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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">NwChH5RG5dmLRFbx4DT9tjg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000802201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250834</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">02201</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso de Stent Recoberto Manualmente com Tegaderm em Perfura&#231;&#245;es Vasculares: Relato de S&#233;rie de Casos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9620-2429</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azmus</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Damiani</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6660-8938</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cogo</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlo Klug</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2040-9152</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oyuela</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Manuel Rodriguez</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4198-2621</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Slaviero</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Vitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-8686-4476</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Manica</surname>
            <given-names>Andre Luiz Langer</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-7099-830X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Mascarenhas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Ant&#244;nio Carlo Klug Cogo</bold> &#8226; Instituto de Cardiologia - Av. Princesa Isabel, 395. CEP 90620-001, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>antoniocogo@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250834</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Relatos de Caso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A perfura&#231;&#227;o coronariana durante interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) representa uma complica&#231;&#227;o rara, por&#233;m potencialmente letal, cuja incid&#234;ncia &#233; estimada em 0,2% a 0,6% das angioplastias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os fatores de risco incluem idade avan&#231;ada, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) pr&#233;via, doen&#231;a coronariana complexa, tortuosidade, calcifica&#231;&#227;o ou presen&#231;a de oclus&#245;es totais cr&#244;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Ellis permanece amplamente utilizada para definir gravidade e orientar conduta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas estabelecidas incluem insufla&#231;&#227;o prolongada de bal&#227;o, revers&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal, drenagem peric&#225;rdica em caso de tamponamento e implante de stents recobertos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Contudo, em centros de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, o acesso a stents recobertos industriais pode ser limitado pelo custo, tornando necess&#225;ria a ado&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#245;es emergenciais.</p>
      <p>Neste contexto, o uso de stent recoberto manualmente com filme Tegaderm surge como op&#231;&#227;o de <italic>bailout</italic> extremo em casos de indisponibilidade das estrat&#233;gias <italic>on-label</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O presente trabalho descreve tr&#234;s casos tratados em um hospital do Rio Grande do Sul, nos quais a t&#233;cnica foi empregada para controlar perfura&#231;&#245;es vasculares.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Casos cl&#237;nicos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caso 1</title>
        <p>Homem, 64 anos, com CRM pr&#233;via, submetido &#224; ICP da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD). Ap&#243;s conclus&#227;o do procedimento, identificado perfura&#231;&#227;o distal de subramos da art&#233;ria descendente posterior (ADP) pela ponta do fio-guia (utilizados Whisper e BHW) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>). Foi realizado insufla&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o por 40 minutos, sem resolu&#231;&#227;o. Realizado implante de stent recoberto PK Papyrus 2,5 x 20 mm com 8 ATMs sem resolu&#231;&#227;o do extravasamento. Devido a indisponibilidade de outro stent recoberto, foi realizado o implante de stent Orsiro 2,5 x 22mm recoberto manualmente com Tegaderm com 14 ATMs. A angiografia final demonstrou interrup&#231;&#227;o do extravasamento e fluxo TIMI 3, apesar da expans&#227;o irregular do stent (provavelmente pela cobertura com Tegaderm). O paciente recebeu alta assintom&#225;tico e sem complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Perfura&#231;&#227;o de subramos da art&#233;ria descendente posterior tipo Ellis III (seta branca), onde se observa extravasamento de contraste. B) Resultado final ap&#243;s implante de stent recoberto com Tegaderm com melhora do extravasamento do contraste.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250834-50834-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caso 2</title>
        <p>Homem, 64 anos, submetido &#224; ICP de Art&#233;ria Descendente Anterior (ADA) e ramo diagonal. Ap&#243;s pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o do ramo diagonal com bal&#227;o NC Trek Neo 2,5x20mm com 18 ATMs se observou perfura&#231;&#227;o tipo Ellis III (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref>). Realizada insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o por 20 minutos, sem sucesso. Foi realizado implante de stent SupraFlex 2,5 x 28mm recoberto com Tegaderm com 12 ATMs. A angiografia final demonstrou interrup&#231;&#227;o do extravasamento e fluxo TIMI 3. O paciente recebeu alta assintom&#225;tico e sem complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Perfura&#231;&#227;o de ramo diagonal tipo Ellis III com extravasamento de contraste (seta branca). B) Resultado final ap&#243;s implante de stent recoberto com Tegaderm com melhora do extravasamento de contraste.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250834-50834-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caso 3</title>
