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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">D4Xt6wDs6V96YFz3J7XgyTh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2003000100006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(03)08000106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2003000100006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Catheter ablation of atriofascicular Mahaim fibers guided by the activation potential</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berardi</surname>
            <given-names>Gel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kraemer</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nadalin</surname>
            <given-names>Elenir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cajuru </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2003</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>80</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>66</fpage>
      <lpage>70</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine whether recording of the activation potential may be used as an isolated criterion to guide catheter ablation of atriofascicular Mahaim fibers. METHODS: We studied 6 patients (5 females, mean age of 26&#177;7.3 years) with paroxysmal tachycardias with a wide QRS complex, whose electrophysiological study diagnosed atriofascicular Mahaim fibers. Mapping and catheter ablation were performed in sinus rhythm, guided only by the recording of the activation potential of the fiber. RESULTS: Efficacy in ablation was achieved in all patients. The fibers were located in the right lateral region of the tricuspid ring in 3 patients, right posterolateral region in 2, and right anterolateral region in 1. A mean of 5.3&#177;3 radiofrequency applications was performed. The mean fluoroscopy time was 46.6&#177;25 minutes, and the mean duration of the procedure was 178.6&#177;108 minutes. No complication occurred. In a mean 20-month follow-up, all patients were asymptomatic and receiving no antiarrhythmic drugs. CONCLUSION: Catheter ablation of Mahaim fibers may be performed with good safety and efficacy by mapping the activation potential of the tricuspid ring in sinus rhythm.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Mahaim fibers</kwd>
        <kwd>catheter ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>atriofascicular accessory pathways</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Catheter ablation of atriofascicular mahaim fibers guided by the activation potential</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#225;rcio Augusto Silva; Gel Berardi; Alessandro Kraemer; Elenir Nadalin; Jos&#233; Carlos Moura Jorge</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cajuru, PUC/PR </p>
    <p> Curitiba, PR, Brazil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Address to correspondence</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To determine whether recording of the activation potential may be used as an isolated criterion to guide catheter ablation of atriofascicular Mahaim fibers. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We studied 6 patients (5 females, mean age of 26&#177;7.3 years) with paroxysmal tachycardias with a wide QRS complex, whose electrophysiological study diagnosed atriofascicular Mahaim fibers. Mapping and catheter ablation were performed in sinus rhythm, guided only by the recording of the activation potential of the fiber. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Efficacy in ablation was achieved in all patients. The fibers were located in the right lateral region of the tricuspid ring in 3 patients, right posterolateral region in 2, and right anterolateral region in 1. A mean of 5.3&#177;3 radiofrequency applications was performed. The mean fluoroscopy time was 46.6&#177;25 minutes, and the mean duration of the procedure was 178.6&#177;108 minutes. No complication occurred. In a mean 20-month follow-up, all patients were asymptomatic and receiving no antiarrhythmic drugs. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Catheter ablation of Mahaim fibers may be performed with good safety and efficacy by mapping the activation potential of the tricuspid ring in sinus rhythm.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Mahaim fibers, catheter ablation, atriofascicular accessory pathways</p>
    <p>In 1938, Mahaim et al <sup>1</sup> described some nodoventricular conduction fibers, which formed the substrate for a special type of preexcitation syndrome characterized by little or no preexcitation on the basal electrocardiogram and tachycardias with left bundle-branch block morphology. Later studies <sup>2-6</sup> showed that these fibers had special properties, such as exclusive anterograde and decremental conduction, and could be located in sites distant from the atrioventricular node and eliminated by surgery or catheter ablation. Recently, most of these pathways have been classified as atriofascicular fibers that connect the right atrium to distal portions of the right branch of the His bundle with decremental properties <sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Because they have different anatomical and electrophysiological characteristics, the following special ablation techniques have been considered: 1) atrial stimulation (pace-mapping) along the tricuspid ring, looking for the shortest "spike-Delta" interval <sup>9</sup>; 2) mapping with extrastimuli during antidromic tachycardia, searching for the point of greatest "preexcitation" of the subsequent QRS; and 3) mapping of the activation potential of the fiber in sinus rhythm <sup>10-13</sup>. The latter has been considered more precise than the others; however, due to the rarity of this type of fibers, little experience has been reported in the medical literature.</p>
