over the right superior pulmonary vein and applying the formula (systolic velocity - presystolic velocity)/mean velocity. RESULTS: The mean gestational age of the study fetuses was 30.3&#177;2.7 weeks, and gestational age of the controls was 29&#177;3.3 weeks, with no significant difference in gestational age between groups (p=0.14). Fetuses of diabetic mothers had a mean pulmonary vein pulsatility index of 1.6&#177;1, and those of the control group had an index of 0.86&#177;0.27. CONCLUSION: Fetuses of diabetic mothers had pulmonary vein pulsatility indexes (parameter easily obtained through Doppler echocardiography that may be related to fetal diastolic function) higher than those in fetuses of mothers with normal glycemia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>fetal echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>fetal diastolic function</kwd>
        <kwd>fetal pulmonary venous flow</kwd>
        <kwd>diabetes</kwd>
        <kwd>pulmonary vein pulsatility index</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pulmonary vein pulsatility in fetuses of diabetic mothers. Prenatal Doppler echocardiographic study</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo Zielinsky; Antonio L. Piccoli Jr; Lucas Teixeira; Eduardo I. Gus; Jo&#227;o L. M&#226;nica; Fab&#237;ola Satler; Humberto Vaz; Luiz H. Nicoloso; Stelamaris Luchese; Marlui Sheid; Silvana Marcantonio; Domingos Hat&#233;m</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia. Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspondence</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To verify the hypothesis that the pulmonary vein pulsatility index is higher in fetuses of diabetic mothers than it is in normal fetuses of nondiabetic mothers. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty-four fetuses of mothers with either gestational or previous diabetes (cases), and 25 normal fetuses of mothers without systemic disease (control) were examined. Fetuses were examined through prenatal Doppler and color flow mapping. The pulmonary vein pulsatility index was obtained by placing the pulsed Doppler sample volume over the right superior pulmonary vein and applying the formula (systolic velocity - presystolic velocity)/mean velocity. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean gestational age of the study fetuses was 30.3&#177;2.7 weeks, and gestational age of the controls was 29&#177;3.3 weeks, with no significant difference in gestational age between groups (p=0.14). Fetuses of diabetic mothers had a mean pulmonary vein pulsatility index of 1.6&#177;1, and those of the control group had an index of 0.86&#177;0.27. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Fetuses of diabetic mothers had pulmonary vein pulsatility indexes (parameter easily obtained through Doppler echocardiography that may be related to fetal diastolic function) higher than those in fetuses of mothers with normal glycemia.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words:</bold> fetal echocardiography, fetal diastolic function, fetal pulmonary venous flow, diabetes, pulmonary vein pulsatility index</p>
    <p>The incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is about 0.8%, and gestational diabetes is 3-5%. Both are evidence of the metabolic disturbances of carbohydrates during pregnancy<sup>1</sup>. The incidence of congenital malformation is 3 to 4 times greater in children from diabetic mothers than in the general population <sup>2</sup>. Among those malformations, 50% are congenital cardiac diseases <sup>3</sup>. Maternal diabetes is a risk factor for congenital heart disease and an indication for fetal echocardiography<sup>4-12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Maternal hyperglycemia and the excess of glucose transferred to the fetus encourage fetal pancreatic islets to increase the production of insulin, leading to hyperinsulinism, which is responsible for fetal complications. Fetal myocardial hypertrophy is the most frequent abnormality found in newborns from diabetic mothers, and it may be found in up to 35% of these newborns <sup>13</sup>. The interventricular septum is particularly rich in insulin receptors <sup>14</sup>, which would justify increased hypertrophy in this segment, secondary to myocardial cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy due to the increased synthesis of fat and proteins.</p>
    <p>Fetal Doppler echocardiography has increased our knowledge about the cardiocirculatory changes in the prenatal period. Recent studies have shown significant changes in the cardiovascular flow of fetuses from diabetic mothers, especially in pregnancies with inadequate glycemic control <sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>With the introduction of echocardiography, several clinical studies have demonstrated normal patterns of pulmonary venous flow in children and adults through transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography <sup>16,17</sup>. The use of the pulmonary vein pulsatility index as a parameter for diastolic function evaluation during fetal life has not yet been reported. Thus, we have tested the hypothesis that the pulmonary vein pulsatility index in fetuses from diabetic mothers is greater than that in fetuses from nondiabetic mothers, based on the idea that a less complacent left ventricle would increase presystolic flow impedance in the pulmonary vein, corresponding to the atrial contraction phases. Consequently, it would increase the pulsatility index in this vessel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Methods</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pregnant women with a gestational age between 25 weeks to term were selected and sent to the Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal - Instituto de Cardiologia do RS/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (Fetal Cardiology Unit - Cardiology Institute of RS/University Foundation of Cardiology) by several obstetric centers in the city.</p>
