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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tzM5pzTGnhPjHNqZTDQjjQL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2003001400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(03)08100604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2003001400004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influence of skeletal muscle mass on ventilatory and hemodynamic variables during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Vivacqua Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Claudio Lucas da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serra</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador Manoel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rego</surname>
            <given-names>Salete</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wajngarten</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Clinicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2003</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>81</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>581</fpage>
      <lpage>585</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of skeletal muscle mass on ventilatory and hemodynamic variables during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). METHODS: Twenty-five male patients underwent maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill with a ramp protocol and measurement of the skeletal muscle mass of their thighs by using magnetic resonance imaging. The clinically stable, noncachectic patients were assessed and compared with 14 healthy individuals (S) paired by age and body mass index, who underwent the same examinations. RESULTS: Similar values of skeletal muscle mass were found in both groups (CHF group: 3863 &#177; 874 g; S group: 3743 &#177; 540 g; p = 0.32). Significant correlations of oxygen consumption in the anaerobic threshold (CHF: r = 0.39; P= 0.02 and S: r = 0.14; P = 0.31) and of oxygen pulse also in the anaerobic threshold (CHF: r = 0.49; P = 0.01 and S: r =0.12; P = 0.36) were found only in the group of patients with chronic heart failure. CONCLUSION: The results obtained indicate that skeletal muscle mass may influence the capacity of patients with CHF to withstand submaximal effort, due to limitations in their physical condition, even maintaining a value similar to that of healthy individuals. This suggests qualitative changes in the musculature.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>skeletal muscle</kwd>
        <kwd>chronic heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopulmonary exercise test</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Influence of skeletal muscle mass on ventilatory and hemodynamic variables during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ricardo Vivacqua Cardoso Costa; Antonio Claudio Lucas da N&#243;brega; Salvador Manoel Serra; Salete Rego; Mauricio Wajngarten</bold>
    </p>
    <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Clinicas FMUSP and Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspondence</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To assess the influence of skeletal muscle mass on ventilatory and hemodynamic variables during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty-five male patients underwent maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill with a ramp protocol and measurement of the skeletal muscle mass of their thighs by using magnetic resonance imaging. The clinically stable, noncachectic patients were assessed and compared with 14 healthy individuals (S) paired by age and body mass index, who underwent the same examinations. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Similar values of skeletal muscle mass were found in both groups (CHF group: 3863 &#177; 874 g; S group: 3743 &#177; 540 g; p = 0.32). Significant correlations of oxygen consumption in the anaerobic threshold (CHF: r = 0.39; P= 0.02 and S: r = 0.14; P = 0.31) and of oxygen pulse also in the anaerobic threshold (CHF: r = 0.49; P = 0.01 and S: r =0.12; P = 0.36) were found only in the group of patients with chronic heart failure. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The results obtained indicate that skeletal muscle mass may influence the capacity of patients with CHF to withstand submaximal effort, due to limitations in their physical condition, even maintaining a value similar to that of healthy individuals. This suggests qualitative changes in the musculature.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words:</bold> skeletal muscle, chronic heart failure, cardiopulmonary exercise test</p>
