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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Dsw6Z6DrFsj8RsF3PbyymxF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2003001400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(03)08100605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2003001400005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparative study of smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers who have experienced myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nozawa</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franken</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Karina de C&#225;ssia Braga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Afonso Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sprovieri</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Regina Schwarzw&#228;lder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Golin</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2003</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>81</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>589</fpage>
      <lpage>591</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of smoking on in-hospital morbidity and mortality in patients who have experienced acute myocardial infarction and to assess the association between smoking and other cardiovascular risk factors and clinical data. METHODS: A prospective cohort study analyzed 121 patients, including 54 smokers, 35 ex-smokers, and 32 nonsmokers. RESULTS: Using the chi-square test (P&lt;0.05), an association between smoking and the risk factors sex, age, and diabetes was documented. Among the morbidity and mortality variables, only acute pulmonary edema showed a statistically significant difference (OR=9.5; 95% CI), which was greater in the ex-smoker group than in the nonsmoker group. CONCLUSION: An association between smoking and some cardiovascular risk factors was observed, but no statistical difference in morbidity and mortality was observed in the groups studied, except for the variable acute pulmonary edema.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>smoking</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Comparative study of smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers who have experienced myocardial infarction</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Diogo Nozawa; Roberto Alexandre Franken; Karina de C&#225;ssia Braga Ribeiro; Afonso Celso Pereira; Sandra Regina Schwarzw&#228;lder Sprovieri; Valdir Golin</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspondence</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To assess the impact of smoking on in-hospital morbidity and mortality in patients who have experienced acute myocardial infarction and to assess the association between smoking and other cardiovascular risk factors and clinical data. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A prospective cohort study analyzed 121 patients, including 54 smokers, 35 ex-smokers, and 32 nonsmokers. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Using the chi-square test (P&lt;0.05), an association between smoking and the risk factors sex, age, and diabetes was documented. Among the morbidity and mortality variables, only acute pulmonary edema showed a statistically significant difference (OR=9.5; 95% CI), which was greater in the ex-smoker group than in the nonsmoker group. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> An association between smoking and some cardiovascular risk factors was observed, but no statistical difference in morbidity and mortality was observed in the groups studied, except for the variable acute pulmonary edema.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words:</bold> smoking, myocardial infarction</p>
    <p>Smoking has been associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality due to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, which has been confirmed in several studies <sup>1-9</sup>. This association results from the multiple noxious effects of smoking on the mechanisms of atherogenesis and thrombosis, and in the vasomotor and arrhythmogenic mechanisms<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Several studies have shown that smoking, at the time of acute myocardial infarction, is not a risk factor for subsequent death <sup>1-5</sup>. Smokers have a better in-hospital clinical evolution independent of thrombolytic therapy <sup>1,2</sup>, and some studies <sup>3,5-8</sup> have reported that smokers tend to have a better prognosis. Surprisingly, smoking has even appeared as a factor of better prognosis after the event <sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Some multicenter studies, however, have emphasized that after adjusting for age and other variables, no statistical difference exists in the in-hospital and out-of-hospital prognosis between smokers and nonsmokers <sup>2,5-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>This study aimed at assessing the impact of smoking on in-hospital morbidity and mortality of patients experiencing acute myocardial infarction and to assess the association of smoking with other cardiovascular risk factors and clinical data.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Methods</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A prospective cohort study was carried out with 121 patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction, who were referred to the Central Emergency Unit of the Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia of S&#227;o Paulo from January 1999 to June 2000. Their diagnosis was based on clinical and electrocardiographic criteria and on the elevation of cardiac enzymes (MB fraction of creatine phosphokinase) <sup>9</sup>, which were followed up during the entire length of hospitalization.</p>
