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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Z4wzxZ8hJ6hNqtTGk4MGjSB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2003001400003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(03)08100603</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2003001400003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Follow-up study of morphology and cardiac function in rats undergoing induction of supravalvular aortic stenosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bregagnollo</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Aparecida Marchesan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aragon</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Ferrari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jamas</surname>
            <given-names>Elenize</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2003</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>81</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>569</fpage>
      <lpage>575</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To characterize the follow-up of an experimental model of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) induced by supravalvular ascending aortic stenosis in young rats. METHODS: Wistar rats were submitted to thoracotomy and aortic stenosis was created by placing a clip on the ascending aorta (AoS group, n=12). Age-matched control animals underwent a sham operation (C group, n=12). Cardiac function was analysed by echocardiograms performed 6, 12, and 21 weeks after aortic banding. Myocardial morphological features and myocardial hydroxyproline concentration (HOP) were evaluated 2, 6, 12, and 21 weeks after surgery in additional animals. RESULTS: Aortic banding promoted early concentric LVH and a progressive increase in HOP. Under light microscopy, we observed myocyte hypertrophy and wall thickening of the intramural branches of the coronary arteries due to medial hypertrophy. Cardiac function was supranormal after 6 weeks (percentage of fractional shortening - EAo6: 70.3&#177;10.8; C6: 61.3&#177;5.4; p&lt;0.05), and depressed in the last period. Diastolic dysfunction was detected after 12 weeks (ratio of early-to-late filling velocity - EAo12: 4.20&#177;3.25; C12: 1.61&#177;0.16; p&lt;0.05). CONCLUSION: Ascending aortic stenosis promotes concentric LVH with myocardial fibrosis and minimal histological changes. According to the period of evaluation, cardiac function may be improved, normal, or depressed. The model is suitable and useful for studies on pathophysiology and treatment of the different phases of cardiac hypertrophy.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>myocardial hypertrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiogram</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular function</kwd>
        <kwd>aortic stenosis and rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Follow-up study of morphology and cardiac function in rats undergoing induction of supravalvular aortic stenosis</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Henrique Barbosa Ribeiro; Katashi Okoshi; Antonio Carlos Cicogna; Edson Antonio Bregagnollo; Maria Aparecida Marchesan Rodrigues; Carlos Roberto Padovani; Fl&#225;vio Ferrari Aragon; Elenize Jamas; Marina Politi Okoshi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP. Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspondence</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To characterize the follow-up of an experimental model of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) induced by supravalvular ascending aortic stenosis in young rats. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Wistar rats were submitted to thoracotomy and aortic stenosis was created by placing a clip on the ascending aorta (AoS group, n=12). Age-matched control animals underwent a sham operation (C group, n=12). Cardiac function was analysed by echocardiograms performed 6, 12, and 21 weeks after aortic banding. Myocardial morphological features and myocardial hydroxyproline concentration (HOP) were evaluated 2, 6, 12, and 21 weeks after surgery in additional animals. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Aortic banding promoted early concentric LVH and a progressive increase in HOP. Under light microscopy, we observed myocyte hypertrophy and wall thickening of the intramural branches of the coronary arteries due to medial hypertrophy. Cardiac function was supranormal after 6 weeks (percentage of fractional shortening - EAo<sub>6</sub>: 70.3&#177;10.8; C<sub>6</sub>: 61.3&#177;5.4; p&lt;0.05), and depressed in the last period. Diastolic dysfunction was detected after 12 weeks (ratio of early-to-late filling velocity - EAo<sub>12</sub>: 4.20&#177;3.25; C<sub>12</sub>: 1.61&#177;0.16; p&lt;0.05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Ascending aortic stenosis promotes concentric LVH with myocardial fibrosis and minimal histological changes. According to the period of evaluation, cardiac function may be improved, normal, or depressed. The model is suitable and useful for studies on pathophysiology and treatment of the different phases of cardiac hypertrophy.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words:</bold> myocardial hypertrophy, echocardiogram, ventricular function, aortic stenosis and rats.</p>
    <p>Cardiac hypertrophy is an important adapting mechanism that occurs as a response to chronic hemodynamic overload, allowing the heart to maintain its basic functions during overloaded conditions <sup>1,2</sup>. However, left ventricular hypertrophy is a risk factor for the development of congestive heart failure and sudden death <sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Several experimental models have been proposed for the study of left ventricular hypertrophy due to pressure overload. Among them, the induction of renovascular stenosis <sup>4</sup>, of abdominal aorta stenosis <sup>5,6</sup>, or thoracic aorta stenosis <sup>7</sup>, or even the development of animals genetically modified, such as spontaneously hypertensive rats <sup>8-12</sup>. However, several of these animal models have limitations for use in experimental studies. For example, the induction of renovascular stenosis or abdominal aortic stenosis, in rats, in addition to leading to systemic blood hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy, can also promote systemic activation of the adrenergic nervous system, and of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system <sup>13-15</sup>. The intense neuro-hormonal activation is associated with the presence of important cardiac lesions, such as myocardial necrosis, peripheral arteritis, and reparative fibrosis <sup>4,6</sup>. Thus, these models may be very aggressive in the myocardium and, therefore, less representative of the chronic lesions that develop gradually in humans with chronic pressure overload. On the other hand, spontaneously hypertensive rats develop a gradual increase in systemic blood hypertension at 1 month of age, and, at 3 months, they already have established left ventricular hypertrophy <sup>16,17</sup>. However, these rats have a long period of stable myocardial hypertrophy, without heart failure, which usually occurs by 20 months of age <sup>9,11,18</sup>. Therefore, although in this model cardiac alterations are similar to those occurring in human hypertensive heart disease <sup>9,16</sup>, the prevention studies of heart failure are expensive, because the animals have to be kept in captivity for a long period.</p>
