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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jHmK9yFWRtqRgy54MGBWnTk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2003000100003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(03)08000103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2003000100003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic value of technetium-99m-labeled single-photon emission computerized tomography in the follow-up of patients after their first myocardial revascularization surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Maria Sales dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cwajg</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pantoja</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cintilab </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2003</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>80</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>25</fpage>
      <lpage>30</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic value of Technetium-99m-labeled single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) in the follow-up of patients who had undergone their first myocardial revascularization. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study of 280 revascularized patients undergoing myocardial scintigraphy under stress (exercise or pharmacological stress with dipyridamole) and at rest according to a 2-day protocol. A set of clinical, stress electrocardiographic and scintigraphic variables was assessed. Cardiac events were classified as "major" (death, infarction, unstable angina) and "any" (major event or coronary angioplasty or new myocardial revascularization surgery). RESULTS: Thirty-six major events occurred as follows: 3 deaths, 11 infarctions, and 22 unstable anginas. In regard to any event, 22 angioplasties and 7 new surgeries occurred in addition to major events, resulting a total of 65 events. The sensitivity of scintigraphy in prognosticating a major event or any event was, respectively, 55% and 58%, showing a negative predictive value of 90% and 83%, respectively. Diabetes mellitus, inconclusive stress electrocardiography, and a scintigraphic visualization of left ventricular enlargement were significant variables for the occurrence of a major event. On multivariate analysis, abnormal myocardial scintigraphy was a predictor of any event. CONCLUSION: Myocardial perfusion tomography with Technetium-99m may be used to identify high-risk patients after their first myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Prognostic value of technetium-99m-labeled single-photon emission computerized tomography in the follow-up of patients after their first myocardial revascularization surgery</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#225;rcia Maria Sales dos Santos; Eduardo Cwajg; Mauricio da Rocha Pantoja</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cintilab </p>
    <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Address to correspondence</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the prognostic value of Technetium-99m-labeled single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) in the follow-up of patients who had undergone their first myocardial revascularization. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We carried out a retrospective study of 280 revascularized patients undergoing myocardial scintigraphy under stress (exercise or pharmacological stress with dipyridamole) and at rest according to a 2-day protocol. A set of clinical, stress electrocardiographic and scintigraphic variables was assessed. Cardiac events were classified as "major" (death, infarction, unstable angina) and "any" (major event or coronary angioplasty or new myocardial revascularization surgery). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Thirty-six major events occurred as follows: 3 deaths, 11 infarctions, and 22 unstable anginas. In regard to any event, 22 angioplasties and 7 new surgeries occurred in addition to major events, resulting a total of 65 events. The sensitivity of scintigraphy in prognosticating a major event or any event was, respectively, 55% and 58%, showing a negative predictive value of 90% and 83%, respectively. Diabetes mellitus, inconclusive stress electrocardiography, and a scintigraphic visualization of left ventricular enlargement were significant variables for the occurrence of a major event. On multivariate analysis, abnormal myocardial scintigraphy was a predictor of any event. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Myocardial perfusion tomography with Technetium-99m may be used to identify high-risk patients after their first myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words: </bold>prognosis, myocardial revascularization, single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT)</p>
    <p>The surgical treatment of obstructive atherosclerotic coronary disease has been definitively established as an important therapeutical tool to fight ischemic heart disease.</p>
    <p>However, progression of the atherosclerotic disease in native and grafted vessels limits the duration of the benefits obtained with surgery.</p>
    <p>Isolated clinical assessment does not provide a clear idea of the anatomical conditions of the vessels (degree of obstruction) and of the risk of future complications due to the influence of several factors.</p>
    <p>Most studies on myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and cardiac surgery available in the medical literature were performed with planar Thallium-201 scintigraphy aiming at diagnosing graft disease.</p>
    <p>Planar scintigraphy comprises 2-dimensional images of the heart in 3 views: anterior and left anterior oblique at 40 and 70 degrees. With technological advancement, rotational gamma cameras (SPECT) were developed, enabling the acquisition of multiple views of myocardial radionuclide activity and providing an increase in the diagnostic sensitivity of the method.</p>
    <p>During approximately 15 years, Thallium-201 was the major radiopharmaceutical tracer used in myocardial perfusion studies. The discovery of new Technetium-99m-labeled myocardial perfusion tracers (sestamibi, teboroxime, tetrofosmin, furifosmin) with better radiolabeled symmetric characteristics favored the generation of excellent-resolution images.</p>
    <p>Despite the relevance of the subject and the increase in the amount of myocardial revascularization surgeries performed, little has been published about the use of more advanced scintigraphic techniques, such as myocardial tomography and the new radiopharmaceuticals labeled with Technetium-99m.</p>
    <p>This study aimed at assessing the prognostic value of Technetium-99m-labeled single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) in the follow-up of patients who had previously undergone their first myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Methods</bold>
    </p>
    <p>We carried out a retrospective study designed from a database of a private nuclear cardiology laboratory, from which we selected 1,243 surgically revascularized individuals who underwent myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with the tomographic technique from April 1992 to April 1998.</p>
    <p>Technetium-99m-labeled sestamibi or tetrofosmin were the radiopharmaceuticals used. The examinations comprised 2 stages performed in 2 different days: stress (exercise or pharmacological stress with dipyridamole) scintigraphy and scintigraphy at rest.</p>