        <p>Homem, 76 anos, submetido a ICP da ACD via acesso radial direito. Durante o procedimento, ocorreu perfura&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria radial acess&#243;ria pela passagem do fio-guia 0,035", com forma&#231;&#227;o subsequente de pseudoaneurisma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 3</xref>). Realizadas in&#250;meras tentativas de compress&#227;o local guiada por ecografia, sem sucesso. Foi optado por implante de stent Xience 4,0 x 33mm recoberto com Tegaderm com 15 ATMs na art&#233;ria radial. A angiografia final demonstrou aus&#234;ncia de extravasamento e preserva&#231;&#227;o do fluxo do membro. O paciente apresentou boa evolu&#231;&#227;o e teve alta hospitalar assintom&#225;tico e sem complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Perfura&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;ria radial acess&#243;ria com extravasamento de contraste e forma&#231;&#227;o de pseudoaneurisma (seta branca). B) Resultado final com melhora do extravasamento de contraste, restando apenas blush de contraste aprisionado em tecido subcut&#226;neo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250834-50834-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A perfura&#231;&#227;o coronariana &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o grave, com mortalidade de at&#233; 20% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O manejo inicial deve priorizar a estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e o tamponamento da les&#227;o com insufla&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o por tempo prolongado. Persistindo o extravasamento, o implante de stent recoberto &#233; um dos tratamentos recomendados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Entretanto, na indisponibilidade deste material, especialmente em centros de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica de pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, pode se fazer necess&#225;ria a ado&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#245;es alternativas.</p>
      <p>Relatos recentes demonstram que o stent recoberto manualmente com Tegaderm pode ser eficaz no selamento de perfura&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias, com sucesso t&#233;cnico imediato em mais de 90% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nos tr&#234;s casos relatados houve interrup&#231;&#227;o do extravasamento de contraste, sem complica&#231;&#245;es durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A t&#233;cnica baseia-se na oclus&#227;o direta da parede vascular. Al&#233;m disso, o uso da t&#233;cnica na art&#233;ria radial ilustra, adicionalmente, a aplicabilidade perif&#233;rica da t&#233;cnica. N&#227;o foi utilizado m&#233;todo de imagem intravascular por indisponibilidade no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas dos casos cl&#237;nicos relatados</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Caso</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Idade</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Sexo</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Quadro cl&#237;nico</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Stent Recoberto com Tegaderm<sup>&#174;</sup></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Perfura&#231;&#227;o (Ellis 3) de subramos da ADP pela ponta do fio guia ap&#243;s ICP da ACD.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Orsiro 2,5x22mm</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Perfura&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria diagonal (Ellis 3) ap&#243;s pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o NC.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">SupraFlex 2,5x28mm</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">76 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Perfura&#231;&#227;o com forma&#231;&#227;o de pseudoaneurisma da art&#233;ria radial acess&#243;ria causado pela passagem do fio-guia 0,035" durante ICP.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Xience 4,0x33mm</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O Tegaderm, apesar de desenvolvido para uso t&#243;pico, &#233; composto de poliuretano, o mesmo material j&#225; utilizado nos stents recobertos industriais, por&#233;m com densidades e processamentos qu&#237;micos diferentes. Nos casos relatados o stent foi recoberto com duas voltas completas do Tegaderm, deixando-se uma dist&#226;ncia de aproximadamente 1 mm das bordas da estrutura met&#225;lica, conforme recomendado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recobrimento manual de stent com Tegaderm.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250834-50834-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es dessa t&#233;cnica s&#227;o o maior risco de trombose e reestenose em compara&#231;&#227;o aos stents recobertos industriais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A t&#233;cnica com Tegaderm apresenta desvantagens estruturais: aus&#234;ncia de camada de ades&#227;o uniforme, potencial rugosidade interna e aus&#234;ncia de valida&#231;&#227;o regulat&#243;ria. Portanto, deve ser usado sobretudo em situa&#231;&#245;es de risco &#224; vida como "bailout extremo" em que n&#227;o h&#225; outra op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica <italic>"on-label"</italic> dispon&#237;vel. Portanto, &#233; fundamental manter dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e acompanhamento cl&#237;nico rigoroso.