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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dvyrVBHpm3Rnc5XBg7Ny4WM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2003000100007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(03)08000107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2003000100007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Percutaneous implantation of endoprostheses in the carotid arteries</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ribamar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cano</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kambara</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroz</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cano</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda G.M.R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Eduardo M.R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2003</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>80</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>77</fpage>
      <lpage>82</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the in-hospital evolution of patients undergoing percutaneous stent placement in the carotid arteries. METHODS: From August 1996 to April 2001, we studied 86 patients with carotid arterial obliterative lesions &gt; 70% who were treated with percutaneous stent placement in the carotid arteries. We assessed the rate of success of the implantation and of the procedure, the types of stents used, mortality rate, and neurological complications. RESULTS: Successful implantation was obtained in 98.9% of the cases, and the procedure was successful in 91.8%. The Wallstent was the most frequently used stent (73 patients - 77%). Cerebral strokes occurred as follows: 3 (3.2%) transient ischemic attacks, 1 (1.1%) minor stroke, and 3 (3.1%) major strokes. One (1.1%) patient died during hospitalization. CONCLUSION: The high rate of success of stent implantation (98.9%) in addition to the low rate of cerebral stroke/death (4.2%) showed the efficiency and safety of percutaneous stent placement in carotid arteries.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>placement</kwd>
        <kwd>stent</kwd>
        <kwd>carotid arteries</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Percutaneous implantation of endoprostheses in the carotid arteries</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Ribamar Costa Jr.; Manuel N. Cano; Dinaldo C. Oliveira; Antonio M. Kambara; Adriana C. Moreira; Rog&#233;rio Queiroz; Silvia Cano; Amanda G.M.R. Sousa; J. Eduardo M.R. Sousa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o and Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio </p>
    <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Address to correspondence</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:  </bold>To assess the in-hospital evolution of patients undergoing percutaneous stent placement in the carotid arteries. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> From August 1996 to April 2001, we studied 86 patients with carotid arterial obliterative lesions &gt; 70% who were treated with percutaneous stent placement in the carotid arteries. We assessed the rate of success of the implantation and of the procedure, the types of stents used, mortality rate, and neurological complications. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> Successful implantation was obtained in 98.9% of the cases, and the procedure was successful in 91.8%. The Wallstent was the most frequently used stent (73 patients - 77%). Cerebral strokes occurred as follows: 3 (3.2%) transient ischemic attacks, 1 (1.1%) minor stroke, and 3 (3.1%) major strokes. One (1.1%) patient died during hospitalization. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> The high rate of success of stent implantation (98.9%) in addition to the low rate of cerebral stroke/death (4.2%) showed the efficiency and safety of percutaneous stent placement in carotid arteries.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words: </bold>placement, stent, carotid arteries</p>
    <p>Cerebral stroke is currently one of the most prevalent diseases. In the United States of America, 800 thousand new cases of cerebral stroke are estimated to occur every year, of which, one third result from atherosclerotic disease with significant carotid artery stenosis <sup>1,2</sup>. Cerebral stroke causes some degree of disability in daily activities in approximately 2 million patients, causing an increase in the number of economically unproductive citizens, which results in a heavy burden on the state <sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>In Brazil, this disease is extremely common. It was computed at first among the afflictions of cerebral origin (cranial traumas excluded), and then, among the general causes of death in the population <sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>In the 1950s, Eascott, DeBakey, and Cooley were the pioneers in surgical carotid endarterectomy, which, in its initial phase, had some discouraging results. However, with improvement in the surgical technique and in pre- and postoperative care, the results became more favorable, leading surgical endarterectomy to play a relevant role in the treatment of carotid atherosclerotic disease from the 1970s on <sup>2,6</sup>. It is estimated that 200 thousand surgical carotid endarterectomies were performed in the USA in 2001 <sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>At the end of the 1970s, Mathias et al <sup>8,9</sup> introduced carotid balloon catheter angioplasty as a therapeutical alternative to surgery.</p>
    <p>In the 1990s, with the endoprostheses, the carotid percutaneous treatment became more consolidated, and the short, medium-, and long-term results became extremely encouraging. It is estimated that 3 thousand carotid percutaneous interventions were performed in the USA in 2001 <sup>7,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>We studied the in-hospital evolution of patients undergoing carotid endoprosthesis implantation to assess the rate of success of the implantation and of the procedure, the types of endoprostheses used, the mortality rate, and the possible neurological complications, according to the criteria of the National Institutes of Health <sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Methods</bold>
    </p>
