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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">SFGrkd9BxDLc3QkwXmBNsXh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000800602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250718</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a Rela&#231;&#227;o Neutr&#243;filo-Colesterol HDL e Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio: Um Estudo Transversal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-6221-2638</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Youpeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-8090-6609</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yin</surname>
            <given-names>Qian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0910-5063</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lei</surname>
            <given-names>Ying</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-5426-1698</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duan</surname>
            <given-names>Juncang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Affiliated Jinhua Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Zhejiang University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jinhua</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology &#8211; Second District &#8211; Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Juncang DuanJuncang Duan, Department of Cardiology &#8211; Second District, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.365, Renmin East Road, Wucheng District, Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province &#8211; China Email: <email>duanjuncang1010@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250718</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) continua sendo um importante problema de sa&#250;de global. Os pap&#233;is da inflama&#231;&#227;o e do metabolismo lip&#237;dico na patog&#234;nese do IM t&#234;m atra&#237;do mais aten&#231;&#227;o. O IM permanece como um importante problema de sa&#250;de global. O papel da inflama&#231;&#227;o e do metabolismo lip&#237;dico na patog&#234;nese do IM tem despertado crescente interesse. A raz&#227;o entre neutr&#243;filos e colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (NHR) &#233; um novo biomarcador composto que integra marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o e do metabolismo lip&#237;dico, mas sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o IM n&#227;o est&#225; clara.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Investigamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre NHR e IM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Analisamos dados de 25.248 participantes eleg&#237;veis do NHANES entre 2005 e 2016. O hist&#243;rico de IM foi determinado por meio de question&#225;rios, e os valores de NHR foram obtidos a partir de exames laboratoriais. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram utilizados para avaliar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre NHR, contagem de neutr&#243;filos e colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) com as probabilidades de IM. A an&#225;lise de spline c&#250;bica restrita (SCR) foi utilizada para avaliar poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o lineares. An&#225;lises de subgrupos e testes de intera&#231;&#227;o foram realizados para explorar a heterogeneidade potencial entre subgrupos demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos. An&#225;lises de sensibilidade foram realizadas para avaliar a robustez dos principais achados. Um valor de p bicaudal &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> N&#237;veis mais elevados de NHR foram associados independentemente a maiores chances de IM. No modelo totalmente ajustado, os participantes no quartil mais alto de NHR apresentaram 49% mais chances de IM do que aqueles no quartil mais baixo. A contagem de neutr&#243;filos isoladamente n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com IM, enquanto os n&#237;veis de HDL-C apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o inversa com IM. A SCR sugeriu uma associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear modesta entre NHR e IM. Embora um ponto de inflex&#227;o baseado em dados tenha sido identificado em 6,93, esse resultado deve ser interpretado como explorat&#243;rio e descritivo, e n&#227;o como um limiar clinicamente significativo. An&#225;lises de subgrupos sugeriram uma associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte em mulheres, e a intera&#231;&#227;o por sexo foi estatisticamente significativa. An&#225;lises de sensibilidade confirmaram a robustez desses achados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Nesta amostra ampla e representativa, n&#237;veis elevados de NHR foram associados de forma independente a maiores chances de IM, sugerindo que a NHR pode servir como um marcador epidemiol&#243;gico potencialmente informativo para IM. Estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar a causalidade e elucidar os mecanismos subjacentes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a Rela&#231;&#227;o Neutr&#243;filo-Colesterol HDL e Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio: Um Estudo Transversal</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/SFGrkd9BxDLc3QkwXmBNsXh/35486eeeb17a92ed4d45223562d38b5ac0b548ab.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/SFGrkd9BxDLc3QkwXmBNsXh/3959fa7d9d667fabc3f91ac33cc88008ada443d3.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Neutr&#243;filos</kwd>
        <kwd>HDL-Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Inqu&#233;ritos Nutricionais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="43"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) continua sendo uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular, impondo uma carga substancial &#224; sa&#250;de p&#250;blica global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> De acordo com o Estudo Global da Carga de Doen&#231;as, a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica causou 9,14 milh&#245;es de mortes em todo o mundo em 2019, representando 49,2% de todas as mortes relacionadas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, e a carga da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica continua a aumentar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O IM imp&#245;e uma press&#227;o consider&#225;vel sobre os sistemas de sa&#250;de e as fam&#237;lias, contribuindo substancialmente para a mortalidade prematura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Portanto, identificar os fatores associados ao IM &#233; essencial para fundamentar estrat&#233;gias eficazes de preven&#231;&#227;o precoce.</p>
