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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kcz8gg3kBQQWJyLFbrWKFKw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2003001400006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(03)08100606</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2003001400006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Lipid profile and cardiovascular risk in two Amazonian populations</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feio</surname>
            <given-names>Claudine Maria Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rego</surname>
            <given-names>Simone S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feio</surname>
            <given-names>Max N. B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Maria C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo A. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria C. O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngelo A. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio C. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Par&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Par&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2003</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>81</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>596</fpage>
      <lpage>599</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare the lipid profiles and coronary heart disease risks of 2 Brazilian Amazonian populations as follows: a riverside population (village of Vigia) and an urban population (city of Bel&#233;m in the state of Par&#225;). METHODS: Fifty individuals controlled for age and sex were assessed in each region, and the major risk factors for coronary heart disease were analyzed. RESULTS: According to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP III) and using the Framingham score, both populations had the same absolute risk of events (Vigia = 5.4 &#177; 1 vs Bel&#233;m = 5.7 &#177; 1), although the population of Vigia had a lower consumption of saturated fat (P&lt;0.0001), a greater consumption of mono- and polyunsaturated fat (P&lt;0.03), in addition to lower values for body mass index (25.4&#177; 0.6 vs 27.6 &#177; 0.7 kg/m&#178;, P&lt;0.02), of biceps skin fold (18.6 &#177; 1.1 vs 27.5 &#177; 1.3 mm, P&lt;0.0001), of triceps skin fold (28.7 &#177; 1.2 vs 37.3 &#177; 1.7 mm, P&lt;0.002), and of total cholesterol (205 &#177; 5 vs 223 &#177; 6 mg/dL, P&lt; 0.03) and triglycerides (119 &#177; 9 vs 177 &#177; 18 mg/dL, P&lt;0.005). Both populations did not differ in regard to HDL-C (46 &#177; 1 vs 46 &#177; 1 mg/dL), LDL-C (135 &#177; 4 vs 144 &#177; 5 mg/dL) and blood pressure (SBP 124 &#177; 3 vs 128 &#177; 3 mmHg; DBP 80 &#177; 2 vs 82 &#177; 2 mmHg). CONCLUSION: The riverside and urban populations of Amazonia had similar cardiovascular risks. However, the marked difference in the variables studied suggests that different strategies of prevention should be applied.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>lipids</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>nutrition</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Lipid profile and cardiovascular risk in two Amazonian populations</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Claudine Maria Alves Feio; Francisco A. H. Fonseca; Simone S. Rego; Max N. B. Feio; Maria C. Elias; Eduardo A. S. Costa; Maria C. O. Izar; &#194;ngelo A. V. Paola; Antonio C. C. Carvalho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal do Par&#225; - UFPA and Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP. Bel&#233;m, PA - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspondence</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To compare the lipid profiles and coronary heart disease risks of 2 Brazilian Amazonian populations as follows: a riverside population (village of Vigia) and an urban population (city of Bel&#233;m in the state of Par&#225;). </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Fifty individuals controlled for age and sex were assessed in each region, and the major risk factors for coronary heart disease were analyzed. