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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bYc7njzBxNGqbTPRRxJyfPx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2003000100005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(03)08000105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2003000100005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predictive factors of in-hospital mortality and of severe perioperative complications in myocardial revascularization surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Fuscaldi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Couto</surname>
            <given-names>Br&#225;ulio Roberto G. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Starling</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FIOCRUZ</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisa Ren&#233; Rachou </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2003</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>80</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>51</fpage>
      <lpage>60</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To investigate preoperative predictive factors of severe perioperative intercurrent events and in-hospital mortality in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and to develop specific models of risk prediction for these events, mainly those that can undergo changes in the preoperative period. METHODS: We prospectively studied 453 patients who had undergone CABG. Factors independently associated with the events of interest were determined with multiple logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS: The mortality rate was 11.3% (51/453), and 21.2% of the patients had 1 or more perioperative intercurrent events. In the final model, the following variables remained associated with the risk of intercurrent events: age &lt;FONT FACE=Symbol&gt;&#179;&lt;/FONT&gt; 70 years, female sex, hospitalization via SUS (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de - the Brazilian public health system), cardiogenic shock, ischemia, and dependence on dialysis. Using multiple logistic regression for in-hospital mortality, the following variables participated in the model of risk prediction: age &lt;FONT FACE=Symbol&gt;&#179;&lt;/FONT&gt; 70 years, female sex, hospitalization via SUS, diabetes, renal dysfunction, and cardiogenic shock. According to the Cox regression model for death within the 7 days following surgery, the following variables remained associated with mortality: age &lt;FONT FACE=Symbol&gt;&#179;&lt;/FONT&gt; 70 years, female sex, cardiogenic shock, and hospitalization via SUS. CONCLUSION: The aspects linked to the structure of the Brazilian health system, such as factors of great impact on the results obtained, indicate that the events investigated also depend on factors that do not relate to the patient's intrinsic condition.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>in-hospital mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>perioperative complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Predictive factors of in-hospital mortality and of severe perioperative complications in myocardial revascularization surgery</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fernanda Fuscaldi Almeida; Sandhi Maria Barreto; Br&#225;ulio Roberto G. M. Couto; Carlos E. F. Starling</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais and Centro de Pesquisa Ren&#233; Rachou, FIOCRUZ Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Address to correspondence</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To investigate preoperative predictive factors of severe perioperative intercurrent events and in-hospital mortality in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and to develop specific models of risk prediction for these events, mainly those that can undergo changes in the preoperative period. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We prospectively studied 453 patients who had undergone CABG. Factors independently associated with the events of interest were determined with multiple logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression model. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mortality rate was 11.3% (51/453), and 21.2% of the patients had 1 or more perioperative intercurrent events. In the final model, the following variables remained associated with the risk of intercurrent events: age &#179; 70 years, female sex, hospitalization via SUS (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de - the Brazilian public health system), cardiogenic shock, ischemia, and dependence on dialysis. Using multiple logistic regression for in-hospital mortality, the following variables participated in the model of risk prediction: age &#179; 70 years, female sex, hospitalization via SUS, diabetes, renal dysfunction, and cardiogenic shock. According to the Cox regression model for death within the 7 days following surgery, the following variables remained associated with mortality: age &#179; 70 years, female sex, cardiogenic shock, and hospitalization via SUS. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The aspects linked to the structure of the Brazilian health system, such as factors of great impact on the results obtained, indicate that the events investigated also depend on factors that do not relate to the patient's intrinsic condition.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words: </bold>myocardial revascularization surgery, in-hospital mortality, perioperative complications</p>
    <p>At the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, cardiovascular diseases accounted for less than 10% of the deaths in the world. At the end of that century, that group of diseases accounted for approximately half of the deaths in the developed countries and 25% of the deaths in developing countries. In 2020, cardiovascular diseases are estimated to ount for 25 million deaths per year, and ischemic heart diseases will surpass infectious diseases as the first cause of death in the world <sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>In Brazil, cardiovascular diseases lead the causes of death and hospitalization, accounting for 32.6% of the deaths with a determined cause. From 1996 to 1999, cardiovascular diseases accounted for 9% of the hospitalizations via SUS (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de - the Brazilian public health system), being the major cause of hospitalization in the population aged 40 to 59 years (17%) and in the population aged 60 or above (29%). Ischemic cardiac diseases accounted for 29.6% of the deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, the mean mortality rate of this group of diseases being 46.4 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants/year in the period <sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Mortality due to ischemic heart diseases varies widely among countries and among regions in the same country. Recent data from the MONICA Project <sup>3</sup> relative to a 10-year period of study with 37 different populations indicate a reduction in ischemic cardiac events and related mortality rates in most countries. Multiple aspects have contributed to this favorable tendency, including the reduction in the prevalence of risk factors, the improvement in health care and the increase in access to it, and new methods of diagnosis and treatment <sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>The number of myocardial revascularization surgeries increased 227% in the United States from 1979 to 1997, and, in 1997, approximately 366,000 patients underwent this surgical procedure. In that country, approximately 1 in every 1,000 individuals undergoes myocardial revascularization surgery per year, which results in costs of $ 50 billion annually <sup>6</sup>. The introduction of percutaneous coronary intervention slowed down the progression of myocardial revascularization surgery <sup>7</sup>, which, however, remained as 1 of the most frequently performed surgeries. In-hospital mortality after isolated myocardial revascularization surgery declined over the period from 1967 to the 1980s. From the 1990s onwards, the morbidity and mortality rates have been constant or shown a mild increase <sup>8</sup>. In Brazil, the hospitalizations via SUS related to myocardial revascularization surgeries comprised a total of 1,465 in 2001, representing a 27% increase as compared with data from 1996 (1,157). The mean in-hospital mortality rate during this period was 7.4% <sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>The tendency towards stabilization or mild increase in the mortality indices after myocardial revascularization surgery worldwide may reflect alterations in the type of patient undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery over time, particularly with the appearance of the percutaneous revascularization procedures. Compared with patients from the 1970s, the current population undergoing surgery is characterized by older people, a high percentage of females, presence of poor cardiac condition (unstable angina, three-vessel disease, previous revascularization, left ventricular dysfunction) and association with other diseases (hypertension, diabetes, and peripheral vascular disease), comprising a more severely ill population <sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Raw (overall) rates of mortality and of complications, however, do not allow a precise evaluation of the institutional results related to the surgical procedures for cardiovascular diseases. Assessment of the severity of the illness of the population undergoing cardiac surgery and the use of this information to stratify the risk is fundamental to adjust the indicators of mortality and complications according to the degree of compromise of the patients, and, consequently, to allow valid comparisons of the results in the same institution over time and among institutions <sup>12-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>In Brazil, punctual initiatives for quantifying the results related to myocardial revascularization surgery are limited to overall indicators, particularly mortality, ignoring the characterization of the severity of the surgical population. The lack of epidemiological studies to predict the risk of mortality in myocardial revascularization surgery in our country hinders valid comparisons with the mortality rates reported by different institutions.</p>
    <p>We report the results of a prospective study with patients who had undergone myocardial revascularization surgery to identify predictive factors of in-hospital mortality and of severe perioperative intercurrent events. A p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Methods</bold>
    </p>
