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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kHppjmGVJ5VZfH4cgtdmx3d</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2003000100004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(03)08000104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2003000100004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Doppler tissue imaging to assess systolic function in Chagas' disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Vin&#237;cius Lins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Ot&#225;vio da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2003</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>80</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>36</fpage>
      <lpage>40</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) for evaluating the systolic function of chagasic patients with and without electrocardiographic abnormalities, in comparision with echocardiographic study. METHODS: We studied 77 patients divided into 3 groups as follows: group 1 - control; group 2 - chagasic patients with normal electrocardiographic findings; and group 3 - chagasic patients with abnormal electrocardiographic findings. The following parameters were assessed: left ventricular dimensions and ejection fraction, left atrial dimensions and diastolic function on echocardiography. Systolic velocity and regional isovolumic contraction time (IVCTr) of the septal, anterior, lateral, posterior and inferior left ventricular walls were assessed on DTI. RESULTS: Left ventricular cavitary dimensions, ejection fraction and DTI systolic wave showed significant differences between groups 1 and 3 and between groups 2 and 3, which were not found between groups 1 and 2. IVCTr allowed a statistically significant discrimination among the 3 groups. CONCLUSION: DTI allowed discrimination among the different groups assessed, being superior to echocardiography in identifying early abnormalities of contractility, and, therefore, potentially useful for detecting incipient myocardial alterations in chagasic patients with normal electrocardiographic findings.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Chagas' disease</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Doppler tissue imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Doppler tissue imaging to assess systolic function in Chagas' disease</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#225;rcio Vin&#237;cius Lins Barros; Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro; Fernando Santana Machado; Manoel Ot&#225;vio da Costa Rocha</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ecoar, Medicina Diagn&#243;stica, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica and Curso de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical of the Faculdade de Medicina of the UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Address to correspondence</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the usefulness of Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) for evaluating the systolic function of chagasic patients with and without electrocardiographic abnormalities, in comparision with echocardiographic study. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We studied 77 patients divided into 3 groups as follows: group 1 &#151; control; group 2 &#151; chagasic patients with normal electrocardiographic findings; and group 3 &#151; chagasic patients with abnormal electrocardiographic findings. The following parameters were assessed: left ventricular dimensions and ejection fraction, left atrial dimensions and diastolic function on echocardiography. Systolic velocity and regional isovolumic contraction time (IVCTr) of the septal, anterior, lateral, posterior and inferior left ventricular walls were assessed on DTI. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Left ventricular cavitary dimensions, ejection fraction and DTI systolic wave showed significant differences between groups 1 and 3 and between groups 2 and 3, which were not found between groups 1 and 2. IVCTr allowed a statistically significant discrimination among the 3 groups. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>DTI allowed discrimination among the different groups assessed, being superior to echocardiography in identifying early abnormalities of contractility, and, therefore, potentially useful for detecting incipient myocardial alterations in chagasic patients with normal electrocardiographic findings.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Chagas' disease, echocardiography, Doppler tissue imaging</p>
    <p>Chagas' disease is caused by the <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> protozoa and is one of the major causes of death in several countries in Latin America <sup>1</sup>, therefore having a great socioeconomic impact. The heart is the most frequently and severely impaired organ in Chagas' disease, and its impairment may result in death due to arrhythmia, heart failure, or thromboembolic phenomena <sup>2</sup>. Ventricular function is the major predictor of morbidity and mortality in chronic Chagas' heart disease <sup>3,4</sup>, and the early identification of myocardial damage may be important in the individualized approach of chagasic patients. Of the investigative methods, 12-lead electrocardiography has been extensively studied in Chagas' disease. Although the presence of a normal electrocardiogram is related to an excellent prognosis <sup>5</sup>, evidence of left ventricular contractile abnormalities <sup>6,7</sup>, diastolic dysfunction <sup>8</sup>, and even sudden death <sup>9</sup> exists in patients with Chagas' disease with no electrocardiographic abnormalities.</p>
