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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tjtcfQLLDYDz8PjHZdj3WPR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2003000100002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(03)08000102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2003000100002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Improvement in left ventricular dysfunction after surgical correction of mitral regurgitation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio Cordeiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Nazareth de Novaes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Rita de C&#225;ssia Villela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coimbra</surname>
            <given-names>Marialda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Rosana Grandelle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weksler</surname>
            <given-names>Clara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Eug&#234;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Garcia da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Dutra da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Health Ministery</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">National Institute of Cardiology Laranjeiras </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Division of Cardiac Surgery</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2003</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>80</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>13</fpage>
      <lpage>18</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether left ventricular end-systolic (ESD) diameters &lt;FONT FACE=Symbol&gt;&#163;&lt;/FONT&gt; 51mm in patients (pt) with severe chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) are predictors of a poor prognosis after mitral valve surgery (MVS). METHODS: Eleven pt (aged 36&#177;13 years) were studied in the preoperative period (pre), median of 36 days; in the early postoperative period (post1), median of 9 days; and in the late postoperative period (post2), mean of 38.5&#177;37.6 months. Clinical and echocardiographic data were gathered from each pt with MR and systolic diameter &lt;FONT FACE=Symbol&gt;&#179;&lt;/FONT&gt;51mm (mean = 57&#177;4mm) to evaluate the result of MVS. Ten patients were in NYHA Class III/IV. RESULTS: All but 2 pt improved in functional class. Two pt died from heart failure and infectious endocarditis 14 and 11 months, respectively, after valve replacement. According to ejection fraction (EF) in post2, we identified 2 groups: group 1 (n=6), whose EF decreased in post1, but increased in post2 (p=0.01) and group 2 (n=5), whose EF decreased progressively from post1 to post2 (p=0.10). All pt with symptoms lasting &lt;FONT FACE=Symbol&gt;&#163;&lt;/FONT&gt; 48 months had improvement in EF in post2 (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: ESD &lt;FONT FACE=Symbol&gt;&#179;&lt;/FONT&gt;51mm are not always associated with a poor prognosis after MVS in patients with MR. Symptoms lasting up to 48 months are associated with improvement in left ventricular function.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>mitral regurgitation</kwd>
        <kwd>left ventricular dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>surgical correction</kwd>
        <kwd>mitral valvar correction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Improvement in left ventricular dysfunction after surgical correction of mitral regurgitation</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio Cordeiro da Rocha; Nazareth de Novaes da Rocha; Rita de C&#225;ssia Villela Soares; Marialda Coimbra; Rosana Grandelle Ramos; Clara Weksler; Fernando Eug&#234;nio Cruz Filho; Celso Garcia da Silveira; Paulo Roberto Dutra da Silva</bold>
    </p>
    <p>From Division of Cardiac Surgery of Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras National Institute of Cardiology Laranjeiras, Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de Health Ministery, Rio de Janeiro </p>
    <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Address to correspondence</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:  </bold>To evaluate whether left ventricular end-systolic (ESD) diameters &#163; 51mm in patients (pt) with severe chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) are predictors of a poor prognosis after mitral valve surgery (MVS). </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> Eleven pt (aged 36&#177;13 years) were studied in the preoperative period (pre), median of 36 days; in the early postoperative period (post1), median of 9 days; and in the late postoperative period (post2), mean of 38.5&#177;37.6 months. Clinical and echocardiographic data were gathered from each pt with MR and systolic diameter &#179;51mm (mean = 57&#177;4mm) to evaluate the result of MVS. Ten patients were in NYHA Class III/IV. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>All but 2 pt improved in functional class. Two pt died from heart failure and infectious endocarditis 14 and 11 months, respectively, after valve replacement. According to ejection fraction (EF) in post2, we identified 2 groups: group 1 (n=6), whose EF decreased in post1, but increased in post2 (p=0.01) and group 2 (n=5), whose EF decreased progressively from post1 to post2 (p=0.10). All pt with symptoms lasting &#163; 48 months had improvement in EF in post2 (p=0.01). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> ESD &#179;51mm are not always associated with a poor prognosis after MVS in patients with MR. Symptoms lasting up to 48 months are associated with improvement in left ventricular function.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words: </bold>mitral regurgitation, left ventricular dysfunction, surgical correction, mitral valvar correction</p>
    <p>Left ventricular function is the main predictive factor of morbidity and mortality after surgical correction of severe chronic mitral regurgitation <sup>1</sup>. Several indexes of left ventricular function assessment have been studied to help the prognosis of this disease after mitral valve replacement <sup>1-7</sup>. Even small enhancements in end-systolic left ventricular diameter in the preoperative period imply an increased risk of left ventricular dysfunction in the postoperative period <sup>1,4</sup>. Because of the poor surgical results found in patients with mitral regurgitation and end-systolic diameter &#179; 51mm, an alternative treatment has been proposed for these patients <sup>4</sup>. The present study was performed to assess clinical evolvement and left ventricular function through echocardiography, after mitral valve replacement in patients with mitral regurgitation and systolic diameter &#179; 51mm and to verify which clinical, echocardiographic, and surgical factors influenced the results.