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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">s3hbKgCVS5zhS38mM3GCWPN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2003001400001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(03)08100601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2003001400001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Frequency of hypertension in chronic Chagas' disease: retrospective clinical study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gurgel</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Brandt Friedrich Martin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miguel Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Armando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Clayde Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zerbini</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Okada</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carcioni</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Mussato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2003</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>81</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>545</fpage>
      <lpage>548</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of hypertension in chagasic patients, as well as its clinical behavior and cardiologic findings. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study with 225 patients with chronic Chagas' disease and hypertension (104 males), mean age of 55.1 &#177; 11.8. These patients were being followed up in the outpatient care clinics from 1984 to 2000. The study assessed the clinical, electrocardiographic, and radiological viewpoints. RESULTS: Of the 225 hypertensive patients (prevalence = 33.3%), 78 (34.7%) had mild hypertension, 108 (48%) had moderate hypertension, and 39 (17.3%) had severe hypertension. The association of left anterosuperior divisional block and right bundle-branch block occurred in 39 cases (17.3%), and enlargement of the cardiac area on radiological examination occurred in 93 (44.9%) of the 207 cases studied. The undetermined form of Chagas' disease was the most prevalent, 30.2% of the cases, followed by the form associated with conduction disorders in 27.1%, and the isolated form of conduction disorders in 21.3%. CONCLUSION: Chagasic patients had a frequency of hypertension similar to that of the general population, and the clinical profile of the hypertensive chagasic patients seemed not to differ a lot from that of the chagasic patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Chagas' disease</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Frequency of hypertension in chronic Chagas' disease. Retrospective clinical study</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cristina Brandt Friedrich Martin Gurgel; Armando Miguel Junior; Clayde Regina Mendes; Carolina Okada Zerbini; Thiago Mussato Carcioni</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas, SP - Brazil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspondence</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the frequency of hypertension in chagasic patients, as well as its clinical behavior and cardiologic findings. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We carried out a retrospective study with 225 patients with chronic Chagas' disease and hypertension (104 males), mean age of 55.1 &#177; 11.8. These patients were being followed up in the outpatient care clinics from 1984 to 2000. The study assessed the clinical, electrocardiographic, and radiological viewpoints. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of the 225 hypertensive patients (prevalence = 33.3%), 78 (34.7%) had mild hypertension, 108 (48%) had moderate hypertension, and 39 (17.3%) had severe hypertension. The association of left anterosuperior divisional block and right bundle-branch block occurred in 39 cases (17.3%), and enlargement of the cardiac area on radiological examination occurred in 93 (44.9%) of the 207 cases studied. The undetermined form of Chagas' disease was the most prevalent, 30.2% of the cases, followed by the form associated with conduction disorders in 27.1%, and the isolated form of conduction disorders in 21.3%. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Chagasic patients had a frequency of hypertension similar to that of the general population, and the clinical profile of the hypertensive chagasic patients seemed not to differ a lot from that of the chagasic patients.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Chagas' disease, hypertension</p>
    <p>In the literature, data on the association of hypertension and chronic Chagas' disease are scarce. This study was justified by the well-known impairment of the parasympathetic nervous system in chagasic patients. This alteration determines a greater sympathetic activity, enabling a probable influence on the genesis of systemic hypertension in these patients. Previous studies revealed that the possibility of chagasic individuals to develop hypertension seemed to be similar to that of nonchagasic individuals <sup>1,2</sup>. Other authors <sup>3</sup>, however, mainly in Argentina, reported lower blood pressure levels in chagasic individuals as compared with those of the general population.</p>