    <p>Doppler tissue imaging is a diagnostic modality that has recently been incorporated into echocardiography. It allows the regional and quantitative analysis of cardiac muscular contraction and expansion <sup>10</sup>. Several studies have been published showing the potential of this technique in identifying the incipient myocardial changes in several diseases <sup>11-13</sup>. The objective of this study was to determine the usefulness of Doppler tissue imaging for detecting early contractile abnormalities in Chagas' disease, comparing it with electrocardiography and conventional echo-Doppler cardiography.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Methods</bold>
    </p>
    <p>We carried out a cross-sectional study with prospective data collection from January 1998 to April 1999. During this period, 77 patients were selected and divided into 3 groups: group 1) control (17 patients); group 2) chagasic patients with normal electrocardiograms (32); and group 3) hagasic patients with abnormal electrocardiograms (28). All patients were selected from the Referral Center for Training on Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, after receiving an individual explanation about the objectives of the study and signing the formal written consent. The research protocol was assessed and approved by the committee on research ethics of the institution.</p>
    <p>For recruitment, the patients initially underwent anamnesis, standardized physical examination, electrocardiography, chest X-ray, and laboratory tests (hemogram, creatinine, urea, fasting glycemia, potassium, sodium, TSH, and serological tests for <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection). The chagasic patients were considered those who were serologically positive for <italic>T. cruzi</italic> according to at least 2 of the 3 following techniques: indirect immunofluorescence, indirect hemagglutination, and ELISA.</p>
    <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: systemic arterial hypertension, defined as blood pressure level measured during physical examination &gt; 140/90 mmHg; history suggestive of coronary heart disease; a previous episode suggestive of rheumatic disease; diabetes mellitus or glucose intolerance, according to the definition of the National Diabetes Data Group; thyroid dysfunction, manifested as abnormal levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and of free thyroxin (T4); renal failure, defined as an increase in creatinine and urea levels; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, based on suggestive clinical, radiological, and electrocardiographic data; fluid and electrolytic disorders, based on sodium and potassium measurements; significant anemia, defined as hemoglobin below 10 g/dL; alcoholism, defined as a mean weekly ethanol consumption of 420 g; pregnancy; and impossibility to undergo the tests in the protocol.</p>
    <p>All patients underwent echo-Doppler cardiography with color-flow mapping and Doppler tissue imaging with the ATL HDI 5000 device (Bothell, Washington, USA). The following echocardiographic parameters were obtained: left ventricular final diastolic and systolic dimensions; left atrial diameter; and ejection fraction obtained according to the Simpson method with the software included in the device. Pulsed Doppler of the transmitral flow (E and A waves, E/A ratio, and deceleration time - DT) and of the left ventricular outflow tract (isovolumic relaxation time - IVRT) was used to assess diastolic function. Doppler tissue imaging was obtained with the apical window in the apical 4-chamber view, apical 2-chamber view, and long apical view to assess the septal, lateral, inferior, anterior, and posterior walls, placing the sample volume of the Doppler cursor at the level of the basal, middle, and apical portions of the referred walls to determine the velocities of contraction. Peak systolic velocity was obtained, and the time of regional isovolumetric contractility (TRIVC) was estimated measuring the interval between the electrocardiographic Q wave and the beginning of the systolic wave.</p>
    <p>The clinical data and those generated during the procedures were analyzed with version 6 of the Epiinfo and version 11 of the Minitab statistical packages for Windows. In all tests performed, alpha lower than 0.05 was considered an indicator of statistical significance. Whenever possible, the mathematical transformations necessary for the treatment of data with the parametric methods were performed. The means obtained were studied by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the LSD Fisher test for comparing the means of the 3 groups. For nonparametric variables, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used with comparison of the medians after the Bonferroni adjustment for multiple tests. The values obtained were described as mean &amp;plusmn; standard deviation or median and interquartile range (for nonnormally distributed variables). Because age differed in the groups, the analysis of covariance was performed to determine the significance of this variable in the parameters assessed. A p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Results</bold>
    </p>
    <p>The general clinical and echocardiographic data are shown in </p>
    <p><a href="/img/revistas/abc/v80n1/14375t1.gif" link-type="asset">table I</a>, where no statistically significant difference between the control group and that of chagasic patients with normal electrocardiograms can be observed in regard to the general parameters of systolic function. Although patients in group 2 were older, the analysis of covariance did not detect a statistically significant correlation with any variable studied in this sample. </p>