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> According to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP III) and using the Framingham score, both populations had the same absolute risk of events (Vigia = 5.4 &#177; 1 vs Bel&#233;m = 5.7 &#177; 1), although the population of Vigia had a lower consumption of saturated fat (P&lt;0.0001), a greater consumption of mono- and polyunsaturated fat (P&lt;0.03), in addition to lower values for body mass index (25.4&#177; 0.6 vs 27.6 &#177; 0.7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, P&lt;0.02), of biceps skin fold (18.6 &#177; 1.1 vs 27.5 &#177; 1.3 mm, P&lt;0.0001), of triceps skin fold (28.7 &#177; 1.2 vs 37.3 &#177; 1.7 mm, P&lt;0.002), and of total cholesterol (205 &#177; 5 vs 223 &#177; 6 mg/dL, P&lt; 0.03) and triglycerides (119 &#177; 9 vs 177 &#177; 18 mg/dL, P&lt;0.005). Both populations did not differ in regard to HDL-C (46 &#177; 1 vs 46 &#177; 1 mg/dL), LDL-C (135 &#177; 4 vs 144 &#177; 5 mg/dL) and blood pressure (SBP 124 &#177; 3 vs 128 &#177; 3 mmHg; DBP 80 &#177; 2 vs 82 &#177; 2 mmHg). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The riverside and urban populations of Amazonia had similar cardiovascular risks. However, the marked difference in the variables studied suggests that different strategies of prevention should be applied.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words:</bold> lipids, risk factors, nutrition</p>
    <p>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in our country and occurs at earlier ages than that observed in the United States of America <sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>The initial results of the Framingham Study have associated serum cholesterol level, smoking, and arterial hypertension with ischemic heart disease <sup>3</sup>. More recently, the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP III, USA) <sup>4</sup> published the recommendations for estimating absolute coronary risk, considering the total cholesterol level, age, HDL-C level, values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and smoking habit, with different scores for men and women.</p>
    <p>In the past decade, several studies suggested that a more active lifestyle and higher consumption of fish could be beneficial, because they resulted in a lower incidence of cardiovascular events, a better lipid profile, and a reduction in blood pressure and in thrombotic risk <sup>5-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Among the Eskimos in Greenland and the Japanese of Kohama Island, lower levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides and an extremely low incidence of coronary heart disease were observed as compared with those in the populations living on the continent <sup>9-11</sup>.</p>
    <p>In Brazil, epidemiological data of the Ministry of Health for the City of Bel&#233;m, in the State of Par&#225; <sup>12</sup>, showed that mortality due to cardiovascular disease was the major cause of death in that city despite the proximity to rivers and forests, and the high consumption of fish and typical fruits in that region.</p>
    <p>This study aimed at comparing the cardiovascular risk of the urban population of Bel&#233;m in the State of Par&#225; with that of an Amazonian riverside population (village of Vigia) living mainly on fish and with very scarce contact with large urban centers.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Methods</bold>
    </p>
    <p>The study sample comprised 100 individuals of both sexes with no personal antecedents of heart disease or diabetes, whose ages ranged from 35 to 65 years, 50 in each municipality. They signed a written consent required by the Committee on Ethics in Research of the Federal University of Par&#225;. The sample was estimated with a power of 80% and an alpha risk of 5% to differentiate the lipid variables based on differences obtained for these variables in a previous study, comparing different regions of the country <sup>13</sup>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">Table I</xref> shows the major characteristics of the populations.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0596-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>In the village of Vigia, the fishermen and their families were included in the study because their nutritional intake was mainly fish. The population selected underwent clinical examination and answered, during anamnesis, a questionnaire <sup>14,15</sup> about profession, dietary habits, and personal and familial antecedents. During a physical examination, blood pressure was measured according to the IV Brazilian Consensus on Systemic Hypertension <sup>16</sup>, and the body mass index (weight/height<sup>2</sup>) was determined, as were the biceps and triceps skin folds with the Lange pachymeter <sup>17,18</sup>. The lipid variables were obtained after a 12-hour fasting period through an automated enzymatic method, and the LDL-C fraction was estimated according to the Friedewald formula<sup>19</sup>. General biochemical tests were performed. For the analysis of the data obtained in the food questionnaire, a score was established for each food according to the recommendations of Block et al <sup>14,15</sup> used for analyzing the data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) on food frequency.</p>