    <p>More recently, the model of ascending aorta stenosis has been used to promote the gradual development of left ventricular hypertrophy in young rats <sup>7,19-25</sup>. The animals, 3 to 4 weeks after delivery, undergo median thoracotomy to place a band, with an internal diameter of approximately 0.6 mm, around the thoracic aorta, 2 to 3 mm above its root. Immediately after the thoracic banding, the diameter of the artery is maintained; with animal growth, the vessel diameter is maintained and aortic stenosis progressively appears. The rats develop left ventricular hypertrophy precociously, which is associated, in the short term, with improvement in the systolic function of the heart. Then, the animals start to experience depression of mechanical heart performance, and develop cardiac decompensation, 20 weeks after the induction of aortic stenosis <sup>7,20,26-28</sup>. In this model of left ventricular hypertrophy, no systemic activation of the sympathic nervous system or of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system occurs <sup>7,21,26,29</sup>. Probably because of this fact, histological evaluation, performed 21 weeks after aortic stenosis induction, did not demonstrate the presence of important cardiac lesions, such as peripheral arteritis, myocardial necrosis, or extensive fibrosis <sup>7,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>The advantages of this experimental model are the gradual development of left ventricular hypertrophy, absence of severe anatomical lesions in the myocardium, and the low cost of the maintenance of animals because of the short period necessary to develop left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure. In the several studies performed with this model <sup>7,19-21,26,30,31</sup>, different periods were used for the morphological or functional analysis of the heart, or both, and no studies exist regarding simultaneous and follow-up evaluations of myocardial histology and of cardiac function after induction of aortic stenosis.</p>
    <p>The objective of this study was to characterize the follow-up of the experimental model of left ventricular hypertrophy because of supravalvular aortic stenosis, in young Wistar rats, using morphologic and functional evaluation of the heart. Myocardial morphology was analyzed, using optical microscopy, 2, 6, 12, and 21 weeks after the induction of aortic stenosis and cardiac function was assessed, <italic>in vivo</italic>, using echocardiographic study, performed 6, 12, and 21 weeks after banding of the ascending aorta. In addition to that, the collagen content was quantified using serial determination of hydroxyproline concentration in the left ventricle.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Methods</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Male Wistar rats, weighing 90 to 100g, were used from our biotery. Animals were kept in cages with 4 rats per box, at 23<sup>o</sup>C, with luminosity cycles of 12h and fed with Purina rat ration and water ad libitum. The protocol used was approved by the Ethical Committee for Animal Research of the Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP.</p>
    <p>Rats underwent median thoracotomy after being anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg intramuscular) and xylidine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg intramuscular). Next, the ascending aorta was dissected and a silver band with an internal diameter of 0.6 mm was placed at approximately 3 mm of the aortic root. During surgery, the rats were manually ventilated with positive pressure. Control animals underwent the same surgery; however, a band was not implanted.</p>
    <p>Rats were divided into 2 groups: control (C) and aortic stenosis (AoS). For morphologic and biochemical evaluation (hydroxyproline dose), 5 to 7 animals from each group were sacrificed 2, 6, 12, and 21 weeks after AoS induction. The subgroups formed were given the following designations: C<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>6</sub>, C<sub>12</sub>, C<sub>21</sub>, and AoS<sub>2</sub>, AoS<sub>6</sub>, AoS<sub>12</sub>, and AoS<sub>21</sub>.</p>
    <p>The other groups of rats (C and AoS) were formed only for functional study. Because this evaluation was performed in vivo and without later sacrifice of the animals, the same rats were assessed in 3 experimental periods: 6, 12, and 21 weeks after the induction of AoS (n= 12 for the C and AoS groups). Due to the difficulty in obtaining adequate echocardiographic images in low-weight rats, the functional study was not performed in the 2-week period after AoS induction.</p>
    <p>Rats were weighed and anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg intraperitoneal) then underwent median thoracotomy to remove the heart, which was rapidly washed in saline solution. Next, the right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) were dissected and weighed separately. From the central part of the left ventricle, a 2- to 3-mm thick annulus was cut, taking all the extension of its wall. The material was immersed in neutral and tamponade formalin 10% for 48 hours at 4<sup>o</sup>C. After this period, the tissue was washed, dehydrated, and imbedded in paraffin. The histological cuts 5- to 7-mm thick were dyed with hematoxylin-eosin and were analyzed with optical microscopy.</p>
    <p>Morphometric analyses were performed using a VCR attached to a Leica microscope connected to the computer equipped with an analysis program (Image-Pro Plus 3.0, Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA). In left ventricle transverse sections, sectional areas (SA) of at least 50 cardiac fibers, whose nucleus was clearly identified in the center of the cell, were measured.</p>
    <p>Myocardial concentration of hydroxyproline was assessed in tissue obtained at the tip of the left ventricle, according to the methods described by Switzer <sup>32</sup>, using a previously described technique used in other studies at our laboratory <sup>33-35</sup>.</p>
    <p>The level of ventricular hypertrophy was assessed by the ratio between humid weight of the right and left ventricle and the body weight of the animals.</p>
    <p>Rats received anesthesia with ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) and xylidine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg), administered intramuscularly. A trichotomy was performed in the anterior region of the thorax, and the animals were placed in the left lateral decubitus position for the performance of echocardiography <sup>36</sup> with the Sonos 2000 from Hewlett-Packard Co., equipped with an electronic transducer with a 7.5 MHz frequency.</p>
    <p>To measure cardiac structures, M-mode images were obtained with an ultrasound beam guided by the bi-dimensional mode, with the transducer positioned at the smaller parasternal axis. An image of the left ventricle was obtained with the M-mode cursor positioned right below the mitral valve plane at the papillary muscle level <sup>22,37,38</sup>. Aorta (AO) and left atrium (LA) images were obtained with the M-mode cursor positioned at the level of the aortic valve plane. Images obtained were recorded afterwards with the UP-890 printer from the Sony Co.; cardiac structures were measured manually with the help of a pachymeter.</p>
    <p>Left ventricle diastolic diameter (LVDD) and systolic diameter (LVSD) were measured at the period of the cardiac cycle when their values were maximum and minimum, respectively. Diastolic thickness of the posterior left ventricle wall (LVDT) was measured at the same period of the cardiac cycle when left ventricle diastolic diameter was assessed. Aortic root diameter (AO) was obtained in the period immediately prior to the opening of the aortic valve. The left atrium (LA) was assessed when its diameter was at its maximum <sup>22,38</sup>. From the dimensions above described, we obtained: relative left ventricle thickness (RLVT), LA/AO, LVDD/BW, and LA/BW.</p>
    <p>Left ventricle systolic function was assessed by using the shortening percentage (DD): [(LVDD &#150; LVSD)/LVDD] X 100, and the diastolic function analyzed by the ratio between initial filling flow velocity (E wave) and of the atrial contraction (A wave) of the transmitral flow.</p>
    <p>One day after the performance of echocardiography, corresponding to 21 weeks, the animals were sacrificed while under anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital. At this time, signs of heart failure were identified, according to Conrad et al <sup>39</sup> and Cicogna et al <sup>11,18</sup> as tachypnea, pleuropericardial effusion, ascites, and the presence of left atrial thrombus.</p>