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Methods</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Between January 1988 and May 1997, 253 patients underwent valvar replacement at the Cardiac Surgery Division in of the National Cardiology Laranjeiras Institute, Health Ministry, State of Rio de Janeiro. Fifty-three patients underwent mitral valve replacement for isolated or predominant mitral regurgitation (mitral valve area &#179;1.7cm<sup>2</sup>). All 53 patients had adequate color Doppler or bidimensional Doppler echocardiography. Of the 53 patients, 11 who had systolic diameter &#179;51 mm (mean = 57&#177;4mm, ranging from 51 to 65mm) were selected for the study. Mitral regurgitation was considered severe based on the clinical picture and on Doppler echocardiography evaluation <sup>8,9</sup>. Exclusion criteria included acute mitral regurgitation or mitral regurgitation with symptoms lasting less than 6 months, previous cardiac surgery, moderate or severe aortic valvar disease, congenital cardiopathy, coronary artery disease, or dilated cardiomyopathy. Patients undergoing tricuspid annuloplasty were included in the study. Preoperative clinical data and some relevant surgical data are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table I</xref>. The group was composed by 5 women and 6 men with a mean age of 36&#177;13 years. The duration of symptoms was defined as the interval between the beginning of dyspnea Functional Class (FC) II of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) and the date of surgery. One patient was in FC II, 2 were in FC III, and 8 were in FC IV. Nine patients had atrial fibrillation. Four had rheumatic mitral regurgitation, and 7 had degenerative mitral regurgitation (5 patients with chordal rupture) based on echocardiographic, surgical, and anatomicopathological findings. All patients older than 40 years underwent cardiac catheterization to exclude coronary artery disease.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0013-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>All patients received digoxin, diuretics, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the postoperative period. Warfarin was used in the first 3 months after surgery in those patients who received biological prostheses and indefinitely in those patients who received mechanical prostheses, had atrial fibrillation, or received medical prescription.</p>
    <p>All patients underwent bidimensional transthoracic color or conventional Doppler echocardiography, with commercially available equipment (<italic>Apogee CX200 and Interspect</italic>). The semiquantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation was determined on a scale of 1+ to 4+ degrees <sup>8,9</sup>. Echocardiographic measures performed in the unidimensional mode were guided by the bidimensional mode. Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameter and ventricular wall thickness were obtained at the papillary muscle<strike>s</strike> level in the parasternal plane. Left atrium diameter was assessed during systole. Cardiac diameters and left ventricular mass were indexed through body surface. Left ventricular ejection fraction was assessed according to the recommendations of the American Association of Echocardiography <sup>10,11</sup>. In patients with atrial fibrillation, a mean of 5 beats was obtained. Mitral valvar area was assessed by the pressure-half-time method. Echocardiography included the last preoperative examination (pre), median of 29 days (ranging from 12 to 120 days); early postoperative examination (post1), median of 9 days (ranging from 6 to 140 days); and the most recent available examination in the postoperative follow-up (post2), mean 38.5&#177;37.6 months. In post2, no signs existed of mitral regurgitation. Two patients with rheumatic mitral regurgitation had mild aortic regurgitation in the preoperative period that remained unchanged in post1 and post2.</p>
    <p>Surgical procedures were performed with cardiopulmonary derivation and moderate systemic hypothermia (between 28 and 32&#186;C). Myocardial protection was obtained with a hypothermic blood solution (between 10 and 15&#186;) and enriched with potassium aspartate and potassium glutamate at a 24mEq/L concentration. A cardioplegic solution was infused intermittently for 3 minutes every 15 minutes; the last infusion was previously heated at 37&#186;C with a potassium concentration of 10 mEq/L. One patient underwent mitral valve repair with the Carpentier technique <sup>12,13</sup>, which consisted of the quadrangular resection of valvar tissue followed by suture and placement of a Carpentier ring. The other 10 patients underwent mitral valve replacement, with chordal preservation in 9 patients (preservation of chodal tendineae to the posterior leaflet in all patients). Nine biological prostheses of bovine pericardium (<italic>Labcor</italic><sup>&#210;</sup>) and one bileaflet mechanical prostheses (<italic>Carbomedics</italic><sup>&#210;</sup>) were implanted. Prostheses size was 33 in 5 patients and 35 in the other 5. Three patients underwent tricuspid annuloplasty with the De Vega technique. Two patients needed left atrium reduction surgery (atrial tissue resection around the atrial ostia) due to a left aneurysmatic atrium. Precocious death did not occur (precocious death was defined as death that occurred in the first 30 days after surgery or during hospitalization). Reoperation was necessary in one patient because of bleeding in the postoperative period.</p>
    <p>Clinical data were prospectively collected by one of the authors, and the follow-up data were collected during the ambulatory visit. Patients were followed-up until death or until the last scheduled ambulatory visit. Mean follow-up was 39&#177;18.7 months (ranging from 9 to 69 months).</p>
    <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD. Statistical computer software EpiInfo 6.0 and SPSS 8.0 for Windows were used for statistical analysis. Paired or unpaired Student <italic>t</italic> test for continuous data and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare continuous variables. Scheffe&#180;s method was used to discriminate significant differences found at ANOVA. Fisher&#180;s exact test was used for comparison between categoric variables. Pearson&#180;s correlation was used to correlate the variables. Probability of survival and survival free from severe symptoms (NYHA FC &#179; 3) was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method. A p&lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Results</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Functional class improved in the postoperative period in all but 2 patients. One remained in Functional Class IV (severe congestive heart failure) and died 14 months after surgery. Another patient was in Functional Class III 44.7 months after surgery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table I</xref>). In the last ambulatory visit, 8 patients were in Functional Class I and 1 was in Functional Class II, including one whose Functional Class improved in the postoperative period, but who died due to infective endocarditis 11 months after surgery. Survival rates at 5-year follow-up was 81.8&#177;11.6% (95% confidence interval raging from 16 to 99%), and the survival rates for patients free from significant symptoms at 5-year follow-up was 67.5&#177;23.7% (95% confidence interval ranging from 13 to 96%).</p>