    <p>Despite the marked reduction in mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular diseases observed in recent decades, the incidence and prevalence of heart failure (HF) have significantly increased in both developed and developing countries <sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Heart failure in its chronic form manifests with several signs and symptoms; its most significant clinical characteristic is the incapacity to tolerate progressively milder physical effort, which is an indicator of the severity of heart failure itself <sup>2</sup>. The hemodynamic parameters at rest of patients with heart failure have been shown not to correlate with those during effort <sup>3</sup>, the latter having an independent prognostic power for overall and cardiovascular mortality <sup>4</sup>. In addition, the symptoms usually reported by CHF patients underestimate their true physical capacity, which may be better assessed on cardiopulmonary exercise testing <sup>5,6</sup> that provides an assessment of the integrated cardiopulmonary function <sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>In the genesis of heart failure syndrome, central hemodynamic abnormalities are present, as are changes in skeletal muscle function, which have been held responsible for fatigue and its consequent exercise limitation <sup>9,10</sup>. These muscle changes reflexly activate the autonomous nervous system, playing an important role not only in the origin of the exercise limiting symptoms, but also in the progression of heart failure <sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Despite the existence of some studies on the influence of the skeletal musculature on the functional capacity of patients with heart failure, no report exists about the relation between skeletal muscle mass and ventilatory and hemodynamic variables, such as anaerobic threshold and oxygen pulse, which have been considered important functional and risk markers in that syndrome. Therefore, the present study aimed at assessing the influence of skeletal muscle mass on different ventilatory and hemodynamic variables in patients with chronic heart failure during exercise.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Methods</bold>
    </p>
    <p>This study selected 25 male patients with chronic heart failure in NYHA functional class III with the following etiologies: idiopathic (44%), arterial hypertension (32%), and alcoholism (24%). Patients with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: hospitalization or therapeutic change, or both, within less than 3 months; neurologic or locomotor afflictions, or another disease that could interfere with the tests to be performed; episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia at rest; intracavitary thrombus with emboligenic potential; and cachexia.</p>
    <p>All patients were using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, digoxin, and furosemide, in addition to the following medications: carvedilol (24%), spironolactone (40%), amiodarone (20%), and warfarin sodium (12%).</p>
    <p>The resting electrocardiogram showed the following changes: left bundle-branch block (36%), left ventricular hypertrophy (32%), left bundle-branch anterior divisional block (12%), atrial fibrillation (12%), and left atrial hypertrophy (8%).</p>
    <p>A control group paired by age and body mass index was recruited for comparison. This group comprised 14 healthy individuals according to the results of a clinical examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. They were using no medication and were not engaged in a formal physical exercise program. Their characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">table I</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0581-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>This study was approved by the Committee on Ethics for the Analysis of Research Projects of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Medical School of USP and the Committee on Ethics in Research of the Hospital Procard&#237;aco (Rio de Janeiro). All volunteers signed the formal written consent after receiving the necessary explanations.</p>
    <p>All patients underwent treadmill testing (ATL10200, Inbramed, Brazil) with simultaneous analysis of pulmonary ventilation and expired gases with a metabolic analyzer (TEEM100, Aerosport, USA), 12-lead electrocardiographic recordings (Mason Likar system), and blood pressure measurement through sphygmomanometry. The ramp protocol was used adjusted to the clinical and biomechanical conditions of the patients, with a progressive increase in the intensity of effort and estimated duration between 8 and 12 minutes, being interrupted by fatigue or dyspnea. Considering the occurrence of natural adaptation to exercise testing, 2 tests were performed at an approximate interval of 1 week, the results of the second test being used for analysis.</p>
    <p>The anaerobic threshold, obtained in all cases, was determined by 3 experienced examiners and defined when agreement, at least between 2 of them, occurred. The criteria used for its determination were as follows <sup>13,14</sup>: a nonlinear increase in ventilation, ie, exponentiation of the ventilation curve; point of beginning of the consistent elevation of the curve of the oxygen ventilatory equivalent; and curve elevation referring to the expired oxygen fraction.</p>