      <p>Estudos recentes demonstraram que as c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias desempenham um papel fundamental na progress&#227;o do IM. A infiltra&#231;&#227;o excessiva de neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos, juntamente com a ativa&#231;&#227;o anormal do sistema complemento, exacerba significativamente a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Al&#233;m disso, essas c&#233;lulas e as citocinas e quimiocinas que secretam regulam coletivamente o reparo e a remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, e a desregula&#231;&#227;o desses processos &#233; um dos principais fatores que contribuem para a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular adversa e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O metabolismo lip&#237;dico tamb&#233;m est&#225; intimamente associado ao IM. Especificamente, os &#225;cidos graxos poli-insaturados &#244;mega-3 de cadeia longa e o &#225;cido este&#225;rico apresentam associa&#231;&#227;o inversa com o risco de IM, enquanto o &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico apresenta correla&#231;&#227;o positiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis elevados de lipoprote&#237;nas de densidade muito baixa, lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade e seu conte&#250;do de colesterol, bem como triglicer&#237;deos, est&#227;o associados a um risco aumentado de IM, enquanto o colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) de part&#237;culas grandes est&#225; inversamente associado ao risco de IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tanto a inflama&#231;&#227;o quanto a dislipidemia s&#227;o fatores-chave na patog&#234;nese do IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A raz&#227;o entre neutr&#243;filos e colesterol HDL (NHR) &#233; um novo biomarcador composto que integra essas duas vias e pode refletir intera&#231;&#245;es sin&#233;rgicas n&#227;o capturadas por biomarcadores individuais. Os neutr&#243;filos infiltram o mioc&#225;rdio infartado e liberam citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e proteases que exacerbam a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Em contraste, o HDL-C exerce efeitos cardioprotetores ao inibir a ativa&#231;&#227;o do fator nuclear kappa B (NF-&#954;B), modular as respostas de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias e promover o transporte reverso de colesterol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ao integrar essas duas vias, a NHR pode refletir o equil&#237;brio l&#237;quido entre os mecanismos pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios e protetores envolvidos no IM. Estudos anteriores demonstraram a utilidade da NHR na avalia&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades metab&#243;licas no diabetes tipo 2,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> prevendo a estabilidade da placa ateroscler&#243;tica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e avaliando o progn&#243;stico da sepse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a NHR tem sido associada a desfechos cardiovasculares adversos, incluindo doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e vulnerabilidade da placa na aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Embora a NHR ainda n&#227;o tenha sido amplamente adotada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina, sua deriva&#231;&#227;o de medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais padr&#227;o a torna um biomarcador conveniente e potencialmente pr&#225;tica para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>No entanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre NHR e IM n&#227;o foi totalmente elucidada em grandes popula&#231;&#245;es representativas a n&#237;vel nacional. Embora a NHR tenha sido investigada em outros contextos cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licos, sua associa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica com o IM permanece incompletamente caracterizada. Para preencher essa lacuna, analisamos dados do <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> (NHANES) para avaliar se uma NHR mais elevada est&#225; associada a um aumento da probabilidade de IM em adultos nos EUA. Nossa hip&#243;tese era de que uma NHR elevada est&#225; associada a uma maior probabilidade de IM ap&#243;s o ajuste para fatores de risco cardiovascular estabelecidos, e que essas associa&#231;&#245;es podem variar de acordo com o sexo e a idade. Essas an&#225;lises t&#234;m como objetivo examinar a relev&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica da NHR e gerar hip&#243;teses para futuros estudos prospectivos e mecan&#237;sticos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Fonte de dados e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>O NHANES &#233; um programa de vigil&#226;ncia em sa&#250;de com representatividade nacional, conduzido pelo Centro Nacional de Estat&#237;sticas de Sa&#250;de (NCHS) sob os ausp&#237;cios dos Centros de Controle e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as dos EUA (CDC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O levantamento integra entrevistas estruturadas, exames f&#237;sicos e testes laboratoriais para coletar dados abrangentes de sa&#250;de e nutri&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o civil n&#227;o institucionalizada dos Estados Unidos, permitindo assim o monitoramento do estado de sa&#250;de nacional, dos n&#237;veis nutricionais e das tend&#234;ncias de preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as. Todos os instrumentos e protocolos do levantamento s&#227;o padronizados e documentados publicamente pelo NCHS. Este estudo transversal foi relatado de acordo com as diretrizes do <italic>Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology</italic> (STROBE) (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Tabela Suplementar 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Neste estudo, utilizamos dados dos ciclos do NHANES entre 2005 e 2016, que inicialmente inclu&#237;am 60,936 participantes. Exclu&#237;mos indiv&#237;duos com menos de 20 anos de idade (n = 26.756), gestantes (n = 523), com dados faltantes na NHR (n = 3.358), com dados faltantes no IM (n = 45) e aqueles com informa&#231;&#245;es faltantes nas covari&#225;veis (n = 5.006). Ap&#243;s essas exclus&#245;es, um total de 25.248 participantes foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise final, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da triagem de participantes. NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; RRP: raz&#227;o de renda e pobreza; NHR: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/colesterol HDL; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250718-50718-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>NHR</title>
        <p>A NHR &#233; calculada usando a seguinte f&#243;rmula:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e1">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mi>NHR</mml:mi>
            </mml:mrow>
            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
            <mml:mfrac>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>Neu</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                <mml:mn>1000</mml:mn>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>&#956;</mml:mi>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>l</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mtext> HDL - C </mml:mtext>
                <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>mmol</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:mfrac>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>As contagens de neutr&#243;filos e as concentra&#231;&#245;es de HDL-C foram obtidas por meio de testes laboratoriais padronizados, seguindo os protocolos do NHANES, garantindo precis&#227;o e reprodutibilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>IM</title>
        <p>O hist&#243;rico de IM foi determinado a partir das respostas dos participantes a um question&#225;rio sobre condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas. Os participantes que responderam &#8220;sim&#8221; &#224; pergunta: &#8220;Algum m&#233;dico ou outro profissional de sa&#250;de j&#225; lhe disse que voc&#234; teve um ataque card&#237;aco (tamb&#233;m chamado de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio)?&#8221; foram considerados como tendo hist&#243;rico de IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Covari&#225;veis</title>
        <p>Os potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram idade (modelada como uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua nas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o), sexo, ra&#231;a/etnia e n&#237;vel de escolaridade (abaixo do ensino m&#233;dio, ensino m&#233;dio ou superior),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> raz&#227;o de renda familiar de pobreza (RRP) (&lt;1,3, 1,3&#8211;3,49, &#8805;3,5),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> estado civil (casado ou solteiro)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e fatores cl&#237;nicos e de estilo de vida, incluindo hipertens&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> diabetes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> status de fumante<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> consumo de &#225;lcool,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> atividade f&#237;sica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC, cont&#237;nuo). A hipertens&#227;o foi definida como uma resposta afirmativa a um diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico, uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos ou press&#227;o arterial medida &#8805;140/90 mmHg. O diabetes foi definido com base em autodiagn&#243;stico, uso de insulina ou hipoglicemiantes orais ou crit&#233;rios laboratoriais, incluindo glicemia de jejum &#8805; 7,0 mmol/L ou HbA1c &#8805; 6,5%. O consumo de &#225;lcool foi classificado como n&#227;o bebedores (menos de 12 doses por ano) e bebedores (12 ou mais doses por ano). O tabagismo foi classificado como nunca fumou, fumante atual ou ex-fumante, com base nas respostas sobre o consumo de &#8805;100 cigarros ao longo da vida e o comportamento atual de fumar. A atividade f&#237;sica foi definida como a participa&#231;&#227;o em atividades vigorosas durante o trabalho ou lazer que aumentassem substancialmente a respira&#231;&#227;o ou a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por pelo menos 10 minutos consecutivos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises foram conduzidas de acordo com o plano de amostragem complexo do NHANES, incorporando estratifica&#231;&#227;o, agrupamento e pondera&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa para garantir a representatividade nacional. A normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada por meio de m&#233;todos gr&#225;ficos e estat&#237;sticas descritivas sum&#225;rias. Devido ao grande tamanho da amostra, foram aplicados testes param&#233;tricos, dada a sua robustez a desvios moderados da normalidade. As caracter&#237;sticas basais foram resumidas por status de IM e por quartis de NHR (Q1&#8211;Q4), com vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas apresentadas como contagens e porcentagens e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como m&#233;dias com desvios padr&#227;o. Para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de uma via ponderada pela amostra, e os tamanhos de efeito gerais (&#969;<sup>2</sup>) foram calculados. Para compara&#231;&#245;es bin&#225;rias por status de IM, foram realizados testes-t de amostras independentes ponderados pela amostra, com o d de Cohen calculado como tamanho de efeito. Para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foram realizados testes qui-quadrado ponderados pela amostra, com o V de Cramer calculado como tamanho de efeito. Os valores de p foram ajustados para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas utilizando o m&#233;todo da taxa de falsos positivos (TFP). Quando diferen&#231;as gerais foram identificadas, as compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas foram interpretadas descritivamente, sem testes post-hoc formais, devido &#224; natureza explorat&#243;ria da an&#225;lise. Foram utilizados modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ponderada para examinar as associa&#231;&#245;es de NHR, neutr&#243;filos e HDL-C com IM, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o desenho amostral probabil&#237;stico complexo e multiest&#225;gios do NHANES por meio do uso de pesos de pesquisa recomendados. As covari&#225;veis foram selecionadas a priori com base na relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e na literatura pr&#233;via, incluindo fatores demogr&#225;ficos (idade, sexo, ra&#231;a/etnia, escolaridade e &#237;ndice de pobreza familiar), fatores de estilo de vida (tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool e atividade f&#237;sica), estado civil, IMC cont&#237;nuo e comorbidades (hipertens&#227;o e diabetes). Uma estrat&#233;gia sequencial de ajuste multivari&#225;vel foi aplicada: o Modelo 1 n&#227;o foi ajustado; o Modelo 2 foi ajustado para sexo, idade, ra&#231;a/etnia, escolaridade e &#237;ndice de pobreza familiar; e o Modelo 3 foi ajustado adicionalmente para fatores de estilo de vida, IMC, estado civil e comorbidades. As potenciais associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o lineares entre NHR e IM foram avaliadas usando splines c&#250;bicos restritos (SCR), com n&#243;s posicionados nos percentis 25, 50 e 75. A an&#225;lise de limiar foi realizada utilizando uma abordagem de regress&#227;o segmentada para identificar o valor de NHR no qual a associa&#231;&#227;o com IM diferia abaixo e acima do limiar. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de subgrupos definidos por idade (&lt;60 anos vs. &#8805;60 anos), sexo, ra&#231;a/etnia, tabagismo e atividade f&#237;sica. Testes de intera&#231;&#227;o foram realizados para cada vari&#225;vel de subgrupo separadamente, e todas as an&#225;lises de subgrupos foram consideradas explorat&#243;rias devido &#224;s m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, an&#225;lises de sensibilidade utilizando imputa&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla para lidar com covari&#225;veis faltantes foram conduzidas para avaliar a robustez dos principais achados. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software R (vers&#227;o 4.2.1). Um valor de P bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Um total de 25.248 participantes foram inclu&#237;dos, dos quais 1.073 tinham hist&#243;rico de IM. Comparados aos participantes sem IM, aqueles com IM eram mais velhos e apresentavam menores &#237;ndices de pobreza. Eles tamb&#233;m apresentavam IMC mais elevado. e NHR mais elevada. Diferen&#231;as significativas tamb&#233;m foram observadas em ra&#231;a, escolaridade, sexo, tabagismo, atividade f&#237;sica, diabetes e hipertens&#227;o, enquanto o consumo de &#225;lcool e o estado civil apresentaram varia&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima. Quando os participantes foram estratificados por quartis de NHR, o IMC aumentou progressivamente, enquanto a idade e a RRP diminu&#237;ram progressivamente ao longo dos quartis. A preval&#234;ncia de IM, sexo masculino, diabetes, tabagismo e hipertens&#227;o aumentou progressivamente nos quartis mais altos de NHR, enquanto as distribui&#231;&#245;es de ra&#231;a e escolaridade sofreram altera&#231;&#245;es moderadas. O consumo de &#225;lcool e o estado civil variaram minimamente entre os quartis. Coletivamente, uma NHR mais elevada foi associada &#224; predomin&#226;ncia masculina, perfis cardiometab&#243;licos adversos, padr&#245;es de estilo de vida n&#227;o saud&#225;veis e aumento da preval&#234;ncia de IM, o que reflete tanto diferen&#231;as transversais por status de IM quanto associa&#231;&#245;es graduais entre os quartis de NHR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes de acordo com o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> IM (Sim) n=1073 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> IM (N&#227;o) n=24175 </th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                  <th>Tamanho do efeito</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade, (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">66,84 (12,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,84 (17,51)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.190</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RRP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2,12 (1,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,56 (1,63)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.278</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC,(kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">30,23 (7,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,12 (6,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,159</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NHR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.04(2.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,44(2.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,275</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ra&#231;a, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,064</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mexicano-americano</td>
                  <td align="center">98 ( 9.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">3825 (15,80)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outros hisp&#226;nicos</td>
                  <td align="center">83 ( 7,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">2234 ( 9.20)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Branco n&#227;o hisp&#226;nico</td>
                  <td align="center">641 (59,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">10949 (45,30)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Negro n&#227;o hisp&#226;nico</td>
                  <td align="center">198 (18,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">4915 (20,30)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outra ra&#231;a</td>