    <p>This study was carried out in a medium-sized (250 beds) tertiary care general hospital and referral center for cardiac surgery in the city of Belo Horizonte, in the state of Minas Gerais, from March 1996 to March 1999. At that hospital, a mean of 30 cardiac surgeries is performed per month. The population studied comprised all patients who underwent myocardial revascularization surgery. The surgical procedures without extracorporeal circulation or aortic clamp were also included in this study.</p>
    <p>Based on a literature review, 4 models of mortality risk prediction in cardiac surgery were selected <sup>15-18</sup> as a basis for structuring the assessment protocol of the patients. All risk factors included in the final models of risk prediction in those studies were included in our final protocol in addition to other factors considered pertinent by the authors that were available in the patient's medical record. The final protocol comprised 5 groups of variables as follows: demographic variables and those related to lifestyle, concomitant clinical problems, assessment of the cardiovascular system, priority degree of the surgery, and data referring to the surgical procedure itself. The variable "team" was structured aiming at grouping the surgeons of the institution considering the following working similarities: technical approach, type of patients, and work routine. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="quadro1">Chart I</xref> shows the list of variables included in the protocol.</p>
    <fig id="quadro1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Data collection was performed by the major investigator, the major source of data being the medical records. The patients who met the inclusion criteria were followed up from their admission to the surgical block onwards, and their data referring to the pre-, peri-, and postoperative periods were recorded in a specific form. The periodicity of data collection varied, being daily in the intensive care unit and 3 times a week in the other hospitalization units. Peri- and postoperative complications were recorded in open field. Periodical assessment of the records of the surgical cardiac procedures performed enabled the identification of all patients who died during surgery, avoiding loosing information of this specific group, and also enabled checking occasional losses of patients due to changes in data collection flow. The database was structured with EPI-INFO software. Data input was performed on a monthly basis with parallel consistency analysis and correction of occasional errors.</p>
    <p>The following dependent variables were considered: in-hospital death due to all causes during or after myocardial revascularization surgery, and severe intercurrent events during the procedure (acute myocardial infarction, low cardiac output, arrhythmias, increased bleeding, cardiopulmonary arrest, and hemodynamic instability).</p>
    <p>We chose to include "death due to all causes" in the place of "death due to cardiac cause" because of the difficulty in establishing the cause of death in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery with a complicated clinical evolution.</p>
    <p>The analysis of severe intercurrent events was limited to the perioperative period, because the immediate postoperative (24 hours) complications are strongly influenced by the factors related to surgery, therefore not fulfilling the objectives of this study.</p>
    <p>All patients were followed up from the day of the surgery until their hospital discharge or death. The sociodemographic variables and the preoperative conditions contained in the protocol were investigated as potential predictors of death and of severe complications. The following preoperative risk factors were excluded from the study because they had a frequency below 3%: emergency surgery after angioplasty (0.9%), emergency surgery after catheterization (0.2%), left ventricular aneurysm (2.9%), preoperative intra-aortic balloon (0.7%), and acute renal failure (0.2%).</p>
    <p>Considering the equivalence of some variables indicating similar dysfunctions, they were grouped into the 5 following categories for multivariate analysis: type of surgery (reoperation or nonelective surgery, or both), renal dysfunction (dependence on dialysis or creatinine &#179; 1.9 mg/dL, or both), cardiac failure (congestive heart failure or acute pulmonary edema or pulmonary hypertension, or any combination of these), myocardial ischemia (unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction in the 3 weeks preceding surgery), and degree of impairment (stenosis &gt; 50% in 3 coronary arteries or stenosis of the left main coronary artery, or both).</p>
    <p>The factors associated with mortality and with severe complications in the perioperative period were determined with multiple logistic regression. Initially, each variable grouped according to affinities, demographic aspects and lifestyle, concomitant clinical problems, assessment of the cardiovascular system, priority of the surgery, and data referring to the surgical procedure was investigated. Later, the colinearity between the variables in each group and between variables of different groups was investigated. The final model included all variables that showed a statistical association with the event at the level of 0.10 in addition to sex and age, considered, a priori, confounding variables in this study. When 2 or more variables had colinearity, only the one showing the strongest association with the event of interest or with the most plausible clinical significance was included in the final model.</p>
    <p>Survival after myocardial revascularization surgery was analyzed to determine the factors associated with mortality within the first 8 days after surgery. The patients who were discharged or died prior to that period contributed to the study only with the time until the occurrence of 1 of these facts. Kaplan-Meier curves for the time elapsed until death were calculated for the cohort and subgroups according to age and sex. The heterogeneity of the curves was tested using the log-rank test. The multivariate analysis of deaths after surgery was performed with the Cox proportional hazards regression model to assess the predictive effect of each variable on the risk of death.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Results</bold>
    </p>
    <p>In the period studied, 453 patients underwent myocardial revascularization surgery, of whom only 12 (2.6%) underwent another concomitant surgical cardiac procedure (9 aortic valve replacements and 3 mitral valve replacements). <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">Tables I</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tabela2">II</xref> show the characteristics of the patients studied in regard to length of stay (overall, stratified for periods, and at the intensive care unit), the preoperative variables investigated, and data about the surgical procedure.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tabela2"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>The mean age was 61.1 years (&#177; 10.4 years), 22.5% of the patients being 70 years or older. Males represented 67.5% of the patients. The age distribution of the female population differed from that of the male population, with a greater concentration of females older than 59 years (X<sup>2</sup> = 6.24; p = 0.04). In regard to medical insurance coverage, 71.3% of the patients were covered only by the SUS. An increase in the proportion of individuals with other types of coverage (private patients or patients covered by private health plans) was observed as age increased (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Elective surgeries corresponded to 71.7% of the procedures performed. No difference was observed in the distribution of the surgeries grouped by categories in regard to the type of patient's medical insurance coverage at the time of hospitalization.</p>
    <p>Ventricular ejection fraction was determined only in 153 (33.8%) patients, in whom the median of the ventricular ejection fraction was 55%, and 10.5% of the patients showed severe left ventricular dysfunction (ventricular ejection fraction &#163; 35%).</p>
    <p>Although 38.9% of the patients had acute myocardial infarction prior to surgery, only 3.1% experienced it within 7 days from surgery, 4.4% between 7 and 21 days, and 27.6% experienced it more than 21 days before surgery.</p>
    <p>During the procedure, 21.2% of the patients (96/453) had 1 or more severe perioperative intercurrent events (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tab. III</xref>). Six risk factors showed a statistically significant association with the occurrence of an event: age &#179; 70 years, dependence on dialysis, serum creatinine &#179; 1.9 mg/dL, cardiogenic shock, unstable angina, and pulmonary hypertension.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>The incidence of severe postoperative intercurrent event in myocardial revascularization surgery was higher in the extreme age groups: &lt; 50 years (24.6%) and &#179; 70 years (30.4%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>). The incidence was also greater in patients hospitalized via SUS in all age groups and in all surgical categories, except in the elective surgery/reoperation group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Severe perioperative intercurrent events predominated in female patients in all age groups, except in the 60- to 69-year group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>In the final model, the following preoperative variables remained statistically associated with a high risk of intercurrent events: age &#179; 70 years, hospitalization via SUS, cardiogenic shock, ischemia, and dependence on dialysis. The variable ischemia (OR = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.27 &#151; 0.75) showed a protective effect in regard to the event assessed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. IV</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>The overall mortality rate observed was 11.3% (51/453). In the period referring to the day of the surgery (perioperative and immediate postoperative periods), the mortality rate was 3.3% (15/453). Eight (1.8%) patients died in the surgical block, and, in the postoperative period, the mortality rate was 9.7%.</p>
    <p>The results of the univariate analysis of the preoperative risk factors for mortality are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">table III</xref>, where the following 11 risk factors showed a significant association with mortality: age &#179; 70 years, hospitalization via SUS, reoperation, nonelective surgery, dependence on dialysis, diabetes, serum creatinine &#179; 1.9 mg/dL, congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, acute pulmonary edema, and pulmonary hypertension.</p>