    <p>The muscle mass of the thigh was determined with magnetic resonance imaging with the patient lying in the dorsal decubitus position. The examinations were performed in a Sigma 1.5 T Horizon LX 8.2 device with torso coil (General Electric, USA). The sequences processed were spin-echo T1 in 5.0-mm thick axial views at 8.0-mm intervals. Topogram was performed in the coronal plane. The skeletal muscle mass (MM) of the right and left thighs was measured in the spin-echo T1 sequence using an irregular cursor around the muscle groups, excluding the fat tissue and bones <sup>15,16</sup>. The anatomic landmark for the first view of the thigh was the hip joint, and the last view was that immediately before the patella. All muscle mass values were added and multiplied by 13 mm and by muscle density (1.05); then, the mean muscle volume was calculated <sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>All variables had a normal distribution and homogeneity of variances. Therefore, parametric procedures were used for all analyses. The Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples was used for comparing the results of the patients and controls. The correlation coefficient was used for measuring the association between 2 variables, 0.323 being the critical value for the number of patients studied, and 0.426 for the control group. Linear regression analysis through the least squares method was used to determine the first-degree equation that describes the relation between VE and VCO<sub>2.</sub> The correlation coefficient was &gt; 0.95 in all cases. The slope calculated was used for analyzing the correlation with muscle mass. The significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Results</bold>
    </p>
    <p>The results of the variables obtained in cardiopulmonary exercise testing and magnetic resonance imaging are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table II</xref>. As expected, the results indicate a lower functional capacity in the CHF patients as compared with that in healthy individuals, although no difference was found in regard to the skeletal muscle mass. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">Figure 1</xref> depicts the behavior of pulmonary ventilation in relation to CO<sub>2</sub> production in a CHF patient and in a healthy individual.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0581-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0581-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">Table III</xref> shows the linear correlations between muscle mass and ventilatory and hemodynamic variables during exercise in patients and control individuals. Significant positive and negative correlations were observed only in the group of patients. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">Figure 2</xref> depicts the graphs with individual results and the line of linear regression between skeletal muscle mass and oxygen consumption at the anaerobic threshold in patients and control individuals.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0581-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0581-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discussion</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Our study found a correlation between the skeletal muscle mass of the thighs and the variables obtained in the cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with heart failure. A correlation between muscle mass and the variables was found not only at the peak of effort, but also at the anaerobic threshold.</p>
    <p>Quantitative similarity in the muscle mass obtained on magnetic resonance imaging was observed in patients with heart failure and in the control group. This may be explained by the fact that the patients were stable and not cachectic.</p>
    <p>The anaerobic threshold was used for the functional assessment of patients, and more elevated values were observed in the control group (P&lt;0.001). This parameter is obtained in submaximal intensities of effort accompanying most of the individuals&#180; daily activities and is used for programming physical activity <sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>In our study, the behavior of the VE x VCO<sub>2</sub> slope related to ventilatory inefficiency and intolerance to exercise is worth noting, being an independent variable to estimate the prognosis in patients with heart failure <sup>20</sup>. The mean values of the VE x VCO<sub>2</sub> slope in the patients studied (32&#177;9) are bellow 34, a value confirmed in the study by Chua et al <sup>21</sup> as characterizing severity and a poor prognosis.</p>
    <p>Other studies have reported an inverse and significant relation between muscle mass and the VE x VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, confirming the existence of a correlation with the accentuation of the ergoreflex <sup>12,13</sup> with values equivalent to those obtained in this study.</p>
    <p>The participation of hemodynamic factors in this study was assessed with oxygen pulse <sup>22,23</sup>, which correlates with systolic volume <sup>24</sup>. In the group of patients with heart failure, a direct and significant relation was found between oxygen pulse and muscle mass at the peak of effort and anaerobic threshold. A report on the behavior of this hemodynamic variable related to skeletal muscle has not been found in the literature. One may suppose that the reduced values of oxygen pulse during exercise obtained in all patients cause secondary hemodynamic changes that interfere with muscle mass, with elevation in the arterial-venous oxygen content difference.</p>
