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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dnts4zfTtpTXXgwyqxGnsQw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000800604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260423</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica sobre a Seguran&#231;a do Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico na Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica: Recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1429-2329</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Al&#244;</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Ot&#225;vio Bougleux</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito;</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9320-7999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Alexsandro Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0327-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9263-5916</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3719-3603</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Clea</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3457-1605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7062-1705</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-6561-1818</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Frank</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6514-7183</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Marconi Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3688-2108</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1489-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4254-1609</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Milena dos Santos Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2814-8395</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>N&#225;gela Sim&#227;o Vinhosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2092-3606</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo Marino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7823-3507</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Buglia</surname>
            <given-names>Susimeire</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-3490-0022</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Evangelista</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ronyeryson dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9901-6421</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de Humana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de Humana, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Ana Nery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ana Nery, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Laborat&#243;rio de Performance Humana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Performance Humana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>14</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital C&#233;sar Leite</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manhua&#231;u</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital C&#233;sar Leite, Manhua&#231;u, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>15</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>16</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sportif - Cl&#237;nica do Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sportif - Cl&#237;nica do Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>17</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fitcordis</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fitcordis, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>18</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Rede D&#8217;Or</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Rede D&#8217;Or, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label>19</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label>20</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label>21</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label>22</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Grande Rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Ricardo Stein Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Fisiatria/Bloco C - Terceiro andar. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>kuqui.r@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Dr. Ricardo Stein recebeu aux&#237;lio pessoal ou institucional da ind&#250;stria (TEB e Life Genomics). Os demais autores declararam n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260423</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Embora historicamente desaconselhado devido ao risco de arritmias e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC), o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (EF) pode ser seguro e ben&#233;fico para indiv&#237;duos com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a pr&#225;tica de EF e a incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade e de eventos arr&#237;tmicos em adultos portadores de CMH, estratificando a an&#225;lise conforme os diferentes tipos e intensidades de exerc&#237;cio realizados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) e estudos observacionais identificados nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase e Cochrane Library at&#233; dezembro de 2024. Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos com indiv&#237;duos submetidos a diferentes intensidades de EF. O risco de vi&#233;s foi avaliado pelas ferramentas RoB 2 e ROBINS-I, e a certeza da evid&#234;ncia, pela ferramenta GRADE. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es foram elaboradas por um painel de especialistas da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Oito estudos (quatro ECRs e quatro observacionais; 9744 participantes) foram inclu&#237;dos. Nenhum deles relatou aumento no risco de mortalidade ou de eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves associados ao EF, mesmo em intensidades moderadas ou vigorosas. A ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope foi rara. Al&#233;m disso, um estudo observacional coreano, envolvendo mais de 7 mil participantes (idade m&#233;dia: 59 anos), demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por todas as causas com maior intensidade de atividade f&#237;sica (curva dose-resposta). Em atletas de baixo risco, o esporte competitivo n&#227;o se associou a eventos adversos graves. A qualidade da evid&#234;ncia variou de moderada a muito baixa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O EF na CMH deve ser incentivado com base em avalia&#231;&#227;o individualizada. Em pacientes sem crit&#233;rios para alto risco de MSC, os benef&#237;cios parecem superar os riscos. Para subgrupos de maior risco, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais cautelosa e baseada em consenso de especialistas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica sobre a Seguran&#231;a do Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico na Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica: Recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/dnts4zfTtpTXXgwyqxGnsQw/b34ee81bb7bbf50197d368f0121a83e73b12bd04.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/dnts4zfTtpTXXgwyqxGnsQw/2cb8f4f4bc4c378c4bafc8d027f4bff6f8dcef92.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/dnts4zfTtpTXXgwyqxGnsQw/f1fb8244f7a88b927a2e05a7e4d119e089772ad4.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>SBC</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> A SBC pagou os metodologistas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="44"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p><bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o 1:</bold> A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia recomenda a pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH), ressaltando que a conduta terap&#234;utica deve ser individualizada e estabelecida em decis&#227;o conjunta entre o m&#233;dico e o paciente. Essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o tem como objetivo incentivar pacientes com CMH a se tornarem fisicamente ativos, promovendo sa&#250;de global por meio da pr&#225;tica regular e progressiva de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, dentro de um contexto de prescri&#231;&#227;o individualizada.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>RECOMENDA&#199;&#195;O FORTE. MODERADA CERTEZA DA EVID&#202;NCIA.</title>
      <p>Essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o baseia-se na aus&#234;ncia de aumento do risco de morte s&#250;bita associado &#224; pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular em indiv&#237;duos com CMH, conforme demonstrado em estudos cl&#237;nicos que inclu&#237;ram os seguintes subgrupos: pacientes sintom&#225;ticos (classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> [NYHA] II-III), portadores de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel e pacientes submetidos a exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e/ou resistidos, realizados em diferentes intensidades.</p>
      <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o individual deve considerar o risco de morte s&#250;bita de cada paciente, estimado com base em caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e por meio de uma calculadora de predi&#231;&#227;o validada (HCM Risk-SCD 2023),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> com reavalia&#231;&#245;es peri&#243;dicas anuais &#8211; ou semestrais, nos pacientes com marcadores de alto risco (ver abaixo) &#8211; e reavalia&#231;&#227;o imediata na presen&#231;a de novos sintomas.</p>
      <p><bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o 2</bold>: A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia recomenda a pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em pacientes com CMH que apresentem marcadores de elevado risco para morte s&#250;bita, com vistas &#224; melhoria da sa&#250;de global. Recomenda-se, preferencialmente, que o exerc&#237;cio seja realizado de forma supervisionada &#8212; como em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular ou em instala&#231;&#245;es equipadas com desfibrilador externo autom&#225;tico. Por fim, ressalta-se que a conduta terap&#234;utica deve ser individualizada e definida por meio de decis&#227;o compartilhada entre o m&#233;dico assistente e o paciente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>RECOMENDA&#199;&#195;O FRACA. MUITO BAIXA CERTEZA DA EVID&#202;NCIA.</title>
      <p>S&#227;o considerados marcadores de alto risco:</p>
      <list list-type="roman-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p>sintomas como dispneia, s&#237;ncope ou tontura, especialmente quando relacionados ao esfor&#231;o;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>arritmias (como taquiarritmias ventriculares n&#227;o sustentadas ou sustentadas) em repouso ou durante o esfor&#231;o, bem como sintomas durante o teste ergom&#233;trico ou cardiopulmonar;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>antecedente familiar de morte s&#250;bita em parente de primeiro grau com menos de 50 anos;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>espessura septal igual ou superior a 30 mm;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>realce tardio extenso (&gt; 15%) na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>gradiente do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8805; 30 mmHg em repouso ou &#8805; 50 mmHg com provoca&#231;&#227;o, avaliado por ecocardiograma de exerc&#237;cio. A provoca&#231;&#227;o pode ser realizada por manobra de Valsalva, esfor&#231;o, p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o ou ap&#243;s agachamento.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Essa abordagem deve incluir, idealmente, prescri&#231;&#227;o individualizada, monitoramento cl&#237;nico, educa&#231;&#227;o, suporte psicol&#243;gico e controle de comorbidades, visando &#224; seguran&#231;a e &#224; melhora da qualidade de vida. Deve-se considerar as prefer&#234;ncias de cada indiv&#237;duo e, sempre que poss&#237;vel, associar exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e resistidos.</p>
      <p>Essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o baseia-se em consenso entre especialistas, uma vez que n&#227;o h&#225; estudos espec&#237;ficos com o subgrupo de pacientes com marcadores de alto risco para morte s&#250;bita.</p>
      <p><bold>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o 3</bold>: A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia n&#227;o contraindica a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios de alta intensidade ou a participa&#231;&#227;o em esportes competitivos por pacientes com CMH e, em casos criteriosamente selecionados, recomenda que tal possibilidade seja considerada. Para isso, &#233; necess&#225;rio que n&#227;o estejam presentes marcadores de alto risco, que seja realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via por equipe multidisciplinar e que a decis&#227;o final seja pactuada entre o m&#233;dico assistente e o paciente (conforme crit&#233;rios estabelecidos a seguir). Essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o dirige-se especificamente a exerc&#237;cios de alta intensidade e a atletas em contexto competitivo, nos quais o objetivo central costuma ser a performance e a competi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>RECOMENDA&#199;&#195;O FRACA. BAIXA CERTEZA DA EVID&#202;NCIA.</title>
      <p>Essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o baseia-se em poucos estudos observacionais e em consenso entre especialistas. Recomenda-se que os locais de treino e competi&#231;&#227;o disponham de um plano de a&#231;&#227;o para assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica, com o objetivo de aumentar a seguran&#231;a durante a pr&#225;tica desportiva.</p>
      <p>A decis&#227;o deve considerar os seguintes crit&#233;rios:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Aus&#234;ncia de marcadores de alto risco para eventos adversos ou morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (por exemplo: hist&#243;ria de arritmias ventriculares, s&#237;ncope inexplicada, espessura septal ventricular &#8805; 30 mm ou realce tardio extenso na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via multidisciplinar, preferencialmente em centro de refer&#234;ncia em cardiomiopatias heredit&#225;rias, incluindo: <list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>Teste de exerc&#237;cio (ergom&#233;trico ou ergoespirom&#233;trico) com an&#225;lise da resposta press&#243;rica;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica prolongada (por exemplo: Holter de 24 a 48 h);</p></list-item><list-item><p>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca com quantifica&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p></list-item></list> </p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o individualizada do risco, preferencialmente pelo escore HCM Risk-SCD 2023,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>seguida de decis&#227;o compartilhada com o paciente.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; caracterizada por hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) n&#227;o explicada por sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica ou outras causas secund&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico &#233; definido por espessura da parede ventricular &#8805; 15 mm ou, na presen&#231;a de hist&#243;rico familiar ou variante gen&#233;tica conhecida, &#8805; 13 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A CMH apresenta expressiva heterogeneidade fenot&#237;pica, variando de formas assintom&#225;ticas a quadros graves, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>Estudos populacionais, como o CARDIA, realizado nos Estados Unidos, estimaram uma preval&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 0,2% (1:500) em adultos jovens assintom&#225;ticos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>enquanto an&#225;lises gen&#233;ticas mais recentes apontam preval&#234;ncia pr&#243;xima a 0,5% (1:200).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Historicamente, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (EF) tem sido desaconselhado em indiv&#237;duos com CMH devido ao risco percebido de arritmias e MSC, especialmente entre atletas jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem que, quando orientado com base em avalia&#231;&#227;o individualizada e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, o EF pode ser seguro e ben&#233;fico para essa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, estudos indicam que o EF de alta intensidade pode ser bem tolerado e potencialmente vantajoso em pacientes criteriosamente selecionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Ainda assim, persistem incertezas quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a de diferentes modalidades e intensidades de EF, especialmente em subgrupos de maior risco, o que refor&#231;a a necessidade de decis&#245;es individualizadas.</p>