    <p>The mortality rate was greater in the population aged 70 years or more (17.6%) as compared with that of the patients aged less than 70 years (9.4%; p=0.02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>). Differences in the mortality rates between the sexes were only observed when stratification by age group occurred. In the group aged &#179; 70 years, the risk of death in females was 2.7 times greater than that in males (p= 0.02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>The mortality rate among individuals hospitalized via SUS was 13.9%, and the risk of death among them was 3.4 times greater than that among individuals covered by private health plans or private patients (p=0.05). All deaths on the day of the surgery occurred in patients hospitalized via SUS (X<sup>2</sup> = 6.2; p=0.01). After that period, no difference was observed in the distribution of deaths in regard to the type of health care coverage at the time of hospitalization (X<sup>2</sup> = 0.64; p=0.42). Among individuals hospitalized via SUS, deaths occurred in all age groups, while in the category of private medical insurance or private patients, deaths were limited to the population aged 60 years or more.</p>
    <p>Nonelective surgeries associated with reoperation had a mortality rate of 33.3%, 5 times greater than that in the reference group (elective/first surgery) (X<sup>2</sup>= 7.93; p= 0.005) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>The patients who developed cardiogenic shock in the preoperative period had an 8.6-time greater risk of death than those without that risk factor (p=0.002). In the population assessed, 10 patients with that condition were identified, and 50% evolved to death. Analyzing death on the day of surgery, this risk became 15 times greater (p=0.003) and it increased to 36 times when, in addition to shock, the patient had been hospitalized via SUS (p=0.0006).</p>
    <p>The final model of mortality risk prediction in myocardial revascularization surgery obtained with multiple logistic regression is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table IV</xref>. The following variables comprise the model: age &#179; 70 years, female sex, hospitalization via SUS, diabetes, renal dysfunction, and cardiogenic shock.</p>
    <p>Analyzing survival, 72.5% (37/51) of the deaths occurred within 8 days after the procedure, including the day of surgery. The Kaplan-Meier curves indicated the following risk factors for shorter survival in myocardial revascularization surgery: health care coverage via SUS (p=0.01), perioperative cardiogenic shock (p&lt;0.001), and diabetes (p=0.04). Overall survival and that stratified by age, sex, and type of health care coverage are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figure 5</xref>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table IV</xref> shows the Cox regression model for the risk of death. The variables age &#179; 70 years, female sex, preoperative cardiogenic shock, and hospitalization via SUS remained in the model significantly interfering with the risk of death.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discussion</bold>
    </p>
    <p>This study attempted to clarify the impact of factors intrinsic to the patient and the aspects regarding health care assistance on 2 events related to myocardial revascularization surgery: severe perioperative intercurrent events and in-hospital mortality.</p>
    <p>The following preoperative conditions were identified as important predictors of both mortality and severe perioperative intercurrent events: cardiogenic shock, renal dysfunction, and type of health care coverage at the time of hospitalization.</p>
    <p>Our results significantly differ from most of the models of risk prediction in cardiac surgery <sup>15-24</sup>, because we identified a more restricted number of variables. This difference may be partially due to the smaller number of patients included in our study and to the fact of not following the patients after hospital discharge.</p>
    <p>Age &#179; 70 years was a risk factor for both mortality and severe perioperative intercurrent events, although its statistical significance was borderline for the latter. Age is a critical determinant of complications and mortality after cardiac surgery in most studies, although the importance attributed to age varies widely <sup>15-18,22</sup>. Loss of physiological reserve with aging, which affects the various systems in different degrees, contributes to the elevated morbidity in the elderly population, especially regarding noncardiac complications, such as renal dysfunction, neurological dysfunction, or multiple organ failure <sup>17,25</sup>.</p>
    <p>The increased risk for complications and mortality after cardiac surgery among females <sup>15,17-22,24</sup> has been attributed to several factors, such as the reduced body surface <sup>15,16</sup>, the smaller diameter of the arteries in the female sex <sup>26</sup>, and the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic heart diseases in more advanced stages among females, because of the inappropriate approach of female chest pain <sup>17,27,28</sup>. Factors, such as the reduction in estrogen with age, may influence the differences in risk found between the sexes. Although in our study no statistical association of the female sex with the events assessed has been found, this variable was maintained in the final models, because of the potential confounding effect attributed to it.</p>
    <p>Some elements (priority of surgery and reoperation), although important predictors of mortality in other studies <sup>18-20,22</sup>, have a degree of subjectivity that makes their use difficult. The classification of the surgery as urgent or emergency, for example, is extremely subjective. In the present study, even classifying the surgeries as elective and nonelective, that variable was significant only for mortality in the univariate analysis and was not maintained in the final model. Colinearity was observed in the combined variable "category of surgery", which aggregates priority of surgery and reoperation with preoperative cardiogenic shock in predicting mortality, and maintenance of the last variable in the final model was chosen due to its strongest association with the response event.</p>
    <p>One of the important aspects of this study is the presence of the variable hospitalization via SUS as a predictor of perioperative intercurrent event and mortality in myocardial revascularization surgery. This aspect leads us to the question of inequality that characterizes our society, permeating all the spheres of Brazilian life, including health care <sup>29-31</sup>. Hospitalization via SUS may be interpreted in this context as a marker of the patient's specific conditions (worse economic and life conditions) and of the structure of health care assistance (access to diagnosis and time elapsed until health care assistance) <sup>29</sup>. This structure is characterized by a greater difficulty in accessing specific medical actions, especially for patients living in the countryside, which may lead to worsening of the clinical findings and a delay in scheduling surgery. This is very clear when the risk of death on the day of surgery and in the following period is stratified. The impact of hospitalization via SUS concentrates in mortality in the perioperative period and in the immediate postoperative period (on the same day of surgery): all patients who evolved to death were covered by SUS at the time of hospitalization. The severity of the clinical findings of these patients is well characterized by the presence of preoperative cardiogenic shock: of the 6 patients covered by SUS who developed that condition, 67% died, 50% on the day of surgery. A contrary situation was observed with the other 4 patients who had cardiogenic shock and were not covered by SUS: only 1 patient died in the postoperative period. In the preoperative period, the mean length of stay in the intensive care unit was 9.5 days for the patients covered by SUS (0 &#151; 23 days) and 2.3 days for the other patients (0 - 4 days). Although not significant, this difference is 1 more indicator of the severity of this group of patients.</p>
    <p>The overall and postoperative lengths of stay in the intensive care unit were similar for the patients covered by SUS and the others. The difference observed in the preoperative length of stay may reflect social problems of the patients covered by SUS, who are many times referred from other municipalities, and, not rarely, with no condition to undergo preoperative examinations at an ambulatory level. In addition, delay in performing the procedure with several episodes of surgery suspension during hospitalization was observed.</p>
    <p>Although certain noncardiac diseases have been intuitively considered important predictors of severe perioperative intercurrent events and mortality in myocardial revascularization surgery, in the present study only diabetes and renal dysfunction remained in the final model. These findings are in accordance with the results of several other studies <sup>15-17,20,22,24</sup> and favor a causal association between these variables and in-hospital mortality and perioperative intercurrent events.</p>
    <p>The definitions for renal dysfunction vary among the studies, some of which consider high levels of serum creatinine <sup>16,17,21,24</sup> and others value the dependence on dialysis <sup>22</sup>. In this study, these 2 definitions were maintained as separate variables. In the analysis, an additional variable, renal dysfunction, was created and defined as the presence of at least 1 of the 2 alterations. This additional variable was included in the model of mortality prediction. In the predicting model of severe perioperative intercurrent event, dependence on dialysis was more significant than elevated levels of serum creatinine or the combination of the 2 variables. The prevalence of the dependence on dialysis was low in the cardiac surgical population, which was evident in the population assessed, and that association should be seen with caution.</p>
    <p>The importance of the variable "cardiogenic shock" was verified in all models developed. As a predictor of mortality, it is related to the perioperative period and the immediate postoperative period. As a severe clinical expression of left ventricular failure, shock has been associated with extensive myocardial lesion of that ventricle in 40% of the cases, and in more than 80% of the patients with acute myocardial infarction, when present. The remaining cases correspond to mechanical defects, such as rupture of the ventricular septum or the papillary muscle, or right ventricular infarction <sup>32,33</sup>. Recent estimates point to an incidence of approximately 7% of cardiogenic shock in patients with acute myocardial infarction, 10% of whom have this condition on hospital admission, while the remaining 90% develop that complication during hospitalization <sup>34</sup>. The same authors showed a drop in the early mortality rate from 70%-80% in the 1970s to 50%- 60% in the 1990s in the group of patients with this condition associated with acute myocardial infarction. In this study, the mortality rate of patients with cardiogenic shock undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery was 50% in the perioperative period, 30% in the immediate postoperative period, and 20% in the middle and late postoperative periods.</p>