    <p>This study analyzed the results of radiofrequency catheter ablation of Mahaim fibers in 6 consecutive patients by using the exclusive mapping of fiber activation potential.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Methods</bold>
    </p>
    <p>From February 1999 to February 2000, 101 patients with accessory pathways underwent ablation at our institution, 6 (5.94%) of whom met the electrophysiological criteria for tachycardia mediated by Mahaim fibers. All patients were referred to our service because of tachycardia crises with a wide QRS complex and left bundle-branch block morphology difficult to control clinically. These patients were taking amiodarone at the time of the indication of the electrophysiological study. Five patients were females and their mean age was 26.5&#177;7.3 years (ranging from 16 to 36 years). One patient had mild aortic insufficiency with no hemodynamic repercussions, and the remaining had no structural heart disease. No patient had ventricular preexcitation on the basal electrocardiogram.</p>
    <p>The procedure was performed after an 8-hour fasting period, with written formal consent provided by the patient or his guardian, previous suspension of amiodarone for 1 month, and sedated with intravenous midazolam and fentanyl. Two 7Fr quadripolar catheters were introduced through puncture of the right femoral vein, and, guided by fluoroscopy, positioned in the region of the high right atrium and His bundle; for recording the ventricular electrogram and ventricular stimulation, 1 of these catheters was introduced into the right ventricle. The 4.2 version of the PC-EMS system (Personal Computer Electrophysiology Measurement System; University of Limburg, The Netherlands) was used with frequency cut between 50 and 500 Hz and a velocity of up to 300 mm/s to record the intracavitary signals and peripheral electrocardiogram and also to programmed stimulation.</p>
    <p>The criteria for the diagnosis of Mahaim fiber were as follows: absence of ventricular preexcitation in sinus rhythm or discrete preexcitation with left bundle-branch block morphology; presence of progressive ventricular preexcitation during continuous atrial stimulation associated with an increase in the A-V interval and a reduction in the H-V interval; induction of antidromic atrioventricular tachycardia with left bundle-branch block morphology, this morphology being similar to that of maximum preexcitation <sup>9,10,11-16</sup>. Bardy et al <sup>17</sup> described typical Mahaim tachycardia as follows: 1) left bundle-branch block morphology; 2) QRS axis superior to or between 0&#186; and 75&#186;; 3) presence of R wave in D1; 4) presence of rS in V1; and 5) QRS transition in V4 or after V4.</p>
    <p>The distal insertion of the Mahaim fiber was defined by the earliest recording of the bipolar ventricular electrogram in regard to the beginning of the QRS complex in tachycardia or during atrial stimulation. The insertion was considered fascicular (atriofascicular fiber) when the earliest ventricular activation was recorded in the right ventricular apical region, close to the distal portion of the right bundle-branch, and the insertion was considered ventricular (atrioventricular fiber) when the earliest activation was recorded close to the atrioventricular ring <sup>14,16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Four-mm 7Fr catheters with deflectable tip (EP Technologies) and radiofrequency generator with temperature control (EP Technologies) were used for ablation. Long introducers (Swartz TM Guiding Introducers, SR3 and SR4, DAIG, St. Jude Medical Company) were used in some procedures to better stabilize the catheter.</p>
    <p>Recording of the activation potential of the Mahaim fiber for ablation in sinus rhythm was sought during mapping of the tricuspid ring. The radiofrequency applications were performed with a power limit of 50 w and temperature of 70&#186; Celsius for 60 seconds. After each application, a new programmed atrial stimulation was performed. Success of the procedure was defined as the absence of ventricular preexcitation during atrial stimulation and no tachycardia induction according to the same protocol of stimulation of the beginning of the procedure. After 20 minutes, programmed stimulation was repeated with and without intravenous infusion of isoproterenol (1-2mg/min).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Results</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Six patients met the criteria for the diagnosis of Mahaim fiber. During programmed continuous atrial stimulation with progressively shorter coupling intervals, an increase in the A-V and A-H intervals and a reduction in the H-V interval were observed concomitantly with progressive ventricular preexcitation with left bundle-branch block morphology (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0066-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Recording of the earliest ventricular electrogram during tachycardia and maximum ventricular preexcitation was obtained in the apical region of the right ventricle, close to the distal portions of the right bundle-branch and distant from the AV ring, characterizing these fibers as atriofascicular in all patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0066-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Antidromic AV tachycardia with left bundle-branch block morphology (QRS with the same morphology observed during maximal preexcitation) and a mean cycle of 333.6&#177;32 ms were induced in all patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref>). The retrograde conduction observed during tachycardia, as well as that observed during ventricular stimulation, was characterized as nodal in 5 patients, and as occult right posteroseptal (RPS) AV in 1 patient (P6). No retrograde conduction of the Mahaim fiber was observed. No sign of a double nodal pathway was observed in any patient.</p>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0066-00006-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Mapping was performed in sinus rhythm in all patients. The site of recording of the activation potential of the Mahaim fiber in the tricuspid ring was chosen for ablation in all patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4">fig. 4</xref>). Ablation was successful in all patients.</p>