    <p>Twenty-four fetuses with a gestational age between 25 weeks to term whose mothers had previous or gestational diabetes were examined. The control group was formed by 25 normal fetuses between 25 weeks to term, whose mothers did not have diabetes, also examined sequentially. Fetuses were included in the study when the images obtained were of adequate quality and when cardiac abnormalites apart from septal hypertrophy were excluded.</p>
    <p>Fetuses with a gestational age less than 25 weeks, with any other congenital malformation, or those whose mother had a systemic disease other than diabetes mellitus were excluded.</p>
    <p>The diagnosis of gestational diabetes was made based on the principles proposed by O'Sullivan and Mahan <sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>The equipment used was an Acuson ASPEN echocardiography system with a convex transducer 4 to 7MHz or a 2.25 to 4MHz <italic>phased array</italic> transducer, with the capacity to perform bidimensional imaging, M-mode, Doppler and color mapping. Fetal echocardiographic examinations were comprehensive, following the segmental sequential approach <sup>19</sup>, starting in the maternal umbilical region and searching as anatomical referentials the dorsal spine, the liver, and the fetal <italic>septum primum.</italic> Determination of the atrial <italic>situs</italic>, the position of the heart in the thorax, the type and mode of atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections, the aortic arch, and any associated defects was then performed. Flow analysis was performed with pulsed Doppler and color flow mapping, considering that the pulmonary vein flow has systolic, diastolic, and presystolic phases. The pulmonary vein pulsatility index was obtained by placing the pulsed Doppler sample volume over the right superior pulmonary vein (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>), as near as possible to its junction with the left atrium, applying the formula (systolic velocity - presystolic velocity)/mean velocity. To obtain adequate flow velocity curves, 0-2m/s scales and 50 to 100MHZ filters were used. The measures performed in fetal apnea and those corresponding to the average of 3 assessments were considered. All fetal echocardiograms were recorded on magnetic tape.</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0604-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Data were compared with the 2-tailed Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent variables. The statistical significance level was established as 0.05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Results</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mean gestational age of the study fetuses was 30.3 &#177;2.7 weeks, and of the controls was 29&#177;3.3 weeks. The difference between gestational ages in the 2 groups was not significant, with p=0.14. Mean septal thickening in the study fetuses was 3.6&#177;1mm, and in the control group it was 2.38&#177;0.83mm. In the study fetuses, mean systolic, diastolic, and presystolic velocities were, respectively, 0.29&#177;0.07m/s, 0.21&#177;0.07m/s, and -0.02&#177;0.12m/s, whereas in the controls they were, respectively, 0.27&#177;0.05m/s (NS), 0.22&#177;0.05m/s (NS), and 0.10&#177;0.03m/s (P=0.001). The mean pulmonary vein pulsatility index in the fetuses of diabetic mothers was 1.6&#177;1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>) and in the controls, it was 0.86 &#177; 0.27 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref>) with a significant difference (p=0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0604-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0604-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0604-00007-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discussion</bold>
    </p>
    <p>The classical approach to the study of ventricular filling function in the fetus is the analysis of atrioventricular flow velocities. We are proposing an alternative method to evaluate fetal diastolic function.</p>