                  <td align="center">53 ( 4,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">2252 ( 9,30)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Educa&#231;&#227;o, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abaixo do ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">375 (34,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">5763 (23,80)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensino m&#233;dio completo ou superior</td>
                  <td align="center">698 (65,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">18412 (76,20)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>G&#234;nero, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,069</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masc.</td>
                  <td align="center">713 (66,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">11935 (49,40)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fem.</td>
                  <td align="center">360 (33,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">12240 (50,60)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tabagismo n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,099</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">262 (24,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">5064 (20,90)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">462 (43,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">5809 (24,00)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o-fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">349 (32,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">13302 (55,00)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,071</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alta</td>
                  <td align="center">361 (33,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">12395 (51,30)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">712 (66,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">11780 (48,70)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,134</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">443 (41,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">3897 (16.10)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">630 (58,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">20278 (83,90)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Bebida, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.715</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">778 (72,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">17393 (71,90)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">295 (27,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">6782 (28.10)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Status conjugal, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">597 (55,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">14548 (60,20)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">476 (44,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">9627 (39,80)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,152</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">841 (78,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">9915 (41.00)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">232 (21,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">14260 (59.00)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; NHR: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/colesterol HDL; HDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; RRP: &#237;ndice de pobreza; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes de acordo com os quartis do NHR</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th colspan="4">NHR</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Tamanho do efeito</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Q1(n=6312)</th>
                  <th>Q2(n=6312)</th>
                  <th>Q3(n=6312)</th>
                  <th>Q4(n=6312)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade, m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">50,74 (17,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,21 (17,89)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,36 (17,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,12 (17,24)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RRP, m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2,77 (1,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,64 (1,64)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,47 (1,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,27 (1,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC (kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>), m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26,70 (5,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,41 (6,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,71 (6,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,85 (7,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,074</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IM, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,061</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">170 (2,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">247 (3,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">271 (4,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">385 (6.10)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">6142 (97,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">6065 (96,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">6041 (95,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">5927 (93,90)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>G&#234;nero, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,159</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masc.</td>
                  <td align="center">2458 (38,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">2995 (47,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">3368 (53,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">3827 (60,60)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fem.</td>
                  <td align="center">3854 (61,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">3317 (52,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">2944 (46,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">2485 (39,40)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ra&#231;a, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,133</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mexicano-americano</td>