    <fig id="figura4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0066-00006-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Three patients (P1, P2, P6) required 2 sessions of ablation. In patients P1 and P2, mechanical conduction block (catheter touch) in the Mahaim fiber during mapping in the first procedure occurred with disappearance of ventricular preexcitation on atrial stimulation and of the activation potential, making ablation impossible. These patients underwent a new successful session after 1 and 2 months, respectively. Patient P6 had supraventricular tachycardia (narrow QRS) after a 4-month follow-up and underwent a new procedure, with recurrence of the occult AV (RPS), which was eliminated again with radiofrequency (no sign of Mahaim fiber conduction was observed in the second session). After the first 2 procedures in patients P1 and P2, we began to use the long introducers (SR3 and SR4), which provided better stabilization of the ablation catheter.</p>
    <p>The Mahaim fiber was located in the right lateral region in 3 patients, in the right posterolateral region in 2 patients, and in the right anterolateral region in 1 patient. A mean of 5.3&#177;3 radiofrequency applications per patient was performed (2 - 11), with a fluoroscopy time of 46.6&#177;25 minutes (26&#151;82), and total time of the procedure of 178.6&#177;108 minutes (95 &#151; 340). No complications occurred (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. I</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0066-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>The patients are asymptomatic, with no antiarrhythmic drugs, in a mean 20&#177;3.5-month follow-up.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discussion</bold>
    </p>
    <p>We report the cases of 6 patients (5.9% of the patients with ventriculoatrial in the same period) who had tachycardia crises with wide QRS and left bundle-branch block morphology, and who met the diagnostic criteria for atriofascicular Mahaim fibers on electrophysiological study. No patient had ventricular preexcitation in sinus rhythm, but, during continuous atrial stimulation, progressive ventricular preexcitation was observed with left bundle-branch block morphology associated with an increase in the A-V interval, a reduction in the H-V interval, and induction of antidromic atrioventricular tachycardia with left bundle-branch block morphology similar to that of ventricular preexcitation. Radiofrequency ablation was performed at the site where the activation potential of the Mahaim fiber in sinus rhythm was recorded, with a final rate of success of 100% and no recurrences or complications.</p>
    <p>Mahaim fibers correspond approximately to 3% of all accessory pathways. The therapeutic options include pharmacological treatment, catheter ablation <sup>5,6,9-12,18</sup>, and surgery <sup>7,12</sup>. The first experiences with catheter ablation used high-energy shocks in the atrioventricular node region. In these cases, the tachycardias were eliminated, but the patients had complete QRS preexcitation with a long A-V interval and decremental properties <sup>5,6</sup>. These findings contributed to the hypothesis that the Mahaim fibers and the atrioventricular node were anatomically distant, contrary to that which had been previously reported. Haissaguerre et al <sup>19</sup> showed that ablation of the right atriofascicular fibers with high-energy shocks in the right ventricular apex at a point proximal to the insertion of the fiber in the right ventricle or in the right bundle-branch was possible, preserving the conduction system. However, this could have proarrhythmic effects, because of the increase in the time of ventriculoatrial conduction, making the tachycardia crises more frequent <sup>10,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>With the evolution of electrophysiology, more satisfactory results were obtained, aiming at the ablation of the atrial insertion of these fibers <sup>9-13</sup>. Because its distal insertion is not located adjacent to the tricuspid ring, as with the accessory atrioventricular pathways (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome), mapping the earliest ventricular activation in regard to QRS is useless in these cases. In addition, because these fibers do not have retrograde conduction, mapping the ventriculoatrial conduction is not possible. Therefore, the following special techniques for mapping these fibers were reported: 1) mapping atrial extrastimuli along the tricuspid ring to identify the shortest spike-Delta interval (pace-mapping); 2) release of extrastimuli along the tricuspid ring during antidromic tachycardia searching for the point of the greatest "advancement" (preexcitation) of the subsequent QRS; and 3) mapping the fiber activation potential in sinus rhythm <sup>9-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Klein et al <sup>9</sup> reported on 4 patients who underwent ablation with pace-mapping in the atrium. Three patients had atriofascicular fibers and 1 patient had atrioventricular fibers. Ablation was successful in all patients, with a mean of 15 radiofrequency applications. The elevated number of applications reported in this and other series <sup>13</sup> suggests that the technique, although effective, may be imprecise in locating the exact atrial insertion of the fiber. On the other hand, the release of extrastimuli in tachycardia has been considered more technically difficult and time-consuming, and no consistent results have been reported in the medical literature so far <sup>9,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Mapping the fiber using its activation potential in sinus rhythm has been reported as a more accurate technique <sup>10-13</sup>. These potentials (activation potential) are similar to the His potential and may be recorded mainly in the lateral and anterolateral regions of the tricuspid ring <sup>10</sup>. Okishige et al <sup>13</sup> have reported that Mahaim fibers have 2 portions: a proximal portion with decremental properties, which generates a slow potential hardly recorded during mapping, and a distal portion with nondecremental conduction properties ("everything-or-nothing"), similar to the Kent bundle, which generates a fast potential (spiked potential). According to the authors, the best method to eliminate these fibers is to apply radiofrequency at the recording site of the fast potential.</p>