    <p>A single-detector gamma camera with a low-energy high-resolution collimator was used; 32 images with a rotation arch of 180&#186; were obtained. The images were processed and analyzed in 3 cuts: short axis and vertical and horizontal long axes. The interpretation of the scintigraphies was subjective and semiquantitative (percentage myocardial distribution relative to the pixel of greater intensity) and performed by an independent experienced observer, who ignored the patients' clinical and laboratory data. Doubtful cases required the second opinion of an experienced observer.</p>
    <p>Patients with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: third-degree left bundle-branch block; a definitive pacemaker; a history of acute myocardial infarction, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or more than 1 myocardial revascularization surgery prior to myocardial scintigraphy; systemic disease that could interfere with the prognosis; patients who had undergone dobutamine stress scintigraphy, and those with a submaximum physical exertion level on exercise testing.</p>
    <p>During examination, demographic and clinical data were collected, as were those regarding the risk factors for coronary atherosclerotic disease.</p>
    <p>The electrocardiographic findings of the exercise test were classified as negative, positive, or inconclusive for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. The test was negative when no change was observed in the ST segment as compared with that on the baseline electrocardiogram. When depression of the ST segment m 1 mm (ascending, descending, or rectified) was observed 80 ms from the J point, the tracing was considered positive for ischemia. The interpretation of the tracing was considered inconclusive when the baseline electrocardiogram was altered (for example, left ventricular hypertrophy and use of medication).</p>
    <p>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy was considered normal or abnormal (ischemia, fibrosis, or fibrosis associated with ischemia). The examinations with a homogeneous distribution of the radiotracer in the entire left ventricular myocardium on stress and resting images were considered negative for ischemia. Fixed perfusion defects present in both images were interpreted as fibrosis; transient perfusion defects present on stress images and absent on resting images were interpreted as ischemia. When the recovery of these defects was only partial, the simultaneous existence of fibrosis and ischemia was considered.</p>
    <p>Left ventricular size was subjectively assessed, based on the cardiothoracic ratio present in the original scintigraphic image of acquisition.</p>
    <p>Based on the topography of the myocardial perfusion deficit, a correlation with coronary anatomy was established, and the segments were classified as belonging or not belonging to the region irrigated by the anterior descending artery.</p>
    <p>Follow-up was performed through contact with the patient or the assistant physician. The following terminal cardiac events were individually considered: sudden or nonsudden cardiac death; acute myocardial infarction; unstable angina requiring hospitalization; percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; and new myocardial revascularization surgery. These events were categorized into 2 subgroups as follows: "major event" (cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction, and unstable angina) and "any event" (a major event or 1 myocardial revascularization procedure). For the purpose of analysis, only the first event of each patient was considered.</p>
    <p>The time interval between revascularization surgery and end of the follow-up (TCABG_END) and that between revascularization surgery and myocardial scintigraphy (TCABG_MS) were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test.</p>
    <p>Data underwent univariate and multivariate analysis. The variables with a p value &lt; 0.05 and a trend value of 0.05&#163;p&#163;0.1 were considered statistically significant. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of scintigraphy for cardiac events were calculated. Actuarial curves of survival determined with the Kaplan-Meier method were compiled.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Results</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Of the 1,243 revascularized patients undergoing myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, 879 patients were excluded. Of the 364 remaining patients, 280 (77%) were followed up.</p>
    <p>Lack of evolution information on 84 (23%) patients of the initial sample did not create any type of bias, because the distribution of the variables analyzed was homogeneous between the 2 groups.</p>
    <p>The 280 patients contacted were followed up for a mean period of 51&#177;21 (10 to 88) months. The mean age was 62&#177;9 (36 to 84) years. The male sex predominated (80%). At the time of scintigraphy, 17 (6%) patients had a history of typical angina and 71 (25%) of atypical angina. Two hundred and fifteen (77%) patients underwent exercise testing, 41% of whom were negative for ischemia, 24% positive, and 35% inconclusive.</p>
    <p>Analysis of temporal data showed that 74% of the patients had a TCABG_END above 5 years. No correlation was observed between TCABG_MS or TCABG_END and the type of scintigraphic result or the occurrence of cardiac events.</p>
    <p>Thirty-six major events occurred as follows: 3 cardiac deaths, 11 myocardial infarctions, and 22 unstable anginas. Of 65 cardiac events classified as "any event," 29 were new myocardial revascularization procedures as follows: 22 angioplasties and 7 reoperations.</p>
    <p>No correlation was observed between the type of stress (physical or pharmacological) used, the result of the exercise electrocardiography (positive, negative, or inconclusive), and the result of the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (normal or abnormal).</p>
    <p>The 3 variables that correlated with an abnormal scintigraphic result are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figure 1</xref>. Left ventricular enlargement on scintigraphy (p&lt;0.0001) and unstable angina (p=0.01) and coronary angioplasty (p=0.04) were associated with the presence of an abnormal scintigraphic finding.</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0025-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>The scintigraphic finding of ischemia (p=0.04) predominated among the patients who reported the presence of angina pectoris during follow-up. A correlation between the finding of fibrosis (p&lt;0.001) and that of left ventricular enlargement on myocardial scintigraphy was observed.</p>
    <p>The analysis of the occurrence of cardiac events and a specific type of abnormal scintigraphic finding (ischemia, fibrosis, and fibrosis with ischemia) identified no association.</p>
    <p>On assessing the occurrence of major events, patients with major events were observed to have a trend towards a greater proportion of left ventricular enlargement as compared with that observed in patients with no major event (p=0.08).</p>
    <p>The remaining important variables related to the occurrence of a major event are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">table I</xref>. The subgroup of diabetic patients showed a trend towards a higher proportion (p=0.08). An association between the presence of angina pectoris (p&lt;0.001) and left ventricular failure (p&lt;0.001), reported during follow-up, and the incidence of a major event was also observed.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0025-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Among the patients with any cardiac event, no predominance of the demographic variables studied was observed. The presence of angina pectoris (p&lt;0.001) and left ventricular failure (p&lt;0.001) during follow-up related to the incidence of "any event."</p>