    <p>An aspect that draws attention in the model of risk prediction for severe perioperative intercurrent events is the presence of the variable ischemia with a protective effect (OR = 0.47). Considering that this variable results from gathering the individuals with a history of acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina in the 3 weeks preceding surgery, or both, a possible explanation for this finding may be the difference in the patients' assistance, in regard to more intensive care and more strict preoperative clinical control. This aspect, however, deserves further investigation.</p>
    <p>The Cox proportional hazards regression model allowed analyzing data from the study considering the time elapsed until death, adjusting with covariables. We chose the 7-day follow-up because of the greater frequency of deaths in this period (73%) and to reduce follow-up losses, and, consequently, the bias potential. In the final model, the permanence of the variable "cardiogenic shock" reflects its impact on early mortality, because all deaths with this condition occurred up to the first postoperative day. The presence of diabetes, although significant in the univariate analysis, did not remain in the final model of survival. Colinearity was observed between this condition and the type of health care coverage as follows: of the 12 patients with diabetes who evolved to death, 11 were under the SUS coverage. The renal dysfunction variable, both in univariate and multivariate analyses, did not show a significant association with death. The colinearity with sex may explain this behavior as follows: of the 15 patients with renal dysfunction analyzed, 13 were males and 3 died.</p>
    <p>The need to characterize the surgical population in regard to the risk of death or complications resulted in several studies conducted in developed countries and proposals of predicting models of peri- and postoperative risk <sup>15-24</sup>. The major objective of stratifying the population in regard to risk is to estimate the preoperative surgical risk and the variables that may undergo intervention in this phase. In addition, stratification of the patients in regard to surgical risk allows studying the effect of technical alterations, of the dynamics of the medical assistance, and of the working process on the variations and trends of the indicators of mortality and morbidity, independent of the nature and severity of the cases.</p>
    <p>Several discussions have been carried out involving the question of impact of the models of risk prediction on the evaluation and improvement of the quality of health. For many medical professionals, the major question is how, regarding the patients, a system of risk prediction can help in individual decisions. The question is: does statistics apply to the individual? An aspect to be considered is that the models of risk prediction do not accurately estimate the risk of intercurrent events or death for all patients, because they derive from a group of commonly found variables, not considering the infrequent characteristics occurring in the population, and can be decisive for the result of a particular individual. Variables that tend not to be identified as important in studies with small populations due to its rarity can be important in the individual risk expression of the patient. Although patients have some unique characteristics, they also have many other characteristics in common, and the consideration of the similarities allows anticipating risks and foretelling results for the group. Another important aspect is the possibility of interfering with the results expected, optimizing the condition of the surgical patient, ensuring maximum control upon the modifiable variables.</p>
    <p>However, it is worth noting that this study has some limitations. The most important one refers to the small size of the population studied, which limits the detection power of the study. Some practical questions made the patients' follow-up for a period of 30 days, as in some studies <sup>15,16,21,23,24</sup>, difficult after hospital discharge. Longer follow-up of patients undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery at the institution and the conduction of multicenter studies are required to refine and validate the variables identified in this study. Another important aspect is the lack of some pieces of information for some patients, such as ejection fraction, which were identified in several studies as predictors of in-hospital death after myocardial revascularization surgery. This lack reinforces the need for standardizing comprehensive and well-structured protocols at all hospitals performing this type of surgery.</p>
    <p>Finally, it is worth noting that the quality of health care assistance depends on a series of factors, not only on the patient's intrinsic condition, even in more risky procedures, such as myocardial revascularization surgeries. The models of risk prediction developed in this study draw attention to aspects regarding the structure of the health care system as factors of great impact on the results obtained. These results are particularly important because these conditions may be modified by measures and policies of general and specific planning that aim at eliminating the inequalities in health care assistance and at improving in-hospital assistance performance.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Address to correspondence</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Sandhi Maria Barreto </p>
        <p> Laborat&#243;rio de Epidemiologia, Centro de Pesquisa Ren&#233; Rachou </p>
        <p> Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 </p>
        <p> 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="sbarreto@cpqrr.fiocruz.br">sbarreto@cpqrr.fiocruz.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Fatores preditores da mortalidade hospitalar e de complica&#231;&#245;es per-operat&#243;rias graves em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>OBJETIVO: Investigar os fatores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios preditores de intercorr&#234;ncia per-operat&#243;ria grave e mortalidade hospitalar em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRVM) e desenvolver modelos espec&#237;ficos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco para esses eventos. M&#201;TODOS: Estudados prospectivamente, 453 pacientes submetidos a CRVM. Fatores associados de forma independente aos eventos de interesse foram determinados atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla e regress&#227;o proporcional de Cox. RESULTADOS: A taxa de mortalidade foi de 11,3% (51/453) e 21,2% dos pacientes apresentaram uma ou mais intercorr&#234;ncias per-operat&#243;rias. Permaneceram no modelo final, como associadas ao risco de intercorr&#234;ncia, as vari&#225;veis: idade &lt;FONT FACE=Symbol&gt;&#179;&lt;/font&gt;70 anos, sexo feminino, interna&#231;&#227;o pelo SUS, choque cardiog&#234;nico, isquemia e depend&#234;ncia de di&#225;lise. Para mortalidade hospitalar, usando regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, as seguintes vari&#225;veis compuseram o modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco: idade  &gt; ou = 70 anos, sexo feminino, interna&#231;&#227;o pelo SUS, diabetes, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e choque cardiog&#234;nico. No modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox para &#243;bito at&#233; 7 dias, a partir da cirurgia, as vari&#225;veis idade  &gt; ou = 70 anos, sexo feminino, choque cardiog&#234;nico e interna&#231;&#227;o pelo SUS mantiveram-se associadas &#224; mortalidade. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os aspectos ligados &#224; estrutura do sistema de sa&#250;de no pa&#237;s, como fatores de grande impacto nos resultados obtidos, indicam que os eventos investigados dependem tamb&#233;m de fatores alheios &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca do paciente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>mortalidade hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>complica&#231;&#245;es per-operat&#243;rias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="topo-body2"/>Fatores preditores da mortalidade hospitalar e de complica&#231;&#245;es per-operat&#243;rias graves em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fernanda Fuscaldi Almeida; Sandhi Maria Barreto; Br&#225;ulio Roberto G. M. Couto; Carlos E. F. Starling</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e Centro de Pesquisa Ren&#233; Rachou, FIOCRUZ</p>
      <p>Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
      <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Investigar os fatores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios preditores de intercorr&#234;ncia per-operat&#243;ria grave e mortalidade hospitalar em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRVM) e desenvolver modelos espec&#237;ficos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco para esses eventos.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudados prospectivamente, 453 pacientes submetidos a CRVM. Fatores associados de forma independente aos eventos de interesse foram determinados atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla e regress&#227;o proporcional de Cox.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A taxa de mortalidade foi de 11,3% (51/453) e 21,2% dos pacientes apresentaram uma ou mais intercorr&#234;ncias per-operat&#243;rias. Permaneceram no modelo final, como associadas ao risco de intercorr&#234;ncia, as vari&#225;veis: idade &#179;70 anos, sexo feminino, interna&#231;&#227;o pelo SUS, choque cardiog&#234;nico, isquemia e depend&#234;ncia de di&#225;lise. Para mortalidade hospitalar, usando regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, as seguintes vari&#225;veis compuseram o modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco: idade &#179;70 anos, sexo feminino, interna&#231;&#227;o pelo SUS, diabetes, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e choque cardiog&#234;nico. No modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox para &#243;bito at&#233; 7 dias, a partir da cirurgia, as vari&#225;veis idade &#179;70 anos, sexo feminino, choque cardiog&#234;nico e interna&#231;&#227;o pelo SUS mantiveram-se associadas &#224; mortalidade.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os aspectos ligados &#224; estrutura do sistema de sa&#250;de no pa&#237;s, como fatores de grande impacto nos resultados obtidos, indicam que os eventos investigados dependem tamb&#233;m de fatores alheios &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca do paciente.</p>