    <p>A direct and significant relation between skeletal muscle mass and oxygen consumption at the peak of effort was obtained in our study, and these values are similar to those reported by other authors <sup>25,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>According to the muscle hypothesis <sup>27</sup>, the functional limitation of these patients could be attributed to the action of metabolic and structural factors in the skeletal musculature, triggering the ergoreflex, with elevation in the sympathetic activity consequent to peripheral vasoconstriction, leading to ventilatory dysfunctions <sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Another study on skeletal muscle mass by Toth et al <sup>29</sup> assessed 14 stable and noncachectic patients with NYHA functional class III heart failure and 52 healthy individuals. The values of muscle mass in the heart failure group and in the healthy individuals were, respectively, 3200&#177;400 g and 3300&#177;600 g (NS), and a significant relation to oxygen consumption was found at peak effort. Toth et al <sup>29</sup> used the same methodology used in our study with almost overlapping results. Those authors concluded that qualitative and not quantitative factors of skeletal musculature interfere with the functional condition of these patients; however, the factors were not studied at the anaerobic threshold.</p>
    <p>The intrinsic changes in skeletal muscle influencing physical activity have been shown in several studies, such as that by Massie et al <sup>30</sup>, who assessed 18 patients in NYHA functional class III and with an inverse and significant correlation between type II ab muscle fibers and peak VO<sub>2</sub>. Those authors found a metabolic change in skeletal muscle with a reduction in the oxidative activity of the enzymes.</p>
    <p>The study by Okita et al <sup>31</sup> is worth noting. They assessed 12 patients with heart failure and 7 controls and correlated the tolerance to exercise assessed at VO<sub>2</sub> peak to the depletion in phosphocreatine and to the pH reduction in skeletal musculature. The strong relation between oxygen consumption at peak effort and cellular acidosis confirmed that these intrinsic changes are an important limiting factor to exercise.</p>
    <p>The relation between muscle mass and oxygen consumption at the anaerobic threshold was a characteristic assessed in our study, but not in other studies published. This relation was direct and significant in patients with heart failure, but nonsignificant in healthy individuals. This shows that the more altered the muscle mass, the lower the tolerance to lactacidemia during exercise, with a reduction in the functional capacity of these patients.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, patients with heart failure have a correlation between the skeletal muscle mass of the thighs and the ventilatory and hemodynamic variables at the anaerobic threshold and at the peak effort that participate in the mechanisms that reduce physical capacity.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspondence to</p>
        <p> Ricardo Vivacqua C. Costa </p>
        <p> Av. Afr&#226;nio de Melo Franco, 365/101 </p>
        <p>Cep 22430-060 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vivacqua@cardiol.br">vivacqua@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Received: 11/04/02 </p>
    <p>Accepted: 03/31/03</p>
    <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <lpage>91</lpage>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Okita</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yonezawa</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishjima</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Influ&#234;ncia da massa muscular esquel&#233;tica sobre as vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias e hemodin&#226;micas ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da massa muscular esquel&#233;tica sobre as vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias e hemodin&#226;micas ao exerc&#237;cio em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica (ICC). M&#201;TODOS: Foram realizados testes ergoespirom&#233;tricos m&#225;ximos, com protocolo de rampa em esteira rolante e medidas da massa muscular esquel&#233;tica de coxas pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica em 25 homens, clinicamente est&#225;veis, n&#227;o caqu&#233;ticos, avaliados e comparados com 14 indiv&#237;duos sadios (S), pareados por faixa et&#225;ria e &#237;ndice de massa corporal, submetidos aos mesmos exames. RESULTADOS: Verificaram-se valores semelhantes da massa muscular em ambos os grupos (ICC: 3863 &#177; 874g; S: 3743 &#177; 540g; p = 0,32) e suas correla&#231;&#245;es significativas com o consumo de oxig&#234;nio no limiar anaer&#243;bico (ICC: r= 0,39 p = 0,02; S: r = -0,14; p = 0,31), e com o pulso de oxig&#234;nio tamb&#233;m no limiar anaer&#243;bio (ICC: r = 0,49 p=0,01; S: r =0,12; p = 0,36), apenas nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados obtidos indicam que a massa muscular esquel&#233;tica pode influenciar a capacidade desses pacientes em sustentar esfor&#231;os subm&#225;ximos, relacionando-se &#224; limita&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, mesmo mantendo valor semelhante a dos indiv&#237;duos normais, sugerindo altera&#231;&#245;es qualitativas dessa musculatura.