      <p>Com o objetivo de fundamentar a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica nas melhores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas dispon&#237;veis, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) elaborou a presente Recomenda&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica. Este documento analisa a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a pr&#225;tica de EF e a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves e mortalidade em pacientes com CMH, com an&#225;lise estratificada de acordo com a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio e as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas relevantes da doen&#231;a.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Para fundamentar esta Recomenda&#231;&#227;o da SBC, foi realizada uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica baseada em uma pergunta de pesquisa estruturada no formato PICO/PECO: &#8220;Em adultos com CMH, a pr&#225;tica de EF em diferentes tipos e intensidades est&#225; associada a maior risco de mortalidade, MSC ou arritmias ventriculares quando comparada &#224; aus&#234;ncia de exerc&#237;cio ou &#224; pr&#225;tica em intensidades mais leves?&#8221;.</p>
      <p>O protocolo da revis&#227;o foi previamente registrado no <italic>International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews</italic> (PROSPERO), sob o n&#250;mero CRD420251005992.</p>
      <p>&#201; importante frisar que a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica r&#225;pida &#233; uma modalidade desenvolvida para apoiar a tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica a partir das melhores evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis, mantendo o rigor cient&#237;fico, mas com adapta&#231;&#245;es que permitem maior agilidade na execu&#231;&#227;o. Suas principais caracter&#237;sticas incluem: restri&#231;&#227;o do idioma dos artigos ao ingl&#234;s; busca de literatura cinzenta apenas nas refer&#234;ncias dos estudos inclu&#237;dos, com apoio de especialistas da &#225;rea; e uso de intelig&#234;ncia artificial para auxiliar na triagem e extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Essa estrat&#233;gia tem sido amplamente adotada por sociedades m&#233;dicas e institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de para a elabora&#231;&#227;o de recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada da metodologia empregada nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica r&#225;pida pode ser encontrada no <xref ref-type="supplementary-material " rid="suppl01">Material Suplementar</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos que apresentavam as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: (1) desenho observacional ou ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs); (2) inclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico ou genot&#237;pico de CMH, independentemente do sexo; (3) investiga&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica de EF, incluindo treinamento aer&#243;bico, resistido, combinado (aer&#243;bico + resistido) ou participa&#231;&#227;o em modalidades esportivas espec&#237;ficas; (4) compara&#231;&#227;o entre indiv&#237;duos praticantes e n&#227;o praticantes de EF, ou entre diferentes intensidades de EF; e (5) avalia&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos um dos seguintes desfechos: mortalidade por todas as causas, MSC e arritmias ventriculares (desfechos prim&#225;rios), al&#233;m de arritmias supraventriculares, s&#237;ncope, parada card&#237;aca abortada e choques adequados ou inadequados do cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) (desfechos secund&#225;rios).</p>
        <p>Estudos que n&#227;o atenderam a esses crit&#233;rios ou que n&#227;o avaliaram desfechos relevantes foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fontes de dados e estrat&#233;gias de pesquisa</title>
        <p>As buscas foram realizadas em tr&#234;s bases de dados: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase e Cochrane Library, desde a data mais antiga dispon&#237;vel at&#233; 18 de dezembro de 2024. Adicionalmente, foi feita uma busca manual nas refer&#234;ncias dos documentos recuperados e foram solicitados artigos de interesse aos especialistas da &#225;rea.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
        <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos, a extra&#231;&#227;o das principais caracter&#237;sticas e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica foram realizadas de forma independente por dois pesquisadores. Eventuais diverg&#234;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
        <p>Dois pesquisadores extra&#237;ram dados predefinidos em planilha eletr&#244;nica (Excel), incluindo informa&#231;&#245;es de publica&#231;&#227;o, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos participantes e detalhes das interven&#231;&#245;es (tipo de exerc&#237;cio, intensidade, frequ&#234;ncia, dura&#231;&#227;o e supervis&#227;o), al&#233;m dos resultados dos desfechos de interesse.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade e risco de vi&#233;s</title>
        <p>Dois pesquisadores avaliaram, de forma independente, o risco de vi&#233;s utilizando as ferramentas <italic>Risk of Bias 2</italic> (RoB 2)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e <italic>Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies &#8211; of Interventions</italic> (ROBINS-I).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Diverg&#234;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso. A certeza da evid&#234;ncia e a for&#231;a das recomenda&#231;&#245;es foram avaliadas de acordo com a ferramenta <italic>Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations</italic> (GRADE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
        <p>Para cada desfecho, foram extra&#237;das as medidas de efeito reportadas nos estudos originais, incluindo risco relativo, raz&#227;o de chances, <italic>hazard ratio</italic>, diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias ou frequ&#234;ncias absolutas, conforme aplic&#225;vel. A elegibilidade dos estudos para cada s&#237;ntese foi definida a partir da compatibilidade cl&#237;nica e metodol&#243;gica entre popula&#231;&#227;o, tipo/intensidade do exerc&#237;cio, comparadores e desfechos avaliados. Quando necess&#225;rio, os dados foram reorganizados em tabelas padronizadas, com harmoniza&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis para facilitar a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os estudos.</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; heterogeneidade cl&#237;nica e metodol&#243;gica entre os desenhos dos estudos, interven&#231;&#245;es, tempos de seguimento e defini&#231;&#245;es dos desfechos, os resultados foram sintetizados de forma narrativa e suas caracter&#237;sticas apresentadas em tabelas descritivas. Poss&#237;veis fontes de heterogeneidade foram exploradas qualitativamente, considerando desenho do estudo, intensidade do exerc&#237;cio, perfil de risco dos participantes e contexto da pr&#225;tica esportiva. A robustez das conclus&#245;es foi avaliada pela consist&#234;ncia dos achados entre estudos, interpreta&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s e da precis&#227;o das estimativas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recomenda&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e conflitos de interesse</title>
        <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi estabelecida de forma consensual durante reuni&#227;o de um Painel de Recomenda&#231;&#245;es da SBC, composto por especialistas cardiologistas atuantes e associados &#224; sociedade. O projeto teve supervis&#227;o e financiamento da SBC, enquanto a elabora&#231;&#227;o da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e o processo de formula&#231;&#227;o das recomenda&#231;&#245;es foram conduzidos por uma equipe independente de metodologistas (LCL, FF, JRSE). Essa equipe declarou n&#227;o possuir conflitos de interesse relacionados &#224; revis&#227;o, e os especialistas m&#233;dicos do painel n&#227;o receberam honor&#225;rios nem apoio financeiro.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
        <p>Foram realizadas duas buscas independentes: uma para ECRs e outra para estudos observacionais, sendo identificadas 219 e 236 publica&#231;&#245;es, respectivamente. Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o de duplicatas, oito estudos originais foram inclu&#237;dos &#8211; quatro ECRs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>e quatro estudos observacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Os fluxogramas de sele&#231;&#227;o (Figuras 1S e 2S), as estrat&#233;gias de busca (Tabelas 1S e 2S) e a lista de estudos potencialmente eleg&#237;veis exclu&#237;dos, com as respectivas justificativas (Tabela 3S), est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no Material Suplementar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos</title>
        <p>Os oito estudos inclu&#237;dos abrangeram 9744 participantes, cujas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> (dados detalhados na Tabela 4S). Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o dos estudos est&#227;o apresentados na Tabela 5S. O estudo observacional de Martinez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>n&#227;o incluiu exclusivamente portadores de CMH; por isso, algumas vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas de interesse n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis separadamente para esses indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estudo</th>
                  <th>Pa&#237;s</th>
                  <th>Desenho</th>
                  <th>Ano</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Amostra (n)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">M&#233;dia de idade (anos)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Homens (%)</th>
                  <th>Espessura m&#233;dia m&#225;xima do VE (mm)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Basu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">Reino Unido</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                  <td align="center">2025</td>
                  <td align="center">80</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">84</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>EF intenso: 16</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Cuidados usuais: 16</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gudmundsdottir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">Dinamarca</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                  <td align="center">2024</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>EF moderado: 23</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Cuidados usuais: 21</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MacNamara et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">Estados Unidos</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                  <td align="center">2023</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>EF moderado: 23</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>EF intenso: 24</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Saberi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">Estados Unidos</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                  <td align="center">2017</td>
                  <td align="center">136</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>EF moderado: 21</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Cuidados usuais: 21</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kwon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">Coreia do Sul</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">2020</td>
                  <td align="center">7666</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>NR</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lampert et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">Estados Unidos</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte prospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">2023</td>
                  <td align="center">1660</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Moderadamente ativos: 21,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Vigorosamente ativos: 20</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Sedent&#225;rios: 21,9</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Martinez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">Estados Unidos</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">2023</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>NR</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pelliccia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">It&#225;lia</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">2020</td>
                  <td align="center">88</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (mediana)</td>
                  <td align="center">92</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Atletas treinados: 17</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Atletas destreinados: 17,3</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Estudo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>CDI (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
                    <bold>Obstrutivos (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>FEVE (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
                    <bold>Realce tardio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sintomas</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Basu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>EF intenso: 15</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Cuidados usuais: 7,5</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                  <td align="center"> 65 </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Participantes em classe funcional II da NYHA foram considerados eleg&#237;veis</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gudmundsdottir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>EF moderado: 24</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Cuidados usuais: 17</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2"> 0 </td>