      <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, mortalidade hospitalar, complica&#231;&#245;es per-operat&#243;rias</p>
      <p>No in&#237;cio do s&#233;culo XX, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares contribu&#237;am com menos de 10% dos &#243;bitos no mundo. Ao final desse, o grupo de doen&#231;as foi respons&#225;vel por, aproximadamente, metade dos &#243;bitos nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e 25% nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Estima-se que em 2020, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares contribuir&#227;o com 25 milh&#245;es de &#243;bitos, anualmente, e as doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o suplantar&#227;o as doen&#231;as infecciosas, como a primeira causa de mortalidade no mundo <sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>No Brasil, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ocupam a lideran&#231;a das causas de &#243;bito e interna&#231;&#227;o no Brasil, correspondendo a 32,6% dos &#243;bitos com causa determinada. Entre 1996 e 1999, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares contribu&#237;ram com 9% das interna&#231;&#245;es do SUS (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de), sendo a primeira causa de interna&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o de 40 a 59 anos (17%) e na faixa et&#225;ria de 60 anos ou mais (29%). As doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o contribu&#237;ram com 29,6% dos &#243;bitos por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, sendo a taxa de mortalidade m&#233;dia referente a esse grupo de doen&#231;as de 46,4 &#243;bitos por 100.000 habitantes/ ano no per&#237;odo <sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>A mortalidade por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o varia amplamente entre pa&#237;ses e entre regi&#245;es em um mesmo pa&#237;s. Dados recentes do Projeto MONICA, relativos a 10 anos de estudo em 37 popula&#231;&#245;es diferentes, indicam redu&#231;&#227;o dos eventos isqu&#234;micos card&#237;acos e taxas de mortalidade relacionadas, na maioria dos pa&#237;ses <sup>3</sup>. M&#250;ltiplos aspectos t&#234;m contribu&#237;do para esta tend&#234;ncia favor&#225;vel, incluindo a redu&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco, aumento do acesso e melhoria da assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de e novos m&#233;todos de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento <sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>O n&#250;mero de cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio aumentou 227% nos Estados Unidos, de 1979 a 1997, e em 1997, aproximadamente 366.000 pacientes foram submetidos a esse procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Nesse pa&#237;s, aproximadamente um em cada 1.000 indiv&#237;duos &#233; submetido a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio por ano, resultando em gastos da ordem de $50 bilh&#245;es anualmente <sup>6</sup>. A introdu&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea freou o crescimento das cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio <sup>7</sup>, por&#233;m, permanecendo como uma das cirurgias mais realizadas. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio isolada, declinou no per&#237;odo de 1967 &#224; d&#233;cada de 80. A partir dos anos 90, as taxas de morbidade e mortalidade t&#234;m se mostrado constantes ou com um ligeiro aumento <sup>8</sup>. No Brasil, as interna&#231;&#245;es pelo SUS relacionadas &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio totalizaram 1.465 em 2001, representando um acr&#233;scimo de 27% em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados de 1996 (1.157). A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar m&#233;dia nesse per&#237;odo foi 7,4% <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>A tend&#234;ncia de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o ou ligeiro aumento dos &#237;ndices de mortalidade p&#243;s-cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio no mundo reflete, possivelmente, altera&#231;&#245;es do tipo de paciente submetido &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ao longo do tempo, particularmente com o advento dos procedimentos percut&#226;neos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes da d&#233;cada de 70, atualmente, a popula&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica &#233; caracterizada por idosos, alto percentual de mulheres, presen&#231;a de condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas prec&#225;rias (angina inst&#225;vel, doen&#231;a trivascular, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) e outras doen&#231;as associadas (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica), configurando uma popula&#231;&#227;o de maior gravidade <sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Taxas brutas (globais) de mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es, por&#233;m, n&#227;o permitem a avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa de resultados institucionais, relacionados aos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, para doen&#231;a cardiovascular. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da popula&#231;&#227;o submetida a cirurgia card&#237;aca e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desta informa&#231;&#227;o na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco &#233; fundamental para ajustar os indicadores de mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es pela gravidade dos pacientes e, consequentemente, permitir compara&#231;&#245;es v&#225;lidas de resultados atrav&#233;s do tempo em uma mesma institui&#231;&#227;o e entre institui&#231;&#245;es <sup>12-14</sup>.</p>
      <p>No Brasil, iniciativas pontuais de quantifica&#231;&#227;o de resultados relacionados &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio se restringem a indicadores globais, particularmente mortalidade, prescindindo da caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da popula&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. A inexist&#234;ncia de estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de mortalidade em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio no pa&#237;s impede compara&#231;&#245;es v&#225;lidas das taxas de mortalidade apresentadas por diferentes institui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados de um estudo prospectivo de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio para identificar fatores preditores da mortalidade intra-hospitalar e de intercorr&#234;ncia per-operat&#243;ria graves.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Estudo conduzido em um hospital geral de m&#233;dio porte (250 leitos), de cuidados terci&#225;rios e centro de refer&#234;ncia em cirurgia card&#237;aca, situado na cidade de Belo Horizonte, (MG), de mar&#231;o/96 a mar&#231;o/99. No hospital s&#227;o realizadas em m&#233;dia 30 cirurgias card&#237;acas/m&#234;s. Todos os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio constitu&#237;ram a popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo. Os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos sem circula&#231;&#227;o extra-corp&#243;rea ou clampagem da aorta tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      <p>A partir da revis&#227;o da literatura, foram selecionados quatro modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de mortalidade em cirurgia card&#237;aca <sup>15-18</sup> como base para estrutura&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes. Todos os fatores de risco inclu&#237;dos nos modelos finais de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco desses estudos fizeram parte do protocolo final, acrescido de outros fatores considerados pertinentes pelos autores e dispon&#237;veis no prontu&#225;rio do paciente. O protocolo final foi composto de cinco grupos de vari&#225;veis: vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e relacionadas aos h&#225;bitos de vida, problemas cl&#237;nicos coexistentes, avalia&#231;&#227;o do sistema cardiovascular, grau de prioridade da cirurgia e dados referentes ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico propriamente dito. A vari&#225;vel equipe foi estruturada com o objetivo de agrupar os cirurgi&#245;es da institui&#231;&#227;o considerando similaridades de trabalho: abordagem t&#233;cnica, tipo de pacientes e rotina de trabalho. O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="quadro1-body2">quadro I</xref> mostra a listagem das vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no protocolo.</p>
      <fig id="quadro1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada pelo investigador principal tendo como principal fonte de dados o prontu&#225;rio. Os pacientes que preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o eram acompanhados a partir da entrada no bloco cir&#250;rgico, com registro dos dados referentes ao per&#237;odo pr&#233;, per e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em formul&#225;rio espec&#237;fico. A periodicidade da coleta era di&#225;ria na unidade de terapia intensiva e tr&#234;s vezes por semana nas unidades de interna&#231;&#227;o. As complica&#231;&#245;es per e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias foram registradas em campo aberto. A avalia&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica dos registros dos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos card&#237;acos realizados possibilitou identificar todos os pacientes com &#243;bito durante o ato operat&#243;rio, evitando perdas de informa&#231;&#245;es desse grupo espec&#237;fico, bem como checar eventuais perdas de pacientes por altera&#231;&#245;es no fluxo de coleta. O banco de dados foi estruturado no programa EPI-INFO. A entrada dos dados foi realizada mensalmente com an&#225;lise de consist&#234;ncia paralela e corre&#231;&#227;o de eventuais erros.</p>
      <p>Foram consideradas como vari&#225;veis dependentes &#243;bito intra-hospitalar por todas as causas durante ou ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e intercorr&#234;ncias graves ocorridas no decorrer do procedimento (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, arritmias, sangramento aumentado, parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica).</p>