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A perfura&#231;&#227;o coronariana durante ICP &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o rara e potencialmente fatal. O uso emergencial de stent recoberto com Tegaderm pode ser eficaz no controle imediato do extravasamento e na preserva&#231;&#227;o do fluxo vascular, constituindo alternativa poss&#237;vel como "<italic>bailout</italic> extremo" em contexto de risco iminente de vida e limita&#231;&#227;o absoluta de outras terapias j&#225; estabelecidas. &#201; fundamental ressaltar que a t&#233;cnica constitui estrat&#233;gia <italic>off-label</italic>, n&#227;o existindo ensaios cl&#237;nicos ou estudos prospectivos que avaliem a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia dessa t&#233;cnica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 8.464.355. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fasseas</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orford</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250834i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Use of Manually Covered Stent with Tegaderm in Vascular Perforations: Case Series Report</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9620-2429</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azmus</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Damiani</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6660-8938</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cogo</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlo Klug</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2040-9152</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oyuela</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Manuel Rodriguez</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4198-2621</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Slaviero</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Vitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-8686-4476</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Manica</surname>
            <given-names>Andre Luiz Langer</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-7099-830X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Mascarenhas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Ant&#244;nio Carlo Klug Cogo</bold> &#8226; Instituto de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Princesa Isabel, 395. Postal Code 90620-001, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>antoniocogo@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Case Reports</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a rare but potentially lethal complication, with an estimated incidence of 0.2% to 0.6% of angioplasties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Risk factors include advanced age, previous coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, complex coronary artery disease, tortuosity, calcification, or the presence of chronic total occlusions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The Ellis classification remains widely used to define severity and guide management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Established therapeutic strategies include prolonged balloon inflation, reversal of anticoagulation, distal embolization, pericardial drainage in cases of tamponade, and implantation of covered stents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, in public health centers, access to industrial covered stents may be limited by cost, making it necessary to adopt emergency solutions.</p>
        <p>In this context, the use of manually coated stents with Tegaderm film emerges as an extreme bailout option in cases where on-label strategies are unavailable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This paper describes three cases treated at a hospital in Rio Grande do Sul, in which the technique was used to control vascular perforations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Clinical cases</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Case 1</title>
          <p>A 64-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease underwent PCI for right coronary artery bypass grafting (RCA). (RCABG). After completion of the procedure, distal perforation of sub-branches of the posterior descending artery (PDA) was identified by the tip of the guidewire (Whisper and BHW were used) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>). Balloon inflation was performed for 40 minutes, without resolution. A 2.5 x 20 mm PK Papyrus covered stent with 8 ATMs was implanted, without resolution of the leakage. Due to the unavailability of another covered stent, a 2.5 x 22 mm Orsiro stent manually covered with Tegaderm with 14 ATMs was implanted. Final angiography demonstrated interruption of leakage and TIMI 3 flow, despite irregular stent expansion (probably due to the Tegaderm covering). The patient was discharged asymptomatic and without complications.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Perforation of sub-branches of the Ellis III type posterior descending artery (white arrow), showing contrast extravasation. B) Final result after implantation of a Tegaderm-coated stent with improvement in contrast extravasation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250834-50834-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Case 2</title>
          <p>A 64-year-old man underwent PCI of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and diagonal branch. After pre-dilation of the diagonal branch with a 2.5x20mm NC Trek Neo balloon with 18 ATMs, an Ellis III type perforation was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>). Balloon inflation was performed for 20 minutes without success. A 2.5 x 28mm SupraFlex stent covered with Tegaderm was implanted with 12 ATMs. Final angiography demonstrated interruption of extravasation and TIMI 3 flow. The patient was discharged asymptomatic and without complications.</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Perforation of an accessory radial artery with contrast extravasation and pseudoaneurysm formation (white arrow). B) Final result with improved contrast extravasation, leaving only contrast blush trapped in subcutaneous tissue.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250834-50834-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Case 3</title>