    <p>The electrocardiographic abnormalities observed in group 2 were as follows: supraventricular or ventricular, or both, extrasystoles (21.4%); complete right bundle-branch block (57.1%); incomplete right bundle-branch block (3.6%); left anterior hemiblock (57.1%); left ventricular hypertrophy (3.57%); nonspecific alterations in repolarization (14.3%); low voltage (3.6%); and electric inactivity (7.1%).</p>
    <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">Table II</xref> shows the parameters related to diastolic function determined with conventional Doppler. A significant difference was observed in the deceleration time between the control and chagasic groups, although no difference was observed between the chagasic patients with and without electrocardiographic alterations when the test for comparing the means and that variable was used.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <label>Table III</label>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0036-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>The assessment of TRIC with Doppler tissue imaging allowed discrimination between the 3 groups in almost all segments assessed, especially along the inferior and posterior walls. </p>
    <p>Although the analysis of the systolic wave on Doppler tissue imaging enabled the discrimination of patients in groups 1 and 3 and in groups 2 and 3 (chagasic patients with and without electrocardiographic abnormalities), no statistically significant difference was observed between the control group and that of the chagasic patients without electrocardiographic abnormalities (</p>
    <p><a href="/img/revistas/abc/v80n1/14375t4.gif" link-type="asset">tab. IV</a>).  </p>
    <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">Figure 1</xref> depicts the evaluation of the basal portion of the interventricular septum on Doppler tissue imaging with the values of systolic-wave velocity and TRIC.</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0036-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discussion</bold>
    </p>
    <p>The analysis of ventricular function is an essential determining factor in the therapeutical and prognostic assessment of patients with Chagas' heart disease in its different forms. Of the methods available, echocardiography provides a noninvasive and innocuous morphological and functional approach of the heart at relatively low costs. In addition, the analysis of ventricular function has a high diagnostic reliability, therefore being an important investigative tool to approach chagasic patients. The initial echocardiographic studies in Chagas' disease were performed with the M mode <sup>14</sup>. However, this method has several limitations for heart assessment. Because it only provides the visualization of the ventricular septal and posterior wall segments, it does not allow the analysis of the contractility of other segments, including the cardiac apex, which is a segment of essential importance in evaluating Chagas' heart disease, due to the peculiarities of the impairment of that region in Chagas' heart disease. In addition, the analysis of the right cavities, the quantitative evaluation of valvular heart diseases, the detection of intracavitary thrombi, and the determination of the diastolic function and pulmonary arterial pressure, which are extremely important data in a general cardiac assessment, cannot be measured with this technique. The introduction of the 2-dimensional and Doppler techniques provided important additional information for the assessment of chagasic patients, allowing a more complete and noninvasive morphological and functional cardiac study <sup>15-17</sup>. However, the analysis of ventricular function with 2-dimensional echocardiography to evaluate wall motility or thickness, or both, and to determine the volumes and ejection fraction, which require the delineation of the muscle/cavity interface, renders the method a subjective character related to inter- and intraobserver variations, because the experience required in the subjective quantification of myocardial motility requires long-term experience with the method. The techniques allowing the quantitative analysis of myocardial contractile status have, therefore, great potential in the study of the cardiac function.</p>
    <p>The studies of ventricular fiber architecture have revealed a complex disposition of the myocardial fibers, with the predominance of a circumferential orientation for the middle muscle layer and a longitudinal disposition of the muscle fibers at the subendocardial level <sup>18</sup>. The importance of the longitudinal contractility has been demonstrated in several echocardiographic studies, both for the analysis of the systolic function, and also for the assessment of ventricular relaxation <sup>19</sup>. Of the methods used, Doppler tissue imaging has a great potential for the study of longitudinal contractility. Unlike the study of flow dynamics at the level of the cardiac cavities, which are characterized by elevated velocities and low amplitude, Doppler tissue imaging uses a "filter" to eliminate the signal originating from the blood flow and to study the Doppler pattern at the level of the cardiac muscle, characteristically of high amplitude and low velocities. Therefore, we can analyze quantitatively the characteristics of myocardial wall motility throughout the cardiac cycle, which enables a more accurate analysis of myocardial performance. Several studies have been conducted to validate the method in several pathological cardiac conditions, including Chagas' disease <sup>20-23</sup>.</p>