    <p>From August 1996 to April 2001, 86 patients most of whom were males (51.2%), with a mean age of 64.3 years (&#177;22 years), underwent percutaneous implantation of carotid endoprosthesis. These patients were referred for treatment because they had previous neurological symptoms (amaurosis, presyncope, syncope, and others), or significant atherosclerotic disease in other areas (coronary arteries, lower limbs, renal arteries, and others), or a significant carotid stenosis diagnosed on a noninvasive evaluation (Doppler ultrasound, computerized tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and others).</p>
    <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: asymptomatic patients with stenotic lesion m 70%, according to quantitative coronary angiography (QCA); patients with a previous history of transient ischemic attack in the last year characterized by episodes of dizziness, syncope, paresis, and temporary paresthesia or amaurosis reported in the side of the angiographic lesion and stenosis m 60%; patients with a history of contralateral ischemic cerebral stroke with stenotic lesion m 60% and patent cerebral arteries.</p>
    <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: patients with marked tortuosity at the origin of the supraaortic branches or aorto-iliac obstruction, not allowing the passage of catheters; patients with stenotic lesions, but with mobile thrombi inside; existence of diffuse stenotic lesions in the intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery or in the cerebral arteries; existence of cerebral aneurysms or intracranial arteriovenous malformations; recent history of digestive, pulmonary, or tumor hemorrhages, which contraindicate therapy with antiplatelet agents.</p>
    <p>The following patients were considered as high-risk patients for the procedure: those older than 70 years; those with concomitant coronary artery disease; those with significant neurological antecedents (history of convulsion, stroke); those with contralateral carotid occlusion; those undergoing previous surgical carotid endarterectomy and evolving to restenosis; those with cervical neoplasia operated upon or undergoing radiation therapy, or both (characterizing the so-called "hostile neck").</p>
    <p>Successful implantation was defined as a residual lesion &lt; 30% on quantitative digital angiography and absence of important dissections or thrombi, while success of the procedure was characterized by successful implantation in the absence of transient ischemic attack, and of minor and major ischemic stroke according to the definition of the National Institutes of Health.</p>
    <p>Transient ischemic attack was defined as any neurological deficit reverted in the first 24 hours after the procedure with no residual neurological damage.</p>
    <p>Minor ischemic cerebral stroke was defined as a new neurological event resulting in a mild reduction in neurological functions (speech, motor or sensorial function, or both) with complete reversion in the first 7 days after the procedure or reaching up to 4 points in the cerebral stroke scale of the National Institutes of Health. A new neurological deficit persisting longer than 7 days or reaching 4 or more points in the cerebral stroke scale of the National Institutes of Health was classified as major ischemic cerebral stroke.</p>
    <p>The patients were premedicated (24 hours) with ticlopidine (500 mg) and acetylsalicylic acid (200 mg), and, after endoprosthesis implantation, they continued to take this association of antiplatelet agents for 30 days, when ticlopidine was suspended and acetylsalicylic acid was maintained indefinitely.</p>
    <p>Prior to hospital discharge, all patients were assessed by at least 2 neurologists from the Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o and Instituto Dante Pazzanese.</p>
    <p>The hemodynamics laboratory was equipped with a chest X-ray device with a 3,000-milliampere generator, 50 to 150 kilovolt peak, high-definition image intensifier (1,024-line monitor), and a digital converter for electronic image processing. The images were documented in the digital system with a laser compact disc (CD) or in the analog system in a cinephotographic 35-mm film.</p>
    <p>The patient's blood pressure (invasive), oxygen saturation (pulse oximeter), and heart rate (electrocardiogram) were continuously monitored.</p>
    <p>After antisepsis, local anesthesia was performed with subcutaneous injection of 20 mL of a 2% lidocaine solution in the right and left inguinal regions. Then, using Seldinger's technique, the right femoral artery and then the left femoral artery were punctured and maintained with 8 and 6 French (F) introducers with valves, respectively. A temporary electrode of a cardiac endocavitary pacemaker was placed in the right ventricle, to which a temporary VVI-mode pacemaker generator with a heart rate of 50 bpm was connected.</p>
    <p>The primitive carotid artery was catheterized via the punctured common femoral artery and an 8/9F guide catheter or a 7F long introducer with valves was placed. With injection of a low-osmolarity iodinated contrast agent, a carotid angiography in 2 views (right and left anterior oblique) was obtained. The following parameters were measured with quantitative angiography (SMS): the reference diameter of the vessel, the extension of the lesion, and the minimum luminal diameter prior to the procedure.</p>
    <p>Anticoagulation was performed with the intravenous injection of 10,000 units of unfractioned heparin immediately before the use of the 0.014" guidewire.</p>
    <p>After the 0.014" guidewire was passed through the lesion, the balloon catheter (4x20 mm) was positioned for predilation, which was performed with the aid of a manometer and lasted 10 seconds at the most. Then a new carotid angiography was performed to confirm the absence of complications in the vessel.</p>
    <p>Then, the balloon catheter was withdrawn and the guidewire was maintained. The endoprosthesis was then positioned and deployed. In the cases in which "waisting" of the endoprosthesis persisted (residual lesion &gt; 30%), a new dilation was performed with a low-profile (3.5 to 4 F) balloon catheter of 5 or 6x20 mm.</p>
    <p>Control carotid angiography and a shoot of the cerebral circulation were performed. In the absence of thrombi or dissections and confirmation of residual lesion &lt; 30%, the procedure was finished.</p>
    <p>The patients were referred to the semi-intensive care unit with cardiac monitoring and maintained on intravenous hydration with saline solution at a velocity of 50 to 70 mL/h for 8 to 12 hours. The patients were allowed to eat 4 hours after their arrival at the unit. The introducers and the cardiac pacemaker electrode were removed 4 to 6 hours after the end of the procedure. Hemostasia was performed with local manual compression for approximately 20 minutes, which was complemented with a compressive dressing and immobilization of the lower limb for approximately 8 hours. In case of an uneventful evolution, the patients were transferred to a room after 24 hours, being discharged from the hospital on the following day.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Results</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ninety-four carotid lesions in 86 patients were treated. Implantation was successful in 98.9% of the cases, and the procedure was successful in 91.8% of the cases.</p>
