OBJECTIVE - To evaluate the cardiac abnormalities and their evolution during the course of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, as well as to correlate clinical and pathological data. METHODS - Twenty-one patients, admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, were prospectively studied and followed until their death. Age ranged from 19 to 42 years (17 males). ECG and echocardiogram were also obtained every six months. After death, macro- and microscopic examinations were also performed. RESULTS - The most frequent causes of referral to the hospital were: diarrhea or repeated pneumonias, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis or Kaposi sarcoma. The most frequent findings were acute or chronic pericarditis (42%) and dilated cardiomyopathy (19%). Four patients died of cardiac problems: infective endocarditis, pericarditis with pericardial effusion, bacterial myocarditis and infection by Toxoplasma gondii. CONCLUSION - Severe cardiac abnormalities were the cause of death in some patients. In the majority of the patients, a good correlation existed between clinical and anatomical-pathological data. Cardiac evaluation was important to detect early manifestations and treat them accordingly, even in asymptomatic patients.
Cardiac Abnormalities in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. A Prospective Study with a Clinical-Pathological Correlation in Twenty-One Adult Patients
Gesmar Volga Haddad Herdy, Artur Haddad Herdy, Pedro Savio Almeida, Roberto de Carvalho, Fabiano B. Azevedo, Kátia Azevedo, Márcia Cláudia Vasconcelos, Raquel Paiva, Hsu Y. Tchou, Pablo Nascimento, Rachel Cosendey, Analise Ferrari, Vania S. Lopes
Heart involvement in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has been frequently reported by several authors 1-3. In previous retrospective studies, more than 50% of the cases reported showed cardiac abnormalities. This is similar to that which has been observed in other countries 2-4. Myocardial lesions can be related to the virus of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome itself 5,6 or the opportunistic agents, especially
Methods
Of 80 patients admitted with the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who were prospectively investigated for the presence of heart problems, we selected 21 who eventually died after having completed the clinical study protocol. Age ranged from 19 to 42; 17 were males.
A 1986 classification from the
Our protocol consists of a review of the clinical history, complete physical examination, a sequence of hemograms, electrocardiogram and an echocardiogram every six months. When patients died, all organs were studied and examined macro- and microscopically.
An Esaote SIM 5.000 Plus echocardiographer (Florence, Italy) with Doppler capability was used to evaluate cardiac structure and to evaluate ventricular function.
Dosage of DHL, CPK and MB-CPK were part of the protocol but were not obtained in all cases.
During the pathological examination of the organs, in addition to routine techniques, (hemotoxilin-eosina), other methods, such as Ziehl-Neelsen, Gomori and Grocott, which are specific for some infectious agents, were also used.
Results
Patients were clinically followed for long periods, because during their follow-up they had serious problems, such as cerebral toxoplasmosis, Kaposi sarcoma, tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus and congestive heart failure, that required prolonged stays in the hospital. According to their clinical status (CDC,1986), 19 were placed in group IV-C and two in IV-D, because they had either infectious or neurological complications.
The main clinical diagnoses are in
The physical cardiac examination showed a systolic murmur in the left parasternal border in six patients and in the mitral area in two other patients. One patient also had a diastolic murmur in the aortic area (case 7). This patient had aortic and mitral disease secondary to rheumatic fever. Six patients had reduction in the intensity of the heart sounds. Five patients had signs of congestive heart failure, and in four a third heart gallop was detected. A pericardial friction rub was detected in two, and two had clinical signs of cardiac tamponade.
The electrocardiogram was normal in seven. In seven others, there was ST-T abnormalities were evident. Three had signs of enlargement of the left heart chambers, and two others had premature ventricular beats. Two showed generalized low voltage and one had a left anterior hemiblock.
The echocardiogram was normal in six patients. Seven had pericardial effusion of a moderate or severe degree. Four patients had dyskinesis or hypokinesis of the left ventricle, and this was associated with a longer distance between the mitral valve and the ventricular septum by M mode (one of these patients was asymptomatic). These last patients had low systolic indexes (ejection fraction <40%), and therefore the diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy was made by echocardiogram. Two asymptomatic patients had mild abnormalities (mitral valve prolapse and thickening of the mitral leaflets), which were associated with mild pericardial effusion. One had echocardiographic signs of infective endocarditis.
In the five patients with signs of congestive heart failure (cases 1, 5, 7, 17 and 20), the echocardiograms were as follows: cases 1 and 5 had no severe abnormalities; case 7 had vegetations in the mitral and aortic valves, case 17 had dilated cardiomyopathy, and case 20 had pericardial effusion. One asymptomatic patient (case 19) had low ejection fraction and dilated left chambers.