                  <td align="center">632 (10,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">904 (14,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">1199 (19,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">1188 (18,80)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Negro n&#227;o hisp&#226;nico</td>
                  <td align="center">2148 (34,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">1308 (20,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">947 (15,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">710 (11,20)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Branco n&#227;o hisp&#226;nico</td>
                  <td align="center">2450 (38,80)</td>
                  <td align="center">2870 (45,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">2983 (47,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">3287 (52,10)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outros hisp&#226;nicos</td>
                  <td align="center">448 (7.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">602 (9,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">649 (10,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">618 (9,80)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outra ra&#231;a</td>
                  <td align="center">634 (10,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">628 (9,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">534 (8,5)0)</td>
                  <td align="center">509 (8.10)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Educa&#231;&#227;o, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,071</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abaixo do ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">1273 (20,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">1464 (23,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">1604 (25,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">1797 (28,50)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensino m&#233;dio completo ou superior</td>
                  <td align="center">5039 (79,80)</td>
                  <td align="center">4848 (76,80)</td>
                  <td align="center">4708 (74,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">4515 (71,50)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tabagismo, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">904 (14,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">1086 (17,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">1337 (21,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">1999 (31,70)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">1525 (24,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">1569 (24,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">1637 (25,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">1540 (24,40)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o-fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">3883 (61,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">3657 (57,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">3338 (52,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">2773 (43,90)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,103</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alta</td>
                  <td align="center">3588 (56,80)</td>
                  <td align="center">3340 (52,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">3126 (49,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">2702 (42,80)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">2724 (43,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">2972 (47,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">3186 (50,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">3610 (57,20)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,137</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">667 (10,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">947 (15,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">1170 (18,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">1556 (24,70)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">5645 (89,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">5365 (85,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">5142 (81,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">4756 (75,30)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Bebida, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">4448 (70,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4525 (71,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4550 (72,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4648 (73,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1864 (29,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1787 (28.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1762 (27,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1664 (26,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Status conjugal, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">3583 (56,80)</td>
                  <td align="center">3794 (60,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">3849 (61,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">3919 (62,10)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2729 (43,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">2518 (39,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">2463 (39,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">2393 (37,90)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,055</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">2482 (39,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">2625 (41,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">2692 (42,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">2957 (46,80)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">3830 (60,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">3687 (58,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">3620 (57,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">3355 (53,20)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; NHR: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/colesterol HDL; HDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; RRP: &#237;ndice de pobreza; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre NHR, Neutr&#243;filos, HDL-C, e IM</title>