    <p>The present study aimed at assessing the incidence of hypertension in patients with chronic Chagas' disease, and at correlating the findings according to sex, age, and the alterations on the electrocardiogram and chest radiogram.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Methods</bold>
    </p>
    <p>We retrospectively studied the medical records of patients with chronic Chagas' disease followed up in the outpatient care clinics of the Chagas' Disease Study Group (Grupo de Estudos da Doen&#231;a de Chagas - GEDoCh) of the Cardiology Service of the Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas (PUCCAMP) from 1984 to 2000. Their clinical profile (sex and age), their electrocardiograms, and chest radiographies were assessed. The patients were considered chagasic when they had at least 2 different positive serological reactions for the disease: indirect immunofluorescence reaction or passive hemagglutination or ELISA test. The patients were classified based on the form of chronic Chagas' disease they had into the following: the undetermined form, when the patient was asymptomatic, with a normal electrocardiogram at rest, and normal radiological examinations of the heart, esophagus, and colon <sup>4</sup>; the neurovegetative form, in which motility disorders of the digestive system, with or without the formation of megas, predominated; the form with cardiac disease, represented by conduction disorders, sinus node disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure (myopathy); and the mixed cardiac form, with more than 1 form of cardiac muscle impairment <sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Blood pressure was assessed at each medical visit by the physician in charge, using a mercury column sphygmomanometer with the patient lying in the dorsal decubitus position. Systemic high blood pressure assessment was based on at least 2 elevated measurements of blood pressure on different occasions. The III Brazilian Consensus on High Blood Pressure <sup>6</sup> was used as a criterion for blood pressure classification as follows: mild hypertension, when diastolic blood pressure was between 90 and 99 mmHg and systolic blood pressure was between 140 and 159 mmHg; moderate hypertension, when diastolic blood pressure was between 100 and 109 mmHg and systolic blood pressure was between 160 and 179 mmHg; and severe hypertension, when diastolic blood pressure was &#179; 110 mmHg and systolic blood pressure was &#179; 180 mmHg.</p>
    <p>The electrocardiogram chosen for analysis was that obtained at the last medical visit performed with a conventional FUNBEC 4.0 electrocardiograph with 12 nonsimultaneous leads. The electrocardiogram was considered normal when the rhythm was sinus with a heart rate between 60 and 100 bpm, no arrhythmias were present, the QRS axis was located between -30&#186; and 90&#186;, the QRS duration was shorter than 0.12 seconds, and the T waves obeyed the depolarization direction.</p>
    <p>Chest radiography to assess the cardiac area was performed with the patient in the posteroanterior and lateral positions. The presence of cardiomegaly on chest radiography was defined as a cardiothoracic ratio above 50%.</p>
    <p>The findings underwent statistical analysis with the arithmetic mean and standard deviation for the quantitative variables whose calculations were required. For the analysis of inferences, the chi-square test and the contingency coefficient were used, both with a significance level of a = 0.05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Results</bold>
    </p>
    <p>We assessed 675 medical records of chagasic patients, of whom 225 (33.3%) were hypertensive, 121 (53.8%) being women and 104 (46.2%) being men. No case of secondary hypertension was found. Age ranged from 26 to 87 (mean of 55.1&#177;11.8) years. The fifth decade was the most prevalent, accounting for 31.6% of the 225 patients. The population of hypertensive chagasic patients comprised 78 (34.7%) individuals with mild hypertension, 108 (48%) with moderate hypertension, and 39 (17.3%) with severe hypertension.</p>
    <p>Moderate hypertension prevailed both in women [48.8%, c<sup>2</sup>(2) = 17.917, P&lt;001] and men [47.1%, c<sup>2</sup>(2) </p>