    <p>McClelland et al <sup>10</sup> reported the first great results with this technique. Of the 26 patients with Mahaim fibers, 23 had atriofascicular fibers. Catheter ablation guided by the activation potential could be performed in 22 patients, and, in 1, mapping was performed with atrial stimulation because of failure in recording the activation potential. They achieved a final success rate of 100%. In this series, the applications were performed during atrial stimulation or tachycardia, to observe the conduction block in the fiber. To improve catheter stability, right subclavian vein access was used in 15 patients.</p>
    <p>Grogin et al <sup>11</sup> obtained successful ablation using this technique in 4 of 4 patients with atriofascicular fibers, with a mean of 10 radiofrequency applications. Similar results were reported by Brugada et al <sup>12</sup>, with a mean of 7 radiofrequency applications in 4 consecutive patients.</p>
    <p>Some authors, however, associate mapping forms as follows: using atrial stimulation on the atrial surface of the tricuspid ring, the site of the smallest spike-Delta is determined, and, in this region, a careful search for the activation potential of the fiber in sinus rhythm is carried out <sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Cappato et al <sup>18</sup> reported on a mapping technique, in which mechanical conduction block of the Mahaim fiber was attempted by manipulating the catheter, and applying radiofrequency in this site. As already reported, conduction block in 1 Mahaim fiber due to mechanical trauma is accompanied by disappearance of its activation potential, and conduction through the fiber may not return during the same procedure <sup>10</sup>. In case the ablation catheter is not stable at the site of block, the application may not be accurate, leading to doubtful results. This happened with the first 2 patients in our series after mechanical block, in which no activation potential of the fibers could be recorded, leading to a second ablation session. After these first cases, we began to routinely use long introducers with premolded curves for the right lateral and posterolateral pathways (SR3 e SR4), assuring greater catheter stability.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, mapping of the tricuspid ring in sinus rhythm to record the activation potential of Mahaim fibers may be used as the only criterion for catheter ablation of these fibers, and it has proved to be an effective and safe method.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Address to correspondence</bold>
        </label>
        <p> M&#225;rcio Augusto Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Saint Hilaire, 122/1103 </p>
        <p> 80240-140, Curitiba, PR, Brazil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="masilva@sulbbs.com.br">masilva@sulbbs.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de fibras atriofasciculares de Mahaim guiada pelo potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar se o registro do potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o pode ser utilizado como crit&#233;rio isolado para guiar a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de fibras atriofasciculares de Mahaim. M&#201;TODOS: Estudamos seis pacientes (5 mulheres, idades de 26&#177;7,3 anos), portadores de taquicardias parox&#237;sticas de complexo QRS alargado, cujo estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico diagnosticou fibras atriofasciculares de Mahaim. O mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter foram realizados em ritmo sinusal, guiados apenas pelo registro do potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o da fibra. RESULTADOS: Obtivemos efic&#225;cia na abla&#231;&#227;o em todos os pacientes. As fibras estavam localizadas na regi&#227;o lateral direita do anel tricusp&#237;deo em tr&#234;s pacientes, p&#243;stero-lateral direita em dois e &#226;ntero-lateral direita em um. Foram realizadas 5,3&#177;3 aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia em m&#233;dia, com tempo de fluoroscopia de 46,6&#177;25min e tempo total de procedimento de 178,6&#177;108min. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es. Num seguimento m&#233;dio de 20 meses, todos encontram-se assintom&#225;ticos e sem drogas anti-arr&#237;tmicas. CONCLUS&#195;O: A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de fibras de Mahaim pode ser realizada com boa seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia, mapeando-se o potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o no anel tricusp&#237;deo, em ritmo sinusal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>fibras de Mahaim</kwd>
        <kwd>abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>vias acess&#243;rias atriofasciculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="topo-body2"/>Abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de fibras atriofasciculares de mahaim guiada pelo potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#225;rcio Augusto Silva; Gel Berardi; Alessandro Kraemer; Elenir Nadalin; Jos&#233; Carlos Moura Jorge</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cajuru, PUC/PR</p>