    <p>Prior to the procedure, the most common symptom was transient ischemic attack present in 72.9% of the patients, followed by transitory amaurosis in 10.8% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. I</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0077-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Most of the 94 endoprostheses implanted were of the metallic self-expanding type, the Wallstent, used 73 (77.6%) times. In order of frequency, the other endoprostheses used were as follows: the Smart (self-expanding), the Palmaz (expandable balloon), the Symphony (self-expanding), the Memotherm (self-expanding), and the Herculink (expandable balloon) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0077-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>The 7 cases of in-hospital neurological complications were as follows: 3 (3.2%) transient ischemic attacks, 1 (1.1%) minor ischemic cerebral stroke, and 3 (3.2%) major ischemic cerebral strokes. These complications occurred when the patients were still in the hemodynamic laboratory and may have been related to microembolism. One patient died at the hospital (14<sup>th</sup> day).</p>
    <p>The combined rate of minor and major ischemic cerebral strokes was 4.2% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0077-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>When analyzing the presence of neurological complications according to the presence of symptoms prior to the procedure, we observed that the asymptomatic patients neither had any type of cerebral stroke nor died, while the symptomatic patients had a mortality rate of 1.1% and an incidence of major ischemic cerebral stroke of 3.2% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0077-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><xref ref-type="undefined" rid="foto1">Pictures 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="foto2">2</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="foto3">3</xref> depict the procedure of percutaneous implantation of carotid endoprosthesis in a patient in our series.</p>
    <p>
      <undefined id="foto1"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0077-00007-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <undefined id="foto2"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0077-00007-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fn id="foto3">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0077-00007-e03.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Only 1 patient had a complication at the site of access (right and left inguinal regions); it was a hematoma of 6 cm in diameter in the right inguinal region, which resolved spontaneously.</p>
    <p>Three patients evolved with total atrioventricular block, the cardiac rhythm being dictated by the temporary pacemaker with recovery of sinus rhythm in the first 24 hours in all cases.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discussion</bold>
    </p>
    <p>It is believed that an asymptomatic patient with a carotid obstruction m 80% has a 6% annual risk of having an ischemic cerebral stroke, while a symptomatic patient has a 10% risk in the first year and a 40% risk by the end of 5 years <sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Surgical carotid endarterectomy should have a rate of cerebral stroke/death &lt; 6% in symptomatic patients and 3% in asymptomatic patients <sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>The rate of ischemic cerebral stroke after surgical carotid endarterectomy has ranged from 1.5% to 9%, depending on the case series analyzed <sup>14,15</sup>. In the European carotid surgery trial (ECST), the rate of ischemic cerebral stroke/death with this type of surgery was 7.5% <sup>15</sup>. The North-American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET), which randomized symptomatic patients with 50 to 69% carotid stenosis for clinical treatment or surgical carotid endarterectomy, revealed a rate of ischemic cerebral stroke/death of 5.8% in the surgical group <sup>16</sup>. On the other hand, the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study Group (ACAS) reported a 2.3% rate of ischemic cerebral stroke/death related to surgery <sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>The Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS) randomized 504 patients, 253 for surgical carotid endarterectomy and 251 for percutaneous carotid intervention. The rate of cerebral stroke/death at 30 days was 6.4% for surgical carotid endarterectomy and 5.9% for percutaneous carotid intervention. After a 3-year clinical follow-up, the authors obtained equivalence of treatments <sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Carotid angioplasty with implantation of endoprostheses is a promising alternative technique to the classic surgical carotid endarterectomy. The study by Whole et al <sup>19</sup>, who analyzed 2,569 patients undergoing carotid endoprosthesis implantation, reported a 30-day mortality of 1.2%, a combined rate of cerebral stroke/death of 4.3%, and an incidence of restenosis at 180 days of 4.8%.</p>
    <p>The use of cerebral protection in percutaneous carotid intervention aiming at reducing the microembolic phenomena has been proposed by some groups. Currently, several systems provide cerebral protection.</p>
    <p>In 1990, Theron et al <sup>20</sup> were the pioneers in the use of cerebral protection with the introduction of a system of distal carotid occlusion with a balloon mounted on a tri-coaxial catheter, therefore, reducing the distal embolization of microfragments of the atherosclerotic plaque. Although effective in reducing embolic phenomena, this method causes a temporary interruption in cerebral blood flow, which is not always well tolerated by patients (especially in the presence of contralateral carotid occlusion or anomalies in the circle of Willis). The good results initially reported by Theron et al could not be universally reproduced, and several cases of cerebral ischemia resulting from the use of this system were reported <sup>19,21</sup>. In addition, operational technical difficulties made it less and less used.</p>