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>ergoespirometria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Influ&#234;ncia da massa muscular esquel&#233;tica sobre as vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias e hemodin&#226;micas ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ricardo Vivacqua Cardoso Costa; Antonio Claudio Lucas da N&#243;brega; Salvador Manoel Serra; Salete Rego; Mauricio Wajngarten</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Clinicas - FMUSP e Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da massa muscular esquel&#233;tica sobre as vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias e hemodin&#226;micas ao exerc&#237;cio em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica (ICC).</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram realizados testes ergoespirom&#233;tricos m&#225;ximos, com protocolo de rampa em esteira rolante e medidas da massa muscular esquel&#233;tica de coxas pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica em 25 homens, clinicamente est&#225;veis, n&#227;o caqu&#233;ticos, avaliados e comparados com 14 indiv&#237;duos sadios (S), pareados por faixa et&#225;ria e &#237;ndice de massa corporal, submetidos aos mesmos exames.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Verificaram-se valores semelhantes da massa muscular em ambos os grupos (ICC: 3863 &#177; 874g; S: 3743 &#177; 540g; p = 0,32) e suas correla&#231;&#245;es significativas com o consumo de oxig&#234;nio no limiar anaer&#243;bico (ICC: r= 0,39 p = 0,02; S: r = -0,14; p = 0,31), e com o pulso de oxig&#234;nio tamb&#233;m no limiar anaer&#243;bio (ICC: r = 0,49 p=0,01; S: r =0,12; p = 0,36), apenas nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os resultados obtidos indicam que a massa muscular esquel&#233;tica pode influenciar a capacidade desses pacientes em sustentar esfor&#231;os subm&#225;ximos, relacionando-se &#224; limita&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, mesmo mantendo valor semelhante a dos indiv&#237;duos normais, sugerindo altera&#231;&#245;es qualitativas dessa musculatura.</p>
      <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, ergoespirometria.</p>
      <p>Apesar da acentuada redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e morbidade das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, a incid&#234;ncia e a preval&#234;ncia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) t&#234;m se intensificado de maneira importante, tanto em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos como nos em desenvolvimento <sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em sua forma cr&#244;nica, manifesta-se com diversos sinais e sintomas, por&#233;m a sua caracter&#237;stica cl&#237;nica mais evidente &#233; a incapacidade de sustentar esfor&#231;os f&#237;sicos, progressivamente menores, constituindo um balizador da gravidade da pr&#243;pria insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>2</sup>. Tem sido demonstrado que os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos em repouso nos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o se correlacionam com os do esfor&#231;o <sup>3</sup>, os quais apresentam poder progn&#243;stico independente para mortalidade global e cardiovascular <sup>4</sup>. Al&#233;m disto, sintomas habitualmente referidos pelos pacientes, subestimam a verdadeira capacidade f&#237;sica que pode ser melhor avaliada pela ergoespirometria<sup>5,6</sup>, que permite uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o integrada cardiopulmonar<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Na g&#234;nese da s&#237;ndrome da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, anormalidades hemodin&#226;micas centrais est&#227;o presentes, assim como altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o muscular esquel&#233;tica, consideradas por alguns investigadores como respons&#225;veis pela fadiga e conseq&#252;ente limita&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio <sup>9,10</sup>. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es musculares ativam reflexamente o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, desempenhando um papel importante n&#227;o s&#243; na origem dos sintomas limitantes do exerc&#237;cio, como tamb&#233;m na progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca <sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Muito embora existam estudos investigando a influ&#234;ncia da musculatura esquel&#233;tica na capacidade funcional em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n&#227;o existem publica&#231;&#245;es sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a massa muscular esquel&#233;tica e vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias e hemodin&#226;micas consideradas como importantes marcadores funcionais e de risco nesta s&#237;ndrome, como limiar anaer&#243;bio e pulso de