    <p>An altered scintigraphic result showed a good correlation with the occurrence of "any event" (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0025-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>On multivariate analysis, the presence of diabetes mellitus and left ventricular enlargement showed a trend towards stressing the probability of the occurrence of major events. For the "any cardiac event" model, the altered scintigraphic result had a significant statistical value (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tab. III</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0025-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>To analyze the prognostic value of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, sensitivity, specificity, and the negative and positive predictive values were calculated (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4">tab. IV</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0025-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>The actuarial survival curves free from a "major cardiac event" or "any cardiac event" are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">3</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0025-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0025-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discussion</bold>
    </p>
    <p>The major applications of nuclear cardiology in the follow-up of revascularized patients comprise the diagnosis of intraoperative myocardial injury and atherosclerotic disease of the native or graft bed, the documentation of reduction of the ischemic area, the analysis of ventricular function in the postoperative period, and the prediction of cardiac events.</p>
    <p>During the follow-up of the revascularized patients, those at risk for developing future cardiac events need to be identified. On detecting patients at higher risk for cardiac events, the subgroup that benefits most from a more invasive treatment is identified, due to an improvement in quality of life and a reduction in mortality.</p>
    <p>Basically, the results were published of 4 studies <sup>1-4</sup> that analyzed the prognostic power of exercise myocardial scintigraphy in the follow-up of patients undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
    <p>The first study was performed by Palmas et al <sup>1</sup>, who assessed 294 patients undergoing exercise testing and Thallium-201 SPECT. On multivariate analysis, the scintigraphic variables of statistical significance for the occurrence of events were the reversibility score and increased pulmonary uptake. Another important finding was that scintigraphic information had a greater prognostic value than the association of clinical history and exercise testing.</p>
    <p>Nallamothu et al. <sup>2</sup> carried out the second study in which the prognostic value of Thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy was assessed. The extension of the perfusion defect, the perfusional changes in multiple areas, and the increase in pulmonary uptake were independent predictors of cardiac events (a 9.3% risk per year).</p>
    <p>In a study by Miller et al <sup>3</sup> using exercise tomographic scintigraphy with Thallium-201, the extension of the perfusion defect was the only independent variable able to predict events. The patients with normal myocardial perfusion had an annual event ratio of 1.6%.</p>
    <p>In another study carried out at the Cleveland Clinic <sup>4</sup> with tomography and Thallium-201 in asymptomatic revascularized patients, the group with abnormal scintigraphic findings had a greater incidence of cardiac events (11%) than that with normal imaging (4%).</p>
    <p>In our study, strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined aiming at minimizing the possible clinical situations that could interfere with the interpretation of and determination of the value of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. This is the case of patients with a previous history of acute myocardial infarction in whom a myocardial perfusion deficit in imaging compatible with the infarcted area may occur. The same occurs in third-degree left bundle-branch block or pacemaker rhythm, in which a decreased uptake pattern, respectively, at the level of the ventricular septum and inferior wall may be visualized even in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. However, in most published studies, this preoccupation was not observed.</p>
    <p>During follow-up, the total rate of major events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or unstable angina) was 12.8%, and the total rate of any cardiac event (major events, angioplasty, or revascularization surgery) was 23.2%. It is worth noting that revascularized patients comprise a subgroup, in which the treatment of coronary artery disease has already been instituted and a lower rate of cardiac events is expected.</p>
    <p>Of the clinical and demographic variables evaluated by the univariate analysis, no association with the type of scintigraphic result was observed. This finding is in accordance with those of other published studies.</p>
    <p>Univariate analysis identified a trend of the diabetes mellitus risk factor towards being associated with the occurrence of major events (p=0.08). This probable importance of diabetes mellitus in predicting major events has also been reconfirmed on multivariate analysis (p=0.07). The importance of the diabetes mellitus risk factor in the severity of atherosclerotic disease of the native bed <sup>5-8</sup> has been well demonstrated. A more diffuse and extensive atherosclerotic impairment of coronary arteries is believed to be the motive.</p>
    <p>On univariate analysis, the cardiac symptoms present during follow-up, such as angina pectoris (p=0.001) and the clinical manifestations of left ventricular failure (p=0.001), appeared as important variables in the subgroup of patients with major events.</p>
    <p>The determination of the value of precordialgia after myocardial revascularization surgery is extremely complex. The pain may be caused by osteoarticular, neurological, and muscular factors proper to the surgical procedure. However, the presence of typical angina has been reported as a strong indicator of ischemia and of the presence of significant coronary lesions on the hemodynamic study <sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>On assessing the modality of stress used (physical or pharmacological with dipyridamole), no difference was observed in the scintigraphic result and in event prediction. However, when studying separately the electrocardiographic pattern of the exercise test (normal, ischemic, or inconclusive), the subgroup of patients with major events showed a greater proportion of inconclusive exercise electrocardiogram results (p=0.02). The patients with an inconclusive exercise test may have been those with more significant disease and, consequently, with persistent changes on the resting electrocardiogram.</p>
    <p>On univariate analysis, the patients undergoing percutaneous angioplasty had a greater association with abnormal images (p=0.04). Interference of the result of the test with the decision-making process of the assistant physician could not be evaluated.</p>
    <p>When the scintigraphic variables were studied on univariate and multivariate analysis, the patients with the scintigraphic pattern of left ventricular enlargement were observed to have a greater proportion of altered myocardial perfusion imaging and major events.</p>