    <p> = 14.096, P&lt;0.01], and its distribution in the different age groups is found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tables I</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tabela2">II</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0545-00001-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tabela2"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0545-00001-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>To enable a statistical analysis regarding the age groups and considering that the median of distribution of the ages of the patients was 55 years, we chose to regroup the age brackets in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tables III</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tabela4">IV</xref>, whose data showed significant differences in systemic arterial hypertension in regard to age [c<sup>2</sup> (2) = 22.533, P&lt;0.001 and c<sup>2</sup> (2) = 6.771, P&lt;0.05, respectively]; in addition, an association was observed between the degree of hypertension and the age groups for each sex, because a significant contingency coefficient was obtained [<italic>C</italic> (121) = 0.396, P&lt;0.001 and <italic>C</italic> (104) = 0.247, P&lt;0.05, respectively].</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0545-00001-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tabela4"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0545-00001-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>The most frequently found clinical form of chronic Chagas' disease was that of cardiac disease with conduction disorders, isolated or in association with other clinical forms, followed by the undetermined form (<xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tabela4">tab. IV</xref>).</p>
    <p>An analysis of data in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5">table V</xref> revealed the prevalence of the undetermined clinical form (68 patients) [c<sup>2</sup>(6) = 87.449; P &lt; 0.001].</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela5">
      <label>Table VI</label>
      <p content-type="label"><xref/><sup>2</sup>(13) = 372.391; P&lt;0.001]. When these 76 patients were excluded, those with left anterosuperior divisional block and right bundle-branch block together were distinctive [c<sup>2</sup>(12) = 257.756; P&lt;0.001].</p>
    <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0545-00001-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Of the 225 patients studied, 207 underwent chest radiography, of which 114 (55.1%) were considered normal and 93 (44.9%) had some degree of cardiomegaly.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0545-00001-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discussion</bold>
    </p>
    <p>The autonomous nervous system directly or indirectly influences cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and, finally, blood pressure <sup>7</sup>. The trophic influence may be the major mechanism by which the sympathetic autonomous system controls the adaptation of cardiac and vascular smooth muscles in cardiovascular diseases in general. In the myocardium, sympathetic nervous terminations are present in a significant manner, which does not occur with the parasympathetic nervous terminations, whose presence in the atrial and ventricular myocardium is modest. This knowledge may justify the noxious effect of the increase in sympathetic activity in the cardiovascular system. Experimental studies of the theory of exclusion of the parasympathetic system used by K&#246;berle <sup>8-10</sup> showed cardiac necrosis, edema, and a mononuclear inflammatory process in rats receiving injections of isoproterenol, and these findings are very similar to those in chronic chagasic myocarditis. Finally, yet in normal conditions, the excitatory effect of the sympathetic nerve opposes the inhibitory tonic effect of the vagal system, associated with other more complex interactions. The lack of equilibrium between the 2 systems occurring in chronic chagasic disease could generate a factor favorable to the appearance of hypertension.</p>
    <p>In Brazil, studies on the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension throughout the entire national territory are lacking. Blood pressure measurements vary a lot, depending on how they were obtained, on the population studied, on environmental factors, and on the classification of hypertension used. The estimates of the Health Ministry in 1995 <sup>11</sup> indicated 30 million individuals were hypertensive, considering the values of 140-159 mmHg for systolic blood pressure and/or 90-94 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure. In March 2001, the Brazilian Health Ministry initiated a campaign to detect new cases of hypertension, and Camilo et al <sup>12</sup>, aiming at the objectives of that campaign, studied the population of the northwestern district of the city of Campinas and found a 37.1% increase in new cases of hypertension.</p>
    <p>The frequency of hypertension was 33%, equivalent to the 225 cases found. These data were confirmed by Fragata <sup>13</sup>, who, in clinical research performed in the xenodiagnosis outpatient care unit of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, also did not find a more elevated prevalence of hypertension in chagasic patients (approximately 26.5%). Guariento et al <sup>1,2</sup>, studying 644 chagasic patients, found 168 (26.1%) hypertensive patients, 36 of whom had no clinical, electrocardiographic, or radiological change, 65 had only electrocardiographic changes, and 67 had evidence of congestive heart failure or cardiomegaly, or both. On the other hand, Palmero et al <sup>3</sup> reported the occurrence of lower values of blood pressure in chagasic individuals, independent of the presence or absence of heart failure, as compared with those in the general population. These authors emphasized that mean systolic blood pressure in chagasic women aged 30 years did not exceed that of men, and a relation between overweight and hypertension was not found in chagasic individuals.</p>