    <p>Regarding the statistical analysis, numerical data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Study of the morphometric variables and of the myocardial concentration of hydroxyproline was performed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the factorial scheme 2X4, for the entirely casual model, completed with the <italic>Tukey</italic> test of multiple comparisons. Results obtained in the echocardiographic study were analyzed with analysis of variance of the multivariate profiles for dependent groups (MANOVA). Significance level was considered 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Results</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Corporal parameters are provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table I</xref>. Body weight was similar between groups AoS and C in the period 2 weeks after surgery. Significant variations occurred between the groups: after 6 weeks body weight was greater in C; after 12 and 21 weeks, it was lower in the C groups in comparison with that in the AoS groups. Left ventricle weight was always greater in the AoS groups compared with that in the C groups. In the evolvement analysis, left ventricle weight increased significantly between 2 and 6 weeks in the 2 groups, C and AoS, and did not change in the other period of analysis. Right ventricle weight was greater in the AoS groups than in the C groups only in the 21-week period. In the evolvement analysis, RV weight had the same pattern as that of the left ventricle weight in the C groups and demonstrated the following results in the AoS groups: AoS<sub>2</sub>&lt;(AoS<sub>6</sub>=AoS<sub>12</sub> )&lt;AoS<sub>21.</sub> LV/BW ratio was greater in AoS in the 4 periods assessed. In the C groups, the ratio was greater in C<sub>2</sub> than at other times and, in rats with AoS it had the following pattern: AoS<sub>2</sub>&gt;AoS<sub>6</sub>&gt; (AoS<sub>12</sub>=AoS<sub>21</sub>). The RV/BW ratio was greater in the AoS group than in C only in the last period of evaluation. In the C groups, this ratio was greater in C<sub>2</sub> than in the other periods and, in AoS groups, it was similar in the 2- and 21-week periods, both greater than at 6 and 12 weeks.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0569-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Of the 12 animals in the AoS group, which evolved for 21 weeks, 3 had signs of heart failure, including tachypnea, pleural effusion, and ascites.</p>
    <p>In the left ventricle histological evaluation, C groups had normal morphology. In the AoS groups, progressive hypertrophy of the myocytes was observed at 2-week follow-up. Intramural branches of the coronary artery had medium lower hypertrophy that was discreet after 2 and 6 weeks, becoming evident after 12 weeks (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>). Myocardial fibrosis, interstitial fibrosis, or peripheral arteritis was not observed in all periods studied.</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0569-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>The cross sectional area of left ventricle myocytes was significantly greater in the AoS groups than in the C groups, in all periods studied. In both groups, a progressive increase of the myocyte cross sectional areas occurred during the evolvement process (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0569-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Myocardial concentration of hydroxyproline was greater in the AoS groups than in C groups, at 6 weeks of evolvement. In the C groups the concentration was similar in all periods of evaluation, and in AoS, a progressive increase in their values occurred with the evolvement of the hypertrophic process (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0569-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Mean and standard deviations of the left ventricle, left atrium, and aorta measures are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table II</xref>. LVDD was similar in the C groups and AoS in the 3 periods assessed and was greater in the 12- and 21-week periods, compared with that at 6 weeks, in both groups. When normalized for BW, the variable had similar patterns in the C and AoS groups, with a progressive reduction in their values during evolvement assessment (P&lt;0.05). LVSD was smaller in AoS<sub>6</sub> than in C<sub>6</sub>. In the C group, this parameter did not change in the experimental period, and in the AoS group, the 21-week period was significantly greater than that at 6 weeks. LVDT and LVDT/LVDD were greater in the AoS group in the 3 periods assessed and did not change with the age of the animal or the evolvement of the hypertrophic process. LA diameter was greater in the AoS group in the 3 periods, and its greatest value was in AoS<sub>21</sub> rather than in AoS<sub>6</sub> and AoS<sub>12</sub>. AO diameter was greater in AoS<sub>12</sub> than in C<sub>12</sub>. The LA/AO ratio was greater in group AoS in the 3 periods studied. In the 2 groups of animals, LA/AO did not change during evolvement, and LA/BW was greater in period 6 than in the 12- and 21-week periods.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0569-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Means and standard deviation of the heart rate (HR), and the systolic and diastolic function indexes are demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table III</xref>. Heart rate was greater in the AoS group in the 12- and 21-week periods, compared with the same period in group C. In group C, HR was lower in C<sub>21</sub> than in C<sub>6</sub>, and in AoS this variable did not occur in the 3 periods analyzed. DD was greater in AoS<sub>6</sub> than in C<sub>6</sub>. In group C, this index did not change with age, and in the AoS group a decrease occurred in its value in the 21-week period compared with that in the 6- and 12-week periods. E/A ratio was greater in AoS<sub>12</sub> and AoS<sub>21</sub> compared with that in groups C and AoS<sub>6.</sub> In the control group, E/A did not change with age.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0569-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discussion</bold>
    </p>
    <p>In this study, we assessed the cardiac function, morphology, and development of myocardial fibrosis in young rats undergoing induction of supravalvular aortic stenosis in different periods of follow-up.</p>
    <p>AoS induction rapidly encourages left ventricle hypertrophy, which is evident in the early period of evaluation, with 2 weeks of follow-up. After 6 weeks, left ventricle weight or ventricular wall diastolic thickness did not increase, which could suggest that, after aortic stenosis induction, left ventricular hypertrophy occurs precociously and then it becomes stable. However, morphometric evaluation demonstrated that the values of the cross sectional area of the myocytes increased progressively until 12 weeks, demonstrating the presence of additional hypertrophy during the evolvement of the process.</p>
    <p>Echocardiographic study allowed the definition of left ventricular hypertrophy as concentric, characterized by increased wall thickness with normal or reduced dimensions of the ventricular cavity. According to several authors <sup>7,26</sup>, animals start to develop heart failure in the 21st week after the induction of aortic stenosis. Thus, it would be expected that eccentric hypertrophy would be found during the last period of study. Because only 25% of our rats had heart failure after the 21 weeks of evolvement, it is probable that the final evaluation was performed when most animals were in the compensated phases of left ventricular hypertrophy and, therefore, still having concentric hypertrophy. However, the increase in right ventricle weight in the last assessment period demonstrates that the change from compensated left ventricular hypertrophy to heart failure may have already occurred. Histological analysis of the myocardium confirmed the findings of other authors <sup>7,26,</sup> who did not find relevant tissue lesions, such as myocyte necrosis, extensive areas of myocardial fibrosis, or peripheral arteritis, after 21 weeks of aortic stenosis induction. In our study, in addition to myocyte cell hypertrophy, we observed the presence of vascular remodeling characterized by medium-layer hypertrophy in the intramyocardial arteries, which was discreet in the first assessment periods and became evident after 12 weeks of follow-up. Thickening of the medium layer of the arteries is usually found in human beings with systemic hypertension <sup>40</sup>. This finding may be due to hypertrophy or hyperplasia of the smooth muscle, or both; to an increase in water and/or collagen content of the vascular wall; and thickening of the basal membrane <sup>40</sup>.</p>