    <p>The patients were divided into 3 groups as follows: smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers. Smokers were the patients who smoked regularly for at least 1 year before the myocardial infarction; ex-smokers were those who smoked regularly but interrupted their habit at least 1 year before the infarction; nonsmokers never smoked.</p>
    <p>Each patient was interviewed so that the risk profile of cardiovascular diseases could be determined. The following data were assessed: age, sex, and personal antecedents, such as systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, dyslipidemia, angina pectoris, hyperuricemia, obesity, sedentary life style, and previous myocardial infarction.</p>
    <p>On the patients' admission, their clinical conditions were assessed using the variables time to reach the service and Killip classification on admission. The patients were reclassified after 24 hours (Killip).</p>
    <p>Assessment of morbidity and mortality in each group was based on data for each patient: in-hospital complications &#150; arrhythmias, acute pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock, stroke, reinfarction, pulmonary thromboembolism, deep venous thrombosis, and death.</p>
    <p>The chi-square test was used for assessing the association of smoking with other risk factors, time to reach the hospital, Killip on hospital admission, and use of a thrombolytic agent. Analyzing the risk factors for morbidity and mortality (death, arrhythmias, shock, and others), the odds ratio for each variable studied and the respective confidence intervals were calculated. The statistical significance level adopted was 5% for all tests.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Results</bold>
    </p>
    <p>The study assessed 121 patients, 54 (44.6%) smokers, 32 (26.4%) ex-smokers and 35 (29%) nonsmokers. Three patients were excluded from the study because they died immediately after entering the hospital.</p>
    <p>A statistically significant association was observed between smoking and sex (P=0.001), alcoholism (P=0.03), diabetes (P=0.02), and age (P=0.01). No statistically significant associations were found between smoking and the other risk factors studied (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. I</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0589-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A significant increase in the risk of acute pulmonary edema was observed in the ex-smokers as compared with that in the nonsmokers (OR=9.5; 95% CI).</p>
    <p>The smokers showed a reduction in the risk of death, shock, infection. This reduction, however, was not statistically significant for any event. On the other hand, an increase in the risk of ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia, hypotension, and acute pulmonary edema was observed, but also with no statistical significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0589-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A reduction in the risk of death, shock, and infection was also observed, but with no statistical significance for the ex-smokers. In this group, an increase in the risk of ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia and congestive heart failure was observed, but with no statistical significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discussion</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Several hypotheses have already been formulated to explain the paradox of better prognosis in the group of smokers. Smokers experience acute myocardial infarction at a younger age and, therefore, have a more benign risk profile. In addition, acute myocardial infarction is usually seen as the result of 2 pathogenic mechanisms (atherosclerosis and thrombosis), whose balance is altered by smoking. Due to the thrombogenic effect of cigarette smoking, smokers experiencing infarction may have a relatively smaller atherosclerotic lesion and more thrombi in the site of coronary occlusion, and, consequently, they may respond better to thrombolytic therapy <sup>1-3,5,7</sup>. Another apparent cause of this paradox is that a great proportion of smokers die prior to hospital admission. Yet, evidence exists that the sites of infarction differ between smokers and nonsmokers <sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>In this study, smokers were younger than nonsmokers, which is in accordance with the findings of several published studies <sup>1-5</sup>. The GISSI 2 Study (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico) reported that smokers were approximately 11 years younger than nonsmokers <sup>2</sup>, and the Israeli Thrombolytic National Survey (ITNS) reported that smokers were on average 10 years younger than nonsmokers <sup>5</sup>. These 2 studies also reported a greater frequency of female patients among nonsmokers, which was also observed in our study. In addition, smoking was not significantly associated with the variables death, shock and infection.</p>
    <p>Another factor emphasized in the literature is that patient's admission to the hospital within 6 hours or less from symptom onset was more common among smokers. One may assume that smokers are more prepared or aware of the symptoms of acute coronary heart disease. In our study, the proportion of patients entering the emergency unit within 6 hours after symptom onset was greater in the group of smokers, but with no statistical significance.</p>