    <p>Evolvement of left ventricular diameters and left ventricular function in the postoperative period: As expressed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table II</xref>, a significant decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (EDD) occurred between pre, and post1 and post2 (p=0.001); however, no significant difference occurred between post1 and post2 (p=NS). Despite the reduction in end-systolic diameter in post1 and post2 compared with that in the pre, this difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.33), nor did the ejection fraction (p=0.13) or left ventricular shortening fraction (p=0.16). According to the ejection fraction in post2, we can analyze 2 groups of patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table III</xref>). In 6 patients, group 1, a significant and continuous reduction in the diastolic (p=0.0004) and systolic diameters occurred (p=0.001) from pre to post2. In this group, ejection fraction did not decrease significantly from pre to post1, but increased significantly from post1 to post2 (p=0.01). In the other 5 patients, group 2, a nonsignificant decrease in diastolic (p=0.25) and systolic diameters (p=0.55) occurred in post1, followed by a nonsignificant increase in post2. In this group, ejection fraction decreased gradually and not significantly from pre to post1 and from post1 to post2 (p=0.10).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0013-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0013-00002-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>No correlation was found between echocardiographic data in pre and post1 or post2. No difference existed between sex, age, Functional Class, body surface, cause of mitral regurgitation, atrial fibrillation, tricuspid valve disease, left atrium dimension, diastolic diameter, systolic diameter, ejection fraction, shortening fraction, septal thickness, and left ventricular posterior wall thickness, left ventricular mass in the pre, aortic clamping time, chordal preservation, tricuspid annuloplasty, left atrium shortening surgery, and size of the prostheses implanted in the patients of groups 1 and 2. However, persistence of symptoms in patients from group 1, 30&#177;12 months, was significantly lower than that in those patients from group 2, 79&#177;38.5 months (p=0.01). A good inverse correlation was found between the persistence of symptoms and the ejection fraction in post2 (r= -0.82, p&lt;0.01), and a direct correlation was found between the duration of symptoms and the systolic diameter (r=0.94, p&lt;0.001). All 5 patients with symptoms lasting &#163; 48 months had improved ejection fraction in post2, whereas only 1 of the 6 patients with symptoms lasting &gt; 48 months had ejection fraction improvement in post2 (p=0.01).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discussion</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Results of this study indicate that some patients with severe symptomatic chronic mitral regurgitation and severe preoperative left ventricular dysfunction may improve in Functional Class and left ventricular function, later, after mitral valve replacement. These results are not in accordance with those of previous studies, which demonstrated a poor prognosis in patients with severe mitral regurgitation and severe left ventricular dysfunction after mitral valve replacement. Starling <sup>14</sup>, studying 15 patients with chronic mitral regurgitation 1 year after mitral valve replacement, demonstrated the persistence of left ventricular dysfunction in those patients whose end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were increased and whose ejection fraction was decreased in the preoperative period. Wisenbaugh et al <sup>4</sup>, reporting the postoperative results of 61 patients with mitral regurgitation, demonstrated that systolic diameter was the most useful predictor of death, heart failure, and left ventricular dysfunction. Of 8 patients with systolic diameter &#179; 51mm, 6 died and 1 remained with severe heart failure. One patient remained with severe left ventricular dysfunction but had an improvement in Functional Class after a mean follow-up of 24 months. Based on these results, they consider surgery in these patients, even with chordal preservation, "heroic", and they suggest that an alternative surgery should, therefore, be considered for these patients. In our patients, although they had the same level of preoperative left ventricle dysfunction, we did not observe the same results in the postoperative period. The rate of survivors at 5 years was 81.8%. We observed that only 2 patients remained with advanced heart failure (1 died 14 months after surgery), whereas the 9 remaining patients improved their Functional Class. The other death observed resulted from infective endocarditis in 1 patient who had improved Functional Class and left ventricular function. Although they had improved Functional Class, 2 other patients still had severe left ventricular dysfunction in post2. Therefore, the rate of survivors free from important symptoms, in 5 years, was 67.5%. In contrast with the South African study <sup>4</sup>, rheumatic disease was not the only cause found in our patients that could explain the difference in our results. However, our patients with mitral regurgitation had a decrease in systolic diameter and improvement in Functional Class.</p>
    <p>Ejection fraction reduction is a common finding after mitral valve replacement, even with chordal preservation and mitral valve repair <sup>4,15-18</sup>. Ejection fraction and shortening fraction decrease in the postoperative period is also observed in those patients with preserved left ventricular function in the preoperative period <sup>4,19,20</sup>. It has been believed that in patients with "noncompensated" mitral regurgitation, cardiac chambers enlargement persists after mitral valve replacement because of the increase in final systolic stress, which further decreases systolic function. However, in this study, we have demonstrated that in some patients with noncompensated mitral regurgitation a decrease in left ventricular dimensions occurred, and therefore a consequent improvement in left ventricular function was observed.</p>
    <p>Bonow et al <sup>21</sup>, studying patients with severe aortic regurgitation, observed that prolonged left ventricular dysfunction (&#179;1 year) resulted in a greater chance of left ventricular dysfunction after aortic valve replacement. Recently, Krishman et al <sup>22</sup> , studying children operated on for severe mitral regurgitation, reported an early worsening, followed by a late improvement in left ventricular function. The improvement was explained by a relatively shorter overall duration of mitral insufficiency or a greater potential for recovery in younger myocardium. These results are very similar to ours, especially in group 1, whose left ventricular dysfunction decreased precociously (post1) but improved later (post2) after mitral valve replacement, suggesting a level of contractile reserve in these patients. They had a lower duration of symptoms compared with that in those whose left ventricular function decreased in the postoperative period (30&#177;12 and 79&#177;38.5 months, respectively, p=0.01). We have also observed that patients whose symptoms persisted for &#163; 48 months had an improvement in ejection fraction in post2 compared with that in those with symptoms lasting &gt; 48 months (p=0.01). In addition, we verified a good relationship between symptom<strike>s</strike> duration and ejection fraction in post2 (r= -0.82, p&lt;0.01). More recently, Tribouilloy et al <sup>23</sup>, studying the influence of Functional Class on the surgical results in patients with mitral regurgitation, demonstrated that patients in Functional Class III/IV had higher operative mortality and lower late survival than those patients in Functional Class I/II, regardless of left ventricular function, age, or other clinical features. Although no systematic studies that correlate the presence and the severity of symptoms with the level grade of left ventricular dysfunction are available in severe chronic mitral regurgitation, we should consider the findings of Tribouilloy et al <sup>23</sup> where patients with mitral regurgitation in Functional Class IV had lower ejection fraction than those patients in Functional Class I/II. In our study, no differences existed in left ventricular function between the patients in different Functional Classes, because of the selection criteria used and the small number of enrolled patients. Fuster et al <sup>24</sup> demonstrated that patients with severe chronic mitral regurgitation and advanced symptoms, and in Functional Class III/IV, had more myocardial interstitial tissue than those patients in Functional Class I/II without heart disease. Unfortunately, neither Tribouilloy et al <sup>23</sup> nor Fuster et al <sup>24</sup> mentioned the duration of symptoms of the patients involved in their studies. Therefore, it is possible to confirm that the amount of myocardial interstitial tissue is less intense in patients with a shorter duration of symptoms. This may be the explanation for the improvement observed in our patients with a duration of symptoms &#163; 48 months.</p>