oxig&#234;nio.Assim, o presente estudo tem como proposta avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da massa muscular esquel&#233;tica sobre diferentes vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias e hemodin&#226;micas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica durante o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Foram selecionados 25 homens, portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica em classe funcional III (NYHA) com as seguintes etiologias: idiop&#225;tica (44%), hipertens&#227;o arterial (32%) e alcoolismo (24%). Foram exclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e/ou modifica&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica h&#225; menos de tr&#234;s meses; portadores de afec&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica, locomotora ou outra doen&#231;a que pudesse interferir nos testes a serem executados; epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada em repouso; trombo intracavit&#225;rio com potencial embolig&#234;nico e estado de caquexia.</p>
      <p>Todos estavam usando inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, digoxina e furosemida, acrescidos dos medicamentos: carvedilol: (24%), espironolactona: (40%), amiodarona: (20%) e warfarina s&#243;dica (12%).</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma de repouso apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es de: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (36%), sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (32%), bloqueio divisional anterior do ramo esquerdo (12%), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (12%) e sobrecarga atrial esquerda (8%).</p>
      <p>Para compara&#231;&#227;o, recrutamos um grupo controle, pareado por idade e &#237;ndice de massa corporal, composto de 14 indiv&#237;duos sadios, segundo resultados do exame cl&#237;nico, eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma e teste ergoespirom&#233;trico, sem uso de qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o engajados em programas formais de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, cujas caracter&#237;sticas encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">tabela I</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0581-00004-gt01-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica Para An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP e pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Procard&#237;aco (Rio de Janeiro) e todos os volunt&#225;rios assinaram o termo de consentimento ap&#243;s receber os esclarecimentos necess&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram avaliados por meio da ergometria realizada em esteira rolante (ATL10200, Inbramed, Brasil) com an&#225;lise simult&#226;nea da ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e gases expirados atrav&#233;s de analisador metab&#243;lico (<italic>TEEM100, Aerosport, USA</italic>) e com registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico das 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (sistema <italic>Mason Likar</italic>) e press&#227;o arterial por esfigmomanometria. Utilizamos o protocolo de rampa sempre ajustado &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e biomec&#226;nicas dos pacientes, com incremento de intensidade de esfor&#231;o progressivo e dura&#231;&#227;o estimada entre 8 e 12min interrompido por cansa&#231;o ou dispn&#233;ia. Considerando-se a ocorr&#234;ncia de adapta&#231;&#227;o natural ao teste de esfor&#231;o, realizamos dois testes separados por, aproximadamente, uma semana, utilizando-se os resultados do segundo teste para an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>O limiar anaer&#243;bio foi determinado por tr&#234;s examinadores experientes e definido quando ocorria concord&#226;ncia de, pelo menos dois deles, obtido em todos os casos. Os crit&#233;rios utilizados foram <sup>13,14</sup>: aumento n&#227;o linear da ventila&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, exponencia&#231;&#227;o da curva de ventila&#231;&#227;o, ponto de in&#237;cio da eleva&#231;&#227;o consistente da curva do equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio e eleva&#231;&#227;o da curva referente &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o expirada de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
      <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o da massa muscular de coxas foi realizada por meio da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica com o paciente em dec&#250;bito dorsal. Os exames foram executados em um equipamento Signa 1,5 T Horizon LX 8.2, General Electric, com bobina de torso, EUA. As sequ&#234;ncias processadas foram T1 <italic>spin-echo</italic>, em cortes axiais com 5,0mm de espessura e 8,0mm de intervalo, sendo realizado topograma no plano coronal. A massa muscular esquel&#233;tica das coxas, direita e esquerda (MM) foi medida na sequ&#234;ncia T1 <italic>spin-echo</italic> atrav&#233;s de cursor irregular, contornando-se os grupamentos musculares e excluindo tecido gorduroso e osso<sup>15,16</sup>. Foi estabelecido como reparo anat&#244;mico para o primeiro corte da coxa, a articula&#231;&#227;o coxo-femoral e o &#250;ltimo corte imediatamente antes da patela. Todos os valores da massa muscular obtidos foram somados e multiplicados por 13mm e pela densidade do m&#250;sculo 1,05 e, em sequ&#234;ncia, calculada a m&#233;dia do volume muscular<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e homogenidade das vari&#226;ncias. Portanto, utilizamos procedimentos param&#233;tricos para todas as an&#225;lises. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para amostras independentes na compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados entre pacientes e controles. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizado para medir o grau de associa&#231;&#227;o entre cada par de vari&#225;veis, tendo como valor cr&#237;tico para o n&#250;mero de pacientes estudados 0,323 e para o grupo controle 0,426. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear pelo m&#233;todo dos m&#237;nimos quadrados foi empregada para determinar a equa&#231;&#227;o do primeiro grau, que descreve a rela&#231;&#227;o entre VE e VCO<sub>2.</sub> Em todos os casos, o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o foi &gt;0.95. O coeficiente angular (<italic>slope</italic>), assim calculado, foi utilizado para an&#225;lise da correla&#231;&#227;o com a massa muscular. O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia foi o n&#237;vel de 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Os resultados das vari&#225;veis obtidas na ergoespirometria e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">tabela II</xref>. Conforme esperado, os resultados indicam menor capacidade funcional nos pacientes comparados aos sadios, embora n&#227;o tenha sido encontrada diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa muscular esquel&#233;tica. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">figura 1</xref> exemplifica o comportamento de ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> em um paciente e um indiv&#237;duo sadio.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0581-00004-gt02-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0581-00004-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">tabela III</xref> apresenta as correla&#231;&#245;es lineares entre massa muscular e as vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias e hemodin&#226;micas durante o exerc&#237;cio nos pacientes e indiv&#237;duos controle. Foram observadas correla&#231;&#245;es positivas e negativas com signific&#226;ncia somente nos pacientes. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">figura 2</xref> mostra os gr&#225;ficos com resultados individuais e reta de regress&#227;o linear entre massa muscular esquel&#233;tica e consumo de oxig&#234;nio no momento do limar anaer&#243;bio nos pacientes e indiv&#237;duos controle.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0581-00004-gt03-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0581-00004-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a massa muscular esquel&#233;tica de coxas e as vari&#225;veis obtidas no teste ergoespirom&#233;trico em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Houve, tamb&#233;m, correla&#231;&#227;o entre massa muscular e vari&#225;veis, n&#227;o s&#243; no pico do esfor&#231;o, mas inclusive no limiar anaer&#243;bio.</p>
      <p>Verificamos semelhan&#231;as quantitativas da massa muscular obtida pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e no grupo controle. Achado que pode ser explicado pelo fato dos pacientes serem est&#225;veis e n&#227;o caqu&#233;ticos.</p>
      <p>O limiar anaer&#243;bio foi utilizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional dos pacientes e apresentou valores mais elevados no grupo controle (p &lt; 0,001). Consiste em um par&#226;metro obtido em intensidades subm&#225;ximas de esfor&#231;o que acompanham a maioria das atividades quotidianas dos pacientes e &#233; utilizado para programa&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Merece aten&#231;&#227;o, na presente pesquisa, o comportamento do coeficiente angular <italic>slope</italic> VExVCO<sub>2</sub>, relacionado com inefici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria e com a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, constituindo uma vari&#225;vel independente para estimar progn&#243;stico nos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>20,</sup> Os valores m&#233;dios do <italic>slope</italic> VExVCO<sub>2</sub> nos pacientes estudados, 32&#177;9, acham-se abaixo do valor 34, que caracteriza gravidade e mau progn&#243;stico, comprovado num estudo de Chua e cols.<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Outros estudos obtiveram uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa e significativa da massa muscular e o <italic>slope</italic> VExVCO<sub>2</sub>, comprovando esta rela&#231;&#227;o com acentua&#231;&#227;o do ergorreflexo<sup>12,13</sup>, com valores equivalentes aos obtidos neste estudo.</p>