    <p>This study showed the usefulness of Doppler tissue imaging for evidencing alterations in the contractility of the longitudinal fibers of the left ventricular myocardium in Chagas' disease. The alterations on Doppler tissue imaging were present in both groups of chagasic patients, those with and without electrocardiographic abnormalities, showing early impairment in systolic function in these patients, even in the absence of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities.</p>
    <p>In the group studied, the alterations on Doppler tissue imaging related more to the isovolumetric contractility phase. This phase of the cardiac cycle relates to the excitation-contraction coupling and to the capacity of the muscular mass to develop, in a fraction of a second, strength enough to overcome the pressure exerted by the arterial vascular bed. For this to happen efficiently, harmony among the several components of the heart is required, not only the myocardial fibers, but also the components of the support and fibrous skeletal system, the interstitium, the excitation-conducting system, the autonomic nervous system, and vascular integrity. Chagasic myocarditis causes disorders in all these components <sup>24</sup>, and even in the case of focal and less intense impairment, it may cause mild alterations in ventricular function, as already shown.</p>
    <p>The results obtained allowed determining the presence of segmentary alterations relative to ventricular longitudinal contraction, reflecting heterogeneity in the muscular shortening of the different myocardial walls in Chagas' heart disease. Of the different segments assessed, the posterior and inferior walls showed the most significant alterations in the groups studied, reflecting the segmentary characteristic of the myocardial systolic impairment in chronic Chagas' heart disease.</p>
    <p>The limitations of the use of Doppler tissue imaging in this study related to the difficulty in analyzing the velocities at the level of the cardiac apex, which is a region of special interest in assessing cardiac impairment in chagasic patients. This region is usually stationary in regard to the motility of the cardiac muscle layers, and, therefore, the criteria of abnormality on Doppler tissue imaging have little value as compared with those of the normal pattern. In addition, studies with pulsed Doppler require obtainment of several samples along the myocardial walls, which increases the duration of the examination. The values obtained on Doppler tissue imaging also relate to cardiac translation motility; however, the data obtained did not aim at providing absolute values of velocity of myocardial contraction and expansion, but at comparatively assessing the 3 groups.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, for studying the systolic function of Chagas' heart disease, Doppler tissue imaging proved to be superior to electrocardiography and conventional echo-Doppler cardiography in detecting incipient contractile abnormalities. This is because it shows regional alterations, allows the differentiation between normal patients and the chagasic ones with and without electrocardiographic alterations, and may be useful in the early detection of myocardial damage in those patients. Prospective studies of the longitudinal cohort type may confirm the efficacy of this method in evaluating the natural history of patients with myocardial alterations, thus far considered subclinical.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Address to correspondence</bold>
        </label>
        <p> M&#225;rcio Vin&#237;cius Lins Barros </p>
        <p> Av. do Contorno, 6760 </p>
        <p> 30110-110, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ecoar@ecoar.com.br">ecoar@ecoar.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Doppler tissular na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica na Doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a utilidade do Doppler tissular na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em indiv&#237;duos chag&#225;sicos com e sem anormalidades ao eletrocardiograma, comparando-a ao estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 77 pacientes (3 grupos: 1-controle; 2-chag&#225;sicos com eletrocardiograma normal e 3-chag&#225;sicos com eletrocardiograma alterado), obtendo-se as dimens&#245;es e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda e par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ao ecocardiograma. Ao Doppler tissular, foram avaliadas a velocidade sist&#243;lica e o tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica regional (TCIVr) nos segmentos apical, m&#233;dio e basal das paredes septal, anterior, lateral, posterior e inferior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. RESULTADOS: As dimens&#245;es cavit&#225;rias e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a an&#225;lise da onda sist&#243;lica pelo Doppler tissular demonstraram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos 1x3 e 2x3, resultados n&#227;o obtidos entre os grupos 1x2. O TCIVr permitiu a discrimina&#231;&#227;o entre os tr&#234;s grupos, com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. CONCLUS&#195;O: O Doppler tissular permitiu a discrimina&#231;&#227;o entre os diversos grupos avaliados, sendo superior &#224; ecocardiografia na identifica&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades precoces da contratilidade longitudinal e, portanto, potencialmente &#250;til na detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas incipientes em indiv&#237;duos chag&#225;sicos com eletrocardiograma normal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doppler tissular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="topo-body2"/>Doppler tissular na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica na doen&#231;a de chagas</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#225;rcio Vin&#237;cius Lins Barros; Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro; Fernando Santana Machado; Manoel Ot&#225;vio da Costa Rocha</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ecoar, Medicina Diagn&#243;stica, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica e Curso de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG</p>