                  <td align="center"> 58,5 </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Classe funcional II-III da NYHA:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>EF moderado: 86%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Cuidados usuais: 70%</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MacNamara et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>EF moderado: 63</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>EF intenso: 0</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>EF moderado: 25<sup>&#8800;</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>EF intenso: 38<sup>&#8800;</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> 65,5 </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                  <td align="center"> NR </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Saberi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>EF moderado: 37,3</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Cuidados usuais: 30,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>EF moderado: 16,4<sup>&#165;</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Cuidados usuais: 17,4<sup>&#165;</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> 70,7 </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>% da massa do VE:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>EF moderado: 3,1</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Cuidados usuais: 2,9</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Classe funcional II-III da NYHA: EF moderado: 34,3% Cuidados usuais: 33,3%</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kwon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center"> NR </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                  <td align="center"> NR </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lampert et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Moderadamente ativos: 41,4</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Vigorosamente ativos: 40,6</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Sedent&#225;rios: 49,8</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Moderadamente ativos: 18,8<sup>&#165;</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Vigorosamente ativos:11,9<sup>&#165;</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Sedent&#225;rios: 21,8<sup>&#165;</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> 66 </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Leve/moderado</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>(&lt; 15%):</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Sedent&#225;rios: 16,2%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Moderadamente ativos: 18,3%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Vigorosamente ativos: 17,6%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Extenso (&gt; 15%):</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Sedent&#225;rios: 6,5%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Moderadamente ativos: 6,2%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Vigorosamente ativos: 6,9%</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Classe funcional II da NYHA: 24% (fen&#243;tipo positivo)<sup>&#8224;</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Martinez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center"> NR </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                  <td align="center"> NR </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                  <td align="center"> NR </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pelliccia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center"> 2/88 (2,3) </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                  <td align="center"> 65 </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Atletas treinados: 22%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Atletas destreinados: 39%</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Atletas treinados: 22%<sup>*</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Atletas destreinados: 25%<sup>*</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; ECR: ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado; EF: exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NR: N&#227;o reportado; NYHA: New York Heart Association; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. &#8800; Obstru&#231;&#227;o provoc&#225;vel da via de sa&#237;da do VE. <sup>&#165;</sup> Obstru&#231;&#227;o em repouso da via de sa&#237;da do VE. <sup>&#8224;</sup> Refere-se aos participantes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica fenot&#237;pica (n = 1534), dos quais 24% apresentavam dispneia aos esfor&#231;os (classe funcional II da NYHA). * Valores calculados a partir da propor&#231;&#227;o de participantes assintom&#225;ticos (100% &#8211; % assintom&#225;ticos).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>&#201; importante destacar que subgrupos de potencial maior risco, como portadores de CDI, indiv&#237;duos com obstru&#231;&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do VE, pacientes com realce tardio (fibrose mioc&#225;rdica) e aqueles sintom&#225;ticos, tamb&#233;m estavam representados entre os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos nos ECRs que avaliaram exerc&#237;cios de intensidade moderada ou alta.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas das interven&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas das interven&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> (dados detalhados na Tabela 6S). Nos quatro ECRs,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> as interven&#231;&#245;es tiveram dura&#231;&#227;o de 3<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>a 5 meses,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> incluindo treinamento cont&#237;nuo moderado, intervalado (moderado ou intenso) e, em alguns casos, fortalecimento muscular. As sess&#245;es variaram de 20 a 60 minutos, com frequ&#234;ncia de 3 a 7 vezes por semana e intensidade entre 60% e 95% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima ou de reserva. Um estudo foi totalmente presencial e supervisionado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> outros combinaram sess&#245;es presenciais e domiciliares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e outro adotou treinos exclusivamente remotos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Interven&#231;&#245;es dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estudo</th>
                  <th>Interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Intensidade</th>
                  <th>Volume</th>
                  <th>Frequ&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th>Dura&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Comparador</th>
                  <th>Principais resultados</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Basu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EF intenso</td>
                  <td align="center">70% da FCr, aumentando gradualmente at&#233; 85%</td>
                  <td align="center">2 sess&#245;es de 1 h/semana + 1 h de EF domiciliar semanal</td>
                  <td align="center">3x/semana</td>
                  <td align="center">12 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">Cuidados usuais</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no desfecho composto cardiovascular<sup>&#8224;</sup> entre os grupos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gudmundsdottir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EF moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">60% da capacidade m&#225;xima de trabalho (escala de Borg 12-14)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 min de aquecimento, 30 min de treino intervalado, 20 min de fortalecimento muscular</td>
                  <td align="center">3x/semana</td>
                  <td align="center">12 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">Cuidados usuais</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhum evento adverso maior<sup>#</sup> foi observado em ambos os grupos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MacNamara et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EF moderado e EF moderado + intenso progressivo</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderado: 1-20 bpm abaixo do limiar ventilat&#243;rio Intenso: 4&#215;4 min a 90-95% da FCpico, com 3 min a ~70%</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderado: at&#233; 4 sess&#245;es/semana (1&#215;60 min + 3&#215;30 min) + 1 sess&#227;o leve de recupera&#231;&#227;o Intenso: 14-15 sess&#245;es em 3 meses: 10 min de aquecimento + 4&#215;4 min intervalado + 3 min de pausa ativa</td>
                  <td align="center">~4x/semana</td>
                  <td align="center">5 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Sem grupo controle sem exerc&#237;cio</td>
                  <td align="center">Nenhuma arritmia grave ou evento card&#237;aco adverso ocorreu</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Saberi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">EF moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">60% da FCr (Borg 11-14); progress&#227;o para 70% da FCr no 1&#186; m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">20 min inicialmente; progress&#227;o at&#233; 60 min</td>
                  <td align="center">Inicial: &#8805; 3x/semana Progress&#227;o: 4-7x/semana</td>
                  <td align="center">16 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">Cuidados usuais</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o houve eventos adversos maiores<sup>&#8267;</sup> em nenhum dos grupos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kwon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">Participantes com o menor, intermedi&#225;rio ou maior n&#237;vel de AF</td>
                  <td align="center">Classificada em tercis do escore de AF*</td>
                  <td align="center">Classificado em tercis do GEME, calculado considerando AFs com 3, 5 e 8 METs para intensidades leves, moderadas e vigorosas, respectivamente</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">5,3 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">AF de baixa intensidade</td>
                  <td align="center">AF moderada a vigorosa associou-se a menor mortalidade geral e tend&#234;ncia a menor mortalidade cardiovascular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lampert et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">EF moderado ou vigoroso</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderado: 4,0-5,9 METs Vigoroso: &#8805; 6,0 METs</td>
                  <td align="center">Moderado: &#8805; 60 h/ano em atividades de 4 a &lt; 6 METs Vigoroso: &#8805; 60 h/ano em atividades &#8805; 6 METs</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">38 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">EF vigoroso n&#227;o aumentou mortes ou arritmias graves em compara&#231;&#227;o ao EF moderado ou sedentarismo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Martinez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">Retorno ao esporte</td>
                  <td align="center">NR (presumivelmente alta, dado o n&#237;vel competitivo)</td>
                  <td align="center">NR (presumivelmente alta, dado o n&#237;vel competitivo)</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">7 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">O retorno &#224; pr&#225;tica esportiva &#233; vi&#225;vel e est&#225; associado a baixas taxas de eventos adversos, mesmo em atletas de elite</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pelliccia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">Manuten&#231;&#227;o do treinamento de alta intensidade</td>
                  <td align="center">Treinamento de alta intensidade</td>
                  <td align="center">Grupo treinado: &#8805; 3 sess&#245;es/semana, &#8805; 2 h por sess&#227;o, total 6-14 h/semana Grupo destreinado: &lt; 6 h/semana (atividade sedent&#225;ria ou ocasional)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 3x/semana</td>
                  <td align="center">7 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">Sedent&#225;rio ou atividade ocasional de lazer &lt; 6 h/semana</td>
                  <td align="center">Em atletas de baixo risco, manter a competi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o aumentou eventos card&#237;acos nem causou piora cl&#237;nica</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>AF: atividade f&#237;sica; EF: exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FCr: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de reserva; GEME: gasto energ&#233;tico m&#237;nimo estimado, calculado em MET-min/semana com base na frequ&#234;ncia semanal e na dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima das atividades f&#237;sicas (20 min para vigorosas e 30 min para moderadas e leves); METs: equivalentes metab&#243;licos; NR: N&#227;o reportado. *Calculado como m&#233;dia di&#225;ria ponderada em METs/dia: (8a + 5b + 3c)/7, onde a, b e c representam os dias com atividade vigorosa, moderada e leve, respectivamente. <sup>&#165;</sup>Incluiu interven&#231;&#245;es supervisionadas. <sup>#</sup>Morte, parada card&#237;aca abortada, taquicardia ventricular sustentada, choque de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel ou interna&#231;&#245;es. <sup>&#8267;</sup>Morte, parada card&#237;aca abortada, choques apropriados de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel ou taquicardia ventricular sustentada. <sup>&#8224;</sup>Morte, parada card&#237;aca, terapia apropriada/inapropriada com cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel, s&#237;ncope induzida por EF, taquicardia ventricular sustentada, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada, arritmias atriais sustentadas &#8805; 30 s.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Entre os estudos observacionais, dois estratificaram indiv&#237;duos da popula&#231;&#227;o geral de CMH em tr&#234;s n&#237;veis diferentes de atividade f&#237;sica baseado em equivalentes metab&#243;licos (METs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Os outros dois estudos observacionais se concentraram na avalia&#231;&#227;o de atletas portadores de CMH: Pelliccia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> avaliaram atletas que mantiveram ou interromperam treinos de alta intensidade estruturados (&#8805; 6 h/semana), enquanto Martinez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> acompanharam atletas semiprofissionais e profissionais que retornaram ou n&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio intenso ap&#243;s decis&#227;o compartilhada.</p>
        <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre registro, suporte financeiro e conflitos de interesse dos estudos inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o apresentados na Tabela 7S. O checklist PRISMA deste documento encontra-se na Tabela 8S.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos avaliados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Mortalidade</title>
          <p>Nenhum dos ECRs relatou mortes relacionadas aos programas de EF, independentemente da intensidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> De forma semelhante, os estudos observacionais n&#227;o identificaram aumento no risco de mortalidade associado &#224; pr&#225;tica regular de EF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Em um estudo observacional com 7666 indiv&#237;duos (idade m&#233;dia de 59 anos), a mortalidade total e cardiovascular diminuiu progressivamente com n&#237;veis cada vez mais elevados de atividade f&#237;sica autorreferida (curva dose-resposta).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>Em outro estudo, realizado com indiv&#237;duos mais jovens (idade m&#233;dia de 39 anos), o EF vigoroso n&#227;o aumentou o risco de morte ou arritmias graves em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos classificados como EF moderado ou sedent&#225;rio no estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Nas duas coortes compostas exclusivamente por atletas com CMH,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> manter-se em competi&#231;&#227;o por at&#233; sete anos n&#227;o se associou a maior risco de morte s&#250;bita ou piora cl&#237;nica, e os eventos cl&#237;nicos observados n&#227;o tiveram rela&#231;&#227;o com a pr&#225;tica de EF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Arritmias, choques de CDI e s&#237;ncopes</title>