    <p>The absolute risk of coronary events in 10 years was estimated with the score proposed by the NCEP III <sup>4</sup>. This score was based on the Framingham Study recently validated for other distinct populations, such as white and black individuals, North American Indians, and North Americans of Japanese or Hispanic descent <sup>20</sup>. The absolute risk of coronary events estimated with that score in 10 years was classified as low (&lt; 10%), intermediate (10 &#150; 20%), or high (&gt; 20%) <sup>4</sup>. That score does not compute the diabetic patients, because they are considered at high risk independently of other variables.</p>
    <p>All data are shown as mean &#177; SEM. The nonpaired <italic>t</italic> test was used for continuous variables, and the chi-square test was used for categorical variables. The significance level adopted for all tests was P&lt;0.05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Results</bold>
    </p>
    <p>The population in the village of Vigia consumed a lower amount of saturated fat and a higher amount of mono- and polyunsaturated fat. They also had lower values for body mass index and biceps and triceps skin folds (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0596-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>The population in the village of Vigia had lower total cholesterol values (205 &#177; 5 vs 223 &#177; 6 mg/dL, P &lt;0.03) and triglycerides (119 &#177; 9 vs 177 &#177; 18 mg/dL, P &lt; 0.005) compared with those of the population in the city of Bel&#233;m. On the other hand, the values obtained for HDL-C (46 &#177; 1 vs 46 &#177; 1 mg/dL) and LDL-C (135 &#177; 4 vs 144 &#177; 5 mg/dL) did not differ between the 2 populations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0596-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>All variables composing the Framingham score (NCEP III) were analyzed and their distribution is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">figure 2</xref>, but only the smoking habit differentiated the 2 populations. The greatest score belonged to the population of Vigia as compared with that of the City of Bel&#233;m (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab. II</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0596-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0596-00006-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discussion</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Our study found that the 2 populations, the riverside (Vigia) and the urban (Bel&#233;m), had low cardiovascular risk for coronary events. However, important differences were observed in the lipid and anthropometric parameters, which were more favorable to the population from Vigia. On the other hand, excessive smoking was observed in this same population.</p>
    <p>The better lipid profile in the riverside community seems to be associated with a healthier diet rich in mono- and polyunsaturated fat.</p>
    <p>Lower values for body mass index and biceps and triceps skin folds may also have contributed for this better lipid profile, which may have been associated with greater physical activity as compared with that of the urban population of Bel&#233;m. The latter had a greater prevalence of sedentary lifestyle and obesity, which are findings classically related to an unfavorable lipid profile <sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>In fact, the values of total cholesterol and triglycerides obtained in Vigia are in accordance with the findings by Kagawa et al <sup>9</sup> in Japanese on Kohama Island, where those lipids were also reduced compared with those of the other Japanese in the country.</p>
    <p>The greater frequency of smoking in Vigia and of a sedentary lifestyle in Bel&#233;m may be associated with the similar levels of HDL-C found in the 2 populations. Smoking causes lower activity in LCAT <sup>23</sup>, reduces reverse cholesterol transport, and causes a reduction in the HDL-C level. This could attenuate the HDL-C level increased by the greater physical activity of the population in Vigia <sup>24,25</sup>.</p>