      <p>Optamos pela inclus&#227;o dos &#243;bitos por todas as causas no lugar do &#243;bito com causa card&#237;aca devido &#224; dificuldade em estabelecer a causa de morte em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio com evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica complicada.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise das intercorr&#234;ncias graves restringiu-se ao per&#237;odo per-operat&#243;rio, uma vez que as complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias imediatas (24h de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio) s&#227;o influenciadas de forma importante pelos fatores relacionados &#224; cirurgia, n&#227;o atendendo, portanto, aos objetivos deste estudo.</p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes foram seguidos do dia da cirurgia at&#233; o &#243;bito ou alta hospitalar. As vari&#225;veis s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficas e de condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias contidas no protocolo foram investigadas como potencialmente preditoras de &#243;bito e da complica&#231;&#227;o grave. Por apresentar uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia abaixo de 3%, os seguintes fatores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise: cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia p&#243;s-angioplastia (0,9%), cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia p&#243;s-cateterismo (0,2%), aneurisma de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (2,9%), bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (0,7%), insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (0,2%).</p>
      <p>Tendo em vista a equival&#234;ncia de algumas vari&#225;veis, indicadoras de disfun&#231;&#245;es similares, estas foram agrupadas em cinco categorias para an&#225;lise multivariada: tipo de cirurgia (reopera&#231;&#227;o e/ou cirurgia n&#227;o-eletiva), disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (depend&#234;ncia de di&#225;lise e/ou creatinina &#179; 1,9mg/dl), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e/ou edema agudo de pulm&#227;o e/ou hipertens&#227;o pulmonar), isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (angina inst&#225;vel e/ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio nas tr&#234;s semanas pr&#233;vias &#224; cirurgia), grau de acometimento (estenose &gt;50% em tr&#234;s coron&#225;rias e/ou estenose de tronco esquerdo).</p>
      <p>Os fatores associados &#224; mortalidade e a complica&#231;&#245;es graves no per-operat&#243;rio foram determinados atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla. Inicialmente, foi investigada cada uma das vari&#225;veis agrupadas segundo afinidades, aspectos demogr&#225;ficos e h&#225;bitos de vida, problemas cl&#237;nicos coexistentes, avalia&#231;&#227;o do sistema cardiovascular, prioridade da cirurgia e dados referentes ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Posteriormente, foi investigada a colinearidade entre vari&#225;veis de cada grupo e entre vari&#225;veis de grupos distintos. Incluindo o modelo final todas as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica com o evento ao n&#237;vel de 0,10 al&#233;m do sexo e idade, consideradas, a priori, como vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o neste estudo. Quando duas ou mais vari&#225;veis apresentaram colinearidade, foi inclu&#237;da no modelo final apenas aquela que tinha apresentado associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte com o evento de interesse ou com significado cl&#237;nico mais plaus&#237;vel.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de sobrevida ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foi realizada para determinar os fatores associados com a mortalidade nos oito dias a partir da cirurgia. Os pacientes que tiveram alta ou faleceram antes desse per&#237;odo contribu&#237;ram para o estudo apenas com o tempo at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia de um desses fatos. Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para o tempo at&#233; o &#243;bito foram calculadas para o coorte e subgrupos segundo a idade e sexo. A heterogeneidade das curvas foi testada usando o teste log-rank. A an&#225;lise multivariada dos &#243;bitos p&#243;s cir&#250;rgicos foi feita usando o modelo de risco proporcional de Cox para avaliar o efeito preditor de cada uma das vari&#225;veis no risco de &#243;bito. Foi considerado significante um valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No per&#237;odo do estudo, 453 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, sendo que apenas 12 (2,6%) apresentaram outro procedimento cir&#250;rgico card&#237;aco concomitante, nove trocas de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica e tr&#234;s trocas de v&#225;lvula mitral. As <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">tabelas I</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tabela2-body2">II</xref> apresentam as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes avaliados, quanto ao tempo de perman&#234;ncia (global, estratificado por per&#237;odos e em unidade de terapia intensiva), vari&#225;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias investigadas e dados do procedimento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gt01-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tabela2-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-e01-pt.jpg"/></p>
      <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi 61,1 anos (&#177;10,4 anos), sendo 22,5% com idade &#179;70 anos. Os indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino corresponderam a 67,5% dos pacientes. A distribui&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria da popula&#231;&#227;o feminina difere da popula&#231;&#227;o masculina, com uma maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de mulheres maiores de 59 anos (X<sup>2</sup> =6,24; p=0,04). Quanto &#224; cobertura, 71,3% eram cobertos apenas pelo SUS. Verifica-se um aumento da propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com outros v&#237;nculos (pacientes particulares ou cobertos por planos de sa&#250;de privados) com aumento da idade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>As cirurgias eletivas corresponderam a 71,7% dos procedimentos realizados. N&#227;o foram verificadas diferen&#231;as na distribui&#231;&#227;o das cirurgias agrupadas por categorias em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de cobertura do paciente &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi determinada apenas em 153 (33,8%) pacientes, onde a mediana da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi de 55%, e 10,5% dos pacientes apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o severa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#163;35%).</p>
      <p>Embora 38,9% dos pacientes tenham apresentado infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio previamente &#224; cirurgia, apenas 3,1% foram acometidos h&#225; menos de sete dias, 4,4% entre sete e 21 dias e 27,6% com um intervalo maior que 21 dias.</p>
      <p>Durante o procedimento, 21,2% dos pacientes (96/453) apresentaram uma ou mais intercorr&#234;ncias graves per-operat&#243;rias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">tab. III</xref>). Seis fatores de risco apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com a ocorr&#234;ncia do evento: idade &#179;70 anos, depend&#234;ncia de di&#225;lise, creatinina s&#233;rica &#179;1,9mg/dl, choque cardiog&#234;nico, angina inst&#225;vel e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gt02-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia de intercorr&#234;ncia grave per-operat&#243;ria p&#243;s-cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foi maior nas faixas et&#225;rias extremas: &lt;50 anos (24,6%) e &#179;70 anos (30,4%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">fig. 2</xref>). A incid&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m foi maior nos pacientes internados pelo SUS em todas as faixas et&#225;rias e em todas as categorias de cirurgia, exceto no grupo cirurgia eletiva/reopera&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Verificou-se predom&#237;nio de intercorr&#234;ncia grave per-operat&#243;ria nos pacientes de sexo feminino em todas as faixas et&#225;rias, exceto no grupo com idade de 60 a 69 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4-body2">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Permaneceram no modelo final, como estatisticamente associadas ao risco elevado de intercorr&#234;ncia, as vari&#225;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias: idade &#179;70 anos, interna&#231;&#227;o pelo SUS, choque cardiog&#234;nico, isquemia e depend&#234;ncia de di&#225;lise. A vari&#225;vel isquemia (OR=0,45; IC95%: 0,27 - 0,75), apresentou um efeito protetor em rela&#231;&#227;o ao evento avaliado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">tab. IV</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gt03-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A taxa de mortalidade global observada foi 11,3% (51/453). No per&#237;odo referente ao dia da cirurgia (per&#237;odo per-operat&#243;rio e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato) a taxa de &#243;bito foi 3,3 % (15/453). Oito (1,8%) &#243;bitos ocorreram no bloco cir&#250;rgico e no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio a taxa de mortalidade foi de 9,7%.</p>
      <p>Os resultados de an&#225;lise univariada dos fatores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios para mortalidade apresentam-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">tabela III</xref>, onde 11 apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a mortalidade, incluindo idade &#179;70 anos, interna&#231;&#227;o pelo SUS, reopera&#231;&#227;o, cirurgia n&#227;o eletiva, depend&#234;ncia de di&#225;lise, diabetes, creatinina s&#233;rica &#179;1,9mg/dl, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, choque cardiog&#234;nico, edema agudo de pulm&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