          <p>De modo geral, os estudos n&#227;o evidenciaram (quando reportado) aumento de arritmias ventriculares sustentadas, choques de CDI ou s&#237;ncopes associadas ao EF. Epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada foram relatados em ambos os grupos (interven&#231;&#227;o e controle), sem diferen&#231;as significativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Um &#250;nico caso de taquicardia ventricular sustentada, sem complica&#231;&#245;es, ocorreu no grupo controle de um ECR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>Martinez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> relataram, entre atletas portadores de CMH que retornaram ao esporte, um evento isolado de parada card&#237;aca n&#227;o relacionada ao esfor&#231;o e um caso de s&#237;ncope n&#227;o arr&#237;tmica por esfor&#231;o, com retorno ao esporte e aus&#234;ncia de novos epis&#243;dios por 52 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre esses desfechos em cada estudo est&#227;o apresentadas na Tabela 9S.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risco de vi&#233;s</title>
          <p>De acordo com a ferramenta RoB 2, dois ECRs foram classificados como de alto risco de vi&#233;s, um, como de risco moderado e um, como de baixo risco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Entre os estudos observacionais avaliados pelo ROBINS-I, dois apresentaram alto risco de vi&#233;s; um, risco moderado, e um, risco baixo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; RoB 2 dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados. D1: Randomiza&#231;&#227;o; D2: Desvios no tratamento; D3: Dados faltantes; D4: Medida do desfecho; D5: Sele&#231;&#227;o de resultados reportados.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20260423-60423-gf01.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; ROBINS-I dos estudos observacionais. (*) N&#227;o houve controle de confundidores - Alto risco de vi&#233;s; NI: N&#227;o informado. D1: Confundimento; D2: Classifica&#231;&#227;o das interven&#231;&#245;es; D3: Sele&#231;&#227;o dos participantes; D4: Desvio das interven&#231;&#245;es; D5: Dados faltantes; D6: Medida dos desfechos; D7: Vi&#233;s de relato.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20260423-60423-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica fundamenta as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da SBC sobre a seguran&#231;a do EF em indiv&#237;duos com CMH. Com base nos achados, discutem-se os potenciais riscos do EF em tr&#234;s grupos: indiv&#237;duos com CMH da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, aqueles com marcadores de alto risco para MSC e atletas semiprofissionais ou profissionais.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Contexto hist&#243;rico e atual</title>
        <p>At&#233; um passado recente, as diretrizes desencorajavam a pr&#225;tica de EF em indiv&#237;duos com CMH, principalmente pelo temor de MSC em atletas jovens. As Confer&#234;ncias de Bethesda,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (2005)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> e a <italic>American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology</italic> (2015)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> adotavam uma postura restritiva em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; pr&#225;tica de esportes recreativos ou competitivos de intensidade moderada a vigorosa em pessoas com CMH.</p>
        <p>Essa restri&#231;&#227;o pode contribuir para o aumento do comportamento sedent&#225;rio (caracterizado por atividades realizadas em vig&#237;lia com gasto energ&#233;tico &#8804; 1,5 METs, geralmente em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, reclinada ou deitada), da inatividade f&#237;sica (n&#227;o cumprimento das recomenda&#231;&#245;es m&#237;nimas de atividade f&#237;sica para a sa&#250;de), da obesidade, da ansiedade e tamb&#233;m para a piora da qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A resist&#234;ncia &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o de EF neste contexto persiste at&#233; os dias atuais, em parte pelo impacto emocional de casos de MSC e tamb&#233;m pelo desconhecimento de evid&#234;ncias atuais. Entretanto, diretrizes mais recentes da <italic>American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology</italic> (2025)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> indicam que atletas com CMH, inclusive portadores de variantes gen&#233;ticas patog&#234;nicas e atletas de elite, podem ser eleg&#237;veis para participar de exerc&#237;cios vigorosos e esportes competitivos. Essa libera&#231;&#227;o, contudo, est&#225; condicionada a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o especializada e a uma decis&#227;o compartilhada. Os dados dispon&#237;veis indicam que n&#227;o h&#225; aumento significativo no risco de eventos card&#237;acos graves.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Consequ&#234;ncias da restri&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio e da inatividade f&#237;sica em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</title>
        <p>Em pacientes com CMH, particularmente quando h&#225; contraindica&#231;&#227;o formal ao EF, podem ser perdidos os benef&#237;cios associados &#224; pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio sobre a sa&#250;de cardiovascular, metab&#243;lica, musculoesquel&#233;tica e mental. Al&#233;m disso, a redu&#231;&#227;o ou interrup&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica de EF pode favorecer o desenvolvimento ou agravamento de altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e aumentar o risco cardiovascular individual, de forma semelhante ao observado na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Estudo qualitativo externo a esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica sugere que adultos ativos ou atletas com CMH podem apresentar dificuldade de adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224;s restri&#231;&#245;es esportivas, especialmente quando h&#225; hist&#243;rico competitivo, forte identidade atl&#233;tica ou redu&#231;&#227;o expressiva do tempo dedicado ao exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Considerando suas limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas, esses dados podem ser utilizados para contextualizar valores e prefer&#234;ncias dos pacientes. Portanto, apesar de n&#227;o fundamentarem recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas r&#237;gidas, esses aspectos refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia de o cardiologista considerar aspectos psicossociais, oferecer suporte emocional adequado e incorporar as prefer&#234;ncias do paciente durante o processo de decis&#227;o compartilhada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evid&#234;ncias dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados</title>
        <p>Apesar de limita&#231;&#245;es, como seguimento curto, amostras pequenas e predomin&#226;ncia de estudos conduzidos em pa&#237;ses de alta renda,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>os ECRs dispon&#237;veis n&#227;o registraram eventos adversos significativos, mesmo em protocolos de alta intensidade. No total, os estudos acompanharam aproximadamente 80 pacientes-ano sem ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos relevantes, sugerindo que o EF intenso pode ser seguro em pacientes com CMH.</p>
        <p>Todos os quatro ECRs tamb&#233;m observaram melhora na capacidade funcional, independentemente da intensidade ou dura&#231;&#227;o do protocolo. Em um ensaio multic&#234;ntrico com 136 pacientes, o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio de pico (VO<sub>2</sub> pico) aumentou em m&#233;dia 1,27 mL<sup>-1</sup>.Kg.<sup>-1</sup>.min ap&#243;s 16 semanas de EF moderado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> enquanto Basu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> relataram um ganho m&#233;dio de 4,1 mL<sup>-1</sup>.Kg.<sup>-1</sup>.min com EF de alta intensidade por 12 semanas. Parte desses ganhos, por&#233;m, foi perdida ap&#243;s seis meses, evidenciando a import&#226;ncia da continuidade do treinamento.</p>
        <p>Estas caracter&#237;sticas de seguran&#231;a e benef&#237;cios cardiometab&#243;licos contribu&#237;ram para as Recomenda&#231;&#245;es 1 e 2.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evid&#234;ncias dos estudos observacionais</title>
        <p>Nesta revis&#227;o, foram inclu&#237;dos quatro estudos observacionais: dois em atletas com CMH<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e dois com indiv&#237;duos da popula&#231;&#227;o geral portadores da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Embora estudos observacionais apresentem, em geral, baixa qualidade de evid&#234;ncia (GRADE), eles s&#227;o &#250;teis para avaliar a seguran&#231;a do EF em seguimentos prolongados e seu impacto sobre a mortalidade, devido &#224;s amostras mais robustas.</p>
        <p>Nos estudos com atletas, o retorno ao esporte de alto rendimento, ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o especializada e decis&#227;o compartilhada, foi considerado seguro. Martinez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> registraram baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos em 40 atletas com CMH acompanhados por uma equipe multidisciplinar, sem ocorr&#234;ncia de mortes durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de sete anos. Em outro estudo retrospectivo, 27 dos 88 atletas com CMH mantiveram os treinos sem eventos adversos e com estabilidade cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>Esses achados indicam que, em atletas bem avaliados, a pr&#225;tica esportiva de alto rendimento pode ser vi&#225;vel e segura. Entretanto, a for&#231;a das recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#233; limitada pela natureza retrospectiva e tamanho amostral modesto. Esses achados foram incorporados na Recomenda&#231;&#227;o 3 deste documento.</p>
        <p>Nos estudos realizados na popula&#231;&#227;o geral com CMH, os resultados tamb&#233;m foram favor&#225;veis. Em uma coorte com mais de 7000 indiv&#237;duos (m&#233;dia de idade de 59 anos), observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva da mortalidade com o aumento da intensidade da atividade f&#237;sica (curva dose-resposta).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Por esse estudo ter sido avaliado como de baixo risco de vi&#233;s, esse dado resultou na eleva&#231;&#227;o da certeza da evid&#234;ncia de &#8220;Baixa&#8221; para &#8220;Moderada&#8221; quanto ao benef&#237;cio do exerc&#237;cio e o desfecho mortalidade.</p>
        <p>Consistentemente, outro estudo com mais de 1600 participantes (idade m&#233;dia de 39 anos) demonstrou que a pr&#225;tica de EF vigoroso &#8211; inclusive em atletas de n&#237;vel competitivo (259 participantes) &#8211; n&#227;o foi associada a um risco aumentado de eventos adversos quando comparada &#224; pr&#225;tica de EF de menor intensidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>Esses dados de seguran&#231;a e mortalidade contribu&#237;ram para as Recomenda&#231;&#245;es 1 e 2.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evid&#234;ncias de estudos observacionais n&#227;o inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o</title>
        <p>Dois estudos observacionais, n&#227;o inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o por crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, mas que fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes sobre o tema, s&#227;o descritos a seguir.</p>
        <p>Basu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> realizaram um estudo com 53 atletas &#8211; todos com diagn&#243;stico de CMH descrita como morfologicamente leve e de baixo risco para MSC. Durante um seguimento de 4,5 anos, n&#227;o foram identificados casos de morte s&#250;bita, taquicardia ventricular sustentada ou s&#237;ncope associados &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica esportiva competitiva. A taxa de arritmias assintom&#225;ticas descrita foi de 2,1% ao ano, com impacto cl&#237;nico m&#237;nimo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em outro estudo observacional, com seguimento de quase nove anos, Desai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> descreveram que indiv&#237;duos portadores de CMH assintom&#225;ticos ou minimamente sintom&#225;ticos que atingiram &gt; 100% dos METs previstos no teste de exerc&#237;cio apresentaram taxas muito baixas de eventos, enquanto aqueles com menor capacidade funcional (&lt; 85%) tiveram risco significativamente maior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Esse achado refor&#231;a a relev&#226;ncia da capacidade funcional n&#227;o apenas como desfecho de efic&#225;cia, mas tamb&#233;m como marcador progn&#243;stico e ferramenta para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Subgrupos com caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas</title>
        <p>&#201; digno de nota que indiv&#237;duos portadores de CDI, pacientes sintom&#225;ticos (classe funcional II-III da NYHA), aqueles com obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE (em repouso ou provoc&#225;vel) e pacientes com fibrose mioc&#225;rdica dita leve (&lt; 15%) foram inclu&#237;dos nos estudos. O realce tardio extenso (&gt; 15%) esteve presente em 6 a 7% dos participantes em um dos estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Portanto, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel ao EF aplica-se &#224; maioria dos pacientes de baixo risco, inclusive &#224;queles que apresentem essas caracter&#237;sticas, devendo-se individualizar a abordagem nos casos de maior risco.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Realce tardio na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>O realce tardio &#233; um marcador progn&#243;stico relevante na CMH, associado a maior risco de arritmias ventriculares e MSC, sobretudo quando excede 15% da massa do VE &#8211; valor adotado neste documento como crit&#233;rio de alto risco para MSC.</p>
        <p>Embora n&#227;o haja consenso sobre a melhor t&#233;cnica de quantifica&#231;&#227;o, a presen&#231;a de realce tardio pode auxiliar na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, especialmente em casos de indica&#231;&#227;o amb&#237;gua de CDI, e na diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre CMH e outras causas de hipertrofia ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup>Entretanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre realce tardio e pr&#225;tica de EF ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecida por estudos espec&#237;ficos e conclusivos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes com marcadores de alto risco para morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Um dos maiores desafios deste documento foi abordar pacientes com CMH e marcadores de alto risco para MSC. N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias espec&#237;ficas sobre a seguran&#231;a do EF nesse subgrupo. Assim, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da SBC, baseada em consenso e cautela, &#233; favor&#225;vel &#224; pr&#225;tica de EF, desde que condicionada &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o individualizada e &#224; tomada de decis&#227;o compartilhada, reconhecendo-se a muito baixa certeza das evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es e perspectivas futuras</title>