    <p>Although this model is not associated with severe fibrosis <sup>7</sup>, myocardial concentration of hydroxyproline was greater in the AoS groups at 6 weeks, and it increased progressively during the evolvement of the hypertrophic process. In the present study, we did not perform morphometric quantification of the collagen content and, therefore, we were not able to state whether the increase was due to the interstitial collagen or perivascular. Weinberg et al <sup>26</sup>, using <italic>picrosirius</italic> red dye, verified the presence of a moderate increase in interstitial and perivascular collagen 21 weeks after the induction of aortic stenosis.</p>
    <p>The analysis of left ventricle systolic function demonstrated that in the initial phases of the hypertrophic process the shortening is increased. A decrease in contractile function of the chamber occurred over time, evidenced by the progressive increase in LVSD and by the reduction of DD. These indexes were significantly different between the periods of 6 and 21 weeks after aortic stenosis. It is possible to detect the 3 evolvement phases of systolic function during the hypertrophic process in this model: initially, the presence of supranormal performance, which is followed by unchanged cardiac performance, and, finally, by depression of the contractile capacity of the heart. Similar results were observed by other authors who also assessed cardiac function sequentially with echocardiography <sup>7,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diastolic dysfunction may be detected in the 12th week of evolvement by the E/A ratio, which was significantly greater in the AoS groups than in the respective C groups. After this period, additional variation was not observed in the values of this ratio. However, the increase in LA diameter, verified in the 6th week, demonstrates that diastolic dysfunction may have occurred earlier. Similar results were observed during the serial study of left ventricle function with echocardiography <sup>22</sup>. E/A increase reflects the restrictive pattern of ventricular filling alteration. Currently, this filling model has been attributed, in great part, to the increase in left atrial pressure and also to the increase in passive stiffness of the ventricular chamber, which may be due to the increase in wall thickness or interstitial fibrosis, or both of these <sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, induction of supravalvular aortic stenosis in young rats promotes early development of concentric left ventricular hypertrophy with cardiac function initially supranormal, followed by diastolic dysfunction in the 12th week of evolvement. Reduction of systolic ventricular performance occurred only in the late period after 21 weeks of AoS induction. Cardiac function alterations are followed by myocardial fibrosis without expressive histological lesions. These characteristics demonstrate that the model is suitable and potentially useful for studies on physiopathology and treatment of cardiac hypertrophy due to chronic pressure overload both in the compensated stage and during transition to heart failure.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
    </p>
    <p>For the valuable technical support of Vitor Marcos de Souza, Jos&#233; Carlos Georgette, and M&#225;rio Augusto Dallaqua and to the support of CNPQ/PIBIC.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspondence to</p>
        <p>Henrique Barbosa Ribeiro </p>
        <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP - Depto de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica </p>
        <p> Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, S/N </p>
        <p> Cep 18618-000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="henrique37@terra.com.br">henrique37@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Received 12/5/02 </p>
    <p>Accepted 2/23/03</p>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>40. Schwartzkopff    B, Motz W, Frenzel H, Vogt M, Knauer S, Strauer BE. Structural and functional    alterations of the intramyocardial coronary arterioles in patients with arterial    hypertension. Circulation 1993; 88:993-1003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Structural and functional alterations of the intramyocardial coronary arterioles in patients with arterial hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>993</fpage>
          <lpage>1003</lpage>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartzkopff</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Motz</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frenzel</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vogt</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knauer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strauer</surname>
              <given-names>BE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Estudo evolutivo da morfologia e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em ratos submetidos a estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>OBJETIVO: Caracterizar, evolutivamente, o modelo experimental de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) por indu&#231;&#227;o de estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar em ratos jovens. M&#201;TODOS: Ratos Wistar foram submetidos a toracotomia para coloca&#231;&#227;o de clipe ao redor da aorta tor&#225;cica (grupo EAo, n=12). Animais controle foram submetidos &#224; mesma cirurgia, por&#233;m sem a coloca&#231;&#227;o do clipe (grupo C, n=12). A fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi analisada por ecocardiogramas seriados ap&#243;s 6, 12 e 21 semanas. Outros grupos foram utilizados para avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da hidroxiprolina mioc&#225;rdica (HOP: 2, 6, 12 e 21 semanas). RESULTADOS: A EAo promoveu precocemente HVE conc&#234;ntrica e aumento progressivo da concentra&#231;&#227;o de HOP. &#192; microscopia &#243;ptica, observou-se hipertrofia dos mi&#243;citos e da camada m&#233;dia dos ramos intramurais das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi supranormal no per&#237;odo 6 semanas (porcentagem de encurtamento - EAo6:70,3&#177;10,8; C6: 61,3&#177;5,4; p&lt;0,05), apresentando-se reduzida apenas no &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo. A partir de 12 semanas, verificou-se disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (E/A - EAo12: 4,20&#177; 3,25; C12: 1,61&#177;0,16; p&lt;0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: A indu&#231;&#227;o de EAo promove HVE conc&#234;ntrica e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. A fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, dependendo do per&#237;odo de an&#225;lise, encontra-se melhorada, normal ou deprimida. O modelo &#233; adequado e potencialmente &#250;til para estudos sobre a fisiopatologia e tratamento nas diferentes fases evolutivas da hipertrofia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiograma</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>estenose a&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Estudo evolutivo da morfologia e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em ratos submetidos a estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Henrique Barbosa Ribeiro; Katashi Okoshi; Antonio Carlos Cicogna; Edson Antonio Bregagnollo; Maria Aparecida Marchesan Rodrigues; Carlos Roberto Padovani; Fl&#225;vio Ferrari Aragon; Elenize Jamas, Marina Politi Okoshi</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP. Botucatu, SP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Caracterizar, evolutivamente, o modelo experimental de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) por indu&#231;&#227;o de estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar em ratos jovens.