    <p>In regard to the LDL-C level, no differences were observed between the 2 populations, suggesting that this variable is less influenced by lifestyle. In fact, data from the Framingham Study have shown that the LDL-C level, especially for the lowest values of its distribution, does not allow differentiation between coronary and noncoronary populations <sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Although lower values of blood pressure were reported for communities with a high intake of fish <sup>10</sup>, our study showed no difference between the populations studied. The community in Vigia, especially the fishermen, spent most of their time at sea, and alcoholism was a frequent association. Although alcoholism was not assessed in the present study, the greater alcohol consumption in the population of Vigia may have contributed to a greater elevation in blood pressure, attenuating the possible benefit of a healthier diet and greater physical activity <sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Based on NCEP III, and assessing the entire set of the variables in that score, both populations had the same absolute risk of events, which was low (&lt; 10%). However, aiming at an additional reduction in the cardiovascular risk, the study identified the need for greater attention to smoking and possibly to alcoholism and stress in riverside populations of Amazonia.</p>
    <p>These findings seem even more relevant when populations considered at low cardiovascular risk, but exposed to inadequate habits of modern society, reached an alarming prevalence of smoking, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle <sup>29,30</sup>.</p>
    <p>In fact, considering the values obtained for blood pressure, total cholesterol, and nutritional status in populations of 3 continents (Italian urban population, African populations of Tanzania and Uganda, and Amazonian population of Brazil), the African diet poor in salt and rich in fish and vegetables was associated with lower levels of blood pressure, total cholesterol, and body mass index compared not only with those of the Italian population, but also with those of the Brazilian population, which differed from the African diet in regard to the greater consumption of salt and meat <sup>31</sup>. Another study in Tanzania, confirmed the substantial increase in cardiovascular risk as compared with that obtained 10 years before <sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pavan et al <sup>33</sup>, comparing an isolated population in Amazonia with 2 progressively more urbanized ones (in Poland and Italy, respectively), reported that the Brazilian population had normal values for blood pressure, which did not increase with age, the systolic pressure being &lt; 100mmHg in 46% of the cases. In addition, all individuals had normal values of cholesterol (&lt; 200 mg/dL), and 90% had glycemia &lt; 80 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>All these studies show that the transition from a rural lifestyle to an urban lifestyle causes an increase in cardiovascular risk, suggesting that the environment plays a crucial role in the cardiovascular risk of populations.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspondence to</p>
        <p>Francisco A. H. Fonseca </p>
        <p> Disciplina de Cardiologia/Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP </p>
        <p> Rua Pedro de Toledo, 458 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil - Cep 04039-001 </p>
        <p>E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lipides.dmed@unifesp.epm.br">lipides.dmed@unifesp.epm.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Received: 10/15/02 </p>
    <p>Accepted: 5/5/03</p>
    <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <mixed-citation>32. Njelekela    M, Negish H, Nara Y, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in Tanzania: a revisit.    Acta Trop 2001;79:231-9.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Cardiovascular risk factors in Tanzania: a revisit</article-title>
          <source>Acta Trop</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>231</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Njelekela</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Negish</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nara</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <mixed-citation>33. Pavan    L, Casiglia E, Braga LM, et al. Effects of a traditional lifestyle on the cardiovascular    risk profile: the Amondava population of the Brazilian Amazon. Comparison with    matched African, Italian and Polish populations. J Hypertens 1999;17:749-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of a traditional lifestyle on the cardiovascular risk profile: the Amondava population of the Brazilian Amazon. Comparison with matched African, Italian and Polish populations</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>749</fpage>