    <p>Keren et al <sup>20</sup> suggested that pulmonary venous flow is influenced by dynamic changes in left atrial pressure created by contraction and relaxation of the atrium and ventricle. The pulmonary vein flow pattern is mainly determined by the events that occur in the left side of the heart <sup>20</sup>. Pulmonary venous flow patterns in fetuses and newborns have been studied. Hong and Choi <sup>21</sup> reported that pulmonary venous flow was continuous from the pulmonary vein to the left atrium in all cardiac cycles and had biphasic peaks: one during systole and the other during diastole. Fetuses have a pulmonary vein pattern similar to that described in the postnatal period, apart from the absence of reverse atrial flow. As the lungs are collapsed in the fetus, the flow is reduced and, additionally, lower velocities may reflect the decreased pulmonary flow volume. Hong and Choi <sup>22</sup> verified that the pattern of pulmonary vein flow in fetuses results from the low pulmonary flow and the reduced capacity of the pulmonary system. The pattern of the pulmonary venous waveform was also described by Laudy et al <sup>23</sup>, and reinforces that it has a biphasic flow profile with a systolic and a diastolic component. The nature of the fetal pulmonary venous flow waveform pattern suggests positive pressures towards the left atrium thorough the cardiac cycle.</p>
    <p>The pattern of pulmonary venous flow velocity, may be altered in many physiologic and pathologic situations, such as heart rate <sup>24</sup>, cardiac output <sup>25</sup>, absolute pulmonary flow <sup>26</sup>, left atrial pressure <sup>22</sup> and function, mitral valve function, left ventricle pressure and function <sup>22</sup>. Talbert and Johnson <sup>27</sup> suggested that the change of shape of the pulmonary venous flow waveform reflects the changes in the pressure waveform of the left atrium and represent the atrial pressure response to both intracardiac and systemic vascular status.</p>
    <p>The present study has demonstrated that fetuses from diabetic mothers have a higher pulmonary vein pulsatility index than fetuses from mothers with normal glycemia. It is suggested that this alteration is due to the involvement of fetal diastolic function secondary to previous or gestational maternal diabetes, with left ventricular hypertrophy, and an increase in muscle mass and a consequent decrease in ventricular compliance. The increase in left atrial pressure leads to a restriction of pulmonary venous emptying, resulting in a decrease in presystolic velocity in pulmonary vein or reverse flow in presystole. The marker of this retrograde transmission of pressure would be the increase in pulmonary vein pulsatility index, because this index reflects the correlation between systolic and presystolic velocities, and the mean pulmonary venous flow velocity.</p>
    <p>The pulmonary vein pulsatility index is an easily obtained echocardiographic Doppler parameter, which may add information about fetal circulatory dynamics in fetuses from diabetic mothers.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspondence to</p>
        <p>Paulo Zielinsky </p>
        <p> Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal do IC/FUC </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395 </p>
        <p> Cep 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p>E-mail: </p>
        <p><ext-link xlink:href="mailto:vivacqua@cardiol.br" ext-link-type="email">zielinsky@cardiol.br</ext-link> / </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Received for publication: 11/19/02 </p>
    <p>Accepted for publication 4/29/03</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Pulsatilidade venosa pulmonar em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas: estudo doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico pr&#233;-natal</article-title>
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      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>OBJETIVO: Testar a hip&#243;tese de que o &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar &#233; maior em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas do que em fetos normais. M&#201;TODOS: Examinados 24 fetos de m&#227;es com diabetes pr&#233;vio ou gestacional (casos) e 25 fetos normais de m&#227;es sem doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica (controles). Os fetos foram examinados pela ecocardiografia pr&#233;-natal com Doppler e mapeamento de fluxo em cores. O &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar foi obtido colocando-se a amostra volume do Doppler pulsado sobre a veia pulmonar superior direita e aplicando-se a f&#243;rmula (velocidade sist&#243;lica-velocidade pr&#233;-sist&#243;lica)/velocidade m&#233;dia. RESULTADOS: Os casos apresentaram idade gestacional m&#233;dia de 30,3 &#177; 2,7 semanas, e os controles, de 29, &#177; 3,3 semanas, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre as idades gestacionais nos dois grupos (p = 0,14). Os fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas apresentaram &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar m&#233;dio de 1,6 &#177; 1 e os fetos do grupo controle 0,86 &#177; 0,27. CONCLUS&#195;O: Fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas apresentam &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar (par&#226;metro Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o, que pode estar relacionado com a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal) maior do que os de m&#227;es com glicemia normal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>ecocardiografia fetal</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal</kwd>
        <kwd>fluxo venoso pulmonar fetal</kwd>
        <kwd>diabetes</kwd>