    <p>No statistically significant association was observed between smoking and the various risk factors for acute myocardial infarction, such as hypertension, obesity, angina, sedentary lifestyle, dyslipidemia, and uric acid. Only diabetes and alcoholism were associated with smoking. Although not significantly, smokers usually have a more benign risk profile than do nonsmokers and ex-smokers, and this has also been reported in other studies <sup>1,2,4,5,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>In the literature, a greater incidence of ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia has been reported in smokers, while a greater incidence of death and other complications (cardiogenic shock, infections, severe mitral regurgitation, atrial fibrillation) has been reported in nonsmokers <sup>2,5</sup>. Smoking increased the risk of ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia and hypotension, but with no statistical significance. A greater risk of cardiogenic shock, infections, and death was observed in nonsmokers, but with no statistical significance <sup>2,5</sup>. The ITNS and the GISSI-2 studies assessed, respectively, 999 and 9720 patients.</p>
    <p>Like smokers, ex-smokers were younger and predominantly males. In regard to the other risk factors studied, the groups had similar percentages. Therefore, we could assume that ex-smokers would have a similar probability of experiencing a cardiovascular event if they had not smoked. Smoking might have accelerated the atherosclerotic disease, causing ex-smokers to experience acute myocardial infarction at a younger age than nonsmokers.</p>
    <p>In regard to the time elapsed between symptom onset and arrival at the hospital, ex-smokers had percentages closer to those of smokers, which could be a cause for their better prognosis as compared with that of nonsmokers.</p>
    <p>Acute pulmonary edema was the most surprising variable, with, in disagreement with the literature, the greatest statistically significant risk in ex-smokers. Coincidentally, the patients studied may have had some type of previous ventricular dysfunction, which could help to explain the lack of statistical significance in the complications between both groups.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, in our study, an association between smoking and some cardiovascular risk factors was observed. However, no statistical difference in morbidity and mortality was observed between the groups studied, except in the variable acute pulmonary edema.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspondence to</p>
        <p>Roberto A. Franken </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Franco da Rocha, 163/52 </p>
        <p> Cep 05015-040 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="franken@terra.com.br">franken@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Received: 04/30/02 </p>
    <p> Accepted: 05/13/03</p>
    <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Estudo comparativo entre pacientes infartados fumantes, ex-fumantes e n&#227;o-fumantes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto do tabagismo sobre a morbimortalidade intrahospitalar dos pacientes v&#237;timas de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e verificar sua associa&#231;&#227;o a outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares e dados cl&#237;nicos. M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisados, por meio de um estudo prospectivo de coortes, 121 pacientes, 54 fumantes, 35 ex-fumantes e 32 n&#227;o fumantes. RESULTADOS: Houve associa&#231;&#227;o pelo teste do qui-quadrado (p&lt;0,05) entre tabagismo e os fatores de risco sexo, idade, diabetes. Entre as vari&#225;veis de morbimortalidade, houve apenas diferen&#231;a estatiticamente significante (OR=9,5; IC de 95%) de edema agudo de pulm&#227;o, maior no grupo ex-fumante do que no grupo n&#227;o fumante. CONCLUS&#195;O: Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tabagismo e alguns fatores de risco cardiovasculares, mas, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas de morbimortalidade entre os grupos estudados, exceto na vari&#225;vel edema agudo de pulm&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>tabagismo</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto</kwd>
        <kwd>mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Estudo comparativo entre pacientes infartados fumantes, ex-fumantes e n&#227;o-fumantes</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Diogo Nozawa; Roberto Alexandre Franken; Karina de C&#225;ssia Braga Ribeiro; Afonso Celso Pereira; Sandra Regina Schwarzw&#228;lder Sprovieri; Valdir Golin</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o impacto do tabagismo sobre a morbimortalidade intrahospitalar dos pacientes v&#237;timas de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e verificar sua associa&#231;&#227;o a outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares e dados cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisados, por meio de um estudo prospectivo de coortes, 121 pacientes, 54 fumantes, 35 ex-fumantes e 32 n&#227;o fumantes.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Houve associa&#231;&#227;o pelo teste do qui-quadrado (p&lt;0,05) entre tabagismo e os fatores de risco sexo, idade, diabetes. Entre as vari&#225;veis de morbimortalidade, houve apenas diferen&#231;a estatiticamente significante (OR=9,5; IC de 95%) de edema agudo de pulm&#227;o, maior no grupo ex-fumante do que no grupo n&#227;o fumante.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tabagismo e alguns fatores de risco cardiovasculares, mas, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas de morbimortalidade entre os grupos estudados, exceto na vari&#225;vel edema agudo de pulm&#227;o.</p>
      <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> tabagismo, infarto, mioc&#225;rdio</p>