          <lpage>56</lpage>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pavan</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casiglia</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braga</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Perfil lip&#237;dico e risco cardiovascular em amaz&#244;nidas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar o perfil lip&#237;dico e risco coronariano de uma popula&#231;&#227;o ribeirinha (Vigia) ao de uma popula&#231;&#227;o urbana (Bel&#233;m). M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 50 indiv&#237;duos de cada regi&#227;o, controlados por idade e sexo, examinando-se os principais fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a coronariana. RESULTADOS: Segundo o Programa Nacional de Educa&#231;&#227;o sobre o Colesterol (NCEP III) e determinando-se o escore de Framingham, ambas as popula&#231;&#245;es expressaram o mesmo risco absoluto de eventos (Vigia 5,4 &#177; 1 vs. Bel&#233;m 5,7 &#177; 1), a despeito da popula&#231;&#227;o de Vigia apresentar menor consumo de gordura saturada (p&lt;0,0001), maior de mono e poliinsaturada (p&lt;0,03), al&#233;m de menores valores do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (25,4&#177;0,6 vs. 27,6&#177;0,7kg/m&#178;, p&lt;0,02), da prega biceptal (18,6&#177;1,1 vs. 27,5&#177;1,3mm, p&lt;0,0001) e triceptal (28,7&#177;1,2 vs. 37,3&#177;1,7mm, p&lt;0,002), de colesterol total (205&#177;5 vs. 223&#177;6mg/dL, p&lt; 0,03) e triglic&#233;rides (119 &#177; 9 vs. 177&#177;18mg/dL, p&lt;0,005), n&#227;o diferindo no HDL-c (46&#177;1 vs. 46&#177;1mg/dL), LDL-c (135 &#177; 4 vs. 144 &#177; 5mg/dL) e press&#227;o arterial (PAS 124 &#177; 3 vs. 128 &#177; 3mmHg; PAD 80 &#177; 2 vs. 82 &#177; 2mmHg). CONCLUS&#195;O: A popula&#231;&#227;o ribeirinha e urbana da Amaz&#244;nia apresentaram risco cardiovascular semelhante. Entretanto, a marcante diferen&#231;a entre as vari&#225;veis estudadas sugere que devam ser aplicadas diferentes estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>l&#237;pides</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>nutri&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Perfil lip&#237;dico e risco cardiovascular em amaz&#244;nidas</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Claudine Maria Alves Feio; Francisco A. H. Fonseca; Simone S. Rego; Max N. B. Feio; Maria C. Elias; Eduardo A. S. Costa; Maria C. O. Izar; &#194;ngelo A. V. Paola; Antonio C. C. Carvalho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal do Par&#225; - UFPA e Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP. Bel&#233;m, PA - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar o perfil lip&#237;dico e risco coronariano de uma popula&#231;&#227;o ribeirinha (Vigia) ao de uma popula&#231;&#227;o urbana (Bel&#233;m).</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados 50 indiv&#237;duos de cada regi&#227;o, controlados por idade e sexo, examinando-se os principais fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a coronariana.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Segundo o Programa Nacional de Educa&#231;&#227;o sobre o Colesterol (NCEP III) e determinando-se o escore de Framingham, ambas as popula&#231;&#245;es expressaram o mesmo risco absoluto de eventos (Vigia 5,4 &#177; 1 vs. Bel&#233;m 5,7 &#177; 1), a despeito da popula&#231;&#227;o de Vigia apresentar menor consumo de gordura saturada (p&lt;0,0001), maior de mono e poliinsaturada (p&lt;0,03), al&#233;m de menores valores do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (25,4&#177;0,6 vs. 27,6&#177;0,7kg/m<sup>2</sup>, p&lt;0,02), da prega biceptal (18,6&#177;1,1 vs. 27,5&#177;1,3mm, p&lt;0,0001) e triceptal (28,7&#177;1,2 vs. 37,3&#177;1,7mm, p&lt;0,002), de colesterol total (205&#177;5 vs. 223&#177;6mg/dL, p&lt; 0,03) e triglic&#233;rides (119 &#177; 9 vs. 177&#177;18mg/dL, p&lt;0,005), n&#227;o diferindo no HDL-c (46&#177;1 vs. 46&#177;1mg/dL), LDL-c (135 &#177; 4 vs. 144 &#177; 5mg/dL) e press&#227;o arterial (PAS 124 &#177; 3 vs. 128 &#177; 3mmHg; PAD 80 &#177; 2 vs. 82 &#177; 2mmHg).