    <p>Left ventricular dysfunction is an independent marker of poor prognosis. It is a fact that left ventricular size and the dysfunctional degree of the ischemic cardiac muscle are directly correlated with the dimension and intensity of decreased myocardial uptake on scintigraphy and with the extension and severity of the coronary artery disease on coronary angiography <sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Postexercise Thallium-201 pulmonary uptake is a signal of ventricular dysfunction and extensive atherosclerotic disease. Transient left ventricular dilation on exercise imaging is caused by ischemic ventricular dysfunction and indicates the presence of severe atherosclerotic disease <sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>The scintigraphic visualization of left ventricular enlargement, similarly to other indirect signs of left ventricular dysfunction like Thallium-201 pulmonary uptake, transient left ventricular ischemic dilation, extension of decreased myocardial uptake greater than 15% of the left ventricular area, and defects of myocardial uptake in multiple areas, are independent markers of poor prognosis and cardiac mortality <sup>10-12</sup>.</p>
    <p>The association of the presence of an abnormal scintigraphic result and the occurrence of any cardiac event had statistical significance (p=0.009). No specific type of scintigraphic result (ischemia, fibrosis, or fibrosis with ischemia) predominated in predicting cardiac events. These findings did not partially agree with those reported in other studies in which ischemia was an important scintigraphic finding.</p>
    <p>The event-free actuarial curves clearly show the influence of the appearance of myocardial scintigraphy in the occurrence of events throughout time. They illustrate that the presence of a normal scintigraphy is a positive indication of event-free survival, which is in accordance with the importance of the negative predictive value of the examination.</p>
    <p>In our study, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and mainly negative predictive value cited in the literature could not be specifically reproduced. Discordance with previous publications may be due to differences in sample selection and limitations inherent in the study design.</p>
    <p>The major limitation of this study might have been the lack of application of quantitative methods of analysis and interpretation on scintigraphy. The interpretation of myocardial perfusion images was subjective, identifying impaired left ventricular myocardial areas. However, according to the literature, this type of analysis has a performance similar to that of quantitative analysis <sup>5-7</sup>. We should not also neglect the prognostic clinical importance of assessing the extension and intensity of the myocardial uptake deficit and of the reversibility of the decreased perfusion. This quantitative analysis may have strengthened the prognostic accuracy of myocardial scintigraphy in this study.</p>
    <p>The use of ventricular functional assessment software could have increased the prognostic value of myocardial scintigraphy found in this study. Currently, with computer programs, left ventricular endocardial and epicardial borders may be defined on the acquisition of tomographic myocardial perfusion images (Thallium-201 or Tc-99m-labeled agents) synchronized with the cardiac cycle by the electrocardiographic QRS complex (gated SPECT).</p>
    <p>The software of the gated SPECT allows the evaluation of systolic thickening, segmentary and global contraction, and the calculation of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction. This facilitates the differentiation between artifactual and actual defects, with a consequent reduction in the number of false-positive examinations and an increase in the specificity of the method.</p>
    <p>Unfortunately, anatomic information about the coronary circulation and the aortocoronary grafts, which would complement the functional evaluation, could not be obtained. However, it is worth noting that the objective of this study was not to evaluate graft patency on scintigraphy, but the prognosis.</p>
    <p>Therefore, this study with patients after their first myocardial revascularization surgery undergoing stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with Technetium-99m-labeled radiopharmaceuticals shows that the presence of an abnormal myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is an independent variable for predicting cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, coronary angioplasty, and new myocardial revascularization surgery).</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Address to correspondence</bold>
        </label>
        <p> M&#225;rcia Maria Sales dos Santos </p>
        <p> Av. Epit&#225;cio Pessoa, 4986/501 </p>
        <p> 22471-001, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="msales@cardiol.br">msales@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>English version by Stela Maris C. e Gandour</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Valor progn&#243;stico da tomografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o com radiof&#225;rmacos ligados ao tecn&#233;cio-99m no acompanhamento de pacientes submetidos &#224; primeira cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da tomografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o (SPECT) com tecn&#233;cio-99m no acompanhamento de pacientes ap&#243;s a primeira cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com 280 pacientes revascularizados com cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica sob estresse (esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol) e repouso em protocolo de 2 dias. Foi avaliado um conjunto de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de esfor&#231;o e cintigr&#225;ficas. Os eventos card&#237;acos foram definidos como "maior" (morte, infarto, angina inst&#225;vel) e "qualquer" (evento maior ou angioplastia coronariana ou nova cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o). RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 36 eventos maiores: 3 &#243;bitos, 11 infartos, 22 angina inst&#225;veis. Com rela&#231;&#227;o a qualquer evento, 22 angioplastias e 7 novas cirurgias se somaram aos eventos maiores, totalizando 65 eventos. A sensibilidade da cintigrafia em prognosticar evento maior e qualquer evento foi, respectivamente, 55% e 58%, evidenciando um valor preditivo negativo de 90% e 83%. A presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus, de eletrocardiograma de esfor&#231;o inconclusivo e do aspecto cintigr&#225;fico de aumento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram vari&#225;veis significativas para a ocorr&#234;ncia de evento maior. Pela an&#225;lise multivariada, uma cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica anormal foi preditora de qualquer evento. CONCLUS&#195;O: A tomografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o com tecn&#233;cio-99m pode ser usada para identificar pacientes de maior risco, ap&#243;s a primeira cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>tomografia computadorizada de emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="topo-body2"/>Valor progn&#243;stico da tomografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o com radiof&#225;rmacos ligados ao tecn&#233;cio-99m no acompanhamento de pacientes submetidos &#224; primeira cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#225;rcia Maria Sales dos Santos; Eduardo Cwajg; Mauricio da Rocha Pantoja</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cintilab</p>