    <p>Hypertension was not found to be significantly greater in one sex over the other. However, the mean age was high (55.1&#177;11.8 years), coinciding with the appearance of more elevated blood pressure levels, mainly among women, which undoubtedly influenced our findings. The association with diseases in more advanced age groups was also reported in previous studies <sup>1,2</sup> on the concomitance of the occurrence in patients with decompensated heart disease from the fourth decade onward, emphasizing the cumulative and progressive character of those diseases. Moderate hypertension prevailed both in men (47%) and women (49%). Only 33.8% of the patients had normal electrocardiograms. Cardiomegaly was evidenced on chest radiography in 44.9% of the cases.</p>
    <p>In this study, the electrocardiograms of hypertensive chagasic patients were not compared with those of nonhypertensive chagasic patients. However, in another study based on autopsy material <sup>14</sup>, no significant electrocardiographic changes were evidenced between the groups of hypertensive and normotensive chagasic patients; this showed that, even when present, hypertension was not sufficient to generate changes distinct from those usually found in chronic chagasic disease. In that same study, the frequency of cardiomegaly was also similar in both groups.</p>
    <p>The adoption of the inclusion criteria in this study comprised a comprehensive assessment of the data available, aiming at minimizing the possible errors that usually accompany retrospective studies. Although ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was not used for better diagnostic assessment, we could not ignore the findings, because at no other time and through no other investigation has the value of well-taken casual blood pressure measurements has been discussed or questioned, as observed by Nobre et al <sup>15</sup>. Therefore, we believe that the results found will increase knowledge about this still controversial subject in the study of chronic Chagas' disease.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, we found that chagasic patients have a frequency of hypertension similar to that of the general population. Further clinical studies detailing the major cardiovascular risks of this association are required.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspondence to</p>
        <p>Cristina Brandt Friedrich Martin Gurgel </p>
        <p> Rua MMDC, 47/101 </p>
        <p> Cep 13025-130 - Campinas, SP, Brazil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cbfmgurgel@ig.com.br">cbfmgurgel@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
  </body>
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        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
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            <year>2001</year>
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          <source>Hipertens&#227;o</source>
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            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
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              <surname>Nobre</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Freq&#252;&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial na doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica: estudo cl&#237;nico retrospectivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>OBJETIVO: Verificar a freq&#252;&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em chag&#225;sicos e seu comportamento cl&#237;nico e os achados cardiol&#243;gicos. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo retrospectivo em 225 portadores de doen&#231;a chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (104 homens), idade m&#233;dia de 55,1&#177;11,8 anos, acompanhados em ambulat&#243;rio entre os anos de 1984 e 2000, avaliado do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e radiol&#243;gico. RESULTADOS: Nos 225 hipertensos (preval&#234;ncia = 33,3%) a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica leve ocorreu em 78 casos (34,7%), a moderada em 108 (48%) e a grave em 39 (17,3%). A associa&#231;&#227;o do bloqueio divisional &#226;ntero-superior do ramo esquerdo do feixe de His com o bloqueio do ramo direito do feixe de His ocorreu em 39 casos (17,3%) e observou-se aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca ao exame radiol&#243;gico de 93 casos (44,9%) dos seus 207 estudados. A forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas foi a mais prevalente, 30,2% dos casos, seguida da forma dromop&#225;tica associada em 27,1%, e dromop&#225;tica isolada em 21,3%. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os chag&#225;sicos apresentaram freq&#252;&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica semelhante a popula&#231;&#227;o geral e o perfil cl&#237;nico dos chag&#225;sicos hipertensos parece n&#227;o diferir muito do perfil dos chag&#225;sicos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Freq&#252;&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial na doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica. Estudo cl&#237;nico retrospectivo</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cristina Brandt Friedrich Martin Gurgel; Armando Miguel Junior; Clayde Regina Mendes; Carolina Okada Zerbini; Thiago Mussato Carcioni</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Verificar a freq&#252;&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em chag&#225;sicos e seu comportamento cl&#237;nico e os achados cardiol&#243;gicos.</p>
      <p> M&#201;TODOS: Estudo retrospectivo em 225 portadores de doen&#231;a chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (104 homens), idade m&#233;dia de 55,1&#177;11,8 anos, acompanhados em ambulat&#243;rio entre os anos de 1984 e 2000, avaliado do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e radiol&#243;gico.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Nos 225 hipertensos (preval&#234;ncia = 33,3%) a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica leve ocorreu em 78 casos (34,7%), a moderada em 108 (48%) e a grave em 39 (17,3%). A associa&#231;&#227;o do bloqueio divisional &#226;ntero-superior do ramo esquerdo do feixe de His com o bloqueio do ramo direito do feixe de His ocorreu em 39 casos (17,3%) e observou-se aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca ao exame radiol&#243;gico de 93 casos (44,9%) dos seus 207 estudados. A forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas foi a mais prevalente, 30,2% dos casos, seguida da forma dromop&#225;tica associada em 27,1%, e dromop&#225;tica isolada em 21,3%.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os chag&#225;sicos apresentaram freq&#252;&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica semelhante a popula&#231;&#227;o geral e o perfil cl&#237;nico dos chag&#225;sicos hipertensos parece n&#227;o diferir muito do perfil dos chag&#225;sicos.</p>
      <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> doen&#231;a de Chagas; hipertens&#227;o arterial</p>
      <p>S&#227;o escassos os dados encontrados na literatura, quanto &#224; concomit&#226;ncia entre a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e a doen&#231;a chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. Esta pesquisa tornou-se pertinente devido &#224; conhecida presen&#231;a de comprometimento do sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico nos chag&#225;sicos. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o determinaria uma maior atividade simp&#225;tica, tornando poss&#237;vel uma prov&#225;vel influ&#234;ncia na g&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica nesses pacientes. Estudos realizados anteriormente revelaram que os chag&#225;sicos pareciam ter igual possibilidade de desenvolver hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica que os n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos<sup>1,2</sup>. Outros autores entretanto, principalmente na Argentina, relataram a ocorr&#234;ncia de menores cifras da press&#227;o arterial nos chag&#225;sicos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo visa verificar a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica nos portadores de doen&#231;a chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, correlacionar os achados de acordo com sexo, idade, altera&#231;&#245;es do eletrocardiograma e da radiografia de t&#243;rax.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Foram estudados, retrospectivamente, os prontu&#225;rios de portadores de doen&#231;a chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio do Grupo de Estudos da Doen&#231;a de Chagas (GEDoCh), do servi&#231;o de Cardiologia da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas (PUCCAMP), inscritos entre os anos de 1984 a 2000, e avaliados o perfil cl&#237;nico (sexo e idade) o eletrocardiograma e a radiografia de t&#243;rax. Os pacientes foram considerados chag&#225;sicos quando apresentavam pelo menos duas rea&#231;&#245;es sorol&#243;gicas positivas para a mol&#233;stia, de diferentes tipos: rea&#231;&#227;o de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta e/ou hemaglutina&#231;&#227;o passiva e/ou teste de ELISA. Foram classificados de acordo com as diferentes formas assumidas da doen&#231;a chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, na forma indeterminada, quando o paciente encontrava-se assintom&#225;tico, com eletrocardiograma de repouso normal, bem como os estudos radiol&#243;gicos do cora&#231;&#227;o, es&#244;fago e c&#243;lons tamb&#233;m normais<sup>4</sup> ; a forma neurovegetativa, onde predominavam os dist&#250;rbios de motilidade do sistema digestivo, com ou sem a forma&#231;&#227;o de megas; at&#233; a forma de