      <p>Curitiba, PR</p>
      <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold>  Determinar se o registro do potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o pode ser utilizado como crit&#233;rio isolado para guiar a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de fibras atriofasciculares de Mahaim.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudamos seis pacientes (5 mulheres, idades de 26&#177;7,3 anos), portadores de taquicardias parox&#237;sticas de complexo QRS alargado, cujo estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico diagnosticou fibras atriofasciculares de Mahaim. O mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter foram realizados em ritmo sinusal, guiados apenas pelo registro do potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o da fibra.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Obtivemos efic&#225;cia na abla&#231;&#227;o em todos os pacientes. As fibras estavam localizadas na regi&#227;o lateral direita do anel tricusp&#237;deo em tr&#234;s pacientes, p&#243;stero-lateral direita em dois e &#226;ntero-lateral direita em um. Foram realizadas 5,3&#177;3 aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia em m&#233;dia, com tempo de fluoroscopia de 46,6&#177;25min e tempo total de procedimento de 178,6&#177;108min. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es. Num seguimento m&#233;dio de 20 meses, todos encontram-se assintom&#225;ticos e sem drogas anti-arr&#237;tmicas.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de fibras de Mahaim pode ser realizada com boa seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia, mapeando-se o potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o no anel tricusp&#237;deo, em ritmo sinusal.</p>
      <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> fibras de Mahaim, abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, vias acess&#243;rias atriofasciculares</p>
      <p>Em 1938, Mahaim e cols. <sup>1</sup> descreveram fibras nodo-ventriculares de condu&#231;&#227;o, que formavam o substrato para um tipo especial de s&#237;ndrome de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o, caracterizada por pequena ou nenhuma pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o no eletrocardiograma basal e taquicardias com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo. Estudos posteriores demonstraram que essas fibras teriam propriedades especiais como condu&#231;&#227;o anter&#243;grada exclusiva e decremental, e que podiam estar localizadas em s&#237;tios distantes ao n&#243; atrioventricular, podendo ser eliminadas por cirurgia ou abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter <sup>2-6</sup>. Recentemente, estas vias s&#227;o classificadas em sua maioria como fibras atriofasciculares, que conectam o &#225;trio direito &#224;s por&#231;&#245;es distais do ramo direito do feixe de His, com propriedades decrementais <sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Por possu&#237;rem caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas e eletrofisiol&#243;gicas diferenciadas, t&#233;cnicas especiais para abla&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o consideradas, como: 1) a estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial (<italic>pace-mapping</italic>) ao longo do anel tricusp&#237;deo, buscando o menor intervalo "esp&#237;cula-Delta" <sup>9</sup>; 2) o mapeamento atrav&#233;s de extra-est&#237;mulos durante taquicardia antidr&#244;mica, procurando-se o ponto de maior "pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o" do QRS subsequente; e 3) o mapeamento do potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o da fibra, em ritmo sinusal <sup>10-13</sup>. Esta &#250;ltima t&#233;cnica &#233; considerada por muitos como mais precisa que as demais, por&#233;m, devido &#224; raridade das fibras, h&#225; pouca experi&#234;ncia descrita na literatura m&#233;dica.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo analisamos os resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia de fibras de Mahaim em seis pacientes consecutivos, atrav&#233;s do mapeamento exclusivo do potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o da fibra.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No per&#237;odo de fevereiro/99 a fevereiro/00, de um total de 101 portadores de vias acess&#243;rias submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, seis (5,94%) apresentavam crit&#233;rios eletrofisiol&#243;gicos de taquicardias mediadas por fibras de Mahaim. Todos foram encaminhados ao nosso servi&#231;o por apresentarem crises de taquicardia com QRS alargado e morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, de dif&#237;cil controle cl&#237;nico, estando em uso de amiodarona no momento da indica&#231;&#227;o do estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico. Cinco pacientes eram do sexo feminino e a idade m&#233;dia de 26,5&#177;7,3 anos (variando de 16 a 36 anos). Um paciente apresentava insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica discreta, sem repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e os demais n&#227;o apresentavam qualquer cardiopatia estrutural. Nenhum paciente apresentava pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular no eletrocardiograma basal.</p>