    <p>In 1996, Kachel <sup>22</sup> who used a 9F balloon reported a reverse blood flow system through the external carotid artery based on occlusion of the common carotid artery close to its bifurcation. Despite being simple and of easy applicability, later studies showed that this system was neither safe nor efficient in preventing distal microembolization, especially in the presence of cerebral collateral circulation, which currently makes it rarely used <sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>In 1999, carotid filters appeared and provided the following advantages: effectiveness in preventing microembolization (fragments of up to 100 micrometers), no interruption of the cerebral blood flow during its use, and easy manipulation <sup>24</sup>. Among the deficiencies of the device, we can cite the following: the filters are rigid, making their passage into more significant stenoses difficult; the difficulty in adjusting the size of the filters to the carotid diameter in each patient; and, mainly, their still extremely elevated costs to allow their inclusion in our current practice <sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>It is worth noting that at the time these data were gathered, these devices were not available for use at the hospitals where these patients were treated, and that, up to March 2001, no model had been approved for use in clinical practice by the agencies that regulate medical practice in the USA (Federal Drug Association &#151; FDA) and in Brazil (Ministry of Health).</p>
    <p>The most appropriate patients for carotid percutaneous interventions are as follows: those with isolated carotid disease and severe flow obstruction close to the angle of mandible, inaccessible to surgery; those with radical dissection of the neck followed by radiation therapy (the cases of cervical neoplasias, for example); those with restenosis after carotid endarterectomy; and those with fibromuscular dysplasia <sup>12,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>In our group of patients, the 98.9% rate of success revealed the efficiency of the percutaneous treatment, and, if the patients are analyzed according to the presence or absence of symptoms, the combined rate of (major/minor) ischemic cerebral stroke was 5.4% for symptomatic patients and 0% for asymptomatic patients. In the group of asymptomatic patients, the estimated rate of complication was considerably low and inferior to that defined for carotid endarterectomy according to the American Heart Association <sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>These data become more relevant when we consider that of the 86 patients analyzed in this study, 43 (50%) were in the subgroup classified as high risk for interventions, because they were old, had contralateral carotid occlusion (5.8%), had already had a previous cerebral stroke (5.8%), had already been revascularized (4.6%), or because they had the so-called "hostile neck", ie, they had had cervical neoplasia or had undergone previous radiation therapy in the cervical region, or both (3.5%).</p>
    <p>Currently, the Stent versus Carotid Endarterectomy (CREST) study is being carried out by the National Institutes of Health under the leadership of Dr. Hobson. In this study, 2,500 patients will be randomized. The results of the CREST study will define whether one technique is superior to the other.</p>
    <p>Carotid stent implantation already plays a significant role in the treatment of carotid atherosclerotic disease. It is undeniable that the 98.8% rate of success and the 4.2% rate of cerebral stroke/death in our study show the efficiency and safety of this type of procedure. We also know that the improvement in the materials used (introducers, catheters, guidewires, endoprostheses, etc.) and the appearance of new devices have significantly contributed to improve the results of percutaneous implantation of carotid endoprosthesis.</p>
    <p>In some studies, the devices used for cerebral protection have had the ability to reduce the indices of neurological complications <sup>26</sup>. This has increased interest in the scientific community, generating more clinical trials that will shortly define the actual role played by these devices in carotid endoprosthesis implantation.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Address to correspondence</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Ribamar Costa J&#250;nior </p>
        <p> Rua Botucatu, 221/12 </p>
        <p> 04023-060, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rmvcosta@uol.com.br">rmvcosta@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Implante percut&#226;neo de endopr&#243;teses nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar de pacientes submetidos a implante percut&#226;neo de stent nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas. M&#201;TODOS: De agosto/96 a abril/01 estudamos 86 pacientes que apresentavam les&#227;o obstrutiva na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida &gt;70% e foram tratados com implante percut&#226;neo de stent. Mensuramos o sucesso do implante, do procedimento, os tipos de stents utilizados, a mortalidade e as complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas. RESULTADOS: O sucesso do implante foi alcan&#231;ado em 98,9%, enquanto o procedimento em 91.8%. O stent mais utilizado foi o Wallstent em 73 (77%) pacientes. Houve 3 (3,2%) acidentes vasculares cerebrais transit&#243;rios, 1 (1,1%) acidente vascular cerebral menor e 3 (3,2%) acidentes vasculares cerebrais maiores. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 1 (1,1%) paciente. CONCLUS&#195;O: O alto &#237;ndice de sucesso no implante de stents (98,9%), aliado &#224; baixa taxa associada de acidente vascular cerebral/morte de (4,2%) demonstraram a efici&#234;ncia e seguran&#231;a do implante percut&#226;neo de stent nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>implante</kwd>
        <kwd>stent</kwd>
        <kwd>car&#243;tidas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="topo-body2"/>Implante percut&#226;neo de endopr&#243;teses nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Ribamar Costa Jr.; Manuel N. Cano; Dinaldo C. Oliveira; Antonio M. Kambara; Adriana C. Moreira; Rog&#233;rio Queiroz; Silvia Cano; Amanda G.M.R. Sousa; J. Eduardo M.R. Sousa</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</p>
      <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