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A popula&#231;&#227;o ribeirinha e urbana da Amaz&#244;nia apresentaram risco cardiovascular semelhante. Entretanto, a marcante diferen&#231;a entre as vari&#225;veis estudadas sugere que devam ser aplicadas diferentes estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> l&#237;pides, fatores de risco, nutri&#231;&#227;o</p>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; a principal causa de morte em nosso pa&#237;s e ocorre em idade mais prematura que a observada nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Os resultados iniciais do estudo de Framingham identificaram o n&#237;vel de colesterol s&#233;rico, o h&#225;bito de fumar e a hipertens&#227;o arterial com a cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica<sup>3</sup>. Mais recentemente, o <italic>National Cholesterol Education Program</italic> (NCEP III, EUA)<sup>4</sup> publicou as orienta&#231;&#245;es para estimativa do risco absoluto coronariano, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o colesterol total, a idade, os n&#237;veis de HDL-c, os valores da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e o tabagismo, com escore diferenciado para homens e mulheres.</p>
      <p>Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, v&#225;rias pesquisas sugeriram benef&#237;cio para popula&#231;&#245;es com estilo de vida mais ativo e alto consumo de peixes, propiciando menor ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares, melhor perfil lip&#237;dico, diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e do risco tromb&#243;tico<sup>5-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Particularmente, entre os esquim&#243;s na Groel&#226;ndia e em japoneses da ilha de Kohama, menor n&#237;vel de colesterol total e triglic&#233;rides e baix&#237;ssima incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foram observados, quando comparados a popula&#231;&#245;es que viviam no continente<sup>9-11</sup>.</p>
      <p>No Brasil, dados epidemiol&#243;gicos do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de para a cidade de Bel&#233;m<sup>12</sup> revelaram que a mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular foi a principal causa de morte nessa cidade apesar da proximidade de rios, florestas e alto consumo de peixes e frutas t&#237;picas daquela regi&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Assim, nossos objetivos neste estudo foram comparar o risco cardiovascular de uma popula&#231;&#227;o ribeirinha, vivendo fundamentalmente da pesca e com muito pouco contato com as grandes cidades, &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o urbana de Bel&#233;m do Par&#225;.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 100 indiv&#237;duos, de ambos os sexos, sem antecedentes pessoais de cardiopatia ou diabetes, com idades variando de 35 a 65 anos, sendo 50 de cada munic&#237;pio, que assinaram o termo de consentimento de acordo com as normas do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Par&#225;. A amostra foi estimada com um poder de 80% e um risco alfa de 5% para diferenciar vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas, tendo como base diferen&#231;as obtidas para essas vari&#225;veis em estudo pr&#233;vio, comparando diferentes regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s<sup>13</sup>. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">tabela I</xref> apresenta as principais caracter&#237;sticas das popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0596-00006-gt01-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Em Vigia foram inclu&#237;dos os pescadores e seus familiares por adotarem como base alimentar, preferencialmente, o peixe. A popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada foi submetida a exame cl&#237;nico e respondeu, durante a anamnese, a um question&#225;rio<sup>14,15</sup> contendo informa&#231;&#245;es sobre profiss&#226;o, h&#225;bito alimentar, antecedentes pessoais e familiares. Durante o exame f&#237;sico foi aferida a press&#227;o arterial de acordo com o IV Consenso Brasileiro sobre Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica<sup>16</sup> e determinados o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (peso/altura<sup>2</sup>) e pregas cut&#226;neas (b&#237;ceps e tr&#237;ceps) por meio do paqu&#237;metro de Lange<sup>17,18</sup>. As vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas foram obtidas ap&#243;s jejum de 12h, por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico automatizado, sendo a fra&#231;&#227;o LDL-c estimada pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald<sup>19</sup>, al&#233;m de exames bioqu&#237;micos gerais. Para an&#225;lise dos dados obtidos no question&#225;rio alimentar foi estabelecido para cada alimento, uma pontua&#231;&#227;o,de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de Block e cols.<sup>14,15</sup>, utilizadas para an&#225;lise dos dados do <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> NHANES II sobre a freq&#252;&#234;ncia dos alimentos.</p>