        <p>Este documento apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es importantes. A primeira refere-se &#224; dificuldade de conduzir estudos metodologicamente robustos e com seguimento prolongado em doen&#231;as de baixa preval&#234;ncia, o que restringe a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral com CMH.</p>
        <p>A segunda limita&#231;&#227;o diz respeito &#224; heterogeneidade das interven&#231;&#245;es avaliadas, tanto em termos de modalidade e intensidade, quanto &#224; diversidade cl&#237;nica dos participantes. Essa variabilidade compromete a robustez das conclus&#245;es e exige interpreta&#231;&#227;o cautelosa.</p>
        <p>Os adultos jovens (20-40 anos), subgrupo tradicionalmente de maior risco para MSC, foram avaliados apenas em pequenos estudos observacionais, reduzindo a confian&#231;a das recomenda&#231;&#245;es para esse perfil. Essa cautela &#233; refor&#231;ada por dados epidemiol&#243;gicos externos, no qual as causas cardiovasculares foram a principal categoria de morte s&#250;bita em adultos jovens de 18-45 anos, incluindo alguns casos de CMH identificados em aut&#243;psia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, a aplicabilidade ao contexto brasileiro pode ser limitada por fatores como acesso restrito a especialistas e escassez de servi&#231;os de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso, no cen&#225;rio desta Recomenda&#231;&#227;o, desconhecemos estudos realizados com pacientes brasileiros diagnosticados com CMH.</p>
        <p>Frente a essas limita&#231;&#245;es, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios novos estudos &#8211; incluindo registros prospectivos e ECRs com maior seguimento &#8211; para fortalecer a base de evid&#234;ncias e, futuramente, revisar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es aqui apresentadas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O EF e a pr&#225;tica esportiva no cen&#225;rio da CMH devem ser incentivados com base em avalia&#231;&#227;o individualizada, considerando fatores como perfil cl&#237;nico, risco cardiovascular e prefer&#234;ncias do paciente. Em pacientes sem crit&#233;rios de alto risco para MSC, os benef&#237;cios do EF, incluindo melhora da capacidade funcional, qualidade de vida e poss&#237;veis efeitos cardioprotetores, parecem superar os riscos.</p>
      <p>No entanto, para subgrupos de maior risco, como aqueles com arritmias graves, hist&#243;ria de parada card&#237;aca ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular significativa, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o deve ser mais cautelosa. Nesses casos, a decis&#227;o deve ser tomada por meio de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar e de um processo de decis&#227;o compartilhada com o paciente, ap&#243;s uma an&#225;lise criteriosa da rela&#231;&#227;o risco-benef&#237;cio. Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor estratificar os riscos e definir protocolos personalizados de EF nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>*Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01">
        <label>MATERIAL SUPLEMENTAR</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, clique aqui <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12308/2026-0423_AO_Material-suplementar.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12308/2026-0423_AO_Material-suplementar.pdf</ext-link> </p>
        <media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/dnts4zfTtpTXXgwyqxGnsQw/19f3acb1faf9b6891ef3bdd3f28e85a6f83f0222.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p> A SBC pagou os metodologistas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260423i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Systematic Review on the Safety of Physical Exercise in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Cardiology</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1429-2329</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Al&#244;</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Ot&#225;vio Bougleux</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9320-7999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Alexsandro Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0327-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9263-5916</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3719-3603</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Clea</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3457-1605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7062-1705</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12001">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-6561-1818</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Frank</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14001">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6514-7183</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Marconi Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15001">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16001">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3688-2108</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Milani</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17001">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1489-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4254-1609</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Milena dos Santos Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18001">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2814-8395</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>N&#225;gela Sim&#227;o Vinhosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19001">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20001">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2092-3606</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo Marino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21001">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7823-3507</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Buglia</surname>
            <given-names>Susimeire</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-3490-0022</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Evangelista</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ronyeryson dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22001">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9901-6421</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21001">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de Humana, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ana Nery, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Performance Humana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13001">
        <label>13</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14001">
        <label>14</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital C&#233;sar Leite, Manhua&#231;u, MG &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15001">
        <label>15</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16001">
        <label>16</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sportif - Cl&#237;nica do Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17001">
        <label>17</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fitcordis, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18001">
        <label>18</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Rede D&#8217;Or, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19001">
        <label>19</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20001">
        <label>20</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21001">
        <label>21</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22001">
        <label>22</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Ricardo SteinUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Fisiatria/Bloco C - Terceiro andar. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: kuqui.r@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p> Dr. Ricardo Stein received personal or institutional support from the industry (TEB and Life Genomics). The other authors declared no conflicts of interest.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Although historically discouraged due to the risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD), physical exercise (PE) may be safe and beneficial for individuals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the association between PE and the incidence of mortality and arrhythmic events in adults with HCM, stratifying the analysis according to different types and intensities of exercise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Systematic review of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies identified in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library through December 2024. Studies including individuals exposed to different intensities of PE were eligible. Risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 and ROBINS-I tools, and certainty of evidence using GRADE. Recommendations were developed by an expert panel of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Eight studies (four RCTs and four observational studies; 9,744 participants) were included. None reported an increased risk of mortality or severe arrhythmic events associated with PE, even at moderate or vigorous intensities. Syncope was rare. Additionally, a Korean observational study involving more than 7,000 participants (mean age: 59 years) demonstrated reduced all-cause mortality with higher physical activity intensity (dose&#8211;response curve). In low-risk athletes, competitive sports were not associated with severe adverse events. The quality of evidence ranged from moderate to very low.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> PE in HCM should be encouraged based on individualized assessment. In patients without high-risk criteria for SCD, benefits appear to outweigh risks. For higher-risk subgroups, recommendations are more cautious and based on expert consensus.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Systematic Review on the Safety of Physical Exercise in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Cardiology</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20260423-60423-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Systematic Review</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>SBC</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> The SBC paid the methodologists.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><bold>Recommendation 1:</bold> The Brazilian Society of Cardiology recommends the regular practice of physical exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), emphasizing that therapeutic management should be individualized and established through shared decision-making between physician and patient. This recommendation aims to encourage patients with HCM to remain physically active, promoting overall health through regular and progressive physical exercise within an individualized prescription framework.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>STRONG RECOMMENDATION. MODERATE CERTAINTY OF EVIDENCE.</title>
        <p>This recommendation is based on the absence of increased risk of sudden cardiac death associated with regular physical exercise in individuals with HCM, as demonstrated in clinical studies that included the following subgroups: symptomatic patients (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class II&#8211;III), patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, and patients undergoing aerobic and/or resistance exercise at different intensities.</p>
        <p>The individualized recommendation should consider each patient&#8217;s risk of sudden cardiac death, estimated based on clinical characteristics and through a validated prediction calculator (HCM Risk-SCD 2023),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> with periodic annual reassessments &#8211; or semiannual reassessments in patients with high-risk markers (see below) &#8211; and immediate reassessment upon the onset of new symptoms.</p>
        <p><bold>Recommendation 2</bold>: The Brazilian Society of Cardiology recommends the regular practice of physical exercise in patients with HCM who present markers of elevated risk for sudden cardiac death, aiming to improve overall health. Preferably, exercise should be performed in a supervised setting &#8211; such as in cardiovascular rehabilitation programs or facilities equipped with an automated external defibrillator. Finally, it is emphasized that therapeutic management must be individualized and defined through shared decision-making between the attending physician and the patient.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>WEAK RECOMMENDATION. VERY LOW CERTAINTY OF EVIDENCE.</title>
        <p>High-risk markers include:</p>
        <list list-type="roman-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>symptoms such as dyspnea, syncope, or dizziness, especially when related to exertion;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>arrhythmias (such as nonsustained or sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias) at rest or during exertion, as well as symptoms during exercise testing or cardiopulmonary testing;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>family history of sudden cardiac death in a first-degree relative younger than 50 years;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>septal thickness equal to or greater than 30 mm;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>extensive late gadolinium enhancement (&gt; 15%) on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>left ventricular outflow tract gradient &#8805; 30 mmHg at rest or &#8805; 50 mmHg with provocation (assessed by exercise echocardiography &#8211; provocation may be performed using Valsalva maneuver, exertion, post-exertion, or after squatting).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>This approach should ideally include individualized prescription, clinical monitoring, education, psychological support, and management of comorbidities, aiming to ensure safety and improve quality of life. Individual preferences should be considered, and aerobic and resistance exercises should be combined whenever possible.</p>
        <p>This recommendation is based on expert consensus, given the absence of specific studies involving the subgroup of patients with high-risk markers for sudden cardiac death.</p>
        <p><bold>Recommendation 3</bold>: The Brazilian Society of Cardiology does not contraindicate high-intensity exercise or participation in competitive sports for patients with HCM and, in carefully selected cases, recommends that this possibility be considered. For this purpose, high-risk markers must be absent, a prior evaluation must be conducted by a multidisciplinary team, and the final decision must be agreed upon between the attending physician and the patient (according to the criteria established below). This recommendation specifically applies to high-intensity exercise and to athletes in competitive settings, in which the central objective is performance and competition.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>WEAK RECOMMENDATION. LOW CERTAINTY OF EVIDENCE.</title>
        <p>This recommendation is based on a small number of observational studies and on expert consensus. It is recommended that training and competition venues have a medical action plan in place to enhance safety during sports participation.</p>