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Ratos Wistar foram submetidos a toracotomia para coloca&#231;&#227;o de clipe ao redor da aorta tor&#225;cica (grupo EAo, n=12). Animais controle foram submetidos &#224; mesma cirurgia, por&#233;m sem a coloca&#231;&#227;o do clipe (grupo C, n=12). A fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi analisada por ecocardiogramas seriados ap&#243;s 6, 12 e 21 semanas. Outros grupos foram utilizados para avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da hidroxiprolina mioc&#225;rdica (HOP: 2, 6, 12 e 21 semanas).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A EAo promoveu precocemente HVE conc&#234;ntrica e aumento progressivo da concentra&#231;&#227;o de HOP. &#192; microscopia &#243;ptica, observou-se hipertrofia dos mi&#243;citos e da camada m&#233;dia dos ramos intramurais das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi supranormal no per&#237;odo 6 semanas (porcentagem de encurtamento - EAo<sub>6</sub>:70,3&#177;10,8; C<sub>6</sub>: 61,3&#177;5,4; p&lt;0,05), apresentando-se reduzida apenas no &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo. A partir de 12 semanas, verificou-se disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (E/A - EAo<sub>12</sub>: 4,20&#177; 3,25; C<sub>12</sub>: 1,61&#177;0,16; p&lt;0,05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A indu&#231;&#227;o de EAo promove HVE conc&#234;ntrica e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. A fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, dependendo do per&#237;odo de an&#225;lise, encontra-se melhorada, normal ou deprimida. O modelo &#233; adequado e potencialmente &#250;til para estudos sobre a fisiopatologia e tratamento nas diferentes fases evolutivas da hipertrofia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, ecocardiograma, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, estenose a&#243;rtica, ratos.</p>
      <p>A hipertrofia card&#237;aca representa um importante mecanismo adaptativo, ocorrido em resposta &#224; sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica cr&#244;nica, permitindo o cora&#231;&#227;o de manter suas fun&#231;&#245;es b&#225;sicas em vig&#234;ncia de aumento das condi&#231;&#245;es de carga<sup>1,2</sup>. Entretanto, a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda constitui um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e morte s&#250;bita<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Diversos modelos experimentais t&#234;m sido propostos para o estudo da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda por sobrecarga press&#243;rica. Entre eles, destacam-se a indu&#231;&#227;o de estenose de art&#233;ria renal<sup>4</sup> e de aorta abdominal<sup>5,6</sup> ou tor&#225;cica<sup>7</sup>, ou mesmo o desenvolvimento de animais geneticamente modificados, como o rato espontaneamente hipertenso<sup>8-12</sup>. No entanto, muitos desses modelos animais apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es para seu uso em trabalhos experimentais. Por exemplo, a indu&#231;&#227;o de estenose de art&#233;ria renal ou de aorta abdominal, em ratos, al&#233;m de acarretar hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, pode tamb&#233;m promover importante ativa&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica do sistema nervoso adren&#233;rgico e do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona<sup>13-15</sup>. A intensa ativa&#231;&#227;o neurohormonal est&#225; associada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de importantes les&#245;es card&#237;acas, como necrose mioc&#225;rdica, peri-arterite e fibrose reparativa<sup>4,6</sup>. Desta maneira, estes modelos podem ser muito agressivos ao mioc&#225;rdio e, portanto, pouco representativos das les&#245;es que se desenvolvem, gradualmente, em humanos com sobrecarga press&#243;rica cr&#244;nica. Por outro lado, os ratos espontaneamente hipertensos desenvolvem aumento gradual da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica a partir de um m&#234;s de idade e, aos tr&#234;s meses, j&#225; apresentam estabelecida hipertrofia ventricular esquerda<sup>16,17</sup>. Entretanto, esses ratos exibem longo per&#237;odo de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica est&#225;vel, sem desenvolver insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ocorrida, em geral, somente a partir de 20 meses de idade<sup>9,11,18</sup>. Portanto, embora nesse modelo as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas sejam semelhantes &#224;s que ocorrem na cardiopatia hipertensiva humana<sup>9,16</sup>, h&#225; um custo muito elevado para os estudos de preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, porque os animais t&#234;m que ser mantidos em biot&#233;rio por longo per&#237;odo de tempo.</p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, o modelo de estenose da aorta ascendente tem sido utilizado para promover o desenvolvimento gradual de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em ratos jovens<sup>7,19-25</sup>. Os animais, tr&#234;s a quatro semanas ap&#243;s o nascimento, s&#227;o submetidos a toracotomia mediana para coloca&#231;&#227;o de clipe, com cerca de 0,6mm de di&#226;metro interno, ao redor da aorta tor&#225;cica, 2 a 3mm acima de sua raiz. Imediatamente ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o do clipe, o di&#226;metro da aorta se mant&#233;m preservado; com o crescimento do animal e a manuten&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do vaso, ocorre o aparecimento progressivo da estenose a&#243;rtica. Precocemente, os ratos desenvolvem hipertrofia ventricular esquerda que est&#225; associada, a curto prazo, com melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do cora&#231;&#227;o; a seguir, os animais come&#231;am a apresentar depress&#227;o do desempenho mec&#226;nico do cora&#231;&#227;o e desenvolvem quadro cl&#237;nico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a partir de 20 semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da estenose a&#243;rtica<sup>7,20,26-28</sup>. Neste modelo de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, n&#227;o existe ativa&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico ou do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona<sup>7,21,26,29</sup> . Provavelmente, em decorr&#234;ncia desse fato, a avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica, realizada 21 semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da estenose a&#243;rtica, n&#227;o revelou a presen&#231;a de importantes les&#245;es card&#237;acas, como peri-arterite, necrose mioc&#225;rdica ou &#225;reas extensas de fibrose<sup>7,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>As vantagens deste modelo experimental s&#227;o o desenvolvimento gradual de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, a aus&#234;ncia de severas les&#245;es anat&#244;micas no mioc&#225;rdio e o baixo custo para a manuten&#231;&#227;o dos animais devido ao curto per&#237;odo necess&#225;rio para o desenvolvimento de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Nos v&#225;rios trabalhos realizados com este modelo<sup>7,19-21,26,30,31</sup>, foram utilizados diferentes per&#237;odos para a an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica e/ou funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o existindo estudos sobre a avalia&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea e evolutiva da histologia mioc&#225;rdica e da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da estenose a&#243;rtica.