      <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da tomografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o (SPECT) com tecn&#233;cio-99m no acompanhamento de pacientes ap&#243;s a primeira cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo retrospectivo com 280 pacientes revascularizados com cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica sob estresse (esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol) e repouso em protocolo de 2 dias. Foi avaliado um conjunto de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de esfor&#231;o e cintigr&#225;ficas. Os eventos card&#237;acos foram definidos como "maior" (morte, infarto, angina inst&#225;vel) e "qualquer" (evento maior ou angioplastia coronariana ou nova cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ocorreram 36 eventos maiores: 3 &#243;bitos, 11 infartos, 22 angina inst&#225;veis. Com rela&#231;&#227;o a qualquer evento, 22 angioplastias e 7 novas cirurgias se somaram aos eventos maiores, totalizando 65 eventos. A sensibilidade da cintigrafia em prognosticar evento maior e qualquer evento foi, respectivamente, 55% e 58%, evidenciando um valor preditivo negativo de 90% e 83%. A presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus, de eletrocardiograma de esfor&#231;o inconclusivo e do aspecto cintigr&#225;fico de aumento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram vari&#225;veis significativas para a ocorr&#234;ncia de evento maior. Pela an&#225;lise multivariada, uma cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica anormal foi preditora de qualquer evento.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A tomografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o com tecn&#233;cio-99m pode ser usada para identificar pacientes de maior risco, ap&#243;s a primeira cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>progn&#243;stico, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, tomografia computadorizada de emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico</p>
      <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana obstrutiva est&#225; definitivamente estabelecido, como importante arma terap&#234;utica no combate &#224; cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>No entanto, a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica nos vasos nativos e enxertados limita a dura&#231;&#227;o dos benef&#237;cios alcan&#231;ados com a abordagem cir&#250;rgica.</p>
      <p>A influ&#234;ncia de diversos fatores impossibilita que a aprecia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, isoladamente, possa determinar com clareza as condi&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas dos vasos (grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o) e o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es futuras da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>A maioria dos trabalhos sobre cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o e cirurgia card&#237;aca dispon&#237;veis na literatura m&#233;dica foi realizada com cintigrafia planar e t&#225;lio-201, objetivando diagnosticar doen&#231;a do enxerto.</p>
      <p>O exame planar compreende a imagem bidimensional do cora&#231;&#227;o em tr&#234;s proje&#231;&#245;es: anterior, obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda 40 e 70 graus. Com o avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico, surgiram as gama-c&#226;maras rotacionais (SPECT), possibilitando a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplas vis&#245;es da atividade radionucl&#237;dea do mioc&#225;rdio e acr&#233;scimo na sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica do m&#233;todo.</p>
      <p>Por cerca de 15 anos, o t&#225;lio-201 foi o principal radiof&#225;rmaco utilizado nos estudos de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A descoberta de novos tra&#231;adores de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica marcados com tecn&#233;cio-99m (sestamibi, teboroxime, tetrofosmin, furifosmin) com melhores caracter&#237;sticas radiodossim&#233;tricas favoreceram a gera&#231;&#227;o de imagens de excelente resolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Apesar da relev&#226;ncia do tema e do incremento do n&#250;mero de cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica realizadas, pouco tem sido publicado sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas cintigr&#225;ficas mais modernas, como a tomografia mioc&#225;rdica e os novos radiof&#225;rmacos ligados ao tecn&#233;cio-99m.</p>
      <p>Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da tomografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o (SPECT) com agentes ligados ao tecn&#233;cio-99m no acompanhamento de pacientes ap&#243;s a primeira cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo formulado a partir do banco de dados de um laborat&#243;rio privado de cardiologia nuclear, de onde foram selecionados 1.243 indiv&#237;duos revascularizados, cirurgicamente, e com cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o pela t&#233;cnica tomogr&#225;fica, no per&#237;odo de abril 1992 a abril de 1998.</p>
      <p>O radiof&#225;rmaco utilizado foi o sestamibi ou o tetrofosmin ligado ao tecn&#233;cio-99m. Os exames foram realizados em duas etapas e em dias separados: estresse (f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol) e repouso.</p>
      <p>Foi utilizada uma gama-c&#226;mara de detetor &#250;nico com um colimador de baixa energia e alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, e adquiridas 32 imagens com um arco de rota&#231;&#227;o de 180<sup>o</sup>. As imagens foram processadas e analisadas em tr&#234;s cortes: eixo curto, eixo longo vertical e horizontal. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o das cintigrafias foi subjetiva e semiquantitativa (distribui&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica percentual relativa ao p&#237;xel de maior intensidade), realizada independentemente por um observador experiente, que desconhecia os dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais sobre os pacientes. Nos casos duvidosos, foi consultada a opini&#227;o de um segundo observador experiente.</p>
      <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os pacientes com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo de 3&#186; grau; marcapasso definitivo; hist&#243;ria de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea ou mais de uma cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anterior &#224; cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica; doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica pass&#237;vel de interferir no progn&#243;stico; cintigrafia com estresse farmacol&#243;gico com dobutamina e com n&#237;vel de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico subm&#225;ximo durante o teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
      <p>Durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame eram colhidos dados demogr&#225;ficos, de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana.</p>
      <p>Os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos do teste ergom&#233;trico foram classificados em negativos, positivos ou inconclusivos para o diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. O exame foi denominado negativo quando n&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em rela&#231;&#227;o ao eletrocardiograma basal. Na presen&#231;a de infradesnivelamento do segmento ST &#179; 1mm (ascendente, descendente ou retificado) a 80ms do ponto J, o tra&#231;ado era considerado positivo para isquemia. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o do tra&#231;ado era considerada inconclusiva quando o eletrocardiograma basal j&#225; era alterado (por exemplo: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, uso de medicamentos).</p>
      <p>O laudo da cintigrafia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi considerado como normal ou anormal (isquemia, fibrose ou fibrose associada &#224; isquemia). Consideraram-se negativos para isquemia os exames que mostraram distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea do radiotra&#231;ador por todo o mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, nas imagens de estresse e repouso. Os defeitos de perfus&#227;o fixos, presentes em ambas as imagens, foram interpretados, como fibrose; enquanto os transit&#243;rios, presentes no estresse e ausentes no repouso, o foram como isquemia. Quando a recupera&#231;&#227;o desses defeitos era apenas parcial, configurava-se a exist&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea de fibrose e isquemia.</p>