    <p>According to our findings, conventional mitral valve surgery, with chordal preservation, or mitral valve repair must be recommended to patients with mitral regurgitation and systolic diameter &#179; 51mm, even though some of them may remain with severe left ventricular dysfunction, but with a great chance of improving in Functional Class. Additionally, we may evaluate the late postoperative result and decide on an alternative treatment, such as cardiac transplantation. Duration of symptoms &#163; 48 months identifies the patients with greater chances of left ventricular function improvement after mitral valve replacement in patients with mitral regurgitation and systolic diameter &#179; 51mm.</p>
    <p>In this study, we did not assess systolic stress indexes <sup>25</sup>, left ventricle cavity elastance <sup>14</sup>, ejection fraction variance, or systolic diameter during exercise <sup>7</sup>; therefore, we do not know whether they could influence the postoperative results. However, we do not know any studies that have demonstrated that these indexes have greater predictive value than the diastolic diameter. We do not know either how long left ventricular dysfunction persisted in the patients included in the study, because a few patients had echocardiographic examinations at the onset of their diseases. Additionally, our results do not apply to asymptomatic or to minimally symptomatic patients with chronic mitral regurgitation, because most of our patients had severe symptoms (Functional Class III/IV) before surgery. We could not assess the influence on the results of the surgical technique performed, once the number of patients is small to enable such a comparison. We do not know either whether the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors played any role in the improvement of left ventricular function or in Functional Class determination. However, all patients from both groups used these medications during the postoperative follow-up. Further studies involving a greater number of patients are necessary to confirm our results. We want to point out that the population studied was composed of a special group of patients with severe mitral regurgitation in an advanced stage of the disease who ought medical treatment. In our service, we recommend mitral valve surgery for patients with mitral regurgitation that become symptomatic and for those with severe mitral regurgitation asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic, when a real chance exists of mitral valve repair regardless of left ventricular dimensions.</p>
    <p>In summary, systolic diameter &#179; 51mm is not always associated with a poor prognosis in the postoperative period. In most patients with severe chronic mitral regurgitation and systolic diameter &#179; 51mm, Functional Class improves regardless of the response of left ventricular function after surgery. Duration of symptoms &#163; 48 months is associated with a greater chance of improvement in left ventricular function.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Address to correspondence</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio Cordeiro da Rocha </p>
        <p> Rua Roberto Dias Lopes, 220/201 </p>
        <p> 22010-110, Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ascrbr@centroin.com.br">ascrbr@centroin.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <mixed-citation>25. Carabello BA, Nolan SP, McGuire LB. Assessment of preoperative left    ventricular function in patients with mitral regurgitation: value of the end-systolic    wall stress - end-systolic volume ratio. Circulation 1981; 64: 1212-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Assessment of preoperative left ventricular function in patients with mitral regurgitation: value of the end-systolic wall stress - end-systolic volume ratio</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1212</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carabello</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nolan</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGuire</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Melhora da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica grave</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar se os di&#226;metros sist&#243;licos finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DS) &lt;FONT FACE=Symbol&gt;&#179;&lt;/font&gt; 51mm em pacientes (pt) com insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica grave (IM) s&#227;o indicadores de mau progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s a cirurgia valvar mitral (CVM). M&#201;TODOS: Estudamos os dados cl&#237;nicos e ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios (pr&#233;), mediana de 36 dias, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios precoces (p&#243;s1), mediana de 9 dias, e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios tardios (p&#243;s2), m&#233;dia de 38,5&#177;37,6 meses, em 11 pt (idade = 36&#177;13 anos) com IM e DS &gt;=51mm (m&#233;dia = 57&#177;4mm) submetidos &#224; CVM. Dez pt estavam em classe funcional III/IV da NYHA. RESULTADOS: Todos melhoraram de classe funcional, exceto 2. Dois faleceram devido &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e endocardite infecciosa, 14 e 11 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia, respectivamente. De acordo com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) no p&#243;s2 constatou-se existir 2 grupos: grupo 1 (n=6), cuja FE diminuiu no p&#243;s1, mas aumentou no p&#243;s2 (p=0,01) e grupo 2 (n=5), cuja FE diminuiu progressivamente do p&#243;s1 para o p&#243;s2 (p=0,10). Todos os pacientes com dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas &lt;=48 meses experimentaram melhora na FE no p&#243;s2 (p=0.01). CONCLUS&#195;O: DS &gt;=51mm n&#227;o est&#227;o sempre associados a progn&#243;stico ruim ap&#243;s a CVM em pt com IM. A dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas at&#233; 48 meses est&#225; associada &#224; melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>tratamento cir&#250;rgico</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia valvar mitral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="topo-body2"/>Melhora da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica grave</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio Cordeiro da Rocha; Nazareth de Novaes da Rocha; Rita de C&#225;ssia Villela Soares; Marialda Coimbra; Rosana Grandelle Ramos; Clara Weksler; Fernando Eug&#234;nio Cruz Filho; </bold>