      <p>O tabagismo associa-se a maior morbidade e mortalidade por doen&#231;a coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica, o que &#233; confirmado em numerosos estudos<sup>1-9</sup>. Esta associa&#231;&#227;o adv&#233;m dos m&#250;ltiplos efeitos delet&#233;rios causados pelo tabagismo nos mecanismos de aterog&#234;nese, trombose, vasomotor e arritmog&#234;nico<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que o tabagismo, no momento de um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, n&#227;o est&#225; implicado como fator de risco para morte subsequente<sup>1-5</sup>. Os fumantes apresentam melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica intrahospitalar, independente da terapia trombol&#237;tica<sup>1,2</sup>, havendo uma tend&#234;ncia entre os estudos, que os fumantes tenham um progn&#243;stico melhor<sup>3,5-8</sup>. O tabagismo, surpreendentemente, chegou a emergir como um fator de melhor progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s o evento<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Alguns estudos multic&#234;ntricos, entretanto, ressaltam, que ap&#243;s ajuste da idade e outras vari&#225;veis, n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas no progn&#243;stico intra e extrahospitalar, entre fumantes e n&#227;o-fumantes<sup>2,5-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>O objetivo do estudo &#233; avaliar o impacto do tabagismo na morbimortalidade intrahospitalar dos pacientes v&#237;timas de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo com outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares e dados cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Realizado estudo de coorte prospectivo envolvendo 121 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, encaminhados ao Pronto Socorro Central da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo, de janeiro/1999 a junho/2000, com diagn&#243;stico baseado em crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e eleva&#231;&#227;o de enzimas card&#237;acas (fra&#231;&#227;o MB de creatino-fosfoquinase)<sup>9</sup> e acompanhados durante todo o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: fumantes ex-fumantes e n&#227;o-fumantes. Foram considerados fumantes os pacientes que fumavam, regularmente, at&#233; h&#225; 1 ano do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; ex-fumantes, os que fumavam, regularmente, por&#233;m interromperam o h&#225;bito h&#225; pelo menos 1 ano do infarto; n&#227;o-fumantes nunca apresentaram h&#225;bito de fumar.</p>
      <p>Cada paciente foi entrevistado a fim de se conhecer o perfil de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Foram pesquisados dados como: idade, sexo, antecedentes pessoais: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, etilismo, dislipidemia, angina de peito, hiperuricemia, obesidade, sedentarismo e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio.</p>
      <p>Foram avaliadas as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas na admiss&#227;o de cada paciente, atrav&#233;s das vari&#225;veis tempo de chegada ao servi&#231;o, Killip de entrada e de 24h.</p>
      <p>A pesquisa da morbimortalidade de cada grupo foi baseada nos dados de cada paciente: complica&#231;&#245;es intrahospitalares &#150; arritmias, edema agudo de pulm&#227;o, choque cardiog&#234;nico, acidente vascular cerebral, reinfarto, tromboembolismo pulmonar, trombose venosa profunda, &#243;bito.</p>
      <p>Para a an&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo com os outros fatores de risco, tempo de chegada ao hospital, Killip na admiss&#227;o e uso de trombol&#237;tico foi usado o teste do qui-quadrado. Para a an&#225;lise de fatores de risco para morbimortalidade (&#243;bito, arritmias, choque e outros) foi calculada a <italic>odds ratio</italic> para cada vari&#225;vel estudada e os respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a. Para todos os testes, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi igual a 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No per&#237;odo estudado foram avaliados 121 pacientes, 54 (44,6%) fumantes, 32 (26,4%) ex-fumantes e 35 (29%) n&#227;o fumantes. Tr&#234;s pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo por terem falecido, imediatamente, ap&#243;s a entrada no hospital.</p>
      <p>Foi observada uma associa&#231;&#227;o, estatisticamente significativa, entre tabagismo e sexo (p=0,001), etilismo (p=0,03), diabetes (p=0,02) e idade (p=0,01). N&#227;o foram observadas associa&#231;&#245;es, estatisticamente significativas, entre o tabagismo e os demais fatores de risco estudados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">tab. I</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0589-00005-gt01-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Foi observado um aumento significativo do risco de edema agudo de pulm&#227;o no grupo de pacientes ex-tabagistas, quando comparado ao grupo de pacientes n&#227;o tabagistas (OR=9,5; IC 95%).</p>
      <p>O grupo de pacientes fumantes apresentou uma redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de &#243;bito, choque, infec&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m essa redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa para nenhum dos eventos. Por outro lado, houve um aumento do risco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular/taquicardia ventricular, hipotens&#227;o e edema agudo de pulm&#227;o, entretanto, tamb&#233;m sem significado estat&#237;stico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0589-00005-gt02-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m p&#244;de ser observada redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de &#243;bito, choque e infec&#231;&#227;o, mas sem significado estat&#237;stico, para os pacientes ex-fumantes. Houve nesse grupo um aumento do risco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular/taquicardia ventricular, e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, sem significado estat&#237;stico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>V&#225;rias hip&#243;teses j&#225; foram levantadas para explicar o paradoxo de melhor progn&#243;stico do grupo fumante. Os tabagistas sofrem infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio numa faixa et&#225;ria mais jovem e apresentam perfil de risco mais benigno. Al&#233;m disso, o desenvolvimento de