      <p>A participa&#231;&#227;o dos fatores hemodin&#226;micos nesta pesquisa, foi avaliada pelo pulso de O<sub>2</sub><sup>22,23</sup>, que se correlaciona com o volume sist&#243;lico<sup>24</sup>. Encontramos, no grupo dos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta e significativa do pulso de oxig&#234;nio com a massa muscular no pico do esfor&#231;o e no limiar anaer&#243;bio. O comportamento desta vari&#225;vel hemodin&#226;mica, correlacionada &#224; musculatura esquel&#233;tica, n&#227;o foi encontrado na literatura pesquisada. Pode-se admitir que os valores reduzidos do pulso de oxig&#234;nio durante o exerc&#237;cio, obtidos em todos os pacientes, ocasionem modifica&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas secund&#225;rias que interferem na massa muscular com eleva&#231;&#227;o da diferen&#231;a arteriovenosa de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
      <p>Uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta e significativa da massa muscular esquel&#233;tica com o consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do esfor&#231;o foi obtida no nosso estudo, cujos valores s&#227;o similares aos demonstrados por outros autores<sup>25,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>De acordo com a hip&#243;tese muscular<sup>27</sup>, a limita&#231;&#227;o funcional desses pacientes teria sido atribu&#237;da &#224; a&#231;&#227;o de fatores metab&#243;licos e estruturais na musculatura esquel&#233;tica, que desencadeia o ergorreflexo, com eleva&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica, conseq&#252;ente vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica, conduzindo a disfun&#231;&#245;es ventilat&#243;rias<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Outra pesquisa sobre a massa muscular esquel&#233;tica foi a de Toth e cols.<sup>29</sup>, avaliando 14 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, classe funcional III (NYHA), est&#225;veis e n&#227;o caqu&#233;ticos, e 52 normais, obtendo valores da massa muscular de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 3200&#177;400g e indiv&#237;duos normais, 3300&#177;600g (NS), e rela&#231;&#227;o significativa com o consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do esfor&#231;o. Nesse trabalho foi aplicada a mesma metodologia do nosso estudo, com resultados, praticamente, superpostos. Toth e cols. conclu&#237;ram que fatores qualitativos e n&#227;o quantitativos na musculatura esquel&#233;tica interferem na condi&#231;&#227;o funcional desses pacientes, porem, n&#227;o foram estudados os fatores ao n&#237;vel do limiar anaer&#243;bio.</p>
      <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es intr&#237;nsecas da musculatura esquel&#233;tica que exercem influ&#234;ncia na atividade f&#237;sica foram demonstradas em v&#225;rios estudos, como o de Massie e cols.<sup>30</sup> que encontraram uma mudan&#231;a metab&#243;lica na musculatura esquel&#233;tica com redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade oxidativa das enzimas, avaliando 18 pacientes, classe funcional III (NYHA) com rela&#231;&#227;o inversa e significativa da rela&#231;&#227;o das fibras musculares tipo II ab com o VO<sub>2</sub> pico.</p>
      <p>Vale citar o estudo de Okita e cols.<sup>31</sup> que relacionou a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, avaliada no VO<sub>2</sub> pico, com a deple&#231;&#227;o da fosfocreatina e a redu&#231;&#227;o do pH na musculatura esquel&#233;tica de 12 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e sete controles. A forte rela&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do esfor&#231;o com a acidose celular comprovou que essas altera&#231;&#245;es intr&#237;nsecas constituem um importante fator limitante do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>Um aspecto avaliado no nosso estudo e n&#227;o encontrado nas publica&#231;&#245;es pesquisadas foi a rela&#231;&#227;o da massa muscular com o consumo de oxig&#234;nio no momento do limiar anaer&#243;bio. Nos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca esta rela&#231;&#227;o foi direta e significativa, sem signific&#226;ncia nos indiv&#237;duos normais. Este achado demonstra que quanto mais alterada a massa muscular, menor a toler&#226;ncia &#224; lactoacidemia durante o exerc&#237;cio, com redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional nesses pacientes.</p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, verificamos que portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentam uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre massa muscular esquel&#233;tica de coxas e vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias e hemodin&#226;micas no limiar anaer&#243;bico e no pico do esfor&#231;o, participando dos mecanismos que reduzem a capacidade f&#237;sica.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> E</bold>
          </label>
          <p>ndere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
          <p>Ricardo Vivacqua C. Costa</p>
          <p> Av. Afr&#226;nio de Melo Franco, 365/101</p>
          <p>Cep 22430-060 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <ext-link xlink:href="mailto:henrique37@terra.com.br" ext-link-type="email">vivacqua@cardiol.br</ext-link>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 4/11/02</p>
      <p>Aceito em 31/3/03</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