      <p>Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
      <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar a utilidade do Doppler tissular na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em indiv&#237;duos chag&#225;sicos com e sem anormalidades ao eletrocardiograma, comparando-a ao estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Foram estudados 77 pacientes (3 grupos: 1-controle; 2-chag&#225;sicos com eletrocardiograma normal e 3-chag&#225;sicos com eletrocardiograma alterado), obtendo-se as dimens&#245;es e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda e par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ao ecocardiograma. Ao Doppler tissular, foram avaliadas a velocidade sist&#243;lica e o tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica regional (TCIVr) nos segmentos apical, m&#233;dio e basal das paredes septal, anterior, lateral, posterior e inferior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> As dimens&#245;es cavit&#225;rias e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a an&#225;lise da onda sist&#243;lica pelo Doppler tissular demonstraram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos 1x3 e 2x3, resultados n&#227;o obtidos entre os grupos 1x2. O TCIVr permitiu a discrimina&#231;&#227;o entre os tr&#234;s grupos, com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> O Doppler tissular permitiu a discrimina&#231;&#227;o entre os diversos grupos avaliados, sendo superior &#224; ecocardiografia na identifica&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades precoces da contratilidade longitudinal e, portanto, potencialmente &#250;til na detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas incipientes em indiv&#237;duos chag&#225;sicos com eletrocardiograma normal.</p>
      <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;a de Chagas, ecocardiografia, Doppler tissular</p>
      <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; causada pelo protozo&#225;rio <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> e representa uma das principais causas de morte em diversos pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina <sup>1</sup>, com grande impacto socioecon&#244;mico. O cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; o &#243;rg&#227;o mais freq&#252;ente e severamente acometido na doen&#231;a de Chagas, podendo determinar a morte por arritmia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou por fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos <sup>2</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular representa o maior preditor de morbimortalidade na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica <sup>3,4</sup> e a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de dano mioc&#225;rdico pode ser importante na abordagem individualizada do paciente chag&#225;sico. Dentre os m&#233;todos proped&#234;uticos, o eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es tem sido extensivamente estudado na doen&#231;a de Chagas. Embora a presen&#231;a de um eletrocardiograma normal seja relacionado a excelente progn&#243;stico <sup>5</sup>, existem evid&#234;ncias de anormalidades contr&#225;teis no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo <sup>6,7</sup>, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica <sup>8</sup> e at&#233; mesmo morte s&#250;bita <sup>9</sup>, em pacientes chag&#225;sicos sem anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
      <p>O Doppler tissular &#233; uma modalidade diagn&#243;stica, recentemente incorporada &#224; ecocardiografia, e que permite analisar, regional e quantitativamente, a contra&#231;&#227;o e expans&#227;o do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco <sup>10</sup>. Existem diversos estudos na literatura que demonstram o potencial desta t&#233;cnica na identifica&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas incipientes em diversas doen&#231;as <sup>11-13</sup>. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a utilidade do Doppler tissular na detec&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades contr&#225;teis precoces na doen&#231;a de Chagas, comparando-a ao eletrocardiograma e ao ecodopplercardiograma convencional.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Estudo transversal, com coleta prospectiva de dados, de janeiro/98 a abril/99. Nesse per&#237;odo, foram selecionados 77 pacientes, distribu&#237;dos em tr&#234;s grupos: 1) controle (17 pacientes), 2) chag&#225;sico com eletrocardiograma normal (32 pacientes) e 3) chag&#225;sico com eletrocardiograma alterado (28 pacientes). Todos os pacientes foram selecionados no Centro de Treinamento e Refer&#234;ncia em Doen&#231;as Infecciosas e Parasit&#225;rias (CTR-DIP) da UFMG, ap&#243;s esclarecimento individual sobre os objetivos da investiga&#231;&#227;o e consentimento escrito, p&#243;s informado. O protocolo de pesquisa foi avaliado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do recrutamento, os pacientes foram inicialmente submetidos a anamnese e exame f&#237;sico padronizados, eletrocardiograma, radiografia de t&#243;rax e exames laboratoriais (hemograma, creatinina, ur&#233;ia, glicemia de jejum, pot&#225;ssio e s&#243;dio, TSH e exames sorol&#243;gicos para infec&#231;&#227;o pelo <italic>T. cruzi</italic>). Foram considerados chag&#225;sicos os que apresentaram positividade sorol&#243;gica para <italic>T. cruzi</italic> atrav&#233;s de pelo menos duas entre tr&#234;s t&#233;cnicas diferentes (rea&#231;&#227;o de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta, hemaglutina&#231;&#227;o indireta e ELISA).</p>