      <p>O procedimento foi realizado ap&#243;s jejum de 8h, com consentimento por escrito do paciente ou respons&#225;vel, e suspens&#227;o pr&#233;via de amiodarona por um m&#234;s, e sob seda&#231;&#227;o e analgesia com midazolam e fentanil intravenosos. Dois cateteres quadripolares 7Fr foram introduzidos por pun&#231;&#227;o de veia femoral direita e, guiados por fluoroscopia, posicionados em regi&#227;o de &#225;trio direito alto e feixe de His; para registro do eletrograma ventricular e estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular um destes cateteres era introduzido no ventr&#237;culo direito. Foi utilizado o sistema PC-EMS (<italic>Personal Computer Electrophysiology Measurement System</italic>, vers&#227;o 4.2; <italic>University of Limburg</italic>, <italic>The Netherlands</italic>), com corte de freq&#252;&#234;ncia entre 50 e 500Hz e velocidade de registro de at&#233; 300mm/s, para registro dos sinais intracavit&#225;rios e eletrocardiograma perif&#233;rico, assim como para estimula&#231;&#227;o programada.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de fibra de Mahaim considerados foram: aus&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular em ritmo sinusal ou discreta pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; presen&#231;a de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular progressiva durante estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial cont&#237;nua, associada a aumento do intervalo AV, com diminui&#231;&#227;o do intervalo HV; indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia atrioventricular antidr&#244;mica com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, sendo esta morfologia semelhante &#224; pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima <sup>9,10,11-16</sup>. Bardi e cols. descrevem a taquicardia t&#237;pica de Mahaim como: 1) morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; 2) eixo de QRS superior ou entre 0&#186; e 75&#186;; 3) presen&#231;a de onda R em D1; 4) presen&#231;a de rS em V1e 5) transi&#231;&#227;o de QRS em V4 ou ap&#243;s V4 <sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>A inser&#231;&#227;o distal da fibra de Mahaim foi definida pelo registro do eletrograma ventricular bipolar mais precoce em rela&#231;&#227;o ao in&#237;cio do complexo QRS, em taquicardia ou durante estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial. A inser&#231;&#227;o seria considerada fascicular, (fibra atriofascicular) quando a ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular mais precoce encontrava-se na regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo direito, pr&#243;ximo &#224; por&#231;&#227;o distal do ramo direito, e inser&#231;&#227;o ventricular (fibra atrioventricular) se a ativa&#231;&#227;o mais precoce fosse registrada pr&#243;ximo ao anel atrioventricular <sup>14,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Para abla&#231;&#227;o foram utilizados cateteres 7-Fr de ponta deflect&#237;vel de 4mm (EP Technologies) e gerador de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia com controle de temperatura (EP Technologies). Em alguns procedimentos foram utilizados introdutores longos (<italic>SwartzTM Guiding Introducers</italic>, SR3 e SR4, DAIG, <italic>St. Jude Medical Company</italic>) para melhor estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do cateter.</p>
      <p>No mapeamento do anel tricusp&#237;deo buscou-se o registro do potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o da fibra de Mahaim para a abla&#231;&#227;o, em ritmo sinusal. As aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia foram realizadas com limite de pot&#234;ncia de 50w e temperatura de 70&#186; Celsius, por 60s. Ap&#243;s cada aplica&#231;&#227;o foi realizada nova estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial programada. O sucesso do procedimento foi definido pela aus&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular durante estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial e n&#227;o indu&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia, utilizando-se o mesmo protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o do in&#237;cio do procedimento. Ap&#243;s 20min, repetiu-se a estimula&#231;&#227;o programada sem e com infus&#227;o de isoproterenol (1-2mg/min i.v.).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para fibra de Mahaim foram encontrados nos seis pacientes. Durante estimula&#231;&#227;o programada atrial cont&#237;nua, com intervalos de acoplamento progressivamente menores, foram observados aumento do intervalo AV, AH e diminui&#231;&#227;o do intervalo HV, concomitantemente com pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular progressiva, com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0066-00006-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O registro do eletrograma ventricular mais precoce durante taquicardia e pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular m&#225;xima foi obtido na regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo direito, pr&#243;ximo &#224;s por&#231;&#245;es distais do ramo direito e distante do anel AV, caracterizando essas fibras como atriofasciculares, em todos os pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0066-00006-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Em todos os pacientes foi induzida taquicardia AV antidr&#244;mica, com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (QRS com mesma morfologia observada durante pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima), e ciclo m&#233;dio de 333,6&#177;32ms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">fig. 3</xref>). A condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada observada durante a taquicardia, assim como durante estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular, foi caracterizada como nodal em cinco pacientes, e por uma VA oculta p&#243;stero-septal direita (PSD), em um paciente (P6). N&#227;o foi observada condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada por fibra de Mahaim. Em nenhum paciente foram observados sinais de dupla via nodal.</p>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0066-00006-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>O mapeamento foi realizado em ritmo sinusal em todos os pacientes. O local escolhido para abla&#231;&#227;o foi o de registro do potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o da fibra de Mahaim, no anel tricusp&#237;deo, observado em todos os pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4-body2">fig. 4</xref>). Sucesso na abla&#231;&#227;o foi obtido em todos os pacientes.</p>