      <p>A taxa de mortalidade foi maior na popula&#231;&#227;o com idade &#179;70 anos (17,6%) quando comparada aos pacientes &lt; 70 anos (9,4%; p=0,02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">fig. 2</xref>). A diferen&#231;a das taxas de mortalidade entre os sexos, s&#243; &#233; verificada quando h&#225; estratifica&#231;&#227;o por faixa et&#225;ria. No grupo com idade &#179;70 anos o risco de &#243;bito em mulheres foi 2,7 vezes maior que o risco de &#243;bito em homens (p= 0,02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4-body2">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>A taxa de mortalidade entre os indiv&#237;duos atendidos pelo SUS foi de 13,9% e o risco de &#243;bito nesse grupo foi 3,4 vezes maior que no grupo de indiv&#237;duos atendidos atrav&#233;s de plano de sa&#250;de privado ou como particular (p=0,05). Todos os &#243;bitos ocorridos no dia da cirurgia foram referentes a pacientes internados pelo SUS (X<sup>2</sup> = 6,2; p=0,01). Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, n&#227;o foram evidenciadas diferen&#231;as na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;bitos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de cobertura da interna&#231;&#227;o (X<sup>2</sup> = 0,64; p=0,42). Nos indiv&#237;duos atendidos pelo SUS, os &#243;bitos se distribu&#237;ram por todas as faixas et&#225;rias, enquanto na categoria de plano de sa&#250;de privado ou particular, restringiram-se &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o com idade &#179;60 anos.</p>
      <p>As cirurgias n&#227;o-eletivas, associadas &#224; reopera&#231;&#227;o, apresentaram uma taxa de mortalidade de 33,3%, cinco vezes maior que o grupo refer&#234;ncia (eletiva/primeira cirurgia) (X<sup>2</sup>= 7,93; p= 0,005) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>Os pacientes que desenvolveram choque cardiog&#234;nico no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio apresentaram risco de &#243;bito 8,6 vezes maior que aqueles sem esse fator de risco (p=0,002). Na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada, foram identificados 10 pacientes com essa condi&#231;&#227;o e 50% evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito. Quando se analisou &#243;bito no dia da cirurgia, esse risco passou a ser 15 vezes maior (p=0,003) e aumentou para 36 vezes, quando, al&#233;m do choque, o paciente foi internado pelo SUS (p=0,0006).</p>
      <p>O modelo final de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de mortalidade em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio obtido pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla acha-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">tabela IV</xref>. As seguintes vari&#225;veis comp&#245;em o modelo: idade &#179;70 anos, sexo feminino, interna&#231;&#227;o pelo SUS, diabetes, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de sobrevida, 72,5% (37/51) dos &#243;bitos ocorreram at&#233; oito dias, a partir da data do procedimento, incluindo o dia da cirurgia. As curvas de Kaplan-Meier indicaram como fatores de risco para menor sobrevida em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio: cobertura pelo SUS (p=0,01), choque cardiog&#234;nico per-operat&#243;rio (p&lt;0,001) e diabetes (p=0,04). A sobrevida global e estratificada por idade, sexo e tipo de cobertura encontram-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5-body2">figura 5</xref>. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">tabela IV</xref> apresenta o modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox para o risco de &#243;bito. As vari&#225;veis idade &#179;70 anos, sexo feminino, choque cardiog&#234;nico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e interna&#231;&#227;o pelo SUS permaneceram no modelo, interferindo de maneira significativa no risco de &#243;bito.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="f5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0051-00005-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Neste estudo, tentou-se esclarecer o impacto de fatores intr&#237;nsecos ao paciente e aos aspectos ligados &#224; assist&#234;ncia em dois eventos relacionados &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio: intercorr&#234;ncias graves per operat&#243;rias e mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
      <p>Algumas condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias foram identificadas como importantes preditoras tanto de mortalidade quanto de intercorr&#234;ncia grave per-operat&#243;ria: choque cardiog&#234;nico, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e tipo de cobertura &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados apresentam diferen&#231;as importantes com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; maioria dos modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco em cirurgia card&#237;aca <sup>15-24</sup>, pois identificamos um n&#250;mero mais restrito de vari&#225;veis. Provavelmente, essa diferen&#231;a se deva em parte ao menor n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;do no estudo e ao n&#227;o seguimento dos pacientes ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.</p>
      <p>A idade &#179;70 anos foi um fator de risco, tanto para mortalidade como para intercorr&#234;ncia grave per-operat&#243;ria, embora sua signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica seja lim&#237;trofe nesta &#250;ltima. A idade &#233; um determinante cr&#237;tico de complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca na maioria dos estudos, embora a import&#226;ncia atribu&#237;da &#224; idade varie amplamente <sup>15-18,22</sup>. A perda da reserva fisiol&#243;gica com o envelhecimento, afetando os v&#225;rios sistemas em graus variados, contribui para a morbidade elevada da popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, especialmente para complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o card&#237;acas, como disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, neurol&#243;gica ou fal&#234;ncia m&#250;ltipla de &#243;rg&#227;os <sup>17,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>O risco aumentado para complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade em cirurgia card&#237;aca entre as mulheres <sup>15,17-22,24</sup> &#233; atribu&#237;do a v&#225;rios fatores: superf&#237;cie corporal reduzida <sup>15,16</sup>, menor di&#226;metro das art&#233;rias no sexo feminino <sup>26</sup>, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento das doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o em est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados na mulher, devido &#224; abordagem inadequada de dor tor&#225;cica <sup>17,27,28</sup>. Fatores como a redu&#231;&#227;o de estr&#243;geno com a idade, possivelmente, interferem nas diferen&#231;as de risco encontradas entre os sexos. Em nosso estudo, embora n&#227;o tenha sido verificada associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica do sexo feminino com os eventos avaliados, esta vari&#225;vel foi mantida nos modelos finais, tendo em vista o efeito confusional potencial atribu&#237;da &#224; mesma.</p>
      <p>Alguns elementos (prioridade da cirurgia e reopera&#231;&#227;o), embora importantes preditores de mortalidade em outros estudos <sup>18-20,22</sup>, apresentam um grau de subjetividade que dificultam sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o. A classifica&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia em urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia, por exemplo, &#233; extremamente subjetiva. No presente trabalho, mesmo agrupando-se as cirurgias em eletivas e n&#227;o-eletivas, esta vari&#225;vel foi significativa apenas para mortalidade na an&#225;lise univariada, n&#227;o sendo retida no modelo final. Observou-se colinearidade entre a vari&#225;vel combinada categoria de cirurgia, que agrega prioridade da cirurgia e reopera&#231;&#227;o com choque cardiog&#234;nico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade, optando-se pela manuten&#231;&#227;o da &#250;ltima vari&#225;vel no modelo final pela maior for&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o com o evento resposta.</p>
      <p>Um dos aspectos importantes deste estudo &#233; a presen&#231;a da vari&#225;vel interna&#231;&#227;o pelo SUS como preditora de intercorr&#234;ncia per-operat&#243;ria e mortalidade em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Este aspecto nos remete &#224; quest&#227;o da desigualdade, que marca a nossa sociedade, permeando todas as esferas da vida dos brasileiros, incluindo a da sa&#250;de <sup>29-31</sup>. A interna&#231;&#227;o pelo SUS pode ser interpretada neste contexto como um marcador de condi&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas do paciente (piores condi&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas e de vida, por exemplo) e da pr&#243;pria estrutura de atendimento ao usu&#225;rio (acesso a diagn&#243;stico e tempo at&#233; o atendimento) <sup>29</sup>. Estrutura que &#233; caracterizada por maior dificuldade de acesso a a&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas espec&#237;ficas, em especial para os pacientes que residem no interior, o que pode levar ao agravamento do quadro cl&#237;nico e a demora para a marca&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia. Aspecto bem demarcado quando se estratifica o risco de &#243;bito no dia da cirurgia e no per&#237;odo posterior. O impacto da interna&#231;&#227;o pelo SUS concentra-se na mortalidade no per&#237;odo per- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (no mesmo dia da cirurgia): todos os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito eram cobertos pelo SUS na interna&#231;&#227;o. A gravidade do quadro cl&#237;nico desses pacientes &#233; bem caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de choque cardiog&#234;nico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio: dos seis pacientes cobertos pelo SUS que apresentaram essa condi&#231;&#227;o, 67% evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito, 50% no dia da cirurgia. Situa&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;ria foi verificada entre os outros quatro pacientes que apresentaram choque cardiog&#234;nico, e n&#227;o eram pacientes SUS: apenas um &#243;bito foi verificado no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A m&#233;dia de perman&#234;ncia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria desses pacientes em unidade de terapia intensiva &#233; de 9,5 dias para os pacientes SUS (0 &#151; 23 dias) e de 2,3 dias para os pacientes n&#227;o-SUS (0 - 4 dias). Embora esta diferen&#231;a n&#227;o seja significativa, &#233; mais um indicador da gravidade desse grupo de pacientes.</p>
      <p>Os tempos de perman&#234;ncia em unidade de terapia intensiva, p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e global foram similares para os pacientes SUS e n&#227;o-SUS. A diferen&#231;a observada na perman&#234;ncia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria pode estar refletindo problemas sociais do paciente SUS, encaminhados muitas vezes de outros munic&#237;pios e n&#227;o raro sem condi&#231;&#245;es de realizar exames pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios em n&#237;vel ambulatorial, al&#233;m da demora na realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento com v&#225;rios epis&#243;dios de suspens&#227;o de cirurgias durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Embora, intuitivamente, certas doen&#231;as n&#227;o card&#237;acas sejam consideradas importantes preditores de intercorr&#234;ncias graves per-operat&#243;rias e mortalidade em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, no presente estudo apenas a diabetes e a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal foram retidas no modelo final. Estes achados s&#227;o consistentes com os resultados de v&#225;rios outros estudos <sup>15-17,20,22,24</sup> e falam a favor de uma associa&#231;&#227;o causal entre essas vari&#225;veis e a mortalidade hospitalar e intercorr&#234;ncia per-operat&#243;ria.</p>