      <p>O tamanho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi avaliado de modo subjetivo, baseando-se na rela&#231;&#227;o cardiotor&#225;cica presente na imagem cintigr&#225;fica original de aquisi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Baseado na topografia do d&#233;ficit de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, estabeleceu-se correla&#231;&#227;o com a anatomia coronariana, classificando os segmentos em pertencentes ou n&#227;o ao territ&#243;rio irrigado pela art&#233;ria descendente anterior.</p>
      <p>O acompanhamento foi feito mediante contato com o paciente ou m&#233;dico assistente. Consideraram-se, individualmente, os seguintes eventos card&#237;acos terminais: morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita ou n&#227;o; infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; angina inst&#225;vel necessitando de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar; angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea; nova cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Esses eventos foram categorizados em dois subgrupos: "evento maior" (morte card&#237;aca, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e angina inst&#225;vel) e "qualquer evento" (um evento maior ou um procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica). Para fins de an&#225;lise, apenas o primeiro evento foi considerado para cada paciente.</p>
      <p>O intervalo de tempo entre a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e o fim do acompanhamento (TCABG_FIM) e intervalo de tempo entre a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e a cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica (TCABG_CM) foram analisados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
      <p>Os dados foram submetidos a an&#225;lise univariada e multivariada. Foram estipuladas como estatisticamente significativas as vari&#225;veis com um valor de p&lt;0,05 e como tend&#234;ncia o valor 0,05&#163;p&#163;0,1. Calcularam-se a sensibilidade, a especificidade e os valores preditivos positivo e negativo da cintigrafia para predizer eventos card&#237;acos. Foram compiladas curvas atuarias de sobrevida pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Dos 1.243 pacientes revascularizados e com cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o, foram exclu&#237;dos 879 pacientes. Dos 364 doentes restantes, foi obtido o seguimento de 280 (77%) pacientes.</p>
      <p>A perda de informa&#231;&#245;es evolutivas de 84 (23%) indiv&#237;duos da amostra inicial n&#227;o criou qualquer tipo de vi&#233;s, visto que a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis analisadas foi homog&#234;nea entre os dois grupos.</p>
      <p>Os 280 pacientes contatados foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 51&#177;21 (10 a 88) meses. A idade m&#233;dia era de 62&#177;9 (36 a 84) anos. Havia um predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino (80%). No momento da cintigrafia, 17 (6%) pacientes tinham hist&#243;ria de angina t&#237;pica e 71 (25%) de at&#237;pica. Foram submetidos ao teste ergom&#233;trico 215 (77%) pacientes, sendo que 41% tiveram o exame negativo para isquemia, 24% positivo e 35% inconclusivo.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados temporais demonstrou que 74% dos pacientes tinham um TCABG_FIM acima de cinco anos. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o TCABG_CM e o TCABG_FIM com o tipo de laudo cintigr&#225;fico ou com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos.</p>
      <p>Ocorreram 36 eventos maiores, sendo tr&#234;s &#243;bitos card&#237;acos, 11 infartos do mioc&#225;rdio e 22 anginas inst&#225;veis. De um total de 65 eventos card&#237;acos englobados como qualquer evento, encontraram-se 29 novos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: 22 angioplastias e sete reopera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Demonstrou-se n&#227;o haver correla&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo de estresse realizado (f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico), o resultado do eletrocardiograma de esfor&#231;o (positivo, negativo ou inconclusivo) e o laudo da cintigrafia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (normal ou anormal).</p>
      <p>As tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis que se correlacionaram com um laudo cintigr&#225;fico anormal encontram-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">figura 1</xref>. O aumento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na cintigrafia (p&lt;0,0001) e os eventos angina inst&#225;vel (p=0,01) e angioplastia coronariana (p=0,04) tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de um laudo cintigr&#225;fico anormal.</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0025-00003-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Verificou-se que o laudo cintigr&#225;fico de isquemia (p=0,04) predominou entre os indiv&#237;duos que referiram a presen&#231;a de angina de peito durante o acompanhamento. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o do laudo de fibrose (p&lt;0,001) com o aumento de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise da ocorr&#234;ncia dos eventos card&#237;acos e um tipo espec&#237;fico de laudo cintigr&#225;fico anormal (isquemia, fibrose e fibrose com isquemia) n&#227;o identificou nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos maiores, observamos nos indiv&#237;duos com evento maior, uma tend&#234;ncia em possuir uma propor&#231;&#227;o superior de aumento de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem evento maior (p=0,08).</p>
      <p>As demais vari&#225;veis importantes relacionadas &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de evento maior acham-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">tabela I</xref>. Houve uma tend&#234;ncia do subgrupo de pacientes diab&#233;ticos em ter propor&#231;&#227;o maior (p=0,08). Tamb&#233;m foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de angina de peito (p&lt;0,001) e insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda (p&lt;0,001), referidas durante o acompanhamento e a incid&#234;ncia de evento maior.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0025-00003-gt01-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Entre os pacientes com qualquer evento card&#237;aco, n&#227;o se observou predom&#237;nio de nenhuma das vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas estudadas e a ocorr&#234;ncia desses eventos. A presen&#231;a de angina de peito (p&lt;0,001) e insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda (p&lt;0,001) durante o acompanhamento estiveram relacionadas &#224; incid&#234;ncia de qualquer evento.