        <p>The decision should consider the following criteria:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Absence of high-risk markers for adverse events or sudden cardiac death (for example: history of ventricular arrhythmias, unexplained syncope, ventricular septal thickness &#8805; 30 mm, or extensive late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Prior multidisciplinary evaluation, preferably in a reference center for hereditary cardiomyopathies, including: <list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>Exercise testing (treadmill or cardiopulmonary) with analysis of blood pressure response;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Prolonged electrocardiographic monitoring (e.g., 24&#8211;48-hour Holter);</p></list-item><list-item><p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with quantification of myocardial fibrosis.</p></list-item></list> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Individualized risk stratification, preferably using the HCM Risk-SCD 2023 score,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> followed by shared decision-making with the patient.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy not explained by hemodynamic overload or other secondary causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The diagnosis is defined by a ventricular wall thickness &#8805; 15 mm or, in the presence of a family history or a known genetic variant, &#8805; 13 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> HCM presents marked phenotypic heterogeneity, ranging from asymptomatic forms to severe presentations, including heart failure and sudden cardiac death (SCD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Population studies, such as the CARDIA study conducted in the United States, have estimated a prevalence of approximately 0.2% (1:500) in asymptomatic young adults,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> whereas more recent genetic analyses indicate a prevalence close to 0.5% (1:200).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Historically, physical exercise (PE) has been discouraged in individuals with HCM due to the perceived risk of arrhythmias and SCD, especially among young athletes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, recent evidence suggests that, when guided by individualized assessment and risk stratification, PE can be safe and beneficial for this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In addition, studies indicate that high-intensity PE may be well tolerated and potentially advantageous in carefully selected patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Nonetheless, uncertainties persist regarding the safety of different modalities and intensities of PE, particularly in higher-risk subgroups, reinforcing the need for individualized decision-making.</p>
        <p>With the aim of grounding clinical practice in the best available scientific evidence, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) developed this Medical Recommendation. This document analyzes the relationship between PE and the occurrence of severe arrhythmic events and mortality in patients with HCM, with stratified analysis according to exercise intensity and clinically relevant disease characteristics.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>To support this SBC Recommendation, a systematic review was conducted based on a research question structured according to the PICO/PECO format: &#8220;In adults with HCM, is the practice of PE at different types and intensities associated with a higher risk of mortality, SCD, or ventricular arrhythmias when compared with the absence of exercise or with lighter exercise intensities?&#8221;</p>
        <p>The review protocol was previously registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), under the number CRD420251005992.</p>
        <p>It is important to emphasize that a rapid systematic review is a modality designed to support clinical decision-making using the best available evidence, maintaining scientific rigor while incorporating adaptations that allow for greater agility in execution. Its main characteristics include: restricting article language to English; searching gray literature only through the references of included studies, with support from field specialists; and using artificial intelligence to assist in screening and data extraction. This strategy has been widely adopted by medical societies and health institutions for the development of clinical recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A detailed description of the methodology used in this rapid systematic review can be found in the <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01-en">Supplementary Material</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>Studies were included if they met the following characteristics: (1) observational design or randomized clinical trials (RCTs); (2) inclusion of individuals with a clinical or genotypic diagnosis of HCM, regardless of sex; (3) investigation of PE, including aerobic training, resistance training, combined training (aerobic + resistance), or participation in specific sports modalities; (4) comparison between individuals who practiced and did not practice PE, or between different exercise intensities; and (5) assessment of at least one of the following outcomes: all-cause mortality, SCD, and ventricular arrhythmias (primary outcomes), as well as supraventricular arrhythmias, syncope, aborted cardiac arrest, and appropriate or inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks (secondary outcomes).</p>
          <p>Studies that did not meet these criteria or did not evaluate relevant outcomes were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data sources and search strategies</title>
          <p>Searches were conducted in three databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, from the earliest available date through December 18, 2024. Additionally, a manual search was performed in the references of retrieved documents, and articles of interest were requested from field specialists.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study selection</title>
          <p>Study selection, extraction of key characteristics, and assessment of methodological quality were performed independently by two researchers. Any disagreements were resolved by consensus.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction</title>
          <p>Two researchers extracted predefined data into an electronic spreadsheet (Excel), including publication information, clinical and demographic characteristics of participants, and details of the interventions (type of exercise, intensity, frequency, duration, and supervision), as well as the results for the outcomes of interest.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality assessment and risk of bias</title>
          <p>Two researchers independently assessed the risk of bias using the Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies &#8211; of Interventions (ROBINS-I)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> tools. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Certainty of evidence and strength of recommendations were evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> framework.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>For each outcome, effect measures reported in the original studies were extracted, including relative risk, odds ratio, hazard ratio, mean differences, or absolute frequencies, as applicable. Study eligibility for each synthesis was determined based on clinical and methodological compatibility regarding population, type/intensity of exercise, comparators, and evaluated outcomes. When necessary, data were reorganized into standardized tables, harmonizing available information to facilitate comparison across studies.</p>
          <p>Due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity among study designs, interventions, follow-up durations, and outcome definitions, results were synthesized narratively and presented in descriptive tables. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored qualitatively, considering study design, exercise intensity, participant risk profile, and the context of sports participation. The robustness of conclusions was assessed based on the consistency of findings across studies, interpretation of risk of bias, and precision of estimates.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical recommendation and conflicts of interest</title>
          <p>The clinical recommendation was established by consensus during a meeting of an SBC Recommendation Panel, composed of practicing cardiology specialists affiliated with the society. The project was supervised and funded by the SBC, while the development of the systematic review and the recommendation-formulation process were conducted by an independent team of methodologists (LCL, FF, JRES). This team declared no conflicts of interest related to the review, and the medical specialists on the panel did not receive honoraria or financial support.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study selection</title>
          <p>Two independent searches were conducted: one for RCTs and another for observational studies, identifying 219 and 236 publications, respectively. After removing duplicates, eight original studies were included &#8211; four RCTs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and four observational studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The selection flowcharts (Figures 1S and 2S), search strategies (Tables 1S and 2S), and the list of potentially eligible but excluded studies, with corresponding justifications (Table 3S), are available in the Supplementary Material.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study characteristics</title>
          <p>The eight included studies encompassed 9,744 participants, whose demographic characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> (detailed data in Table 4S). The inclusion and exclusion criteria for the studies are presented in Table 5S. The observational study by Martinez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> did not include exclusively individuals with HCM; therefore, some demographic and clinical variables of interest were not available separately for this subgroup.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the studies included</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Study</th>
                    <th>Country</th>
                    <th>Design</th>
                    <th>Year</th>
                    <th>Sample (n)</th>
                    <th>Mean age (years)</th>
                    <th>Men (%)</th>
                    <th>Maximum mean LV wall thickness (mm)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Basu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">United Kingdom</td>
                    <td align="center">RCT</td>
                    <td align="center">2025</td>
                    <td align="center">80</td>
                    <td align="center">46</td>
                    <td align="center">84</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Vigorous PE: 16</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Usual care: 16</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gudmundsdottir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">Denmark</td>
                    <td align="center">RCT</td>
                    <td align="center">2024</td>
                    <td align="center">59</td>
                    <td align="center">58</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderate PE: 23</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Usual care: 21</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MacNamara et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">United States</td>
                    <td align="center">RCT</td>
                    <td align="center">2023</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">48</td>
                    <td align="center">67</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderate PE: 23</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Vigorous PE: 24</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Saberi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">United States</td>
                    <td align="center">RCT</td>
                    <td align="center">2017</td>
                    <td align="center">136</td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                    <td align="center">58</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderate PE: 21</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Usual care: 21</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kwon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">South Korea</td>
                    <td align="center">Retrospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">2020</td>
                    <td align="center">7,666</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">70</td>
                    <td align="center"> NR </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lampert et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">United States</td>
                    <td align="center">Prospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">2023</td>
                    <td align="center">1,660</td>
                    <td align="center">39</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderately active: 21.4</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Vigorously active: 20</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Sedentary: 21.9</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Martinez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">United States</td>
                    <td align="center">Retrospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">2023</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center"> NR </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pelliccia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">Italy</td>
                    <td align="center">Retrospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">2020</td>
                    <td align="center">88</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (median)</td>
                    <td align="center">92</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Trained athletes:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>17 Untrained athletes: 17.3</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Study</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>ICD (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
                      <bold>Obstructive (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>LVEF(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
                      <bold>Late enhancement</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Symptoms</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Basu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Vigorous PE: 15</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Usual care: 7.5</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                    <td align="center"> 65 </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Participants in NYHA functional class II were considered eligible</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gudmundsdottir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderate PE: 24</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Usual care: 17</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2"> 0 </td>