      <p>Admitidos como crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, definida como press&#227;o arterial medida durante o exame f&#237;sico &gt;140/90mmHg; hist&#243;ria sugestiva de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana; epis&#243;dio pr&#233;vio sugestivo de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica; diabetes mellitus ou intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, conforme definido pelo <italic>National Diabetes Data Group; d</italic>isfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, manifesta por n&#237;veis anormais de horm&#244;nio estimulante da tire&#243;ide (TSH) e da tiroxina (T4) livre; insufici&#234;ncia renal, definida por aumento dos n&#237;veis de creatinina e ur&#233;ia; doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, a partir de dados cl&#237;nicos, radiol&#243;gicos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos sugestivos; dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos, a partir das dosagens de s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio; anemia significativa, definida como hemoglobina abaixo de 10g/dl; alcoolismo, definido como consumo m&#233;dio semanal de 420g de etanol; gravidez; impossibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames constituintes do protocolo.</p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ecodopplercardiograma com mapeamento de fluxo em cores e Doppler tissular, utilizando aparelho ATL HDI 5000 (<italic>Bothell</italic>, Washington, USA), e obtidos os seguintes par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos: dimens&#245;es diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; obten&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, a partir de <italic>software</italic> fornecido pelo aparelho. Para an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, foi utilizado o Doppler pulsado do fluxo transmitral (ondas E, A, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o - TD) e da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico - TRIV). O Doppler tissular, obtido utilizando a janela apical nos cortes apical 4 c&#226;maras, apical 2 c&#226;maras e apical longo para avalia&#231;&#227;o das paredes septal, lateral, inferior, anterior e posterior, posicionando-se o volume amostra do cursor Doppler ao n&#237;vel das por&#231;&#245;es basal, m&#233;dio e apical das referidas paredes a fim de se determinar as velocidades de contra&#231;&#227;o, medindo-se a velocidade de pico sist&#243;lica, al&#233;m da estimativa do tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica regional (TCIVr), medindo-se o intervalo entre a onda Q do eletrocardiograma e o in&#237;cio da onda sist&#243;lica.</p>
      <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos e gerados pelos procedimentos foram analisados utilizando-se os pacotes estat&#237;sticos <italic>Epiinfo</italic> vers&#227;o 6 e <italic>Minitab</italic> vers&#227;o 11 para ambiente Windows. Em todos os testes utilizados foi considerado alfa menor que 0,05 como indicativo de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Sempre que poss&#237;vel, foram realizadas as transforma&#231;&#245;es matem&#225;ticas necess&#225;rias ao tratamento dos dados pelos m&#233;todos param&#233;tricos. As m&#233;dias obtidas foram estudadas realizando-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) e comparando-se os tr&#234;s grupos pelo teste de Fisher LSD, para compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias. Para as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas, utilizou-se o teste de Kruskal Wallis com compara&#231;&#227;o das medianas ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni para m&#250;ltiplos testes. Os valores obtidos foram descritos pela m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (para distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal da vari&#225;vel). Como a idade se mostrou diferente entre os grupos, foi realizada a an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia para se determinar a signific&#226;ncia desta vari&#225;vel nos par&#226;metros avaliados. Considerou-se significante um valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos gerais encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">tabela I</xref>, onde podemos observar a aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre o grupo controle e entre chag&#225;sicos com eletrocardiograma normal em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros globais de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Embora a idade tenha se apresentado maior no grupo 3, a an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia n&#227;o detectou correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com nenhuma vari&#225;vel estudada nesta amostra.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0036-00004-gt01-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas verificadas no grupo 3 foram: extra-sistolia supraventricular e/ou ventricular (21,4%); bloqueio completo do ramo direito (57,1%): bloqueio incompleto do ramo direito (3,6%); hemibloqueio anterior esquerdo (57,1%); hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (3,6%); altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas de repolariza&#231;&#227;o (14,3%); baixa voltagem (3,6%); inatividade el&#233;trica (7,1%).