      <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar de pacientes submetidos a implante percut&#226;neo de stent nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> De agosto/96 a abril/01 estudamos 86 pacientes que apresentavam les&#227;o obstrutiva na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida &gt;70% e foram tratados com implante percut&#226;neo de stent. Mensuramos o sucesso do implante, do procedimento, os tipos de stents utilizados, a mortalidade e as complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O sucesso do implante foi alcan&#231;ado em 98,9%, enquanto o procedimento em 91.8%. O stent mais utilizado foi o Wallstent em 73 (77%) pacientes. Houve 3 (3,2%) acidentes vasculares cerebrais transit&#243;rios, 1 (1,1%) acidente vascular cerebral menor e 3 (3,2%) acidentes vasculares cerebrais maiores. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 1 (1,1%) paciente.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O alto &#237;ndice de sucesso no implante de stents (98,9%), aliado &#224; baixa taxa associada de acidente vascular cerebral/morte de (4,2%) demonstraram a efici&#234;ncia e seguran&#231;a do implante percut&#226;neo de stent nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas.</p>
      <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>implante, stent, car&#243;tidas</p>
      <p>O acidente vascular cerebral &#233; uma das doen&#231;as de maior preval&#234;ncia atualmente. Estima-se que anualmente nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica (EUA) ocorram 800 mil novos casos de acidentes vasculares cerebrais, dos quais um ter&#231;o &#233; decorrente de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica com estenose significativa das car&#243;tidas <sup>1,2</sup>. O acidente vascular cerebral determina algum grau de incapacita&#231;&#227;o nas atividades cotidianas, em cerca de 2 milh&#245;es de pacientes, acarretando aumento no n&#250;mero de cidad&#227;os, economicamente improdutivos, com grande &#244;nus para o Estado <sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>No Brasil, sabe-se que esta doen&#231;a &#233; bastante freq&#252;ente, situando-se, primeiramente, entre as afec&#231;&#245;es de origem cerebral (excluindo-se os traumatismos cranianos) e, em seguida, dentre as causas gerais de &#243;bito na popula&#231;&#227;o <sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Gra&#231;as ao pioneirismo de Eascott, DeBakey e Cooley, na d&#233;cada de 50, surgiu a cirurgia de endarterectomia das car&#243;tidas que, em sua fase inicial, apresentou resultados desalentadores. Entretanto, com o aprimoramento da t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica e dos cuidados no pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, os resultados tornaram-se mais favor&#225;veis, levando a cirurgia de endarterectomia, a partir da d&#233;cada de 70, a ter um papel relevante no tratamento da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica carot&#237;dea <sup>2,6</sup>. Acredita-se que em 2001 foram realizadas 200 mil cirurgias de endarterectomia de car&#243;tida nos EUA <sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>No fim da d&#233;cada de 70, Mathias e cols. introduziram a angioplastia com cateter bal&#227;o de car&#243;tida, como op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica &#224; cirurgia <sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nos anos 90, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o das endopr&#243;teses, o tratamento percut&#226;neo da car&#243;tida tornou-se mais consolidado, e os resultados a curto, m&#233;dio e longo prazo tornaram-se bastante entusiasmadores. Estima-se que em 2001 tenham sido realizadas 3 mil interven&#231;&#245;es carot&#237;deas percut&#226;neas nos EUA <sup>7,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Foi analisada a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar de pacientes submetidos a implante de endopr&#243;teses carot&#237;deas, a fim de mensurar o sucesso do implante e do procedimento, os tipos de endopr&#243;teses utilizados, a mortalidade e as poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do <italic>The National Institute of Health</italic> <sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>De agosto/96 a abril/01, 86 pacientes, a maioria do sexo masculino (51,2%), com idade m&#233;dia de 64,3 anos (&#177;22 anos), foram submetidos a implante percut&#226;neo de endopr&#243;tese carot&#237;dea. Esses pacientes foram encaminhados por possu&#237;rem sintomas neurol&#243;gicos pr&#233;vios (amaurose, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, s&#237;ncope, etc.) ou doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica significativa em outros territ&#243;rios (coron&#225;ria, membros inferiores, art&#233;rias renais, etc) ou terem apresentado estenose carot&#237;dea significativa em avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva (ultra-som Doppler, tomografia computadorizada, resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica, etc.).</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: pacientes assintom&#225;ticos que apresentavam les&#227;o estenosante &#179;70%, de acordo com a angiografia quantitativa (CMS); pacientes com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio cerebral no &#250;ltimo ano, caracterizado por epis&#243;dios de vertigem, s&#237;ncope, paresia, parestesia ou amaurose tempor&#225;rios, relacionados no lado da les&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica e estenose &#179;60%; pacientes com hist&#243;ria de acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico contra lateral, com les&#227;o estenosante &#179;60% e que apresentavam p&#233;rvias as art&#233;rias cerebrais.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: pacientes que apresentavam acentuada tortuosidade na origem dos ramos supra-a&#243;rticos ou obstru&#231;&#227;o aorto-il&#237;aca, inviabilizando a passagem dos cateteres; pacientes com les&#245;es estenosantes, por&#233;m com trombos m&#243;veis em seu interior; exist&#234;ncia de les&#245;es estenosantes difusas na por&#231;&#227;o intracraniana da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna ou das art&#233;rias cerebrais; exist&#234;ncia de aneurismas cerebrais ou malforma&#231;&#245;es arteriovenosas intracranianas; hist&#243;ria recente de hemorragias digestivas, pulmonares ou tumorais, que contra-indicavam terapia com antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Foram definidos como pacientes de alto risco para o procedimento aqueles com idade &gt;70 anos, doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria concomitante, antecedentes neurol&#243;gicos significativos (hist&#243;ria de convuls&#227;o, acidente vascular cerebral), os portadores de oclus&#227;o carot&#237;dea contralateral, os submetidos previamente &#224; cirurgia de endarterectomia das car&#243;tidas e que evolu&#237;ram com reestenose, os portadores de neoplasia cervical operados e/ou submetidos &#224; radioterapia (caracterizando o chamado "pesco&#231;o hostil").</p>