        <bold>Celso Garcia da Silveira; Paulo Roberto Dutra da Silva</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras, Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Rio de Janeiro</p>
      <p>Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar se os di&#226;metros sist&#243;licos finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DS) &#179; 51mm em pacientes (pt) com insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica grave (IM) s&#227;o indicadores de mau progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s a cirurgia valvar mitral (CVM).</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudamos os dados cl&#237;nicos e ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios (pr&#233;), mediana de 36 dias, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios precoces (p&#243;s1), mediana de 9 dias, e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios tardios (p&#243;s2), m&#233;dia de 38,5&#177;37,6 meses, em 11 pt (idade = 36&#177;13 anos) com IM e DS &#179;51mm (m&#233;dia = 57&#177;4mm) submetidos &#224; CVM. Dez pt estavam em classe funcional III/IV da NYHA.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> Todos melhoraram de classe funcional, exceto 2. Dois faleceram devido &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e endocardite infecciosa, 14 e 11 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia, respectivamente. De acordo com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) no p&#243;s2 constatou-se existir 2 grupos: grupo 1 (n=6), cuja FE diminuiu no p&#243;s1, mas aumentou no p&#243;s2 (p=0,01) e grupo 2 (n=5), cuja FE diminuiu progressivamente do p&#243;s1 para o p&#243;s2 (p=0,10). Todos os pacientes com dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas &#163;48 meses experimentaram melhora na FE no p&#243;s2 (p=0.01).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> DS &#179;51mm n&#227;o est&#227;o sempre associados a progn&#243;stico ruim ap&#243;s a CVM em pt com IM. A dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas at&#233; 48 meses est&#225; associada &#224; melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
      <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, tratamento cir&#250;rgico, cirurgia valvar mitral</p>
      <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#233; o principal fator de previs&#227;o de morbidade e mortalidade ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica grave <sup>1</sup>. V&#225;rios &#237;ndices de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda t&#234;m sido estudados com a finalidade de prever o progn&#243;stico dessa doen&#231;a ap&#243;s a cirurgia valvar mitral <sup>1-7</sup>. Mesmo pequenas eleva&#231;&#245;es do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio implicam em aumentado risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio <sup>1,4</sup>. Dado o pobre resultado cir&#250;rgico encontrado em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico &#179; 51mm, um tratamento alternativo tem sido proposto para esses pacientes <sup>4</sup>. Este estudo foi realizado com a finalidade de avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, atrav&#233;s do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, ap&#243;s a cirurgia valvar mitral em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico &#179; 51mm e verificar quais os fatores cl&#237;nicos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e cir&#250;rgicos influ&#237;ram nos resultados.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Entre janeiro/88 e maio/97, 253 pacientes submeteram-se &#224; cirurgia valvar no Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras, Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Rio de Janeiro, sendo que 53 submeteram-se &#224; cirurgia valvar mitral para insufici&#234;ncia mitral isolada ou predominante (&#225;rea valvar mitral &#179;1,7cm<sup>2</sup>). Todos os 53 pacientes tinham um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico bidimensional com Doppler, colorido ou n&#227;o, adequado para estudo. Dos 53, 11 pacientes que apresentavam di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico &#179;51mm (m&#233;dia = 57&#177;4mm, variando de 51 a 65mm) foram selecionados para estudo. Regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral foi considerada grave com base nos achados do exame f&#237;sico e da avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico com Doppler <sup>8,9</sup>. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram: insufici&#234;ncia mitral aguda ou insufici&#234;ncia mitral com dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas menor do que 6 meses, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica moderada ou grave, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ou miocardiopatia dilatada. Pacientes submetidos &#224; anuloplastia tric&#250;spide foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os dados cl&#237;nicos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios e alguns dados cir&#250;rgicos relevantes encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">tabela I</xref>. O grupo de pacientes era composto por 5 mulheres e 6 homens com m&#233;dia de idade de 36&#177;13 anos. Entre as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes, definimos como dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas o intervalo de tempo entre o come&#231;o de dispn&#233;ia classe funcional (CF) II da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> <italic>(NYHA)</italic> e a data da cirurgia. Um paciente achava-se em CF II, 2 em CF III e 8 em CF IV. Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial esteve presente em 9 pacientes. A etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia mitral era reum&#225;tica em 4 pacientes e degenerativa nos outros 7 (5 com rotura de cordas tend&#237;neas) com base nos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, cir&#250;rgicos e anatomopatol&#243;gicos. Todos os pacientes com idade &gt;40 anos foram submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco com a finalidade de excluir a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0013-00002-gt01-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes foram tratados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com digoxina, diur&#233;ticos e inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina. Warfarina foi usada durante os primeiros 3 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia naqueles que receberam pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica e indefinidamente nos que receberam pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica, nos que apresentavam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou por orienta&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico bidimensional transtor&#225;cico com Doppler colorido ou n&#227;o, utilizando ecocardi&#243;grafos dispon&#237;veis comercialmente (<italic>Apogee CX200</italic> e <italic>Interspect</italic>). O grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral foi avaliado semiquantitativamente em uma escala de 1+ a 4+ <sup>8,9</sup>. As medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas realizadas no modo unidimensional eram guiadas pelo bidimensional. Os di&#226;metros ventriculares esquerdos e as espessuras das paredes ventriculares foram medidas ao final da di&#225;stole e s&#237;stole no n&#237;vel dos m&#250;sculos papilares no corte paraesternal. O di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo foi medido na s&#237;stole. Os di&#226;metros card&#237;acos e massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram indexados pela superf&#237;cie corporal. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi medida de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de Ecocardiografia. <sup>10,11</sup>. Em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi obtida uma m&#233;dia de 5 batimentos. A &#225;rea valvar mitral foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo do <italic>pressure-half-time</italic>. Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos inclu&#237;ram o &#250;ltimo exame pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (pr&#233;), mediana de 29 dias (variando de 12 a 120 dias), o exame p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio mais precoce (p&#243;s1), mediana de 9 dias (variando de 6 a 140 dias) e o exame mais recente dispon&#237;vel no acompanhamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (p&#243;s2), m&#233;dia de 38,5&#177;37,6 meses. No p&#243;s2 n&#227;o havia sinais de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral. Dois pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica leve no pr&#233; que se manteve inalterada no p&#243;s1 e p&#243;s2.</p>
      <p>Os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos foram realizados usando deriva&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e hipotermia sist&#234;mica moderada (entre 28 e 32&#186;C). A prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi conseguida com solu&#231;&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea hipot&#233;rmica (entre 10 e 15&#186;) e enriquecida com aspartato e glutamato e K<sup>+</sup> a uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de 24mEq/l. A solu&#231;&#227;o cardiopl&#233;gica foi infundida intermitentemente por 3min a cada 15min, a final era previamente aquecida a 37&#186;C com uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de K<sup>+</sup> de 10 mEq/l. Um paciente foi submetido a reparo valvar mitral, pela t&#233;cnica de Carpentier <sup>12,13</sup>, que consistiu na ressec&#231;&#227;o quadrangular do tecido valvar seguida de sutura e coloca&#231;&#227;o de anel de Carpentier. Os outros 10 foram submetidos &#224; troca valvar mitral, com preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas tend&#237;neas em 9 deles (preserva&#231;&#227;o das cordas tend&#237;neas do folheto posterior em todos). Nove biopr&#243;teses de peric&#225;rdio bovino (<italic>Labcor</italic><sup>&#210;</sup>) e uma pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica de duplo folheto (<italic>Carbomedics</italic><sup>&#210;</sup>) foram implantadas. As pr&#243;teses implantadas foram de tamanho 33 em 5 casos e 35 nos outros 5. Tr&#234;s pacientes sofreram anuloplastia tric&#250;spide pela t&#233;cnica de De Vega. Dois pacientes necessitaram de cirurgia redutora do &#225;trio esquerdo (ressec&#231;&#227;o do tecido atrial em torno do local da abertura atrial) por conta de &#225;trios esquerdos "aneurism&#225;ticos". N&#227;o houve &#243;bito imediato (definido como &#243;bito ocorrido nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia ou durante a mesma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o). Reopera&#231;&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria em um paciente devido a sangramento excessivo no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
      <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos foram colhidos, prospectivamente, por um dos autores e os dados do acompanhamento colhidos em visitas ambulatoriais. Os pacientes foram acompanhados at&#233; o &#243;bito ou at&#233; a &#250;ltima visita ambulatorial. A m&#233;dia do acompanhamento foi de 39&#177;18,7 meses (variando de 9 a 69 meses).</p>
      <p>Os dados num&#233;ricos foram expressos em m&#233;dia e um desvio-padr&#227;o. Os programas de estat&#237;stica para computador EpiInfo 6,0 e SPSS 8,0 para Windows foram utilizados para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dados cont&#237;nuos, foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, pareado ou n&#227;o, e a an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA). O procedimento de Scheffe foi usado para discriminar as diferen&#231;as significativas encontradas na ANOVA. O teste exato de Fisher foi usado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. No c&#225;lculo das correla&#231;&#245;es, foi utilizado a correla&#231;&#227;o simples de Pearson. Para estimativa da sobrevida total e sobrevida livre de sintomas graves (NYHA CF &#179; 3), foi utilizado o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. Foi considerado significante um p&lt;0,05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A classe funcional melhorou no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em todos os pacientes, com exce&#231;&#227;o de 2. Um permaneceu em classe funcional IV (grave insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva) e faleceu 14 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia e outro estava em classe funcional III, 44,7 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">tab. I</xref>). Na &#250;ltima visita ambulatorial, 8 pacientes estavam em CF I e um em classe funcional II, incluindo um cuja classe funcional melhorou no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, mas faleceu de endocardite infecciosa (acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico) 11 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia. A propor&#231;&#227;o de sobreviventes, em 5 anos de acompanhamento, foi 81,8&#177;11,6% variando (IC 95% de 16 a 99%) e a propor&#231;&#227;o de sobreviventes livres de sintomas importantes, em 5 anos de acompanhamento, de 67,5&#177;23,7% variando (IC 95% de 13 a 96%).</p>
      <p>Evolu&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es cavit&#225;rias e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio - Como expresso na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">tabela II</xref>, ocorreu uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DD) entre o pr&#233; e o p&#243;s1 e p&#243;s2 (p=0,001), mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre p&#243;s1 e o p&#243;s2 (p=NS). Apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico no p&#243;s1 e p&#243;s2 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233;, esta diferen&#231;a n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou significado estat&#237;stico (p=0,33), o mesmo verificado com rela&#231;&#227;o a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (p=0,13) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (p=0,16). De acordo com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s2, constatou-se a exist&#234;ncia de dois grupos distintos de pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">tab. III</xref>). Em 6 pacientes, grupo 1, ocorreu uma redu&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua e significativa do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico (p=0,0004) e do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico (p=0,001) do pr&#233; para o p&#243;s2. Nesse grupo, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o diminuiu n&#227;o significativamente do pr&#233; para o p&#243;s1, mas aumentou significativamente do p&#243;s1 para o p&#243;s2 (p=0,01). Nos outros 5 pacientes, grupo 2, ocorreu uma redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significativa do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico (p=0,25) e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico (p=0,55) no p&#243;s1, seguida de um aumento n&#227;o significativo no p&#243;s2. Nesse grupo, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduziu gradual e n&#227;o significativamente do pr&#233; para o p&#243;s1 e deste para o p&#243;s2 (p=0,10).