cardiopatia, representada por dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o (dromopatia), doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal (cronopatia), arritmias card&#237;acas (batmopatia), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (miopatia) e, finalmente, a forma card&#237;aca mista, com mais de uma forma de comprometimento o m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi verificada em cada consulta, pelo m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel, mediante o emprego do esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio, estando o paciente em dec&#250;bito dorsal. A verifica&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica baseou-se em pelo menos duas medidas elevadas de press&#227;o arterial, em datas diferentes. O III Consenso Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial<sup>6</sup> foi utilizado como crit&#233;rio para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o em leve, quando a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica encontra-se entre 90-99mmHg e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica entre 140-159mmHg; moderada quando press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica est&#225; entre 100-109mmHg e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica entre 160-179mmHg; e grave, quando a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica est&#225; <underline>&gt;</underline> 110mmHg e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica for <underline>&gt;</underline> 180mmHg.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma escolhido para a an&#225;lise foi o da &#250;ltima consulta, realizado em eletrocardi&#243;grafo convencional FUNBEC 4.0, com 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o simult&#226;neas. O eletrocardiograma foi considerado normal quando o ritmo era sinusal, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca entre 60 a 100 bpm, aus&#234;ncia de arritmias, eixo de QRS localizado entre &#150; 30&#186; e 90&#186;, QRS com dura&#231;&#227;o menor que 0,12s e ondas T obedecendo ao sentido da despolariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax foi tomada com o cliente nas posi&#231;&#245;es p&#243;stero-anterior e perfil, para verifica&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea card&#237;aca. A presen&#231;a de cardiomegalia &#224; radiografia de t&#243;rax foi definida quando &#237;ndice cardio-tor&#225;cico estivesse acima de 50%.</p>
      <p>Os achados foram submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizando-se a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica e o desvio padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas que necessitaram do seu c&#225;lculo. Para a an&#225;lise das infer&#234;ncias foram utilizados o teste Qui-quadrado e o coeficiente de conting&#234;ncia, ambos com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia a = 0,05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Foram analisados 675 prontu&#225;rios de chag&#225;sicos, e encontrados 225 (33,3%) hipertensos, sendo 121 (53,8%) do sexo feminino e 104 (46,2%) do masculino. N&#227;o foi evidenciado nenhum caso de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica secund&#225;ria. A idade variou de 26 a 87 (m&#233;dia de 55,1&#177;11,8) anos. A quinta d&#233;cada foi a mais prevalente com 31,6% dos 225 pacientes. Na popula&#231;&#227;o de chag&#225;sicos hipertensos 78 (34,7%) apresentavam hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica leve, 108 (48%) moderada e 39 (17,3%) grave.</p>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica moderada prevaleceu tanto nas mulheres [48,8%, c<sup>2</sup>(2) = 17,917, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 001], quanto nos homens [47,1%, c<sup>2</sup>(2) = 14,096, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,01] e sua distribui&#231;&#227;o nas diferentes faixas et&#225;rias encontra-se nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">tabelas I</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tabela2-body2">II</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0545-00001-gt01-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tabela2-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0545-00001-e01-pt.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Para possibilitar uma an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica relativa &#224;s faixas et&#225;rias e considerando que a mediana da distribui&#231;&#227;o de idades dos pacientes foi de 55 anos, optou-se por reagrupar as faixas et&#225;rias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">tabs. III</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tabela4-body2">IV</xref>), cujo dados revelaram diferen&#231;as significativas da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade [c<sup>2</sup> (2) = 22,533, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001 e c<sup>2</sup> (2) = 6,771, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05, respectivamente]; al&#233;m disso, verificou-se a exist&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e as faixas et&#225;rias para cada um dos sexos, j&#225; que foi obtido coeficiente de conting&#234;ncia significativo [<italic>C</italic> (121) = 0,396, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001 e <italic>C</italic> (104) = 0,247, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05, respectivamente]</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0545-00001-gt02-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tabela4-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0545-00001-e02-pt.jpg"/></p>