      <p>O sucesso do implante foi definido por uma les&#227;o residual &lt; 30% (angiografia digital quantitativa), aus&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#245;es importantes ou trombos, enquanto o sucesso do procedimento caracterizou-se pelo sucesso do implante na aus&#234;ncia de acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico do tipo menor e maior, de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o do <italic>The National Institute of Health</italic>.</p>
      <p>O acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio foi definido como qualquer d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico revertido nas primeiras 24h p&#243;s-procedimento, n&#227;o resultando em qualquer dano neurol&#243;gico residual.</p>
      <p>O acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico menor foi definido como um novo evento neurol&#243;gico que resultou em discreta diminui&#231;&#227;o/preju&#237;zo das fun&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas (fala, fun&#231;&#227;o motora e/ou sensorial), apresentando completa revers&#227;o nos primeiros sete dias p&#243;s-procedimento ou atingindo at&#233; 4 pontos na escala de acidente vascular cerebral da <italic>The National Institute of Health</italic>. Um d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico novo, que persistisse por mais de 7 dias e/ou somasse 4 ou mais pontos na escala da <italic>The National Institute of Health</italic> foi classificado como acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico maior.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram pr&#233;-medicados (24h) com ticlopidina (500mg) e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (200mg), sendo que, ap&#243;s o implante da endopr&#243;tese, permaneceram em uso da associa&#231;&#227;o de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios por 30 dias, quando a ticlopidina era suspensa e o &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico mantido indefinidamente.</p>
      <p>Antes de receberem alta hospitalar todos os pacientes foram avaliados por, no m&#237;nimo, 2 neurologistas das equipes de neurologia dos hospitais do Cora&#231;&#227;o e Dante Pazzanese.</p>
      <p>O laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica era equipado com aparelho de radiografia de t&#243;rax, dotado de gerador de 3.000 miliamperes, 50 a 150 kilovolt pico, intensificador de imagem de alta defini&#231;&#227;o (monitor de 1.024 linhas), conversor digital para processamento eletr&#244;nico das imagens. A documenta&#231;&#227;o das imagens foi feita em sistema digital com disco compacto de leitura a laser (CD) ou sistema anal&#243;gico em filme cinefotogr&#225;fico de 35mm.</p>
      <p>O paciente tinha a press&#227;o arterial (invasiva), a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (ox&#237;metro de pulso) e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (eletrocardiograma) monitorizadas continuamente.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s anti-sepsia realizava-se anestesia local (20ml de solu&#231;&#227;o a 2% de lidoca&#237;na subcut&#226;nea) nas regi&#245;es inguinais direita e esquerda e, posteriormente, atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica de Seldinger, puncionava-se a art&#233;ria femoral direita e, a seguir, a veia femoral esquerda, mantidas com introdutores valvulados 8 e 6 <italic>french</italic> (F), respectivamente. Posicionava-se no ventr&#237;culo direito um eletrodo tempor&#225;rio de marcapasso card&#237;aco endocavit&#225;rio e a esse conectava-se um gerador de marcapasso provis&#243;rio no modo VVI, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 50bpm.</p>
      <p>A art&#233;ria car&#243;tida primitiva era cateterizada pela art&#233;ria femoral comum puncionada e colocado cateter guia 8/9F ou introdutor valvulado longo 7F. Com inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste iodado de baixa osmolaridade adquiria-se a angiografia carot&#237;dea em duas proje&#231;&#245;es (obl&#237;qua anterior direita e esquerda). Atrav&#233;s da angiografia quantitativa (CMS) media-se o di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do vaso, a extens&#227;o da les&#227;o e o di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo pr&#233;-procedimento.</p>
      <p>A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o era realizada atrav&#233;s da inje&#231;&#227;o endovenosa de 10.000 unidades de heparina n&#227;o fracionada, imediatamente, antes da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do fio guia 0,014 polegadas.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a passagem de fio guia 0,014 polegadas atrav&#233;s da les&#227;o, posicionava-se o cateter bal&#227;o (4X20mm) para pr&#233; dilata&#231;&#227;o, realizada com aux&#237;lio de um man&#244;metro e dura&#231;&#227;o 10s no m&#225;ximo. Em seguida nova angiografia da cor&#243;tida era realizada, a fim de se confirmar aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es no vaso.</p>
      <p>Em seguida, retirava-se o cateter bal&#227;o, mantendo-se o fio guia. A endopr&#243;tese era posicionada e liberada. Nos casos em que houvesse persist&#234;ncia de "acinturamento" da endopr&#243;tese (les&#227;o residual &gt;30%), uma p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o era realizada com cateter bal&#227;o 5 ou 6 x 20mm, de baixo perfil (3,5 a 4 F).</p>
      <p>Realizava-se angiografia carot&#237;dea de controle acompanhada de tomada de cena da circula&#231;&#227;o cerebral. Na aus&#234;ncia de trombos ou dissec&#231;&#245;es e confirma&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o residual &lt;30%, o procedimento era encerrado.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes eram encaminhados &#224; unidade de terapia semi-intensiva com monitora&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e mantidos com hidrata&#231;&#227;o endovenosa com solu&#231;&#227;o salina em fluxo de 50-70ml/h durante 8 a 12h. O jejum era liberado 4h ap&#243;s a chegada &#224; unidade. Os introdutores e o eletrodo de marcapasso card&#237;aco eram retirados 4 a 6h ap&#243;s terminado o procedimento. Realizava-se hemostasia atrav&#233;s da compress&#227;o manual local por cerca de 20min complementada por curativo compressivo e imobiliza&#231;&#227;o do membro inferior por cerca de 8h. Na aus&#234;ncia de intercorr&#234;ncias, os pacientes eram liberados para o quarto ap&#243;s 24h, recebendo alta hospitalar no dia seguinte.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Foram tratadas 94 les&#245;es carot&#237;deas de 86 pacientes. O sucesso do implante foi obtido em 98,9% dos casos, enquanto o do procedimento em 91,8%.</p>