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0013-00002-gt02-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-80-01-0013-00002-gt03-pt.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>N&#227;o foi encontrada nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o entre os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233; e p&#243;s1 ou p&#243;s2. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as entre sexo, idade, classe funcional, superf&#237;cie corporal, etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia mitral, presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, presen&#231;a de les&#227;o tric&#250;spide, dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico, di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento, espessura septal e de parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no pr&#233;, tempo de clampeamento a&#243;rtico, preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas tend&#237;neas, anuloplastia tric&#250;spide, cirurgia de redu&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo e tamanho da pr&#243;tese implantada entre os pacientes dos grupos 1 e 2. No entanto, a dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas nos pacientes do grupo 1, 30&#177;12 meses, foi significativamente menor do que no grupo 2, 79&#177;38,5 meses (p=0,01). Uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o inversa foi encontrada entre a dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s2 (r= -0,82, p&lt;0,01) e uma correla&#231;&#227;o direta entre a dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico (r=0,94, p&lt;0,001). Todos os 5 pacientes com dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas &#163; 48 meses melhoraram a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s2, enquanto apenas um dos 6 com dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas &gt; 48 meses tiveram melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s2 (p=0,01).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo indicam que alguns pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica grave, sintom&#225;tica, e grave disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria podem experimentar uma melhora na classe funcional e na fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tardiamente, ap&#243;s a cirurgia valvar mitral. Estes resultados est&#227;o em desacordo com estudos pr&#233;vios, que demonstraram um progn&#243;stico ruim em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave e grave disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ap&#243;s a cirurgia valvar mitral. Estudos realizados por Starling <sup>14</sup>, um ano ap&#243;s a cirurgia valvar mitral, em 15 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, demonstraram a persist&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo naqueles cujos volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico finais encontravam-se aumentados e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Wisenbaugh e cols. <sup>4</sup>, relatando os resultados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios de 61 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral, demonstraram que o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico foi o fator com o maior poder de previs&#227;o para morte, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Eles identificaram 8 pacientes com di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico &#179; 51mm, sendo que 6 faleceram, um permaneceu em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave e um com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mas melhora de classe funcional, ap&#243;s um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 24 meses. Baseados nesses resultados, eles consideram como "her&#243;ica" a cirurgia nesses pacientes, mesmo preservando-se as cordas tend&#237;neas, e sugerem que uma cirurgia alternativa deva ser considerada para esses pacientes. Em nossos pacientes, apesar do mesmo grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, n&#227;o observamos o mesmo resultado p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A propor&#231;&#227;o de sobreviventes em 5 anos foi de 81,8%. Observamos que somente 2 pacientes permaneceram com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada (um faleceu 14 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia), enquanto os 9 restantes melhoraram de classe funcional. A outra morte observada ocorreu em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de endocardite infecciosa aguda, em um paciente que havia melhorado de classe funcional e de fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Embora tenham melhorado de classe funcional, dois outros pacientes ainda mostravam sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo grave no p&#243;s2. Portanto, a propor&#231;&#227;o de sobreviventes livres de sintomas importantes, em 5 anos, foi de 67,5%. Em contraste ao estudo Sul-Africano <sup>4</sup>, a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica n&#227;o foi a &#250;nica etiologia encontrada em nossos pacientes, o que poderia ser um argumento favor&#225;vel para explicar a diferen&#231;a nos resultados. No entanto, todos os nossos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica tiveram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico e melhora na classe funcional.</p>
      <p>Uma redu&#231;&#227;o na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#233; um achado comum ap&#243;s a cirurgia valvar mitral, mesmo com preserva&#231;&#227;o das cordas tend&#237;neas e reparo valvar mitral <sup>4,15-18</sup>. Diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio &#233; observada mesmo naqueles pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio <sup>4,19,20</sup>. Tem sido tamb&#233;m postulado que, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral "descompensada", o aumento das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas persiste ap&#243;s a cirurgia valvar mitral devido ao aumento do estresse sist&#243;lico final, que diminui ainda mais a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Entretanto, neste estudo demonstramos que em alguns pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral descompensada houve redu&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e uma conseq&#252;ente melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      <p>Bonow e cols. <sup>21</sup>, estudando pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica grave, observaram que a dura&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#179;1 ano determinava uma chance maior de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da regurgita&#231;&#227;o. Recentemente, Krishman e cols. <sup>22</sup> estudando crian&#231;as operadas de grave insufici&#234;ncia mitral, relataram uma piora precoce seguida de uma melhora tardia na fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A melhora foi atribu&#237;da a menor dura&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia mitral ou a uma maior capacidade