        <kwd>&#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulsatilidade venosa pulmonar em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas. Estudo doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico pr&#233;-natal</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo Zielinsky; Antonio L. Piccoli Jr; Lucas Teixeira; Eduardo I. Gus; Jo&#227;o L. M&#226;nica; Fab&#237;ola Satler; Humberto Vaz; Luiz H. Nicoloso; Stelamaris Luchese; Marlui Sheid; Silvana Marcantonio; Domingos Hat&#233;m</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia. Porto Alegre, RS</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Testar a hip&#243;tese de que o &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar &#233; maior em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas do que em fetos normais.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Examinados 24 fetos de m&#227;es com diabetes pr&#233;vio ou gestacional (casos) e 25 fetos normais de m&#227;es sem doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica (controles). Os fetos foram examinados pela ecocardiografia pr&#233;-natal com Doppler e mapeamento de fluxo em cores. O &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar foi obtido colocando-se a amostra volume do Doppler pulsado sobre a veia pulmonar superior direita e aplicando-se a f&#243;rmula (velocidade sist&#243;lica&#150;velocidade pr&#233;-sist&#243;lica)/velocidade m&#233;dia.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os casos apresentaram idade gestacional m&#233;dia de 30,3 &#177; 2,7 semanas, e os controles, de 29, &#177; 3,3 semanas, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre as idades gestacionais nos dois grupos (p = 0,14). Os fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas apresentaram &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar m&#233;dio de 1,6 &#177; 1 e os fetos do grupo controle 0,86 &#177; 0,27.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas apresentam &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar (par&#226;metro Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o, que pode estar relacionado com a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal) maior do que os de m&#227;es com glicemia normal.</p>
      <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> ecocardiografia fetal, fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal, fluxo venoso pulmonar fetal, diabetes, &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar</p>
      <p>O diabetes mellitus insulino-dependente apresenta incid&#234;ncia de 0,8% e o diabetes gestacional de 3-5%. Ambas s&#227;o manifesta&#231;&#245;es do dist&#250;rbio no metabolismo dos carboidratos na gesta&#231;&#227;o<sup>1</sup>. Filhos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas apresentam uma incid&#234;ncia de malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas tr&#234;s ou quatro vezes maior do que a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral<sup>2</sup>. Dessas, at&#233; 50% s&#227;o altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas<sup>3</sup>. Diabetes materno &#233; um fator de risco para cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e uma indica&#231;&#227;o &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma fetal<sup>4-12</sup>.</p>
      <p>A hiperglicemia materna e o excesso de glicose ofertado para o feto estimulam as ilhotas pancre&#225;ticas fetais a aumentar a produ&#231;&#227;o de insulina, levando ao hiperinsulinismo, respons&#225;vel por complica&#231;&#245;es fetais. A hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica fetal &#233; a anormalidade, mais freq&#252;entemente, evidenciada em rec&#233;m nascidos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas, podendo ser encontrada em at&#233; 35% desses beb&#234;s<sup>13</sup>. O septo interventricular seria particularmente rico em receptores de insulina<sup>14</sup>, o que justificaria a hipertrofia mais acentuada nesse n&#237;vel, secund&#225;ria a hiperplasia e hipertrofia de c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas a partir da s&#237;ntese aumentada de gorduras e prote&#237;nas.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma fetal com Doppler tem aprimorado nosso entendimento sobre as mudan&#231;as cardiocirculat&#243;rias no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-natal. Estudos recentes t&#234;m evidenciado significativas modifica&#231;&#245;es no fluxo cardiovascular dos fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas, principalmente nas gesta&#231;&#245;es com controle glic&#234;mico inadequado<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Com a introdu&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia, muitos estudos cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m demonstrado os padr&#245;es normais de fluxo venoso pulmonar em crian&#231;as e adultos atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e transesof&#225;gica<sup>16,17</sup>. A utilidade do &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar, como par&#226;metro de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica durante a vida fetal, ainda n&#227;o foi relatada. Assim, testamos a hip&#243;tese de que o &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar nos fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas &#233; maior do que em fetos de m&#227;es n&#227;o diab&#233;ticas, com base na id&#233;ia de que um ventr&#237;culo esquerdo menos complacente aumentaria a imped&#226;ncia ao fluxo pr&#233;-sist&#243;lico na veia pulmonar, correspondente &#224; fase de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial e, conseq&#252;entemente, aumentaria o &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade nesse vaso.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Foram selecionadas gestantes com idade gestacional entre 25 semanas at&#233; o termo, encaminhadas &#224; Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal - Instituto de Cardiologia do RS/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia por diversos servi&#231;os de obstetr&#237;cia da capital.</p>