      <p>Para a estimativa do risco absoluto de eventos coronarianos em 10 anos foi utilizado o escore proposto pelo NCEPIII<sup>4</sup>. Este escore tem por base o estudo de Framingham, recentemente validado para outras popula&#231;&#245;es t&#227;o distintas como homens brancos ou negros, &#237;ndios americanos, americanos de descend&#234;ncia japonesa ou hisp&#226;nica<sup>20</sup>. O risco absoluto de eventos coronarianos, estimado por esse escore para os pr&#243;ximos 10 anos, &#233; classificado como baixo (&lt; 10%), intermedi&#225;rio (10 &#150; 20%) ou alto (&gt; 20%)<sup>4</sup>. Nesse escore n&#227;o s&#227;o computados os pacientes diab&#233;ticos, por serem considerados de alto risco, independentemente das demais vari&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Todos os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas utilizamos o teste t n&#227;o pareado e para categ&#243;ricas utilizado o teste do quiquadrado. Em todos os testes foi estabelecido o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia por p&lt;0,05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de Vigia apresentou menor consumo de gorduras saturadas e maior consumo de gorduras mono e poliinsaturada e tamb&#233;m menores valores do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, da prega biceptal e triceptal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0596-00006-gt02-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de Vigia apresentou menores valores para o colesterol total (205 &#177; 5 vs. 223 &#177; 6 mg/dL, p &lt;0,03) e triglic&#233;rides (119 &#177; 9 vs. 177 &#177; 18 mg/dL, p &lt; 0,005) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de Bel&#233;m. Por outro lado, os valores obtidos para o HDL-c (46 &#177; 1 vs. 46 &#177; 1 mg/dL) e LDL-c (135 &#177; 4 vs. 144 &#177; 5 mg/dL) n&#227;o diferiram entre as duas popula&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0596-00006-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Foram analisadas todas as vari&#225;veis que comp&#245;em o escore de Framingham (NCEP III) e sua distribui&#231;&#227;o encontra-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">figura 2</xref>, sendo que, apenas o fumo diferenciou as duas popula&#231;&#245;es, com maior escore para a popula&#231;&#227;o de Vigia quando comparada &#224; de Bel&#233;m (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">tab. II</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0596-00006-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0596-00006-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Nosso estudo verificou que as duas popula&#231;&#245;es, ribeirinha (Vigia) e urbana (Bel&#233;m), apresentam risco cardiovascular baixo para eventos coronarianos. Entretanto, diferen&#231;as importantes foram observadas nos par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos e antropom&#233;tricos, muito mais favor&#225;veis &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de Vigia. Por outro lado, um excesso de tabagismo foi observado nessa mesma popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O melhor perfil lip&#237;dico da comunidade ribeirinha parece associado a uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o mais saud&#225;vel rica em gorduras mono e poliinsaturadas.</p>
      <p>Menores valores para o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea e das pregas cut&#226;neas do b&#237;ceps e tr&#237;ceps, provavelmente tamb&#233;m, contribu&#237;ram para este melhor perfil lip&#237;dico, possivelmente, associado, &#224; sua maior atividade f&#237;sica, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o urbana de Bel&#233;m, que apresenta maior preval&#234;ncia de sedent&#225;rios e obesos, aspecto classicamente relacionado a um desfavor&#225;vel perfil lip&#237;dico <sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>De fato, os valores obtidos para o colesterol total e triglic&#233;rides em Vigia est&#227;o de acordo com os achados de Kagawa e cols.<sup>9</sup>, com japoneses da ilha de Kohama, onde tamb&#233;m esses lip&#237;dios estavam reduzidos, quando comparados aos demais japoneses do pa&#237;s.</p>