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar, evolutivamente, o modelo experimental de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda por estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar, em ratos Wistar jovens, por meio de avalia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica e funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o. A morfologia mioc&#225;rdica foi analisada, &#224; microscopia &#243;ptica, 2, 6, 12 e 21 semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da estenose a&#243;rtica e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi avaliada, <italic>in vivo</italic>, por meio de estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, realizado 6, 12 e 21 semanas ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o do clipe na aorta ascendente. Adicionalmente, o conte&#250;do de col&#225;geno foi quantificado pela determina&#231;&#227;o seriada da concentra&#231;&#227;o de hidroxiprolina no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos, com peso corporal de 90 a 100g, provenientes do Biot&#233;rio do Campus de Botucatu da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP). Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas, com quatro ratos por caixa, &#224; temperatura ambiente de 23<sup>o</sup>C, com ciclos de luminosidade de 12h e alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o Purina e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic>. O protocolo utilizado foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Animal da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s anestesia com cloridrato de cetamina (50 mg/kg intramuscular) e cloridrato de xilidino (10 mg/kg intramuscular), os ratos foram submetidos a toracotomia mediana. A seguir, a aorta ascendente foi dissecada e um clipe de prata, com 0,6mm de di&#226;metro interno, foi colocado a, aproximadamente, 3mm da raiz da aorta. Durante a cirurgia, os ratos foram ventilados manualmente, com press&#227;o positiva. Os animais controles foram submetidos &#224; mesma cirurgia, por&#233;m sem a coloca&#231;&#227;o do clipe.</p>
      <p>Os ratos foram divididos em dois grupos: controle (C) e estenose a&#243;rtica (EAo). Para avalia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica e bioqu&#237;mica (dosagem de hidroxiprolina), cinco a sete animais de cada grupo foram mortos 2, 6, 12 e 21 semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da EAo. Os subgrupos formados receberam a denomina&#231;&#227;o: C<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>6</sub>, C<sub>12</sub>, C<sub>21</sub> e EAo<sub>2</sub>, EAo<sub>6</sub>, EAo<sub>12</sub> e EAo<sub>21</sub>.</p>
      <p>Outros grupos de ratos (C e EAo) foram constitu&#237;dos somente para o estudo funcional. Como esta avalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita <italic>in vivo</italic> e sem posterior sacrif&#237;cio dos animais, os mesmos ratos foram analisados em tr&#234;s per&#237;odos experimentais: 6, 12 e 21 semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da EAo (n = 12 para os grupos C e EAo). Devido &#224; dificuldade em nosso servi&#231;o para a obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas adequadas em ratos de baixo peso, o estudo funcional n&#227;o foi realizado no per&#237;odo de 2 semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da EAo.</p>
      <p>Os ratos foram pesados, anestesiados com pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50mg/kg intraperitoneal) e submetidos a toracotomia mediana para a remo&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, lavado rapidamente em soro fisiol&#243;gico. A seguir, os ventr&#237;culos direito (VD) e esquerdo (VE) foram dissecados e pesados separadamente. Da parte central do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, foi cortado um anel com 2 a 3mm de espessura, compreendendo toda a extens&#227;o de sua parede. O material foi imerso em formalina 10% neutra e tamponada, durante 48h, a 4<sup>o</sup>C. Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, o tecido foi lavado, desidratado e inclu&#237;do em parafina. Cortes histol&#243;gicos com 5 a 7&#181;m de espessura foram submetidos &#224; colora&#231;&#227;o por hematoxilina e eosina e analisados em microscopia &#243;ptica.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica foi realizada utilizando-se uma c&#226;mara de v&#237;deo acoplada a um microsc&#243;pio Leica conectado a computador equipado com um programa analisador de imagem (<italic>Image-Pro Plus 3.0, Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA</italic>). Em sec&#231;&#245;es transversas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, foram medidas as &#225;reas seccionais (AS) de, no m&#237;nimo, 50 fibras card&#237;acas cujo n&#250;cleo era claramente identificado no centro da c&#233;lula.</p>
      <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de hidroxiprolina foi mensurada em tecido obtido da ponta do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, de acordo com o m&#233;todo descrito por Switzer<sup>32</sup>, utilizando-se a t&#233;cnica previamente descrita em outros trabalhos de nosso laborat&#243;rio<sup>33-35</sup>.</p>
      <p>O grau de hipertrofia ventricular foi avaliado pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre o peso &#250;mido dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo e o peso corporal dos animais.</p>
      <p>Os ratos foram anestesiados com cloridrato de cetamina (50 mg/kg) e cloridrato de xilidino (1 mg/kg), administrados por via intramuscular, em seguida, realizada tricotomia na regi&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax e os animais posicionados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo para realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma<sup>36</sup>, utilizado o modelo <italic>Sonos 2000 da Hewlett-Packard Co</italic>., equipado com transdutor eletr&#244;nico de 7,5MHz de freq&#252;&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Para mensura&#231;&#227;o das estruturas card&#237;acas, foram obtidas imagens em modo monodimensional (modo-M) com feixe de ultra-som orientado pelas imagens em modo bidimensional, estando o transdutor em posi&#231;&#227;o para-esternal eixo menor. A imagem do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi obtida posicionando o cursor do modo-M logo abaixo do plano da valva mitral no n&#237;vel dos m&#250;sculos papilares<sup>22,37,38</sup>. As imagens da aorta (AO) e do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) foram obtidas com o cursor do modo-M posicionado ao n&#237;vel do plano da valva a&#243;rtica. As imagens obtidas foram registradas em impressora modelo <italic>UP-890 da Sony Co.</italic> Posteriormente, as estruturas card&#237;acas foram medidas, manualmente, com o aux&#237;lio de um paqu&#237;metro de precis&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Os di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico (DDVE) e sist&#243;lico (DSVE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram medidos no momento do ciclo card&#237;aco em que seus valores eram m&#225;ximo e m&#237;nimo, respectivamente. A espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (EDVE) foi medida no mesmo momento do ciclo card&#237;aco em que foi realizada a medida do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O di&#226;metro da raiz da aorta (AO) foi obtido no instante imediatamente anterior &#224; abertura da valva a&#243;rtica. O &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) foi medido no momento em que seu di&#226;metro era m&#225;ximo<sup>22,38</sup>. Foram derivadas das dimens&#245;es acima descritas: espessura relativa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (EDVE/DDVE), AE/AO, DDVE/PC e AE/PC.</p>
      <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi avaliada pela porcentagem de encurtamento (DD): [(DDVE - DSVE) / DDVE] X 100, e a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica analisada pela raz&#227;o entre picos de velocidade de fluxo de enchimento inicial (onda E) e da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (onda A) do fluxo transmitral.</p>