      <p>O sintoma pr&#233;-procedimento mais comum foi o acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio em 72,9% dos pacientes, seguido de amaurose fugaz em 10,8% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">tab. I</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0077-00007-gt01-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Das 94 endopr&#243;teses implantadas, a maioria foi do tipo met&#225;lico, auto-expans&#237;vel <italic>Wallstent</italic>, utilizado 73 (77,6%) vezes. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">figura 1</xref> apresenta em ordem de freq&#252;&#234;ncia as demais endopr&#243;teses utilizadas, a saber: o <italic>Smart</italic> (auto-expans&#237;vel), o <italic>Palmaz</italic> (bal&#227;o-expans&#237;vel), o <italic>Symphony</italic> (auto-expans&#237;vel), o <italic>Memotherm</italic> (auto-expans&#237;vel) e o <italic>Herculink</italic> (bal&#227;o-expans&#237;vel).</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0077-00007-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Houve sete complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas na fase hospitalar, sendo 3 (3,2%) casos de acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, 1 (1,1%) caso de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico menor e 3 (3,2%) casos de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico maior. Essas complica&#231;&#245;es ocorreram ainda no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica, provavelmente relacionadas a microemboliza&#231;&#245;es. Houve um &#243;bito na fase hospitalar (14&#186; dia).</p>
      <p>A taxa combinada de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico menor e maior foi de 4,2% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0077-00007-gt02-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ao se analisar a presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas, de acordo com a presen&#231;a de sintomas pr&#233;-procedimento, observa-se que os pacientes assintom&#225;ticos n&#227;o apresentaram nenhum tipo de acidente vascular cerebral ou &#243;bito, enquanto os sintom&#225;ticos tiveram 1,1% de &#243;bito e 3,2% de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico maior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0077-00007-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>As <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="foto1-body2">fotos 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="foto2-body2">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="foto3-body2">3</xref> ilustram procedimento de implante percut&#226;neo de endopr&#243;tese carot&#237;dea em um paciente desta s&#233;rie.</p>
      <p>
        <undefined id="foto1-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0077-00007-e01-pt.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <undefined id="foto2-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0077-00007-e02-pt.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <undefined id="foto3-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0077-00007-e03-pt.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Complica&#231;&#227;o no local de acesso (regi&#245;es inguinais direita e esquerda) ocorreu apenas em um paciente, a saber um hematoma na regi&#227;o inguinal direita de 6cm de di&#226;metro, resolvido com tratamento expectante.</p>
      <p>Tr&#234;s pacientes evolu&#237;ram com bloqueio atrioventricular total, sendo o ritmo card&#237;aco ditado pelo marcapasso provis&#243;rio, mas, houve retorno ao ritmo sinusal em todos os casos nas primeiras 24h.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Acredita-se que um paciente assintom&#225;tico, portador de obstru&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea de 80% ou mais, tenha um risco anual de 6% de ter um acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, enquanto os sintom&#225;ticos tenham 10% no primeiro ano e 40% ao final de 5 anos <sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>A cirurgia de endarterectomia de car&#243;tidas deve ter uma taxa de acidente vascular cerebral e morte &lt; 6% em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e 3% em assintom&#225;ticos <sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>A taxa de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico ap&#243;s cirurgia de endarterectomia de car&#243;tidas tem variado de 1,5% a 9%, dependendo das s&#233;ries analisadas <sup>14,15</sup>. No estudo europeu de cirurgia de car&#243;tidas (ECST), a taxa de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico/morte nesse tipo de cirurgia foi de 7,5% <sup>15</sup>. O estudo norte-americano de endarterectomia de car&#243;tida em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos (NASCET), que randomizou pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com estenose carot&#237;dea entre 50 e 69% para tratamento cl&#237;nico ou cirurgia de endarterectomia de car&#243;tida, revelou uma taxa de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico/morte de 5,8% no grupo cir&#250;rgico <sup>16</sup>. Por sua vez, o estudo de aterosclerose carot&#237;dea em pacientes assintom&#225;tico (ACAS) obteve 2,3% de complica&#231;&#245;es tipo acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico/morte relacionadas &#224; cirurgia <sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>O estudo Angioplastia nas Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas e Vertebral (CAVATAS) randomizou 504 pacientes, sendo 253 para cirurgia de endarterectomia de car&#243;tidas e 251 para interven&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea percut&#226;nea. A taxa de acidente vascular cerebral/&#243;bito aos 30 dias foi de 6,4% para cirurgia de endarterectomia de car&#243;tidas e 5,9% para interven&#231;&#227;o carot&#237;dea percut&#226;nea. Ap&#243;s seguimento cl&#237;nico de 3 anos, os autores conseguiram equival&#234;ncia entre os tratamentos <sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>A angioplastia carot&#237;dea com implante de endopr&#243;teses &#233; uma t&#233;cnica promissora e alternativa &#224; cl&#225;ssica cirurgia de endarterectomia de car&#243;tidas. O estudo publicado por Whole e cols. que analisou 2.569 pacientes submetidos a endopr&#243;teses carot&#237;deas, teve uma mortalidade aos 30 dias de 1,2%, uma taxa combinada de acidente vascular cerebral/morte de 4,3% e uma reestenose ao final de 180 dias de 4,8% <sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de prote&#231;&#227;o cerebral, visando diminuir fen&#244;menos microemb&#243;licos, tem sido proposta por alguns grupos na interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea carot&#237;dea. S&#227;o v&#225;rios os sistemas de prote&#231;&#227;o cerebral utilizados presentemente.</p>