</p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de um laudo cintigr&#225;fico alterado teve boa correla&#231;&#227;o com o acontecimento de qualquer evento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0025-00003-gt02-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada constatou-se que a presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus e o aumento de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo demonstraram uma tend&#234;ncia em acentuar a probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos maiores. E para o modelo de qualquer evento card&#237;aco, o laudo cintigr&#225;fico alterado teve valor estat&#237;stico significativo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">tab. III</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0025-00003-gt03-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A fim de analisar o valor progn&#243;stico da cintigrafia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, foram calculadas a sensibilidade, a especificidade, o valor preditivo negativo e positivo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4-body2">tab. IV</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0025-00003-gt04-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>As curvas atuariais de sobrevida livre de evento card&#237;aco maior e qualquer evento card&#237;aco est&#227;o nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">3</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0025-00003-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0025-00003-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As principais aplica&#231;&#245;es da cardiologia nuclear no acompanhamento de revascularizados referem-se ao diagn&#243;stico de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica intra-operat&#243;ria e de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica do leito nativo ou do enxerto, &#224; documenta&#231;&#227;o de redu&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica, &#224; an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e &#224; predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos card&#237;acos.</p>
      <p>Durante o seguimento dos pacientes revascularizados, faz-se necess&#225;rio identificar aqueles em risco de futuros eventos card&#237;acos. Ao detectar-se pacientes de maior risco para eventos card&#237;acos, identificamos o subgrupo que mais se beneficia de um tratamento mais invasivo, por haver melhora da qualidade de vida e redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade.</p>
      <p>Basicamente, foram publicados quatro artigos analisando o poder progn&#243;stico da cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica de esfor&#231;o no seguimento dos indiv&#237;duos com cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>O primeiro estudo foi feito por Palmas e cols. <sup>1</sup>, avaliando 294 pacientes submetidos a teste ergom&#233;trico e SPECT com t&#225;lio-201. Pela an&#225;lise multivariada, as vari&#225;veis cintigr&#225;ficas de significado estat&#237;stico para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos foram o escore de reversibilidade e a hipercapta&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Outro dado importante &#233; que a informa&#231;&#227;o cintigr&#225;fica teve maior valor progn&#243;stico do que a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e o teste ergom&#233;trico associados.</p>
      <p>Nallamothu e cols. <sup>2</sup> realizaram o segundo estudo, no qual analisaram o valor progn&#243;stico da cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica com t&#225;lio-201 SPECT. A extens&#227;o do defeito de perfus&#227;o, as altera&#231;&#245;es de perfus&#227;o em m&#250;ltiplos territ&#243;rios e o aumento da capta&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foram preditores independentes de eventos card&#237;acos (risco de 9,3% ao ano).</p>
      <p>Em publica&#231;&#227;o feita por Miller e cols. <sup>3</sup>, com cintigrafia tomogr&#225;fica de esfor&#231;o com t&#225;lio-201, a extens&#227;o do defeito de perfus&#227;o foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente capaz de predizer eventos. Os pacientes com perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica normal tiveram taxa de evento anual de 1,6%.</p>
      <p>Em um outro estudo, feito na Cleveland Clinic <sup>4</sup> com tomografia e t&#225;lio-201 em revascularizados assintom&#225;ticos, o grupo com cintigrafia alterada apresentou uma maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos (11%) que o com imagem normal (4%).</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, foram definidos rigorosos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o de pacientes, com o intuito de minimizar poss&#237;veis situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que pudessem interferir na interpreta&#231;&#227;o e valoriza&#231;&#227;o da cintigrafia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. &#201; o caso de pacientes com hist&#243;ria pregressa de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, onde &#233; prov&#225;vel a exist&#234;ncia de um d&#233;ficit de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na imagem compat&#237;vel com a &#225;rea infartada. O mesmo ocorrendo no bloqueio de ramo esquerdo de 3&#186; grau ou ritmo de marcapasso em que um padr&#227;o de hipocapta&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente, ao n&#237;vel do septo interventricular e parede inferior pode ser visualizado, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva coronariana. Entretanto, constata-se que, em grande parte dos trabalhos publicados, n&#227;o houve esta preocupa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, a taxa total de eventos maiores (morte card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou angina inst&#225;vel) foi de 12,8% e a de qualquer evento card&#237;aco (eventos maiores, angioplastia ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o) de 23,2%. Deve-se salientar que os pacientes revascularizados constituem um subgrupo onde o tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana j&#225; foi institu&#237;do e onde se espera uma menor taxa de eventos card&#237;acos.</p>
      <p>Dentre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas avaliadas pela an&#225;lise univariada, n&#227;o houve qualquer associa&#231;&#227;o com o tipo de laudo da cintigrafia. Este achado &#233; condizente com a de outros artigos publicados.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise univariada identificou uma tend&#234;ncia do fator de risco diabetes mellitus estar associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia dos eventos maiores (p=0,08). Esta prov&#225;vel import&#226;ncia do diabetes mellitus na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos maiores foi tamb&#233;m reafirmada pela an&#225;lise multivariada (p=0,07). A import&#226;ncia do fator de risco diabetes mellitus na gravidade da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica do leito nativo <sup>5-8</sup> &#233; bem demonstrada. Acredita-se que o motivo seja o acometimento ateroscler&#243;tico mais difuso e extenso das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.</p>
      <p>Pela an&#225;lise univariada, os sintomas card&#237;acos presentes durante o acompanhamento, como a angina de peito (p=0,001) e as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda (p=0,001), apareceram como vari&#225;veis importantes no subgrupo de pacientes com eventos maiores.</p>
      <p>A valoriza&#231;&#227;o de precordialgia ap&#243;s a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; extremamente complexa. A dor pode ser causada por fatores osteoarticulares, neurol&#243;gicos e musculares vinculados ao pr&#243;prio procedimento cir&#250;rgico. No entanto, a presen&#231;a de angina t&#237;pica &#233; descrita com um forte indicador de isquemia e de presen&#231;a de les&#245;es coronarianas significativas no estudo hemodin&#226;mico <sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise da modalidade de estresse realizada (f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol), n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a quanto ao laudo cintigr&#225;fico ou a predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos. No entanto, quando estudamos separadamente, o padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico do teste de esfor&#231;o (normal, isqu&#234;mico ou inconclusivo), constatou-se que o subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos com evento maior apresentou, comparativamente, uma propor&#231;&#227;o mais acentuada de eletrocardiograma de esfor&#231;o inconclusivo (p=0,02). &#201; prov&#225;vel que os indiv&#237;duos com teste de esfor&#231;o inconclusivo fossem os com doen&#231;a mais importante e, conseq&#252;entemente, com altera&#231;&#245;es persistentes no eletrocardiograma de repouso.</p>