      <p>As formas cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica mais encontradas foram a dromop&#225;tica, isolada ou associada a outras formas cl&#237;nicas, seguida da forma indeterminada (<xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tabela4-body2">tab.IV</xref>).</p>
      <p>Analisando os dados da <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela5-body2">tabela V</xref>, observamos que houve uma preval&#234;ncia para a forma cl&#237;nica indeterminada (68 pacientes) [c<sup>2</sup>(6) = 87,449; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001].</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0545-00001-gt03-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Dos 225 pacientes estudados, 207 possu&#237;am radiografia de t&#243;rax, sendo que em 114 (55,1%) foi considerada normal e em 93 (44,9%) evidenciado algum grau de cardiomegalia.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela6-body2">tabela VI</xref> apresenta as altera&#231;&#245;es dos eletrocardiogramas encontradas nos pacientes, havendo um destaque para os pacientes com eletrocardiograma normal [c<sup>2</sup>(13) = 372,391; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001], e quando exclu&#237;dos esses 76 pacientes, o destaque foi para os pacientes que possu&#237;am bloqueio divisional &#226;ntero superior esquerdo e bloqueio de ramo direito conjuntamente [c<sup>2</sup>(12) = 257,756; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001].</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-81-06-0545-00001-gt04-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>O sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo influencia direta ou indiretamente o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, a resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica e, finalmente, a press&#227;o arterial<sup>7</sup>. &#201; prov&#225;vel que a influ&#234;ncia tr&#243;fica seja o principal mecanismo pelo qual o sistema aut&#244;nomo simp&#225;tico controle a adapta&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos card&#237;aco e vascular lisos nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em geral. No mioc&#225;rdio, as termina&#231;&#245;es nervosas simp&#225;ticas est&#227;o presentes de maneira significativa, o mesmo n&#227;o ocorrendo com as termina&#231;&#245;es nervosas parassimp&#225;ticas, j&#225; que t&#234;m presen&#231;a discreta tanto no mioc&#225;rdio atrial quanto ventricular. Esse conhecimento pode justificar um efeito nocivo do aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica no aparelho cardiovascular. Estudos experimentais sobre a teoria parassimpaticopriva, utilizados por K&#246;berle<sup>8-10</sup>, demonstram necrose card&#237;aca, edema e processo inflamat&#243;rio mononuclear em ratos submetidos a inje&#231;&#245;es de isoproterenol, achados esses muito semelhantes &#224; miocardite chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. Finalmente, ainda em condi&#231;&#245;es normais, o efeito excitat&#243;rio da enerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica op&#245;e-se ao efeito t&#244;nico inibit&#243;rio do sistema vagal, associado a outras intera&#231;&#245;es mais complexas. A falta de equil&#237;brio entre os dois sistemas, ocorrida na doen&#231;a chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, geraria um fator prop&#237;cio para o aparecimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>No Brasil, n&#227;o existem estudos de preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em todo o territ&#243;rio nacional. As medidas da press&#227;o arterial variam muito, dependendo da forma como foram obtidas, assim como da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, dos fatores ambientais, e da pr&#243;pria classifica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica utilizada. Estimativas realizadas pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de em 1995<sup>11</sup> chegam a 30 milh&#245;es de hipertensos, considerando as cifras de 140-159mmHg para press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e/ou de 90-94 mmHg de diast&#243;lica. Em mar&#231;o/2001, o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de optou por uma campanha de detec&#231;&#227;o de novos casos de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, e Camilo e cols.