do mioc&#225;rdio das crian&#231;as em melhorar sua contratilidade. Esses resultados s&#227;o muito semelhantes aos nossos, especialmente, no grupo 1, cuja disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo piorou precocemente (p&#243;s1), mas melhorou mais tarde (p&#243;s2) ap&#243;s a cirurgia valvar mitral, sugerindo que havia algum grau de reserva contr&#225;til nesses pacientes. Esses pacientes apresentavam menor dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles cuja fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo deteriorou no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (30&#177;12 e 79&#177;38,5 meses, respectivamente, p=0,01). Observamos, tamb&#233;m, que nos pacientes cuja dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas era &#163; 48 meses houve melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s2 em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas &gt; 48 meses (p=0,01). Al&#233;m disso, verificamos uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s2 (r= -0,82, p&lt;0,01). Mais recentemente, Tribouilloy e cols. <sup>23</sup> estudando a influ&#234;ncia da classe funcional sobre os resultados cir&#250;rgicos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral, demonstraram que pacientes com classe funcional III/IV apresentavam maior mortalidade operat&#243;ria e menor sobrevida tardia do que aqueles com classe funcional I/II, independentemente da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, idade ou outras caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas. Embora n&#227;o haja estudos sistem&#225;ticos que correlacionem a presen&#231;a e a gravidade dos sintomas com o grau da disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica grave, os achados de Tribouilloy e cols. <sup>23</sup> de que pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral e classe funcional IV tinham menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do que aqueles com classes funcionais mais baixas, merece considera&#231;&#227;o. Em nosso estudo n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a na fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo entre os pacientes com diferentes classes funcionais, devido aos crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o usados e ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes envolvidos no estudo. Fuster e cols. <sup>24</sup> demonstraram que pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica e sintomas avan&#231;ados, classe funcional III/IV, tinham mais tecido intersticial mioc&#225;rdico do que pacientes com classe funcional menos avan&#231;ada ou em indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. Infelizmente, nem Tribouilloy e cols. <sup>23</sup> ou Fuster e cols. <sup>24</sup> fizeram men&#231;&#227;o &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas dos pacientes envolvidos em seus estudos. Portanto, n&#227;o &#233; inveross&#237;mil admitir que a quantidade de tecido intersticial mioc&#225;rdico seja menos intenso nos pacientes com menor dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas. Esta pode ser a explica&#231;&#227;o para a melhora observada nos nossos pacientes com dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas &#163; 48 meses.</p>
      <p>De acordo com nossos achados, a cirurgia valvar mitral convencional, com preserva&#231;&#227;o de cordas tend&#237;neas, ou reparo valvar mitral deve ser recomendado para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico &#179; 51mm, mesmo sabendo que alguns deles permanecer&#227;o com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mas com grande chance de melhora da classe funcional. Al&#233;m disso, pode-se aguardar o resultado p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio e decidir se um tratamento alternativo, como por exemplo, o transplante card&#237;aco, deva ser considerado. Dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas <underline>&lt;</underline> 48 meses identifica os pacientes com maiores chances de melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ap&#243;s a cirurgia valvar mitral em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico &#179; 51mm.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo n&#227;o estudamos os &#237;ndices de estresse sist&#243;lico <sup>25</sup>, elast&#226;ncia da cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo <sup>14</sup> ou varia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ou di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico durante exerc&#237;cio <sup>7</sup>, portanto, n&#227;o sabemos se eles poderiam influir nos resultados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios. Entretanto, n&#227;o temos conhecimento de qualquer estudo que tenha demonstrado que esses &#237;ndices tenham melhor valor de previs&#227;o do que o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico. Tamb&#233;m, n&#227;o sabemos qual o tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo nos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, porque poucos possu&#237;am exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico no in&#237;cio de suas doen&#231;as. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, nossos resultados n&#227;o se aplicam aos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica, assintom&#225;ticos ou oligossintom&#225;ticos, pois a maioria dos nossos pacientes estava em classe funcional avan&#231;ada antes da cirurgia. N&#227;o pudemos analisar a influ&#234;ncia da t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica realizada sobre os resultados uma vez que o n&#250;mero de pacientes &#233; muito reduzido para tal compara&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o sabemos, tamb&#233;m, se o uso de inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina exerceu algum papel na melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou da classe funcional. No entanto, todos os pacientes, de ambos os grupos, fizeram uso desses medicamentos durante o acompanhamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Enfatizamos a necessidade de um estudo envolvendo um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes com a finalidade de confirmar nossos resultados, por&#233;m chamamos a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada constituir um grupo especial de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave que procurou atendimento m&#233;dico em fase avan&#231;ada da doen&#231;a. Em nosso servi&#231;o recomenda-se cirurgia valvar mitral para os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral que se tornam sintom&#225;ticos e para aqueles com insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave, assintom&#225;ticos ou oligossintom&#225;ticos, quando houver chance real de reparo valvar mitral, independentemente das dimens&#245;es ou fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      <p>Concluindo, di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico &#179; 51mm n&#227;o est&#225; sempre associado com resultado ruim no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Na maioria dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica grave e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico &#179; 51mm, a classe funcional melhora independentemente da resposta da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas &#163; 48 meses est&#225; associada com maior chance de melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
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