      <p>Pela an&#225;lise univariada, percebe-se que os indiv&#237;duos com angioplastia percut&#226;nea tiveram maior associa&#231;&#227;o com imagens anormais (p=0,04). N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel constatar se houve ou n&#227;o interfer&#234;ncia do resultado do exame na tomada de decis&#227;o pelo m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
      <p>Quando foram estudadas, as vari&#225;veis cintigr&#225;ficas, constatou-se na an&#225;lise univariada e multivariada que os doentes com padr&#227;o cintigr&#225;fico de aumento de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo tiveram uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de imagens de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica alterada e de evento maior.</p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#233; um marcador independente de mau progn&#243;stico. &#201; fato que o tamanho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco isqu&#234;mico est&#227;o diretamente correlacionados com a dimens&#227;o e intensidade da hipocapta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na cintigrafia e com a extens&#227;o e gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana na cineangiocoronariografia <sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>A capta&#231;&#227;o pulmonar do t&#225;lio-201 p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o &#233; um sinal de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica extensa. A dilata&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo presente nas imagens de esfor&#231;o &#233; causada pela disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular isqu&#234;mica e tamb&#233;m indica presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica grave <sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>O aspecto cintigr&#225;fico de aumento de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, semelhante aos outros sinais indiretos de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, como a capta&#231;&#227;o pulmonar de t&#225;lio-201, a dilata&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mica transit&#243;ria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, a extens&#227;o da hipocapta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica superior a 15% da &#225;rea do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e os defeitos de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em m&#250;ltiplos territ&#243;rios, s&#227;o marcadores independentes de mau progn&#243;stico e de mortalidade card&#237;aca <sup>10-12</sup>.</p>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de um laudo cintigr&#225;fico anormal e a ocorr&#234;ncia de qualquer evento card&#237;aco teve relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,009). N&#227;o ocorreu predom&#237;nio de um tipo espec&#237;fico de laudo cintigr&#225;fico (isquemia, fibrose ou fibrose com isquemia) para a predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos card&#237;acos. Estes resultados divergiram em parte das informa&#231;&#245;es demonstradas em outros trabalhos, onde o achado cintigr&#225;fico de isquemia demonstrou import&#226;ncia.</p>
      <p>As curvas atuariais livres de eventos demonstram com clareza a influ&#234;ncia do aspecto da cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos ao longo do tempo. Ilustram que a presen&#231;a de uma cintigrafia normal influi positivamente na sobrevida livre de eventos, concordante com a valoriza&#231;&#227;o do valor preditivo negativo do exame.</p>
      <p>Nesta pesquisa, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel reproduzir, especificamente, a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e, principalmente, o valor preditivo negativo citados na literatura. Possivelmente, as discord&#226;ncias com as publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores se devem a diferen&#231;as na sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra e &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao desenho do estudo.</p>
      <p>Talvez a principal limita&#231;&#227;o desta pesquisa tenha sido a aus&#234;ncia da aplica&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da cintigrafia. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o das imagens de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi feita de modo subjetivo, identificando os territ&#243;rios do mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo acometidos. No entanto, este tipo de an&#225;lise, de acordo com a literatura, tem desempenho semelhante ao da an&#225;lise quantitativa <sup>5-7</sup>. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se pode desmerecer a import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e progn&#243;stica da aferi&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o, da intensidade do d&#233;ficit de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e da reversibilidade da hipoperfus&#227;o. &#201; poss&#237;vel que esta an&#225;lise quantitativa pudesse ter acentuado a acur&#225;cia progn&#243;stica da cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica neste estudo.</p>
      <p>O uso de programas de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular poderia ter incrementado o valor progn&#243;stico da cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica encontrado neste trabalho. Atualmente, &#233; poss&#237;vel, atrav&#233;s de programas computadorizados, definir os bordos card&#237;acos do endoc&#225;rdio e epic&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, a partir da aquisi&#231;&#227;o tomogr&#225;fica das imagens de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (t&#225;lio-201 ou agentes ligados ao Tc-99m) sincronizadas com o ciclo card&#237;aco pelo complexo QRS do eletrocardiograma (gated SPECT).</p>
      <p>O programa do gated SPECT permite avaliar o espessamento sist&#243;lico, a contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar e global e o c&#225;lculo dos volumes e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Isso facilita a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre defeitos artefatuais e reais, com conseq&#252;ente redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de exames falso positivos e acr&#233;scimo na especificidade do m&#233;todo.</p>
      <p>Infelizmente, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel obter informa&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana e dos enxertos aorto-coronarianos, que complementariam a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional. No entanto, cabe ressaltar que a meta do estudo n&#227;o foi avaliar a pat&#234;ncia dos enxertos pela cintigrafia e sim o progn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>Assim, o presente estudo em pacientes submetidos &#224; primeira cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e &#224; cintigrafia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sob estresse com radiof&#225;rmacos, ligados ao tecn&#233;cio-99m, demonstra que a presen&#231;a de uma cintigrafia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anormal &#233; uma vari&#225;vel independente para a predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos card&#237;acos (morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina inst&#225;vel, angioplastia coronariana e nova cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