During follow-up, the echocardiogram was repeated in eight patients. Of the four patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, two showed improvement in ventricular function and decrease in the diameters of the heart chambers after prolonged treatment with antiretroviral drugs, antibiotics and supportive treatment. In the other patients, no significant improvement occurred.
At necropsy, according to the findings of macro- and microscopic examinations, pericardial involvement occurred in ten cases: four instances of acute pericarditis, five of chronic pericarditis and one of infiltration of the Kaposi sarcoma. Two patients had severe myocarditis, one caused by bacteria and the other by
In two patients, fiber fragmentations and interfiber edema were documented. In one patient, areas of hemorrhage and of focal necrosis with inflammatory cells in the myocardium were reported. Four patients had normal findings or minor abnormalities.
As for the causal agents of pericarditis,
Four patients died because of cardiac complications: one from rheumatic disease and endocarditis, another with
A good correlation did not occur between clinical, echocardiographic and anatomical-pathological data in just three cases. In cases 11 and 19, the echocardiogram showed severe abnormalities, and no lesions were detected by microscopy; in case 13, the opposite was observed.
Discussion
Clinical presentation in our patients was similar to that reported by several authors 1,3,5,9. Several of these patients were studied before combined antiretroviral therapy was available and, therefore, presented with all the described complications. Recurrent diarrhea followed by weight loss was a frequent complaint. The absorbing surface in the intestine of patients infected by the virus of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is jeopardized by the shortening of the villi intestinales, as shown in biopsies, as well as by abnormalities in the enterocytes 9. Deficiency of oligoelements can occur due to malnutrition 10.
Other frequently found complications in this series, such as tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis, have also had an impact at the beginning of the epidemic in developed countries, because therapies, which had almost been forgotten because the diseases had been eradicated, had to be reviewed and restarted 11.
Several of our patients had pericarditis or myocarditis. Cardiac involvement can happen secondary to a great variety of causal agents 12. The virus of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome itself can be the causal agent, because the virus has been described in the myocardium by several authors 5,6. Other viral agents with cardiotropism, such as cytomegalovirus, can be frequently found in myocarditis in children 13,14. The presence of the Epstein-Barr virus is a predictive factor for development of chronic cardiac failure 15. We had two cases of severe myocarditis; one was caused by
Pericardial involvement was frequent in our series; some had cardiac tamponade and others had associated myocarditis. The described causes are infectious (viral,
Only two patients had vegetations in heart valves, one of whom also had rheumatic valvar disease. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, which has been the most frequently reported form of endocarditis in these patients 4,16, did not occur in our series.
Several cases of dilated cardiomyopathy with severe involvement of the ventricular function were present in our series. Some of these patients showed improvement in systolic function and a decrease in the dimensions of the heart chambers during their hospital stay. Several reports have been published of improvement in cardiac function after adequate control of associated infection was obtained in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 18,19.
During severe infections, some patients develop congestive heart failure and echocardiographic parameters of dilated cardiomyopathy 20. It is known that, during these infections (viral or bacterial), an increase in the blood levels of interleukins occurs, which relates to the severity of the disease 21. Interleukin 2 is produced by lymphocytes T, and it increases the toxicity of killer cells that promote the synthesis of the tumor necrosis factor. Both interleukin 2 and the tumor necrosis factor can decrease the ejection fraction of the left ventricle 22,23. Bryant et al 24 recently used alpha tumor necrosis factor and showed severe decrease in cardiac function with biventricular enlargement and decrease of the ejection fraction in transgenic mice.
Therefore, in our patients with congestive heart failure, with low systolic function indexes by echocardiogram and no significant myocardial abnormalities on necropsy examination, the above mediators probably affected the heart during an episode of a severe infection, with subsequent recovery of systolic function with adequate control of the infection.
In conclusion, several of the AIDS patients in our series had severe cardiac involvement leading to death. Some patients had dilated cardiomyopathy or pericardial effusion on the echocardiogram and were asymptomatic. In the majority of the cases, a good correlation existed between clinical and anatomical-pathological data. In some others, improvement in cardiac function occurred with treatment for congestive heart failure associated with antibiotics and supportive measurements. Cardiac evaluation in these patients is important, even if they are asymptomatic, because early abnormalities can be detected and then treated.
Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro - UFF - Niterói. (Supported by CNPq)
Mailing address: Gesmar Volga H. Herdy - Trav. Antonio Pedro, 10/301 - 24230-030 - Niterói, RJ - Brazil
Received on 1/28/99
Accepted on 5/26/99