<sup>12</sup>, visando os objetivos dessa campanha, estudaram a popula&#231;&#227;o do distrito noroeste da cidade de Campinas, encontrando 37,1% de novos casos de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi de 33%, equivalendo a 225 casos encontrados, dados confirmados por Fragata<sup>13</sup> que, em pesquisa cl&#237;nica realizada no ambulat&#243;rio de Xenodiagn&#243;stico do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o evidenciou uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia mais elevada de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica nos chag&#225;sicos, encontrando cifra em torno de 26,5%. Guariento e cols.<sup>1,2</sup>, estudando 644 pacientes chag&#225;sicos, encontraram 168 (26,1%) hipertensos, sendo que 36 n&#227;o apresentaram qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, eletrocardiogr&#225;fica ou radiol&#243;gica, 65 apenas altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e 67 tinham evid&#234;ncias de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e/ou cardiomegalia. J&#225; Palmero e cols.<sup>3</sup> relataram a ocorr&#234;ncia de menores cifras de press&#227;o aretrial independentemente da presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, verificada em indiv&#237;duos chag&#225;sicos, quando comparados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Esses autores destacaram que a m&#233;dia da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica nas mulheres chag&#225;sicas com 30 anos n&#227;o ultrapassou a dos homens, e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre sobrepeso e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica n&#227;o se achava presente nos chag&#225;sicos.</p>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica n&#227;o esteve presente de maneira mais significativa nos diferentes sexos. A idade m&#233;dia, entretanto foi alta, 55,1&#177;11,8 anos, justamente quando h&#225; aparecimento de n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial mais elevados, principalmente nas mulheres, o que sem d&#250;vida influenciou nossos achados, evidenciando, tamb&#233;m, a associa&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as em faixas et&#225;rias mais elevadas, segundo estudos anteriores<sup>1,2</sup>, sobre a concomit&#226;ncia ocorrer em cardiopatas descompensados, a partir da quarta d&#233;cada de vida, ressaltando o car&#225;ter somat&#243;rio e progressivo dessas doen&#231;as. A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. moderada prevaleceu tanto nos homens (47%), quanto nas mulheres (49%). Apenas 33,8% dos pacientes apresentavam eletrocardiograma normal. A cardiomegalia foi evidenciada na radiografia de t&#243;rax em 44,9% dos casos.</p>
      <p>Neste trabalho n&#227;o se estudou o eletrocardiograma dos chag&#225;sicos hipertensos em compara&#231;&#227;o com um grupo de chag&#225;sicos n&#227;o hipertensos. Entretanto, outro estudo, utilizando material de necropsia<sup>14</sup>, n&#227;o foram evidenciadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas do eletrocardiograma entre o grupo de chag&#225;sicos hipertensos e de chag&#225;sicos normotensos, demonstrando que, mesmo presente, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica n&#227;o foi suficiente para gerar altera&#231;&#245;es distintas das geralmente encontradas na doen&#231;a chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. Nesse mesmo estudo, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de cardiomegalia tamb&#233;m foi semelhante nos dois grupos.</p>
      <p>Os cuidados adotados quanto aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dos casos estudados, atrav&#233;s da averigua&#231;&#227;o de um maior n&#250;mero poss&#237;vel de dados dispon&#237;veis, procuraram minimizar os poss&#237;veis erros que, geralmente, acompanham estudos retrospectivos. A despeito de n&#227;o ser utilizada a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) para melhor averigua&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, n&#227;o pudemos desprezar os achados, uma vez que em nenhum momento e por nenhuma investiga&#231;&#227;o discute-se ou questiona-se o valor de medidas casuais bem realizadas, como observado por Nobre e cols.<sup>15</sup>. Assim, acreditamos que os resultados encontrados trar&#227;o acr&#233;scimo ao conhecimento deste assunto, ainda controverso, no estudo da doen&#231;a chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica.</p>
      <p>Conclu&#237;mos portanto que os chag&#225;sicos apresentam, em nosso meio, semelhante freq&#252;&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Estudos cl&#237;nicos que pormenorizem os maiores riscos cardiovasculares nesta associa&#231;&#227;o fazem-se necess&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> E</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>ndere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Cristina Brandt Friedrich Martin Gurgel</p>
          <p> Rua MMDC, 47/101</p>
          <p> Cep: 13025-130 - Campinas - SP</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="cbfmgurgel@ig.com.br">cbfmgurgel@ig.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 12/9/02</p>
      <p>Aceito em 17/2/03</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