um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, geralmente, &#233; visto como o resultado de dois mecanismos patog&#234;nicos (aterosclerose e trombose) e o tabagismo altera o balan&#231;o entre esses dois mecanismos. Devido ao efeito trombog&#234;nico do cigarro, os fumantes v&#237;timas de infarto podem ter, relativamente, menor les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica e mais trombo no s&#237;tio da oclus&#227;o coronariana e, conseq&#252;entemente, respondem melhor &#224; terapia trombol&#237;tica<sup>1-3,5,7</sup>. Outra causa aparente deste paradoxo &#233; que uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o dos fumantes morre antes da admiss&#227;o hospitalar. H&#225; indica&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m de que os s&#237;tios de infarto s&#227;o diferentes entre os fumantes e n&#227;o fumantes<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, os fumantes s&#227;o mais jovens que os n&#227;o-fumantes, o que est&#225; de acordo com diversos estudos publicados na literatura<sup>1-5</sup>. O GISSI 2 (<italic>Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico</italic>) relatou que os fumantes eram cerca de 11 anos mais jovens que os n&#227;o fumantes<sup>2</sup> e o <italic>Israeli Thorombolytic National Survey</italic> (ITNS) que os fumantes eram em m&#233;dia 10 anos mais jovens que os fumantes<sup>5</sup>. Esses dois estudos tamb&#233;m relataram maior frequ&#234;ncia de pacientes do sexo feminino entre os n&#227;o-fumantes, associa&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m observada em nosso estudo. O tabagismo tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se associou significativamente com as vari&#225;veis &#243;bito, choque e infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Outro fator ressaltado na literatura &#233; a admiss&#227;o do paciente no hospital com 6h ou menos do in&#237;cio dos sintomas, mais comum entre os fumantes. Pode-se admitir que o fumante esteja mais preparado ou alerta para os sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda. Em nosso estudo, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que deu entrada no pronto socorro com tempo de sintomatologia menor que 6h tamb&#233;m foi maior no grupo de fumantes, mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o, estatisticamente significativa, entre tabagismo e v&#225;rios fatores de risco para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, como hipertens&#227;o, obesidade, angina, sedentarismo, dislipidemia e &#225;cido &#250;rico. Apenas diabetes e etilismo estiveram associados ao tabagismo. Apesar de n&#227;o significativo, nota-se que os fumantes apresentam, de uma forma geral, um perfil de risco mais benigno que os n&#227;o fumantes e ex-fumantes, relatado tamb&#233;m em outros estudos<sup>1,2,4,5,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>A literatura refere que os fumantes apresentam incid&#234;ncia maior de fibrila&#231;&#227;o e taquicardia ventricular e os n&#227;o fumantes de &#243;bito e outras complica&#231;&#245;es (choque cardiog&#234;nico, infec&#231;&#245;es, regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral severa, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, etc)<sup>2,5</sup>. O tabagismo aumentou o risco de fibrila&#231;&#224;o ventricular/ taquicardia ventricular e hipotens&#227;o, mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Houve maior risco de choque cardiog&#234;nico, infec&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bitos nos n&#227;o-fumantes, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica<sup>2,5</sup>. O ITNS e o GISSI-2 avaliaram, respectivamente, 999 e 9720 pacientes.</p>
      <p>Da mesma forma que os fumantes, os ex-fumantes s&#227;o mais jovens e apresentam menor n&#250;mero de mulheres. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais fatores de risco pesquisados, observamos que ambos os grupos apresentaram porcentagens semelhantes entre si. Logo, poder&#237;amos supor que os ex-fumantes apresentariam probabilidade parecida de sofrer um evento cardiovascular, caso n&#227;o tivessem fumado. O tabagismo teria, ent&#227;o, acelerado a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, fazendo com que sofressem um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio numa idade mais jovem que os n&#227;o fumantes.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de chegada, os ex-fumantes apresentaram porcentagens mais pr&#243;ximas com o grupo de fumantes, o que poderia lhes conferir uma raz&#227;o para melhor progn&#243;stico que os n&#227;o-fumantes.</p>
      <p>A &#250;nica vari&#225;vel que causou maior surpresa foi o edema agudo de pulm&#227;o que, contrariando a literatura, teve maior risco, estatisticamente significante nos ex-fumantes. Talvez os pacientes estudados, coincidentemente, j&#225; apresentassem algum tipo de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pr&#233;via, o que ajudaria a explicar a falta de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica nas complica&#231;&#245;es entre os dois grupos.</p>
      <p>Concluindo, em nosso estudo houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tabagismo e alguns fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Entretanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas de morbimortalidade entre os grupos estudados, exceto na vari&#225;vel edema agudo de pulm&#227;o.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> E</bold>
          </label>
          <p>ndere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
          <p>Roberto A. Franken</p>
          <p> Rua Dr. Franco da Rocha, 163/52</p>
          <p>Cep 05015-040 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="franken@terra.com.br">franken@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 30/4/02</p>
      <p>Aceito em 13/5/03</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