      <p>Um dia ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma correspondente ao per&#237;odo de 21 semanas, os animais foram mortos sob anestesia com pentobarbital s&#243;dico. Nesse momento, procurou-se identificar sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, segundo Conrad e cols.<sup>39</sup> e Cicogna e cols.<sup>11,18</sup>: taquipn&#233;ia, derrame pleuro-peric&#225;rdico, ascite e presen&#231;a de trombo no &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, os dados num&#233;ricos est&#227;o expostos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. O estudo das vari&#225;veis morfom&#233;tricas e da concentra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de hidroxiprolina foi realizado pelo m&#233;todo de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para o esquema fatorial 2 X 4, para o modelo inteiramente casualizado, complementado com o teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de <italic>Tukey</italic>. Os resultados obtidos no estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico foram analisados pelo m&#233;todo de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia dos perfis multivariados para grupos dependentes (MANOVA). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado foi de 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Os par&#226;metros corporais est&#227;o expostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">tabela I</xref>. O peso corporal foi semelhante entre os grupos EAo e C somente no per&#237;odo de 2 semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia. A seguir, ocorreram varia&#231;&#245;es significantes entre os grupos: ap&#243;s 6 semanas o peso corporal foi maior no C e, ap&#243;s 12 e 21 semanas, foi menor nos C em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos EAo. O peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi sempre maior nos grupos EAo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos respectivos C. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o evolutiva, o peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo aumentou significantemente entre 2 e 6 semanas nos dois grupos, C e EAo, e n&#227;o se alterou nos outros per&#237;odos de an&#225;lise. O peso do ventr&#237;culo direito foi maior no grupo EAo que no C somente no per&#237;odo 21 semanas. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o evolutiva, o peso do VD apresentou o mesmo comportamento que o peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo nos grupos C e mostrou o seguinte resultado nos grupos EAo: EAo<sub>2</sub>&lt;(EAo<sub>6</sub>=EAo<sub>12</sub> )&lt;EAo<sub>21</sub>. A rela&#231;&#227;o VE/PC foi maior em EAo nos quatro per&#237;odos analisados. Nos grupos C, a rela&#231;&#227;o foi maior em C<sub>2</sub> que nos demais momentos e, nos ratos com EAo, teve o seguinte comportamento: EAo<sub>2</sub>&gt;EAo<sub>6</sub>&gt;(EAo<sub>12</sub> =EAo<sub>21</sub>). A rela&#231;&#227;o VD/PC foi maior no grupo EAo que no C somente no &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo de avalia&#231;&#227;o. Nos grupos C, esta rela&#231;&#227;o foi maior em C<sub>2</sub> que nos demais momentos e, nos grupos EAo, foi semelhante nos per&#237;odos 2 e 21 semanas, ambos maiores que em 6 e 12 semanas.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0569-00003-gt01-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Dos 12 animais do grupo EAo que evolu&#237;ram por 21 semanas, 3 apresentaram sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca incluindo taquipn&#233;ia, derrame pleural e ascite.</p>
      <p>&#192; avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, os grupos C tiveram morfologia normal. Nos grupos EAo, observou-se hipertrofia progressiva dos mi&#243;citos a partir de 2 semanas de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Os ramos intramurais das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias apresentaram hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia, que era discreta ap&#243;s 2 e 6 semanas, tornando-se mais evidente a partir de 12 semanas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">fig. 1</xref>). N&#227;o se observou necrose de fibras mioc&#225;rdicas, fibrose intersticial ou peri-arterite em todos os momentos estudados.</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0569-00003-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A &#225;rea seccional dos mi&#243;citos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi significantemente maior nos grupos EAo que nos C, em todos os momentos estudados. Em ambos os grupos, ocorreu aumento progressivo das &#225;reas seccionadas miocit&#225;rias durante o processo evolutivo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0569-00003-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de hidroxiprolina foi maior nos grupos EAo que nos C, a partir de 6 semanas de evolu&#231;&#227;o; nos C, a concentra&#231;&#227;o foi semelhante em todos os per&#237;odos de avalia&#231;&#227;o e, nos EAo, ocorreu aumento progressivo de seus valores com a evolu&#231;&#227;o do processo hipertr&#243;fico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0569-00003-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>As m&#233;dias e os desvios padr&#227;o das medidas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, &#225;trio esquerdo e aorta est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">tabela II</xref>. DDVE foi semelhante nos grupos C e EAo nos tr&#234;s momentos avaliados e foi maior nos per&#237;odos 12 e 21 semanas em rela&#231;&#227;o a 6 semanas em ambos os grupos. Quando normalizada para PC, a vari&#225;vel teve comportamento semelhante nos grupos C e EAo, havendo redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva de seus valores durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o evolutiva (p&lt;0,05). DSVE foi menor em EAo<sub>6</sub> que C<sub>6</sub>. No grupo C, este par&#226;metro n&#227;o se alterou durante o per&#237;odo experimental e, no grupo EAo, o momento 21 semanas foi significantemente maior que 6 semanas. EDVE e EDVE/DDVE foram maiores no grupo EAo nos tr&#234;s momentos avaliados e n&#227;o se alteraram com a idade do animal ou a evolu&#231;&#227;o do processo hipertr&#243;fico. O di&#226;metro do AE foi maior no grupo EAo nos tr&#234;s per&#237;odos, e seu valor foi maior em EAo<sub>21</sub> que em EAo<sub>6</sub> e EAo<sub>12</sub>. O di&#226;metro da AO foi maior em EAo<sub>12</sub> que em C<sub>12</sub>. As rela&#231;&#245;es AE/AO e AE/PC foram maiores no grupo EAo nos tr&#234;s momentos estudados. Nos dois grupos de animais, AE/AO n&#227;o se alterou durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o e AE/PC foi maior no per&#237;odo 6 que em 12 e 21 semanas.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0569-00003-gt02-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As m&#233;dias e os desvios padr&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e dos &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica est&#227;o expostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">tabela III</xref>. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi maior no grupo EAo nos momentos 12 e 21 semanas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos respectivos C. No grupo C, a FC foi menor em C<sub>21</sub> que em C<sub>6</sub> e, no grupo EAo, n&#227;o ocorreu varia&#231;&#227;o desta vari&#225;vel nos tr&#234;s per&#237;odos analisados. DD foi maior em EAo<sub>6</sub> que em C<sub>6</sub>. No grupo C, este &#237;ndice n&#227;o se alterou com a idade e, no grupo EAo, houve redu&#231;&#227;o de seu valor no per&#237;odo 21 em rela&#231;&#227;o a 6 e 12 semanas. A rela&#231;&#227;o E/A foi maior em EAo<sub>12</sub> e EAo<sub>21</sub> em rela&#231;&#227;o aos respectivos C e ao EAo<sub>6</sub>. No grupo controle, E/A n&#227;o se alterou com a idade.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0569-00003-gt03-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Neste estudo, avaliamos a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, a morfologia e o desenvolvimento de fibrose no mioc&#225;rdio de ratos jovens submetidos a estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar por diferentes per&#237;odos evolutivos.</p>