</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">tabela II</xref> apresenta os par&#226;metros relacionados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica utilizando o Doppler convencional. Observou-se diferen&#231;a significativa entre o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o dos grupos controle e chag&#225;sicos, embora n&#227;o tenha sido observada diferen&#231;a entre os pacientes chag&#225;sicos com ou sem altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, quando realizado o teste para compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias em rela&#231;&#227;o a esta vari&#225;vel.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0036-00004-gt02-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do TCIVr pelo Doppler tissular possibilitou a discrimina&#231;&#227;o entre os tr&#234;s grupos em quase todos os segmentos avaliados, especialmente ao longo das paredes inferior e posterior. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">tabela III</xref> ilustra os dados obtidos ao n&#237;vel da por&#231;&#227;o basal das diversas paredes do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular esquerdo.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0036-00004-gt03-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Embora a an&#225;lise da onda sist&#243;lica ao Doppler tissular tenha demonstrado a capacidade de discriminar pacientes entre os grupos 1 e 3 e entre os chag&#225;sicos (grupos 2 e 3), n&#227;o foi observada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre o grupo controle e de chag&#225;sicos sem anormalidades ao eletrocardiograma (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">tab. IV</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0036-00004-gt04-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">figura 1</xref> ilustra a avalia&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o basal do septo interventricular pelo Doppler tissular, com as medidas da velocidade da onda sist&#243;lica e do TCIVr.</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0036-00004-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; fator determinante essencial na avalia&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica e progn&#243;stica dos portadores de cardiopatia chag&#225;sica em suas diversas formas. Dentre os m&#233;todos dispon&#237;veis, a ecocardiografia permite uma abordagem morfofuncional do cora&#231;&#227;o de uma forma n&#227;o invasiva, com custos relativamente baixos, e in&#243;cua, al&#233;m de apresentar elevado grau de confiabilidade diagn&#243;stica, portanto, elemento proped&#234;utico de elevado valor na abordagem do paciente chag&#225;sico. Os estudos iniciais da ecocardiografia na doen&#231;a de Chagas foram realizados utilizando o modo M <sup>14</sup>. Entretanto, esse m&#233;todo apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es na avalia&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o. Por determinar apenas a visibiliza&#231;&#227;o de segmentos do septo interventricular e parede posterior, a an&#225;lise da contratilidade dos demais segmentos n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel, incluindo o estudo do &#225;pex card&#237;aco, segmento de essencial import&#226;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, pelas peculiaridades do comprometimento particular dessa regi&#227;o nesta doen&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise das cavidades direitas, a avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa das valvopatias, detec&#231;&#227;o de trombos intracavit&#225;rios, determina&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e press&#227;o arterial pulmonar, dados de elevada import&#226;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o global card&#237;aca n&#227;o podem ser mensurados por essa t&#233;cnica. A introdu&#231;&#227;o das t&#233;cnicas bidimensional e Doppler vieram a acrescentar informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais importantes na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes chag&#225;sicos, permitindo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o morfofuncional n&#227;o invasiva mais completa do cora&#231;&#227;o <sup>15-17</sup>. Entretanto, a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, utilizando a ecocardiografia bidimensional, seja na avalia&#231;&#227;o da motilidade e/ou espessamento das paredes, seja na determina&#231;&#227;o dos volumes e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, requerendo a delinea&#231;&#227;o da interface m&#250;sculo/cavidade, torna o m&#233;todo de car&#225;ter subjetivo e relacionado a varia&#231;&#245;es inter e intraobservador, uma vez que a experi&#234;ncia requerida na quantifica&#231;&#227;o subjetiva da motilidade mioc&#225;rdica demanda um longo tempo de experi&#234;ncia com o m&#233;todo. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas que possam permitir a an&#225;lise quantitativa do estado contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio apresentam, portanto, grande potencial no estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Em estudos da fibroarquitetura ventricular tem-se demonstrado uma complexa disposi&#231;&#227;o das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas, com predomin&#226;ncia de uma orienta&#231;&#227;o circunferencial para a camada muscular m&#233;dia e uma disposi&#231;&#227;o longitudinal relacionada &#224;s fibras musculares dispostas ao n&#237;vel do subendoc&#225;rdio <sup>18</sup>. A import&#226;ncia da contratilidade longitudinal tem sido demonstrada em diversos estudos utilizando a ecocardiografia, tanto na an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, como tamb&#233;m na avalia&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento ventricular <sup>19</sup>. Dentre os m&#233;todos