      <p>Maior presen&#231;a de tabagismo em Vigia e maior sedentarismo em Bel&#233;m podem estar associados aos n&#237;veis de HDL-c encontrados, que n&#227;o diferiram entre as duas popula&#231;&#245;es. O fumo condiciona menor atividade da enzima LCAT<sup>23</sup>, reduzindo o transporte reverso do colesterol e determinando redu&#231;&#227;o de HDL-c. Fato que poderia atenuar um n&#237;vel de HDL-c mais elevado pela maior atividade f&#237;sica<sup>24,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao LDL-c, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre as duas popula&#231;&#245;es, sugerindo que essa vari&#225;vel seja menos influenciada pelo estilo de vida. De fato, dados do estudo de Framingham t&#234;m mostrado que a vari&#225;vel, sobretudo para valores mais baixos de sua distribui&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o permite diferenciar uma popula&#231;&#227;o coronariana de uma n&#227;o coronariana<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>Embora menores valores de press&#227;o arterial tenham sido descritos para comunidades com alto consumo de peixes<sup>10</sup>, em nosso estudo, n&#227;o obtivemos diferen&#231;a entre as popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas. A comunidade de Vigia, especialmente os pescadores, passa a maior parte de seu tempo no mar e o alcoolismo &#233; uma associa&#231;&#227;o freq&#252;ente. Embora o alcoolismo n&#227;o tenha sido mensurado no presente estudo, seu maior consumo na popula&#231;&#227;o de Vigia pode ter contribu&#237;do para uma maior eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, atenuando o poss&#237;vel benef&#237;cio de uma dieta mais saud&#225;vel e da maior atividade f&#237;sica<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Tendo como base o NCEP III, verificando em conjunto todas as vari&#225;veis deste escore, ambas as popula&#231;&#245;es expressaram o mesmo risco absoluto de eventos, considerado baixo (&lt; 10%). Entretanto, visando uma estrat&#233;gia para redu&#231;&#227;o adicional do risco cardiovascular, o estudo identificou a necessidade de maior aten&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo e, possivelmente, ao alcoolismo e estresse em popula&#231;&#245;es ribeirinhas da Amaz&#244;nia.</p>
      <p>Estes aspectos parecem ainda mais relevantes quando popula&#231;&#245;es consideradas de baixo risco cardiovascular, mas expostas a h&#225;bitos inadequados da sociedade moderna, alcan&#231;aram preval&#234;ncia alarmante de tabagismo, obesidade e sedentarismo<sup>29,30</sup>.</p>
      <p>De fato, tendo em vista os valores obtidos para a press&#227;o arterial, colesterol total e estado nutricional entre popula&#231;&#245;es de tr&#234;s continentes (urbanizada da It&#225;lia, africana da Tanz&#226;nia e Uganda, e amaz&#244;nica do Brasil), a dieta pobre em sal e rica em peixe e vegetais na &#193;frica foi associada com menor valor de press&#227;o arterial, de colesterol total e de &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, quando comparada n&#227;o apenas com a popula&#231;&#227;o italiana, mas tamb&#233;m com a brasileira, que diferiam da africana por um maior consumo de sal e carnes<sup>31</sup>. Em outro estudo na Tanz&#226;nia, comprovou-se o aumento substancial no risco cardiovascular quando comparado ao obtido uma d&#233;cada antes<sup>32</sup>.</p>
      <p>Pavan e cols.<sup>33</sup>, comparando uma popula&#231;&#227;o isolada da Amaz&#244;nia com duas outras, progressivamente mais urbanizadas (na Pol&#244;nia e It&#225;lia, respectivamente), mostraram que esta popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira apresentava valores normais de press&#227;o arterial, que n&#227;o aumentavam com a idade, sendo que a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica era &lt; 100mmHg em 46% dos casos. Al&#233;m disso, todos tiveram valores normais de colesterol (&lt; 200mg/dL) e 90% apresentaram glicemia &lt; 80mg/dL.</p>
      <p>Todos esses estudos revelam que a transi&#231;&#227;o de um estilo de vida rural para o urbanizado acarreta maior risco cardiovascular, sugerindo que o meio ambiente desempenha papel crucial no risco cardiovascular das popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> E</bold>
          </label>
          <p>ndere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
          <p>Francisco A. H. Fonseca</p>
          <p> Disciplina de Cardiologia Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP</p>
          <p> Rua Pedro de Toledo, 458</p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP Cep 04039-001</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lipides.dmed@unifesp.epm.br">lipides.dmed@unifesp.epm.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 15/10/02</p>
      <p>Aceito em 5/5/2003</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