      <p>Foram examinados fetos com idade gestacional entre 25 semanas at&#233; o termo, cujas m&#227;es apresentavam diabetes pr&#233;vio ou gestacional. A amostra continha 24 fetos, examinados de forma seq&#252;encial e n&#227;o intencional. O grupo controle era composto de 25 fetos normais, entre 25 semanas at&#233; o termo, cujas m&#227;es n&#227;o apresentavam diabetes, examinados tamb&#233;m de forma seq&#252;encial e n&#227;o intencional. Os fetos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo quando as imagens obtidas eram consideradas de qualidade adequada e quando era afastada outra anomalia card&#237;aca al&#233;m da hipertrofia septal.</p>
      <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo fetos com idades gestacionais inferiores a 25 semanas, fetos portadores de qualquer outra malforma&#231;&#227;o cong&#234;nita ou cujas m&#227;es apresentassem doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica que n&#227;o o diabetes mellitus.</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de diabetes gestacional foi feito de acordo com os preceitos propostos por O'Sullivan e Mahan<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>O equipamento utilizado foi um ecocardi&#243;grafo marca Acuson, modelo ASPEN com um transdutor curvo de 4 a 7MHz ou um transdutor <italic>phased array</italic> de 2.25 a 4MHz, com capacidade de produzir imagens bidimensionais e por modo M, Doppler e mapeamento em cores.</p>
      <p>Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos fetais foram abrangentes, seguindo a abordagem seq&#252;encial segmentar<sup>19</sup>, iniciando-se na regi&#227;o umbilical materna e procurando como referenciais anat&#244;micos a espinha dorsal, o f&#237;gado e o <italic>septum primum</italic> fetais. Foi feita, ent&#227;o, a determina&#231;&#227;o do <italic>situs</italic> atrial, da posi&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o no t&#243;rax, do tipo e modo das conex&#245;es atrioventricular e ventr&#237;culo-arterial, do arco a&#243;rtico e de eventuais defeitos associados. A an&#225;lise de fluxos foi feita com Doppler pulsado e mapeamento de fluxo em cores, considerando-se que o fluxo na veia pulmonar possui fase sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e pr&#233;-sist&#243;lica. O &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar foi obtido colocando-se a amostra-volume do Doppler pulsado sobre a veia pulmonar superior direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">fig.1</xref>), o mais pr&#243;ximo poss&#237;vel de sua jun&#231;&#227;o com o &#225;trio esquerdo, aplicando-se a f&#243;rmula (velocidade sist&#243;lica-velocidade pr&#233;-sist&#243;lica)/velocidade m&#233;dia. Para uma adequada obten&#231;&#227;o das curvas de velocidade do fluxo foram utilizados escalas de 0-2m/s e filtros de 50 a 100MHZ e consideradas apenas as medidas realizadas em apn&#233;ia fetal e aquelas que correspondiam &#224; m&#233;dia de 3 aferi&#231;&#245;es. Todos os ecocardiogramas fetais foram gravados em fitas magn&#233;ticas.</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0604-00007-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Os dados foram comparados pelo teste "t" bicaudal de Student para amostras independentes. O n&#237;vel discriminativo de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica convencionado foi de 0,05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Os casos apresentaram idade gestacional m&#233;dia de 30,3 &#177; 2,7 semanas, e os controles, de 29 &#177; 3,3 semanas, n&#227;o sendo significativa a diferen&#231;a entre as idades gestacionais nos dois grupos, com p = 0,14. A espessura septal m&#233;dia nos casos foi de 3,6 &#177; 1mm e nos controles de 2,38 &#177; 0,83mm. Nos casos as m&#233;dias das velocidades sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e pr&#233;-sist&#243;lica foram, respectivamente, de 0,29 &#177; 0,07m/s; 0,21 &#177; 0,07m/s e -0,02 &#177; 0,12m/s, enquanto que nos controles foram, respectivamente, 0,27 &#177; 0,05m/s (NS); 0,22 &#177; 0,05m/s (NS) e 0,10 &#177; 0,03m/s (p=0,001). O &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar m&#233;dio nos fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas foi de 1,60 &#177; 1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">fig.2</xref>) e naqueles do grupo controle de 0,86 &#177; 0,27 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">fig.3</xref>). Esta diferen&#231;a foi significativa, com p=0,001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4-body2">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0604-00007-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0604-00007-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0604-00007-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A abordagem cl&#225;ssica para o estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o de enchimento ventricular no feto &#233; a an&#225;lise das velocidades dos fluxos atrioventriculares. Estamos propondo um m&#233;todo alternativo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal.</p>