                    <td align="center"> 58.5 </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>NYHA functional class II-III:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderate PE: 86%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Usual care: 70%</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MacNamara et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderate PE: 63</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Vigorous PE: 0</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderate PE 25<sup>&#8800;</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Vigorous PE: 38<sup>&#8800;</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> 65.5 </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                    <td align="center"> NR </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Saberi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderate PE: 37.3</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Usual care: 30.4</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderate PE: 16.4<sup>&#165;</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Usual care: 17.4<sup>&#165;</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> 70.7 </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>% LV mass:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderate PE: 3.1</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Usual care: 2.9</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>NYHA functional class II-III:</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderate PE: 34.3%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Usual care: 33.3%</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kwon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center"> NR </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                    <td align="center"> NR </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lampert et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderately active: 41.4</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Vigorously active: 40.6</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Sedentary: 49.8</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderately active: 18.8<sup>&#165;</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Vigorously active:11.9<sup>&#165;</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Sedentary: 21.8<sup>&#165;</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> 66 </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Mild/moderate (&lt; 15%):</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Sedentary: 16.2%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderately active: 18.3%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Vigorously active: 17.6%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Extensive (&gt; 15%):</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Sedentary: 6.5%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Moderately active: 6.2%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Vigorously active: 6.9%</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> NYHA functional class II: 24% (positive phenotype)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Martinez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center"> NR </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                    <td align="center"> NR </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                    <td align="center"> NR </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pelliccia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center"> 2/88 (2.3) </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2"> NR </td>
                    <td align="center"> 65 </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Trained athletes: 22%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Untrained athletes: 39%</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Trained athletes: 22%*</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Untrained athletes: 25%*</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; RCT: randomized clinical trial; LV: left ventricular; NR: Not reported; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. <sup>&#8800;</sup> Provocable left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. <sup>&#165;</sup> Resting left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. <sup>&#8224;</sup> Refers to participants with phenotypic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 1,534), of whom 24% presented exertional dyspnea (NYHA functional class II). * Values calculated from the proportion of asymptomatic participants (100% &#8211; % asymptomatic).</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>It is important to highlight that potentially higher-risk subgroups &#8211; such as individuals with ICDs, those with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, patients with late gadolinium enhancement (myocardial fibrosis), and symptomatic individuals &#8211; were also represented among participants included in the RCTs evaluating moderate- or high-intensity exercise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intervention characteristics</title>
          <p>Intervention characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> (detailed data in Table 6S). In the four RCTs,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> interventions lasted from 3<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> to 5 months<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and included moderate continuous training, interval training (moderate or vigorous), and, in some cases, muscle strengthening. Sessions ranged from 20 to 60 minutes, with frequencies of 3 to 7 times per week and intensities between 60% and 95% of maximum or reserve heart rate. One study was fully in-person and supervised,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> others combined in-person and home-based sessions,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and another used exclusively remote training.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Interventions of the studies included</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Study</th>
                    <th>Intervention</th>
                    <th>Intensity</th>
                    <th>Volume</th>
                    <th>Frequency</th>
                    <th>Duration</th>
                    <th>Comparator</th>
                    <th>Main results</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Basu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Vigorous PE</td>
                    <td align="center">70% of HR reserve gradually increasing to 85%</td>
                    <td align="center">2 sessions (1 h/week) + 1 h of weekly home-based PE</td>
                    <td align="center">3x/week</td>
                    <td align="center">12 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">Usual care</td>
                    <td align="center">There was no significant difference in the composite cardiovascular outcome<sup>&#8224;</sup> between the groups</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gudmundsdottir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate PE</td>
                    <td align="center">60% of maximal work capacity (Borg scale 12&#8211;14)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 minutes of warm-up, 30 min of interval training, 20 min of muscle strengthening</td>
                    <td align="center">3x/week</td>
                    <td align="center">12 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">Usual care</td>
                    <td align="center">No major adverse events# were observed in either group</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MacNamara et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate PE; moderate + progressively vigorous PE</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate: 1-20 bpm lower than ventilatory threshold Vigorous: 4&#215;4 min at 90-95% of peak HR, with 3 min at ~70% of peak HR</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate: &#8804; 4 sessions /week (1&#215;60 min + 3&#215;30 min) + 1 low-intensity session for recovery Vigorous: 14-15 sessions in 3 months: 10 min warm-up + 4&#215;4 min interval training + 3 min active pause</td>
                    <td align="center">~4x/week</td>
                    <td align="center">5 months</td>
                    <td align="center">No non-exercising control group</td>
                    <td align="center">No severe arrhythmias or adverse cardiac events occurred</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Saberi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate PE</td>
                    <td align="center">60% of HR reserve (Borg 11-14); progression to 70% of HR reserve in the 1<sup>st</sup> month</td>
                    <td align="center">20 min initially; progression to 60 min</td>
                    <td align="center">Initially: &#8805; 3x/week Progression: 4-7x/week</td>
                    <td align="center">16 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">Usual care</td>
                    <td align="center">No major adverse events<sup>&#8267;</sup> occurred in either group</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kwon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">Participants with the lowest, intermediate, or highest levels of PA</td>
                    <td align="center">Classified into tertiles of the PA score<sup>*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Classified into tertiles of the MEE score, calculated using PA intensities of 3, 5, and 8 METs for light, moderate, and vigorous activities, respectively</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">5.3 years</td>
                    <td align="center">Low-intensity PA</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate to vigorous PA was associated with lower all-cause mortality and a trend toward lower cardiovascular mortality</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lampert et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">Vigorous or moderate PE</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate: 4.0-5.9 METs Vigorous: &#8805; 6.0 METs</td>
                    <td align="center">Moderate: &#8805; 60 h/year in activities of 4 to &lt; 6 METs; Vigorous: &#8805; 60 h/year in activities &#8805; 6 METs</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">38 months</td>
                    <td align="center">Sedentary</td>
                    <td align="center">Vigorous PE did not increase deaths or serious arrhythmias compared with moderate PE or sedentary behavior</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Martinez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">Return to sports</td>
                    <td align="center">NR (presumably high, given the competitive level)</td>
                    <td align="center">NR (presumably high, given the competitive level)</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">7 years</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Return to sports participation is feasible and is associated with low rates of adverse events, even in elite athletes</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pelliccia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </td>
                    <td align="center">Maintenance of high-intensity training</td>
                    <td align="center">High-intensity training</td>
                    <td align="center">Trained group: &#8805; 3 sessions/week, &#8805; 2 h per session, totaling 6&#8211;14 h/week Untrained group: &lt; 6 h/week (sedentary or occasional activity)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 3x/week</td>
                    <td align="center">7 years</td>
                    <td align="center">Sedentary or occasional leisure activity &lt; 6 h/week</td>
                    <td align="center">In low-risk athletes, continuing to compete did not increase cardiac events or lead to clinical deterioration</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>PA: physical activity; PE: physical exercise; HR: heart rate; MEE: minimum energy expenditure, calculated in MET-min/week based on weekly frequency and the minimum duration of physical activities (20 min for vigorous and 30 min for moderate and light activities); METs: metabolic equivalents; NR: Not reported. * Calculated as a weighted daily average in METs/day: (8a + 5b + 3c)/7, where a, b, and c represent the days with vigorous, moderate, and light activity, respectively. <sup>&#165;</sup> Included supervised interventions. <sup>#</sup> Death, aborted cardiac arrest, sustained ventricular tachycardia, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shock, or hospitalizations. <sup>&#8267;</sup> Death, aborted cardiac arrest, appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks, or sustained ventricular tachycardia. <sup>&#8224;</sup> Death, cardiac arrest, appropriate/inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy, exercise-induced syncope, sustained ventricular tachycardia, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, atrial arrhythmias lasting &#8805; 30 seconds.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Among the observational studies, two stratified individuals from the general HCM population into three different levels of physical activity based on metabolic equivalents (METs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The other two observational studies focused on evaluating athletes with HCM: Pelliccia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> assessed athletes who maintained or discontinued structured high-intensity training (&#8805; 6 h/week), whereas Martinez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> followed semi-professional and professional athletes who either returned or did not return to intense exercise after shared decision-making.</p>
          <p>Information on registration, financial support, and conflicts of interest for the included studies is presented in Table 7S. The PRISMA checklist for this document is provided in Table 8S.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluated outcomes</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Mortality</title>
            <p>None of the RCTs reported deaths related to the exercise programs, regardless of intensity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Similarly, the observational studies did not identify an increased risk of mortality associated with regular PE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In an observational study including 7,666 individuals (mean age 59 years), total and cardiovascular mortality progressively decreased with increasingly higher levels of self-reported physical activity, demonstrating a dose&#8211;response relationship.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In another study conducted in younger individuals (mean age 39 years), vigorous exercise did not increase the risk of death or severe arrhythmias compared with groups classified as moderate exercise or sedentary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In the two cohorts composed exclusively of athletes with HCM,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> remaining in competition for up to seven years was not associated with a higher risk of sudden death or clinical deterioration, and the clinical events observed were not related to PE practice.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Arrhythmias, ICD shocks, and syncope</title>
            <p>Overall, the studies did not show (when reported) an increase in sustained ventricular arrhythmias, ICD shocks, or syncope associated with PE. Episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia were reported in both groups (intervention and control), with no significant differences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A single case of sustained ventricular tachycardia, without complications, occurred in the control group of one RCT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Martinez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> reported, among athletes with HCM who returned to sports, one isolated event of cardiac arrest not related to exertion and one case of non-arrhythmic exertional syncope, with return to sports and no new episodes over 52 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Detailed information on these outcomes for each study is presented in Table 9S.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Risk of bias</title>