      <fig id="figura4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0066-00006-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Tr&#234;s pacientes (P1, P2, P6) necessitaram de duas sess&#245;es de abla&#231;&#227;o. Nos pacientes P1 e P2 houve bloqueio mec&#226;nico (toque do cateter) da condu&#231;&#227;o pela fibra de Mahaim durante o mapeamento no primeiro procedimento, com desaparecimento da pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial e do potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o, impossibilitando a abla&#231;&#227;o, sendo submetidos a nova sess&#227;o ap&#243;s um e dois meses respectivamente, e obtido sucesso. O paciente P6 apresentou taquicardia supraventricular (QRS estreito) ap&#243;s quatro meses de seguimento e submetido a novo procedimento, que demonstrou recorr&#234;ncia da VA oculta PSD, sendo esta novamente eliminada com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia (n&#227;o havia sinais de condu&#231;&#227;o por fibra de Mahaim na segunda sess&#227;o). Ap&#243;s os dois primeiros procedimentos, nos pacientes P1 e P2, passamos a utilizar os introdutores longos (SR3 e SR4), obtendo-se melhor estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A fibra de Mahaim estava localizada em regi&#227;o lateral direita em tr&#234;s pacientes, p&#243;stero-lateral direita em dois pacientes e &#226;ntero-lateral direita em um paciente. Foram realizadas em m&#233;dia 5,3&#177;3 aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia por paciente (2 - 11), com tempo de fluoroscopia de 46,6&#177;25min (26-82) e tempo total do procedimento de 178,6&#177;108min (95 - 340). N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">tab. I</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0066-00006-gt01-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Os pacientes encontram-se assintom&#225;ticos, sem drogas anti-arr&#237;tmicas, num seguimento m&#233;dio de 20&#177;3,5 meses.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Relatamos seis pacientes (5,9% dos pacientes com ventr&#237;culo-atrial no mesmo per&#237;odo), que apresentavam crises de taquicardia de QRS alargado, com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo que, ao estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, preencheram crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para fibras atriofasciculares de Mahaim. Nenhum paciente apresentava pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular em ritmo sinusal e, durante estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial cont&#237;nua, foi demonstrada pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular progressiva, com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, associada a aumento do intervalo AV, com diminui&#231;&#227;o do intervalo HV e indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia atrioventricular antidr&#244;mica com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, semelhante &#224; pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia foi realizada no local de registro do potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o da fibra de Mahaim, em ritmo sinusal, com sucesso final de 100%, sem recorr&#234;ncias ou complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>As fibras de Mahaim correspondem, aproximadamente, 3% de todas as vias acess&#243;rias. As op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas incluem tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter <sup>5,6,9-12,18</sup> ou cirurgia <sup>7,12</sup>. As primeiras experi&#234;ncias em abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter foram atrav&#233;s de choques de alta energia na regi&#227;o do n&#243; atrioventricular; nesses casos as taquicardias eram eliminadas, por&#233;m os pacientes apresentavam pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o completa do QRS, com intervalo A-V longo e com propriedades decrementais <sup>5,6</sup>. Esses achados contribu&#237;ram para a hip&#243;tese de que fibras de Mahaim e n&#243; atrioventricular fossem anatomicamente distantes, ao contr&#225;rio do que tinha sido anteriormente descrito. Haissaguerre e cols. <sup>19</sup> demonstraram ser poss&#237;vel a abla&#231;&#227;o de fibras atriofasciculares direitas atrav&#233;s de choques de alta energia no &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo direito, num ponto proximal &#224; inser&#231;&#227;o da fibra no ventr&#237;culo direito ou no ramo direito, preservando o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, isso poderia ter efeitos pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmicos, ao aumentar o tempo de condu&#231;&#227;o ventr&#237;culo-atrial, tornando as crises de taquicardia mais freq&#252;entes <sup>10,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Com a evolu&#231;&#227;o da eletrofisiologia, resultados mais satisfat&#243;rios foram obtidos, visando a abla&#231;&#227;o da inser&#231;&#227;o atrial dessas fibras <sup>9-13</sup>. Devido a sua inser&#231;&#227;o distal n&#227;o estar localizada adjacente ao anel tricusp&#237;deo, como nas vias acess&#243;rias atrioventriculares (s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White), o mapeamento da ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular mais precoce em rela&#231;&#227;o ao QRS torna-se in&#250;til nesses casos. Al&#233;m disto, por estas fibras n&#227;o apresentarem condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel o mapeamento da condu&#231;&#227;o ventr&#237;culo-atrial. Assim sendo, t&#233;cnicas especiais foram descritas para o mapeamento dessas fibras, como: 1) o mapeamento atrav&#233;s de extra-est&#237;mulos no &#225;trio, ao longo do anel tricusp&#237;deo, para identificar o menor intervalo esp&#237;cula-Delta (<italic>pace-mapping</italic>); 2) a libera&#231;&#227;o de extra-est&#237;mulos ao longo do anel tricusp&#237;deo durante taquicardia antidr&#244;mica, buscando o ponto de maior "adiantamento" (pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o) do QRS subseq&#252;ente e, 3) o mapeamento do potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o da fibra em ritmo sinusal <sup>9-14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Klein e cols. <sup>9</sup> descreveram quatro pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de <italic>pace-mapping</italic> no &#225;trio. As fibras eram atriofasciculares em tr&#234;s e atrioventricular em um paciente. Obteve sucesso na abla&#231;&#227;o em todos, com uma m&#233;dia de 15 aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia. O elevado n&#250;mero de aplica&#231;&#245;es relatado nessa e em outras s&#233;ries <sup>13</sup>, sugere que esta t&#233;cnica, apesar de eficaz, pode ser imprecisa na localiza&#231;&#227;o exata da inser&#231;&#227;o atrial da fibra. J&#225;, a libera&#231;&#227;o de extra-est&#237;mulos em taquicardia &#233; considerada uma op&#231;&#227;o tecnicamente mais dif&#237;cil e demorada, n&#227;o havendo resultados consistentes descritos na literatura m&#233;dica <sup>9,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>O mapeamento da fibra atrav&#233;s de seu potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o, em ritmo sinusal, tem sido relatado como t&#233;cnica mais precisa <sup>10-13</sup>. Estes potenciais (potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o) s&#227;o semelhantes a um potencial de His e podem ser registrados, principalmente, na regi&#227;o lateral e &#226;ntero-lateral do anel tricusp&#237;deo <sup>10</sup>. Okishige e cols. <sup>13</sup> demonstraram que as fibras de Mahaim t&#234;m duas por&#231;&#245;es: uma proximal, com propriedades decrementais, que gera um potencial lento, dificilmente registrado durante o mapeamento e uma distal, com propriedades de condu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o decrementais ("tudo ou nada"), semelhante a um feixe de Kent e que gera um potencial r&#225;pido (<italic>spiked potential</italic>). Segundo os autores, o melhor m&#233;todo para elimina&#231;&#227;o destas fibras &#233; pela aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia no local de registro do potencial r&#225;pido.</p>
      <p>McClelland e cols. <sup>10</sup> descreveram os primeiros grandes resultados com esta t&#233;cnica. De 26 pacientes com fibras de Mahaim, 23 tinham fibras atriofasciculares. A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter guiada pelo potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel em 22 pacientes e, em um, o mapeamento foi feito por estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial, por falha em registrar o potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o, com um sucesso final de 100%. Nesta s&#233;rie, as aplica&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas durante estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial ou taquicardia, para se observar o bloqueio da condu&#231;&#227;o pela fibra. Para melhorar a estabilidade do cateter utilizou em 15 pacientes o acesso por veia subcl&#225;via direita.</p>
      <p>Grogin e cols. <sup>11</sup> obtiveram sucesso na abla&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s desta t&#233;cnica em quatro de quatro pacientes com fibras atriofasciculares, com uma m&#233;dia de 10 aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia. Resultados semelhantes foram relatados por Brugada e cols. <sup>12</sup>, com uma m&#233;dia de sete aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia em quatro pacientes consecutivos.</p>
      <p>Alguns autores por&#233;m utilizam formas de mapeamento associadas: atrav&#233;s de estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial na superf&#237;cie atrial do anel tricusp&#237;deo, determinam o local de menor est&#237;mulo-Delta e nesta regi&#227;o &#233; feita uma procura minuciosa do potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o da fibra, em ritmo sinusal <sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cappato e cols. <sup>18</sup> descreveram uma t&#233;cnica de mapeamento na qual eram feitas tentativas de provocar bloqueio mec&#226;nico na condu&#231;&#227;o pela fibra de Mahaim atrav&#233;s da manipula&#231;&#227;o do cateter, e, neste local, realizadas aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia. Como j&#225; relatado, o bloqueio na condu&#231;&#227;o em uma fibra de Mahaim por um trauma mec&#226;nico &#233; acompanhado de desaparecimento do seu potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o, e que a condu&#231;&#227;o pela fibra pode n&#227;o retornar durante o mesmo procedimento <sup>10</sup>. Assim, caso o cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o fique est&#225;vel no local do bloqueio, a aplica&#231;&#227;o pode n&#227;o ser exata, deixando d&#250;vidas quanto ao resultado. Fato ocorrido nos dois primeiros pacientes de nossa s&#233;rie; ap&#243;s o bloqueio mec&#226;nico, onde n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel registrar potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o das fibras, resultando em uma segunda sess&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s esses primeiros casos passamos a utilizar rotineiramente introdutores longos, com curvas pr&#233;-moldadas para vias laterais e p&#243;stero-laterais direitas (SR3 e SR4), que garantiram maior estabilidade do cateter.</p>
      <p>Concluindo, o mapeamento do anel tricusp&#237;deo, em ritmo sinusal, em busca do registro do potencial de ativa&#231;&#227;o da fibra de Mahaim, pode ser utilizado como &#250;nico crit&#233;rio para abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter destas fibras, demonstrando ser m&#233;todo eficaz e seguro.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