      <p>Os pioneiros na utiliza&#231;&#227;o da prote&#231;&#227;o cerebral foram Theron e cols. que, a partir de 1990, introduziram um sistema de oclus&#227;o carot&#237;dea distal com bal&#227;o montado sobre cateter tri-coaxial, diminuindo, assim, a emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal de microfragmentos da placa ateroscler&#243;tica <sup>20</sup>. Esse m&#233;todo embora eficaz em diminuir os fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos, implica em interrup&#231;&#227;o, ainda que fugaz, do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo cerebral, nem sempre bem tolerada pelos pacientes (sobretudo na presen&#231;a de oclus&#227;o carot&#237;dea contralateral ou anomalias do pol&#237;gono de Willis). Os bons resultados descritos inicialmente pelo grupo de Theron e cols. n&#227;o conseguiram ser reproduzidos universalmente, havendo v&#225;rios relatos de isquemia cerebral decorrentes do uso desse sistema <sup>19,21</sup>. Somou-se a isso a dificuldade t&#233;cnica em oper&#225;-lo, fazendo com que nos dias de hoje esteja em desuso.</p>
      <p>Em 1996, Kachel descreveu um sistema de fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo reverso pela art&#233;ria car&#243;tida externa atrav&#233;s da oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum na proximidade da bifurca&#231;&#227;o, com uso de um bal&#227;o 9F <sup>22</sup>. Apesar de simples e de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o, trabalhos posteriores demonstraram n&#227;o ser este sistema seguro e eficiente na preven&#231;&#227;o de microemboliza&#231;&#227;o distal, especialmente na presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral cerebral, tornando-o pouco usado no presente <sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Em 1999, surgiram os filtros para car&#243;tida, que trouxeram como grandes vantagens o fato de al&#233;m de eficazes em prevenir a emboliza&#231;&#227;o de microfragmentos (at&#233; 100 micras), n&#227;o interromperem o fluxo sang&#250;&#237;neo cerebral durante sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de serem mais f&#225;ceis de manipular <sup>24</sup>. Citam-se como defici&#234;ncias do m&#233;todo o fato dos filtros serem r&#237;gidos, dificultando sua passagem nas estenoses mais significativas, a dificuldade em ajustar o tamanho do filtro ao di&#226;metro carot&#237;deo de cada paciente e, sobretudo, seu custo, ainda bastante elevado para inclus&#227;o em nossa pr&#225;tica corrente <sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Vale salientar que na &#233;poca deste levantamento, estes dispositivos n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis para uso nos hospitais que participaram desta casu&#237;stica e que at&#233; mar&#231;o de 2001, ainda, n&#227;o havia nenhum modelo aprovado para uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica pelos &#243;rg&#227;os que regulamentam a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica nos EUA (<italic>Federal Drug Association</italic> &#151; FDA) e Brasil (Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de).</p>
      <p>Os pacientes mais adequados para interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas em car&#243;tidas s&#227;o aqueles com doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea isolada, grau severo de obstru&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo pr&#243;ximo ao &#226;ngulo mandibular, inacess&#237;vel &#224; cirurgia; dissec&#231;&#227;o radical do pesco&#231;o seguida de radioterapia (nos casos de neoplasias cervicais por exemplo); reestenose p&#243;s endarterectomia carot&#237;dea e displasia fibromuscular <sup>12,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>No nosso grupo de pacientes a taxa de sucesso de 98,9% revelou a efici&#234;ncia do tratamento percut&#226;neo e, se analisarmos os pacientes de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de sintomas, a taxa combinada de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (maior/menor) foi de 5,4% para pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e 0% para os assintom&#225;ticos. Deve ser lembrado que neste segundo grupo, dos pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, a taxa estimada de complica&#231;&#227;o &#233; consideravelmente baixa e inferior &#224;quela definida para a endarterectomia de car&#243;tidas segundo a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> <sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Esses dados ganham mais relev&#226;ncia quando consideramos que dos 86 pacientes analisados neste levantamento, 43 deles, ou seja 50% incluem-se no subgrupo classificado como de alto risco para interven&#231;&#245;es, por serem idosos, apresentarem oclus&#227;o carot&#237;dea contralateral (5,8%), j&#225; terem apresentado acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio (5,8%), j&#225; terem sido revascularizados (4,6%) ou por apresentarem o chamado "pesco&#231;o hostil", ou seja, serem portadores de neoplasia cervical e/ou terem se submetido previamente &#224; radioterapia em regi&#227;o cervical (3,5%).</p>
      <p>Atualmente encontra-se em andamento no Instituto Nacional de Sa&#250;de, sob coordena&#231;&#227;o do Dr. Hobson, o Estudo "<italic>Stent</italic> versus Endarterectomia de Car&#243;tida" (CREST), no qual 2.500 pacientes ser&#227;o randomizados. Os resultados do CREST definir&#227;o se h&#225; superioridade de uma t&#233;cnica sobre a outra.</p>
      <p>O implante de stent carot&#237;deo j&#225; ocupa uma importante posi&#231;&#227;o na terap&#234;utica da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica carot&#237;dea. &#201; ineg&#225;vel que o sucesso de 98,8% aliado &#224; taxa de acidente vascular cerebral/morte de 4,2% no nosso estudo demonstra a efici&#234;ncia e seguran&#231;a deste tipo de procedimento. Sabemos ainda que o aprimoramento dos materiais utilizados (introdutores, cateteres, fios-guias, endopr&#243;teses, etc.) e o surgimento de novos dispositivos, contribu&#237;ram de forma significativa para a melhoria dos resultados do implante percut&#226;neo de endopr&#243;tese carot&#237;dea.</p>
      <p>Os dispositivos utilizados para prote&#231;&#227;o cerebral t&#234;m em alguns estudos demonstrado a capacidade de diminuir os &#237;ndices de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas <sup>26</sup>, o que vem despertando interesse na comunidade cient&#237;fica, gerando cada vez mais ensaios cl&#237;nicos que, em breve, definir&#227;o o real papel destes dispositivos no implante de endopr&#243;teses carot&#237;deas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
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