            <p>According to the RoB 2 tool, two RCTs were classified as having high risk of bias, one as having moderate risk, and one as having low risk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). Among the observational studies evaluated with ROBINS-I, two showed high risk of bias, one moderate risk, and one low risk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f02001">
                <label>Figure 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; RoB 2 of the randomized clinical trials. D1 Randomization; D2 Deviations from intended interventions; D3: Missing data; outcome; D4: Measurement; D5: Selection of reported results.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20260423-60423-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f03001">
                <label>Figure 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; ROBINS-I of the observational studies. (*) There was no control for confounders: high risk of bias; NI: not informed. D1: Confounding; D2: Classification of interventions; D3: Selection of participants; D4: Deviations from interventions; D5: Missing data; D6: Outcome measurement; D7: Reporting bias.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20260423-60423-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This systematic review supports the SBC recommendations regarding the safety of PE in individuals with HCM. Based on the findings, the potential risks of exercise are discussed across three groups: individuals with HCM from the general population, those with high-risk markers for SCD, and semi-professional or professional athletes.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Historical and current context</title>
          <p>Until recently, guidelines discouraged PE in individuals with HCM, mainly due to concerns about SCD in young athletes. The Bethesda Conferences,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> the European Society of Cardiology (2005),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> and the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (2015)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> adopted a restrictive stance regarding recreational or competitive sports of moderate to vigorous intensity in people with HCM.</p>
          <p>Such restrictions may contribute to increased sedentary behavior (defined as waking activities with energy expenditure &#8804; 1.5 METs, typically performed sitting, reclining, or lying down), physical inactivity (not meeting minimum physical activity recommendations for health), obesity, anxiety, and reduced quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Resistance to prescribing exercise in this context persists today, partly due to the emotional impact of SCD cases and also due to limited awareness of current evidence. However, more recent guidelines from the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (2025)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> indicate that athletes with HCM &#8211; including carriers of pathogenic genetic variants and elite athletes &#8211; may be eligible to participate in vigorous exercise and competitive sports. This clearance, however, requires specialized evaluation and shared decision-making. Available data indicate that there is no significant increase in the risk of serious cardiac events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Consequences of exercise restriction and physical inactivity in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</title>
          <p>In patients with HCM, particularly when formal contraindications to PE are present, the benefits associated with regular exercise for cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and mental health may be lost. In addition, reducing or discontinuing exercise may promote the development or worsening of metabolic alterations and increase individual cardiovascular risk, similar to what is observed in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A qualitative study external to this systematic review suggests that active adults or athletes with HCM may experience difficulty adapting to sports restrictions, especially when there is a competitive history, strong athletic identity, or a substantial reduction in time dedicated to exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Considering its methodological limitations, these data may be used to contextualize patient values and preferences. Therefore, although they do not support strict clinical recommendations, these aspects reinforce the importance of cardiologists considering psychosocial factors, providing appropriate emotional support, and incorporating patient preferences during the shared decision-making process.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evidence from randomized clinical trials</title>
          <p>Despite limitations such as short follow-up, small sample sizes, and the predominance of studies conducted in high-income countries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> the available RCTs did not report significant adverse events, even in high-intensity protocols. In total, the studies followed approximately 80 patient-years without the occurrence of relevant adverse events, suggesting that high-intensity exercise may be safe in patients with HCM.</p>
          <p>All four RCTs also observed improvements in functional capacity, regardless of the intensity or duration of the protocol. In a multicenter trial with 136 patients, peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> peak) increased by an average of 1.27 mL&#183;Kg<sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>&#183;min<sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> after 16 weeks of moderate exercise,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> whereas Basu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> reported an average gain of 4.1 mL&#183;Kg<sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>&#183;min<sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> with high-intensity exercise over 12 weeks. Part of these gains, however, was lost after six months, highlighting the importance of continued training.</p>
          <p>These safety characteristics and cardiometabolic benefits contributed to Recommendations 1 and 2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evidence from observational studies</title>
          <p>This review included four observational studies: two involving athletes with HCM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and two involving individuals with HCM from the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Although observational studies generally provide low-quality evidence (GRADE), they are useful for assessing the safety of PE over longer follow-up periods and its impact on mortality, given their larger sample sizes.</p>
          <p>In studies involving athletes, returning to high-performance sports after specialized evaluation and shared decision-making was considered safe. Martinez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> reported a low incidence of events among 40 athletes with HCM followed by a multidisciplinary team, with no deaths occurring during an average follow-up of seven years. In another retrospective study, 27 of 88 athletes with HCM continued training without adverse events and with clinical stability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> These findings indicate that, in well-evaluated athletes, high-performance sports participation may be feasible and safe. However, the strength of these recommendations is limited by the retrospective nature and modest sample sizes. These findings were incorporated into Recommendation 3 of this document.</p>
          <p>In studies conducted in the general HCM population, the results were also favorable. In a cohort of more than 7,000 individuals (mean age 59 years), a progressive reduction in mortality was observed with increasing intensity of physical activity (dose&#8211;response curve).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Because this study was assessed as having low risk of bias, this finding resulted in upgrading the certainty of evidence from &#8220;Low&#8221; to &#8220;Moderate&#8221; regarding the benefit of exercise on mortality.</p>
          <p>Consistently, another study with more than 1,600 participants (mean age 39 years) demonstrated that vigorous PE &#8211; including in competitive-level athletes (259 participants) &#8211; was not associated with an increased risk of adverse events when compared with lower-intensity exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> These safety and mortality data contributed to Recommendations 1 and 2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Observational evidence not included in this review</title>
          <p>Two observational studies not included in this review due to eligibility criteria &#8211; but which provide relevant information on the topic &#8211; are described below.</p>
          <p>Basu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> conducted a study with 53 athletes, all diagnosed with HCM described as morphologically mild and low-risk for SCD. Over 4.5 years of follow-up, no cases of sudden death, sustained ventricular tachycardia, or syncope associated with continued competitive sports participation were identified. The reported rate of asymptomatic arrhythmias was 2.1% per year, with minimal clinical impact.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In another observational study with nearly nine years of follow-up, Desai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> reported that asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic individuals with HCM who achieved &gt;100% of the predicted METs on exercise testing had very low event rates, whereas those with lower functional capacity (&lt;85%) had significantly higher risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> This finding reinforces the relevance of functional capacity not only as an efficacy outcome but also as a prognostic marker and a tool for risk stratification.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Subgroups with specific characteristics</title>
          <p>It is noteworthy that individuals with ICDs, symptomatic patients (NYHA functional class II&#8211;III), those with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (at rest or provocable), and patients with mild myocardial fibrosis (&lt;15%) were included in the studies. Extensive late gadolinium enhancement (&gt;15%) was present in 6% to 7% of participants in one of the studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>Therefore, the favorable recommendation for PE applies to most low-risk patients, including those with these characteristics, while the approach should be individualized for higher-risk cases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance</title>
          <p>Late gadolinium enhancement is an important prognostic marker in HCM, associated with a higher risk of ventricular arrhythmias and SCD, especially when it exceeds 15% of LV mass &#8211; this threshold is adopted in this document as a criterion for high SCD risk.</p>
          <p>Although there is no consensus on the best quantification technique, the presence of late gadolinium enhancement can assist in risk stratification, particularly in cases with ambiguous ICD indications, and in differentiating HCM from other causes of ventricular hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> However, a direct relationship between late gadolinium enhancement and PE has not yet been established by specific and conclusive studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients with high-risk markers for sudden cardiac death</title>
          <p>One of the greatest challenges in this document was addressing patients with HCM who have high-risk markers for SCD. There is no specific evidence regarding the safety of PE in this subgroup. Therefore, the SBC recommendation &#8211; based on consensus and caution &#8211; is favorable to PE, provided it is conditioned on individualized evaluation and shared decision-making, acknowledging the very low certainty of the available evidence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations and future perspectives</title>
          <p>This document presents important limitations. The first concerns the difficulty of conducting methodologically robust studies with long-term follow-up in low-prevalence diseases, which restricts the extrapolation of results to the general HCM population.</p>
          <p>The second limitation relates to the heterogeneity of the interventions evaluated, both in terms of modality and intensity, as well as the clinical diversity of participants. This variability compromises the robustness of the conclusions and requires cautious interpretation.</p>
          <p>Young adults (20-40 years), a subgroup traditionally at higher risk for SCD, were evaluated only in small observational studies, reducing the confidence of recommendations for this profile. This caution is reinforced by external epidemiological data showing that cardiovascular causes were the main category of sudden death in young adults aged 18&#8211;45 years, including some cases of HCM identified on autopsy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Additionally, applicability to the Brazilian context may be limited by factors such as restricted access to specialists and scarcity of cardiac rehabilitation services. Moreover, within the scope of this Recommendation, no studies conducted with Brazilian patients diagnosed with HCM are known.</p>
          <p>Given these limitations, new studies &#8211; including prospective registries and RCTs with longer follow-up &#8211; are needed to strengthen the evidence base and, in the future, revise the recommendations presented here.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>PE and sports participation in the setting of HCM should be encouraged based on individualized evaluation, considering factors such as clinical profile, cardiovascular risk, and patient preferences. In patients without high-risk criteria for SCD, the benefits of exercise &#8212; including improvements in functional capacity, quality of life, and potential cardioprotective effects &#8212; appear to outweigh the risks.</p>
        <p>However, for higher-risk subgroups, such as those with severe arrhythmias, a history of cardiac arrest, or significant ventricular dysfunction, recommendations should be more cautious. In these cases, decisions should be made through multidisciplinary evaluation and a shared decision-making process with the patient, following a careful analysis of the risk-benefit balance. Additional studies are needed to better stratify risk and define personalized exercise protocols for this population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01-en">
          <label>Supplementary material</label>
          <p>For additional information, please click here <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12308/2026-0423_AO_Material-suplementar.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12308/2026-0423_AO_Material-suplementar.pdf</ext-link> </p>
          <media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/dnts4zfTtpTXXgwyqxGnsQw/19f3acb1faf9b6891ef3bdd3f28e85a6f83f0222.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
          <p> The SBC paid the methodologists.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