      <p>A indu&#231;&#227;o de EAo rapidamente estimula a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, que se torna evidente j&#225; no per&#237;odo mais precoce de avalia&#231;&#227;o, com duas semanas de evolu&#231;&#227;o. A partir de 6 semanas, n&#227;o ocorreu aumento do peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou da espessura diast&#243;lica da parede ventricular, o que poderia sugerir que, ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da estenose a&#243;rtica, a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda ocorre precocemente, mantendo-se est&#225;vel a seguir. Entretanto, &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o morfom&#233;trica, verificou-se que os valores da &#225;rea seccional dos mi&#243;citos aumentaram progressivamente at&#233; 12 semanas, mostrando a exist&#234;ncia de hipertrofia adicional durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o do processo.</p>
      <p>O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico permitiu definir a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda como sendo do tipo conc&#234;ntrica, caracterizada por aumento da espessura da parede com dimens&#245;es normais ou reduzidas da cavidade ventricular. Segundo v&#225;rios autores<sup>7,26</sup>, os animais come&#231;am a desenvolver insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca a partir de 21 semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da estenose a&#243;rtica. Assim, seria esperado o encontro de hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica no &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo de estudo. Como somente 25% de nossos ratos apresentaram quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s as 21 semanas de evolu&#231;&#227;o, &#233; prov&#225;vel que a avalia&#231;&#227;o final tenha sido realizada enquanto a maioria dos animais se encontrava em fase compensada da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e, portanto, ainda na fase de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica. Entretanto, o aumento do peso do ventr&#237;culo direito no &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo de avalia&#231;&#227;o mostra que j&#225; poderia estar ocorrendo a transi&#231;&#227;o da fase de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda compensada para a fase de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica do mioc&#225;rdio confirmou os achados de outros autores<sup>7,26</sup> que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram, ap&#243;s 21 semanas de indu&#231;&#227;o da estenose a&#243;rtica, les&#245;es teciduais relevantes, tais como necrose de mi&#243;citos, &#225;reas extensas de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica ou peri-arterite. Em nosso estudo observamos, al&#233;m da hipertrofia das c&#233;lulas miocit&#225;rias, a presen&#231;a de remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular caracterizada por hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia das art&#233;rias intramioc&#225;rdicas, que era discreta nos primeiros momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o, tornando-se evidente a partir de 12 semanas de evolu&#231;&#227;o. O espessamento da camada m&#233;dia das art&#233;rias &#233; habitualmente encontrado em humanos com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica<sup>40</sup>. Esse achado pode ser decorrente de hipertrofia e/ou hiperplasia de c&#233;lulas da musculatura lisa, aumento do conte&#250;do de &#225;gua e/ou col&#225;geno da parede vascular e espessamento da membrana basal<sup>40</sup>.</p>
      <p>Embora este modelo n&#227;o seja associado com severa fibrose<sup>7</sup>, a concentra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de hidroxiprolina foi maior nos grupos EAo a partir de 6 semanas e aumentou progressivamente durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o do processo hipertr&#243;fico. No presente estudo, n&#227;o realizamos a quantifica&#231;&#227;o morfom&#233;trica do conte&#250;do de col&#225;geno e, portanto, n&#227;o pudemos diferenciar o aumento como sendo de col&#225;geno intersticial e/ou perivascular. Weinberg e cols.<sup>26</sup>, utilizando a colora&#231;&#227;o <italic>picrosirius red</italic>, verificaram a presen&#231;a de moderado aumento no col&#225;geno intersticial e perivascular 21 semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da estenose a&#243;rtica.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mostrou que na fase inicial do processo hipertr&#243;fico o encurtamento est&#225; aumentado. Com o tempo, ocorreu depress&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til da c&#226;mara, evidenciada pelo aumento progressivo de DSVE e pela redu&#231;&#227;o de DD, sendo que esses &#237;ndices foram significantemente diferentes entre os per&#237;odos de 6 e 21 semanas ap&#243;s a estenose a&#243;rtica. Assim, no modelo &#233; poss&#237;vel detectar as tr&#234;s fases da evolu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica durante o processo hipertr&#243;fico: inicialmente, a presen&#231;a do desempenho supranormal, que &#233; seguido por desempenho card&#237;aco inalterado e, finalmente, por depress&#227;o da capacidade contr&#225;til do cora&#231;&#227;o. Resultados semelhantes foram observados por outros autores que tamb&#233;m avaliaram, seq&#252;encialmente, a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por ecocardiograma<sup>7,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>O comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica p&#244;de ser detectado a partir de 12 semanas de evolu&#231;&#227;o pela rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, que foi significantemente maior nos grupos EAo que nos respectivos C. Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, n&#227;o se observou varia&#231;&#227;o adicional nos valores dessa rela&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, o aumento do di&#226;metro do AE, constatado a partir da 6&#186; semana, mostra que a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pode ter ocorrido mais precocemente. Resultados semelhantes foram observados durante estudo seriado da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por ecocardiografia<sup>22</sup>. O aumento de E/A reflete altera&#231;&#227;o do enchimento ventricular de padr&#227;o restritivo. Atualmente, este modelo de enchimento tem sido atribu&#237;do, em grande parte, &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o atrial esquerda e tamb&#233;m ao aumento da rigidez passiva da c&#226;mara ventricular, que pode ser decorrente de aumento da espessura da parede e/ou de fibrose intersticial<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Em resumo, a indu&#231;&#227;o de estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar em ratos jovens promove o desenvolvimento precoce de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda conc&#234;ntrica com fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca supranormal inicialmente, seguida por disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica a partir de 12 semanas de evolu&#231;&#227;o. A redu&#231;&#227;o do desempenho ventricular sist&#243;lico somente ocorre em per&#237;odo mais tardio, ap&#243;s 21 semanas da indu&#231;&#227;o da EAo. As altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca s&#227;o acompanhadas por fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e por les&#245;es histol&#243;gicas pouco expressivas. Estas caracter&#237;sticas mostram que o modelo &#233; adequado e potencialmente &#250;til para estudos sobre fisiopatologia e tratamento da hipertrofia card&#237;aca por sobrecarga press&#243;rica cr&#244;nica, tanto na fase compensada como durante a transi&#231;&#227;o para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>&#192; valiosa assist&#234;ncia t&#233;cnica de Vitor Marcos de Souza, Jos&#233; Carlos Georgette e M&#225;rio Augusto Dallaqua e ao apoio da CNPQ/PIBIC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
          <p>Henrique Barbosa Ribeiro</p>
          <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP - Depto de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</p>
          <p> Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, S/N - Cep 18618-000 Botucatu, SP</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="henrique37@terra.com.br">henrique37@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 5/12/02</p>
      <p>Aceito em 23/2/03</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