      <p>Keren e cols.<sup>20</sup> sugeriram que o fluxo nas veias pulmonares &#233; influenciado pelas mudan&#231;as din&#226;micas na press&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo criadas pela contra&#231;&#227;o e pelo relaxamento do &#225;trio e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O padr&#227;o de fluxo das veias pulmonares &#233; determinado sobremaneira pelos eventos que ocorrem do lado esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>20</sup>. Os padr&#245;es do fluxo venoso pulmonar no feto e no neonato t&#234;m sido estudados. Hong &amp; Choi<sup>21</sup> relataram que o fluxo venoso pulmonar mostrou-se basicamente cont&#237;nuo da veia pulmonar at&#233; o &#225;trio esquerdo em todos os ciclos card&#237;acos e apresentava picos bif&#225;sicos: um durante a s&#237;stole e outro durante a di&#225;stole. No feto, o padr&#227;o de fluxo da veia pulmonar era similar ao descrito no p&#243;s-natal, com a exce&#231;&#227;o da aus&#234;ncia do fluxo atrial reverso. Tendo em vista que os pulm&#245;es est&#227;o colapsados no feto, o fluxo &#233; menor e, al&#233;m disso, velocidades menores poderiam refletir o volume de fluxo pulmonar diminu&#237;do. Hong &amp; Choi<sup>22</sup> constataram que o padr&#227;o de fluxo da veia pulmonar em fetos seria resultante do baixo fluxo pulmonar e da capacit&#226;ncia reduzida que o sistema pulmonar apresenta. O padr&#227;o da onda de fluxo pulmonar tamb&#233;m foi descrito por Laudy e cols.<sup>23</sup>, refor&#231;ando a constata&#231;&#227;o de que se trata de um fluxo bif&#225;sico com um componente sist&#243;lico e outro diast&#243;lico. A natureza do padr&#227;o da onda do fluxo pulmonar sugere press&#245;es positivas dentro do &#225;trio esquerdo durante o ciclo card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>O padr&#227;o e/ou a velocidade do fluxo venoso pulmonar pode ser alterado em muitas situa&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas ou patol&#243;gicas, como freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>24</sup>, debito card&#237;aco<sup>25</sup>, fluxo pulmonar absoluto<sup>26</sup>, fun&#231;&#227;o e press&#227;o atrial esquerda<sup>22</sup>, fun&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula mitral, press&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>22</sup>. Talbert e cols.<sup>27</sup> sugeriram que a mudan&#231;a do formato da onda de fluxo venoso pulmonar reflete as mudan&#231;as na press&#227;o no &#225;trio esquerdo e que a onda de fluxo pulmonar proporciona a verdadeira representa&#231;&#227;o da resposta da press&#227;o atrial esquerda ao padr&#227;o de press&#227;o vascular intracard&#237;aca e sist&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>O presente trabalho demonstrou que fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas apresentam &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar maior do que fetos de m&#227;es com glicemia normal e &#233; sugerido que esta altera&#231;&#227;o seja decorrente do comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica fetal secund&#225;ria ao diabetes materno pr&#233;vio ou gestacional, com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e aumento da massa muscular e conseq&#252;ente diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia. O aumento da press&#227;o atrial esquerda levaria a uma restri&#231;&#227;o ao esvaziamento venoso pulmonar, resultando em diminui&#231;&#227;o da velocidade pr&#233;-sist&#243;lica nas veias pulmonares ou fluxo reverso na pr&#233;-s&#237;stole. O marcador dessa transmiss&#227;o retr&#243;grada de press&#227;o seria o aumento do &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar, j&#225; que esse &#237;ndice reflete a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a diferen&#231;a das velocidades sist&#243;lica e pr&#233;-sist&#243;lica e a velocidade m&#233;dia do fluxo venoso pulmonar.</p>
      <p>O &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade da veia pulmonar &#233; um par&#226;metro Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o, que pode acrescentar informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a din&#226;mica circulat&#243;ria fetal em fetos de m&#227;es diab&#233;ticas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Paulo Zielinsky</p>
          <p> Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal do IC/FUC</p>
          <p>Av. Princesa Isabel, 395</p>
          <p> Cep 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS</p>
          <p>E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="zielinsky@cardiol.br">zielinsky@cardiol.br</email> / </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br">pesquisa@cardnet.tche.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 19/11/02</p>
      <p>Aceito em 29/4/03</p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0604-00007-e01-pt.jpg"/></p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