      <p>As defini&#231;&#245;es para disfun&#231;&#227;o renal variam entre os estudos, com alguns considerando n&#237;veis elevados de creatinina s&#233;rica <sup>16,17,21,24</sup> e outros depend&#234;ncia de di&#225;lise <sup>22</sup>. Neste estudo, foram mantidas as duas defini&#231;&#245;es como vari&#225;veis separadas. Na an&#225;lise, foi criada uma vari&#225;vel adicional, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, definida como a presen&#231;a de pelo menos uma ou das duas altera&#231;&#245;es. No modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade, esta vari&#225;vel adicional foi inclu&#237;da entre as vari&#225;veis preditoras, sendo que no modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de intercorr&#234;ncia grave per-operat&#243;ria a depend&#234;ncia de di&#225;lise foi mais significativa que n&#237;veis elevados de creatinina ou a combina&#231;&#227;o das duas vari&#225;veis. A preval&#234;ncia de depend&#234;ncia de di&#225;lise foi baixa entre a popula&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica card&#237;aca, evidenciada na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada, sendo que esta associa&#231;&#227;o deve ser vista com cautela.</p>
      <p>A import&#226;ncia da vari&#225;vel choque cardiog&#234;nico &#233; verificada em todos os modelos desenvolvidos. Como preditora de mortalidade, est&#225; relacionada ao per&#237;odo per-operat&#243;rio e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato. Express&#227;o cl&#237;nica grave da fal&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o choque est&#225; associado com les&#227;o extensa do mioc&#225;rdio desse ventr&#237;culo em 40% dos casos, em mais de 80% dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, quando presente. Os demais casos correspondem a defeitos mec&#226;nicos, como ruptura do septo ventricular ou do m&#250;sculo papilar, ou infarto do ventr&#237;culo direito <sup>32,33</sup>. Estimativas recentes apontam uma incid&#234;ncia de cerca de 7% de choque cardiog&#234;nico entre pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, sendo que cerca de 10% apresentam esta condi&#231;&#227;o no momento da admiss&#227;o hospitalar, enquanto os 90% restantes desenvolvem a complica&#231;&#227;o durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o <sup>34</sup>. Os mesmos autores mostram uma queda das taxas de mortalidade precoce de 70 a 80% na d&#233;cada de 70 para 50 a 60% na d&#233;cada de 90 no grupo de pacientes com esta condi&#231;&#227;o associada a infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Nesse estudo, a taxa de mortalidade dos pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foi de 50% no per&#237;odo per-operat&#243;rio, 30% no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e 20% no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio mediato e tardio.</p>
      <p>Um aspecto que chama a aten&#231;&#227;o no modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco para intercorr&#234;ncia grave per-operat&#243;ria &#233; a presen&#231;a da vari&#225;vel isquemia com efeito protetor (OR=0,47). Considerando que esta vari&#225;vel &#233; resultante do agrupamento dos indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;ria de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio nas tr&#234;s semanas pr&#233;vias &#224; cirurgia e/ou angina inst&#225;vel, uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esse achado &#233; um diferencial de assist&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o a esses pacientes, no sentido de cuidados mais intensivos e maior controle cl&#237;nico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Por&#233;m, este aspecto merece investiga&#231;&#227;o em trabalhos futuros.</p>
      <p>O modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox permitiu analisar os dados do estudo considerando o tempo at&#233; o &#243;bito, ajustando por covari&#225;veis. Optamos pelo seguimento at&#233; sete dias pela maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos nesse per&#237;odo (73%) e para reduzir perdas de seguimento e, conseq&#252;entemente, o potencial de vi&#233;s. No modelo final, a perman&#234;ncia da vari&#225;vel choque cardiog&#234;nico reflete o seu impacto na mortalidade precoce, uma vez que todos os &#243;bitos com essa condi&#231;&#227;o ocorreram at&#233; o 1&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A presen&#231;a de diabetes, embora significativa em an&#225;lise univariada, n&#227;o foi retida no modelo final de sobrevida. Observa-se colinearidade entre esta condi&#231;&#227;o e tipo de cobertura: dos 12 pacientes com diabetes que evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito, 11 eram internados pelo SUS. A vari&#225;vel disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, tanto em an&#225;lise univariada como na multivariada, n&#227;o se mostrou associada de forma significativa ao &#243;bito. A colinearidade com sexo pode explicar este comportamento: dos 15 pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal analisados, 13 eram homens, sendo que tr&#234;s evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito.</p>
      <p>A necessidade de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica quanto ao risco de &#243;bito ou complica&#231;&#245;es resultou na realiza&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios estudos em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e propostas de modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco per e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio <sup>15-24</sup>. O principal objetivo de estratificar a popula&#231;&#227;o quanto ao risco &#233; estimar o risco cir&#250;rgico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e as vari&#225;veis pass&#237;veis de interven&#231;&#227;o nesta fase. Al&#233;m disso, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes quanto ao risco cir&#250;rgico permite estudar o efeito de altera&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas, da din&#226;mica assistencial e do processo de trabalho nas varia&#231;&#245;es e tend&#234;ncias dos indicadores de mortalidade e morbidade, independente da natureza e gravidade dos casos envolvidos.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rias discuss&#245;es t&#234;m sido conduzidas envolvendo a quest&#227;o do impacto dos modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco na avalia&#231;&#227;o e melhoria da qualidade em sa&#250;de. Para muitos profissionais m&#233;dicos, a quest&#227;o mais importante &#233; como, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes, um sistema de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco pode auxiliar nas decis&#245;es individuais. A quest&#227;o &#233;: a estat&#237;stica aplica-se ao indiv&#237;duo? Um aspecto a ser considerado &#233; que os modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco n&#227;o estimam com precis&#227;o o risco de intercorr&#234;ncia ou &#243;bito de todos os pacientes, uma vez que s&#227;o derivados de um grupo de vari&#225;veis comumente encontradas, n&#227;o levando em considera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas ocorridas de forma infreq&#252;ente na popula&#231;&#227;o e que podem ser decisivas para o resultado de um indiv&#237;duo em particular. Vari&#225;veis que tendem a n&#227;o ser identificadas como importantes em estudos com popula&#231;&#245;es pequenas devido &#224; sua raridade, mas podem ser importantes na express&#227;o de risco individual do paciente. Por&#233;m, embora os pacientes, individualmente, tenham caracter&#237;sticas &#250;nicas, eles tamb&#233;m apresentam v&#225;rios aspectos em comum e a considera&#231;&#227;o das similaridades nos permite antecipar riscos e prever resultados para o conjunto. Outro aspecto importante &#233; a possibilidade de intervir nos resultados esperados, otimizando a condi&#231;&#227;o do paciente cir&#250;rgico, garantindo o m&#225;ximo controle sobre vari&#225;veis modific&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, &#233; preciso salientar que este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. A mais importante se refere ao tamanho da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada que, por ser reduzido, limita o poder de detec&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Quest&#245;es de ordem pr&#225;tica para o acompanhamento dos pacientes inviabilizaram seu seguimento ap&#243;s a alta, por um per&#237;odo de 30 dias como feito em alguns estudos <sup>15,16,21,23,24</sup>. O seguimento mais prolongado dos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio na institui&#231;&#227;o e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos multic&#234;ntricos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para refinar e validar as vari&#225;veis identificadas neste estudo. Um outro aspecto importante &#233; a falta de algumas informa&#231;&#245;es para todos os pacientes, como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, identificadas em v&#225;rios estudos como preditora do &#243;bito hospitalar p&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Esta falta refor&#231;a a necessidade de padronizar protocolos amplos e bem estruturados em todos os hospitais que realizam este tipo de cirurgia.</p>
      <p>Finalmente, &#233; importante enfatizar que a qualidade da assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de depende de uma s&#233;rie de fatores, n&#227;o apenas da condi&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca do paciente, mesmo em procedimentos de maior risco, como as cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Os modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco desenvolvidos neste estudo chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para aspectos ligados &#224; estrutura do sistema de sa&#250;de como fatores de grande impacto nos resultados obtidos. Resultados que s&#227;o particularmente importantes, pois estas condi&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o pass&#237;veis de modifica&#231;&#227;o por medidas e pol&#237;ticas de planejamento geral e espec&#237;fica, que visem eliminar as desigualdades em sa&#250;de e melhorar o desempenho assistencial intra-hospitalar.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