          <p>A 76-year-old man underwent PCI of the RCA via a right radial approach. During the procedure, perforation of the accessory radial artery occurred due to the passage of the 0.035" guidewire, with subsequent formation of a pseudoaneurysm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>). Numerous attempts at local compression guided by ultrasound were unsuccessful. A 4.0 x 33 mm Xience stent covered with Tegaderm with 15 ATMs was implanted in the radial artery. Final angiography showed no leakage and preserved limb flow. The patient had a good recovery and was discharged asymptomatic and without complications.</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Diagonal branch perforation type Ellis III with contrast extravasation (white arrow). B) Final result after implantation of a Tegaderm-coated stent with improvement in contrast extravasation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250834-50834-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Coronary perforation is a serious complication, with mortality rates up to 20%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Initial management should prioritize hemodynamic stability and tamponade of the lesion with prolonged balloon inflation. If leakage persists, implantation of a covered stent is one of the recommended treatments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, in the unavailability of this material, especially in public health centers in developing countries, alternative solutions may be necessary.</p>
        <p>Recent reports demonstrate that manually coated stents with Tegaderm can be effective in sealing coronary perforations, with immediate technical success in over 90% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In the three reported cases, contrast extravasation was stopped without complications during hospitalization (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). The technique is based on direct occlusion of the vascular wall. Furthermore, the use of the technique in the radial artery further illustrates the peripheral applicability of the technique. Intravascular imaging was not used due to its unavailability in the public health system.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical and angiographic characteristics of the reported clinical cases</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Case</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Age</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sex</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Clinical picture</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Stent coated with Tegaderm<sup>&#174;</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64 years old</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Masculine</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Perforation (Ellis 3) of PDA subbranches by the guidewire tip after RCA PCI.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Orsiro 2.5x22mm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64 years old</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Masculine</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Diagonal artery perforation (Ellis 3) after pre-dilation with NC balloon.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SupraFlex 2.5x28mm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76 years old</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Masculine</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Perforation with pseudoaneurysm formation of the accessory radial artery caused by the passage of a 0.035" guidewire during PCI.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Xience 4.0x33mm</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Tegaderm, although developed for topical use, is composed of polyurethane, the same material already used in industrial covered stents, but with different densities and chemical processing. In the reported cases, the stent was covered with two complete turns of Tegaderm, leaving a distance of approximately 1 mm from the edges of the metallic structure, as recommended (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Manual application of Tegaderm to a stent.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250834-50834-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The main limitations of this technique are the higher risk of thrombosis and restenosis compared to industrial covered stents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The Tegaderm technique has structural disadvantages: lack of a uniform adhesion layer, potential internal roughness, and lack of regulatory validation. Therefore, it should be used primarily in life-threatening situations such as "extreme bailout" where no other "on-label" therapeutic option is available. Therefore, it is essential to maintain dual antiplatelet therapy and rigorous clinical monitoring.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Coronary perforation during PCI is a rare and potentially fatal complication. The emergency use of a Tegaderm-coated stent can be effective in immediately controlling extravasation and preserving vascular flow, constituting a possible alternative as an "extreme bailout" in contexts of imminent risk of death and absolute limitation of other established therapies. It is crucial to emphasize that this technique constitutes an off-label strategy, and there are no clinical trials or prospective studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of this technique.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 8.464.355. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