utilizados, o Doppler tissular apresenta um grande potencial para o estudo da contratilidade longitudinal. Ao contr&#225;rio do estudo da din&#226;mica de fluxo ao n&#237;vel das cavidades card&#237;acas, que se caracterizam por velocidades elevadas e baixa amplitude, o Doppler tissular se utiliza de um "filtro" para eliminar o sinal proveniente do fluxo sangu&#237;neo e estudar o padr&#227;o Doppler ao n&#237;vel do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, caracteristicamente de alta amplitude e baixas velocidades. Podemos portanto analisar, de forma quantitativa, as caracter&#237;sticas do movimento das paredes do mioc&#225;rdio ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco possibilitando portanto, uma an&#225;lise mais acurada do desempenho mioc&#225;rdico. V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m sido feito no sentido da valida&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo em v&#225;rios estados patol&#243;gicos do cora&#231;&#227;o, incluindo a doen&#231;a de Chagas <sup>20-23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Este trabalho demonstrou a utilidade do Doppler tissular na evidencia&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es na contra&#231;&#227;o das fibras longitudinais do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular esquerdo na doen&#231;a de Chagas. As altera&#231;&#245;es pelo Doppler tissular estiveram presentes em ambos os grupos de pacientes chag&#225;sicos, com e sem altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, comparativamente ao grupo controle, denotando um comprometimento precoce da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica nesses pacientes, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
      <p>No grupo estudado, as altera&#231;&#245;es demonstradas com o Doppler tissular estiveram mais relacionadas com a fase de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica. Esta fase do ciclo card&#237;aco relaciona-se com o complexo excita&#231;&#227;o-contra&#231;&#227;o e com a capacidade da massa muscular de desenvolver, em fra&#231;&#245;es de segundo, for&#231;a suficiente para vencer a press&#227;o exercida pelo leito vascular arterial. Para que isso ocorra de forma eficiente, &#233; necess&#225;ria harmonia entre os v&#225;rios componentes do cora&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o somente das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas, mas tamb&#233;m dos componentes do sistema de sustenta&#231;&#227;o e do esqueleto fibroso, do interst&#237;cio, do sistema excito-condutor, do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo e da integridade vascular. A miocardite chag&#225;sica determina dist&#250;rbios em todos estes componentes <sup>24</sup> e, mesmo em caso de comprometimento focal e de menor intensidade, pode promover altera&#231;&#245;es discretas no funcionamento ventricular, como foi demonstrado.</p>
      <p>Os resultados obtidos permitem determinar a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares relativas &#224; contra&#231;&#227;o longitudinal ventricular, refletindo uma heterogeneidade no encurtamento muscular das diversas paredes do mioc&#225;rdio na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica. Dentre os diversos segmentos avaliados, as paredes posterior e inferior foram as que demonstraram altera&#231;&#245;es mais importantes entre os grupos estudados, refletindo a caracter&#237;stica segmentar do comprometimento sist&#243;lico do mioc&#225;rdio na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica.</p>
      <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do uso do Doppler tissular, neste estudo, estiveram relacionadas com dificuldade de an&#225;lise das velocidades ao n&#237;vel do &#225;pex do cora&#231;&#227;o, regi&#227;o de especial interesse na avalia&#231;&#227;o do comprometimento card&#237;aco do paciente chag&#225;sico. Esta regi&#227;o normalmente se apresenta estacion&#225;ria em rela&#231;&#227;o ao movimento das camadas musculares card&#237;acas e, portanto, os crit&#233;rios de anormalidade pelo Doppler tissular apresentam pouco valor comparativamente ao padr&#227;o normal. Al&#233;m disso, estudos utilizando Doppler pulsado requerem obten&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias amostras ao longo das paredes do mioc&#225;rdio, com aumento no tempo de exame. Os valores obtidos pelo Doppler tissular tamb&#233;m se relacionam com o movimento de transla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; entretanto, os dados obtidos n&#227;o tiveram como objetivo a obten&#231;&#227;o de valores absolutos da velocidade da contra&#231;&#227;o e expans&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e, sim, na avalia&#231;&#227;o comparativa entre os tr&#234;s grupos.</p>
      <p>Concluindo, o estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica pelo Doppler tissular apresentou-se como t&#233;cnica superior ao eletrocardiograma e &#224; ecodopplercardiografia convencional na detec&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades contr&#225;teis incipientes, demonstrando altera&#231;&#245;es regionais, permitindo a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes normais e chag&#225;sicos com e sem altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, podendo ser &#250;til na detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de dano mioc&#225;rdico nestes pacientes. Estudos prospectivos, tipo coorte longitudinal, poder&#227;o comprovar a efic&#225;cia deste m&#233;todo na avalia&#231;&#227;o da hist&#243;ria natural de pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas, at&#233; ent&#227;o consideradas subcl&#237;nicas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