        <p>A NHR mais elevada foi consistentemente associada a maiores chances de IM em modelos n&#227;o ajustados e parcialmente ajustados (Modelos 1 e 2). Ap&#243;s o ajuste completo para covari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas (Modelo 3), os participantes no quartil mais alto de NHR apresentaram 49% mais chances de IM em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles no quartil mais baixo, com uma tend&#234;ncia significativa de dose-resposta entre os quartis. Para a contagem de neutr&#243;filos, a associa&#231;&#227;o com o IM foi atenuada no modelo totalmente ajustado. Os participantes no quartil mais alto apresentaram uma probabilidade 11% maior de IM, embora n&#227;o significativa, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o quartil mais baixo. A tend&#234;ncia entre os quartis n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa. Para o HDL-C, n&#237;veis mais elevados foram consistentemente associados a menores chances de IM. No modelo totalmente ajustado, os participantes no quartil mais alto apresentaram 38% menos chances de IM em compara&#231;&#227;o com o quartil mais baixo. e apresentaram uma tend&#234;ncia significativa de dose-resposta entre os quartis. Esses resultados indicam que a NHR apresentou associa&#231;&#245;es mais consistentes com o IM do que a contagem de neutr&#243;filos ou o HDL-C isoladamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica de NHR, neutr&#243;filos e HDL-C com IM</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Modelo 1</th>
                  <th>Modelo 2</th>
                  <th>Modelo 3</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NHR Interquartil</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR(IC 95%) Valor de p</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR(IC 95%) Valor de p</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR(IC 95%) Valor de p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q1 &lt;2,139</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q2 2139~3,067</td>
                  <td align="center">1.52(1.18, 1.96) 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.46(1.11, 1.920 008</td>
                  <td align="center">1.26(0,95, 1.67) 0,105</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q3 3,067~4.308</td>
                  <td align="center">1.70(1,35, 2.14) &lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.64(1.29, 2.08) &lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.27(0,99, 1.61) 0,052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q4 &gt;4.308</td>
                  <td align="center">2.38(1,85, 3.06) &lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.39(1,82, 3.14) &lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.49(1.11,2,00) 0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P para tend&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Neutr&#243;filos Interquartil</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q1 &lt;3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q2 3.1~4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13 (0,87, 1,46) 0,353</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05 (0,81, 1,36) 0,706</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 (0,70, 1,19) 0,497</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q3 4.0~5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,52 (1,20, 1,94) &lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34 (1,04, 1,72) 0,025</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 (0,83, 1,38) 0,602</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q4 &gt;5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,74 (1,39, 2,19) &lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,66 (1,31, 2,09) &lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11 (0,87, 1,43) 0,397</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P para tend&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,178</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>HDL-C Interquartil</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q1 &lt;1.06</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q2 1.06~1,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75 (0,60, 0,93) 0,010</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71 (0,56, 0,90) 0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80 (0,63, 1,01) 0,060</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q3 1,29~1,60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49 (0,40, 0,61) &lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49 (0,39, 0,62) &lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61 (0,48, 0,77) &lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q4 &gt;1,60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49 (0,38, 0,63) &lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45 (0,35, 0,59) &lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62 (0,47, 0,81) &lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P para tend&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>O Modelo 1 n&#227;o foi ajustado. Modelo 2 ajustado por sexo, idade, ra&#231;a, &#237;ndice de pobreza/renda familiar e n&#237;vel de escolaridade. Modelo 3 ajustado para todas as covari&#225;veis. IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; NHR: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/colesterol HDL; HDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise SCR tamb&#233;m foi realizada para avaliar a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear entre NHR e IM. Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>, ap&#243;s o ajuste para todas as covari&#225;veis, tanto a associa&#231;&#227;o geral quanto o componente n&#227;o linear foram estatisticamente significativos, sugerindo uma rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear modesta entre NHR e IM. A an&#225;lise de limiar identificou um ponto de inflex&#227;o baseado nos dados em uma NHR de 6,93. Abaixo desse ponto, uma NHR mais alta foi associada a maiores chances de IM, enquanto a associa&#231;&#227;o acima do ponto de inflex&#227;o n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa. No entanto, essa descoberta de limiar deve ser interpretada com cautela, como explorat&#243;ria e descritiva, e n&#227;o como evid&#234;ncia de um ponto de corte clinicamente significativo, particularmente devido ao n&#250;mero relativamente limitado de participantes na cauda superior da distribui&#231;&#227;o da NHR. Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>, o teste da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a corroborou o modelo de limiar.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas SCR ilustrando a associa&#231;&#227;o ajustada entre a NHR e a probabilidade de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio na coorte completa (n = 25.248), com tr&#234;s n&#243;s. A linha cont&#237;nua representa a raz&#227;o de chances (RC) e as linhas tracejadas indicam os intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. HNR: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; RC: raz&#227;o de chances; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250718-50718-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de limiar de NHR e chances de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>OR(IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ponto de inflex&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">6,93</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NHR &lt; 6,93</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 (1,05, 1,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NHR &#8805; 6,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 (0,92, 1,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,717</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o de log-verossimilhan&#231;a</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de subgrupos</title>
        <p>An&#225;lises adicionais de subgrupos sugeriram que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre NHR e IM pode variar entre os subgrupos. Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>, associa&#231;&#245;es positivas entre NHR e IM foram observadas em diversos subgrupos, incluindo participantes com idade &#8805; 60 anos, mulheres, indiv&#237;duos com IMC &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, indiv&#237;duos com baixa atividade f&#237;sica, indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o, indiv&#237;duos com diabetes e indiv&#237;duos sem hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). No entanto, dada a natureza explorat&#243;ria dessas an&#225;lises e os m&#250;ltiplos testes de intera&#231;&#227;o realizados, os resultados dos subgrupos devem ser interpretados com cautela. Entre os subgrupos examinados, a intera&#231;&#227;o por sexo foi estatisticamente significativa, sugerindo que a associa&#231;&#227;o pode ser mais forte em mulheres.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de subgrupos da associa&#231;&#227;o entre NHR e IM. Raz&#245;es de chances Os intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% s&#227;o apresentados para cada subgrupo predefinido. Os valores de P espec&#237;ficos para cada componente indicam a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica da associa&#231;&#227;o entre NHR e IM em cada subgrupo, enquanto os valores de P para intera&#231;&#227;o avaliam a poss&#237;vel modifica&#231;&#227;o do efeito entre os subgrupos. NHR: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250718-50718-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade</title>
        <p>Como parte das an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, utilizamos imputa&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla por equa&#231;&#245;es encadeadas para imputar covari&#225;veis faltantes, mantendo os valores observados de NHR e IM e incorporando o desenho da pesquisa NHANES e os pesos de amostragem em cada conjunto de dados imputados. Os resultados foram substancialmente consistentes com as descobertas da an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria de casos completos (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02">Tabela Suplementar 2</xref>). No modelo totalmente ajustado, uma NHR mais elevado permaneceu associada a maiores chances de IM. Os participantes no quartil mais alto apresentaram chances significativamente maiores de IM do que aqueles no quartil mais baixo (OR 1,536, IC 95% 1,141&#8211;2,067; p=0,005), e a tend&#234;ncia entre os quartis tamb&#233;m foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,004). Em contraste, a contagem de neutr&#243;filos isoladamente n&#227;o foi significativamente associada ao IM ap&#243;s o ajuste completo, enquanto n&#237;veis mais elevados de HDL-C permaneceram inversamente associados ao IM. Essas descobertas corroboram a robustez dos achados prim&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>Uma vis&#227;o geral esquem&#225;tica do projeto experimental e das principais conclus&#245;es &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta an&#225;lise transversal de 25.248 participantes do NHANES, n&#237;veis mais elevados de NHR foram associados a maiores chances de IM, refletindo, portanto, uma doen&#231;a prevalente em vez de incidente. Ap&#243;s ajuste multivari&#225;vel, os participantes no quartil mais alto de NHR apresentaram chances significativamente maiores de IM do que aqueles no quartil mais baixo, enquanto a contagem de neutr&#243;filos isoladamente n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com IM, e os n&#237;veis de HDL-C apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o inversa com IM. A an&#225;lise de spline c&#250;bica restrita sugeriu uma associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear modesta entre NHR e IM, com um ponto de inflex&#227;o determinado pelos dados em uma NHR de aproximadamente 6,93. Como a maioria dos participantes apresentou valores de NHR abaixo desse ponto e relativamente poucos estavam na cauda superior, a n&#227;o linearidade observada deve ser interpretada com cautela, como explorat&#243;ria e descritiva, e n&#227;o como evid&#234;ncia de um ponto de corte clinicamente significativo. An&#225;lises de subgrupos sugeriram que a associa&#231;&#227;o pode ser mais forte em mulheres; no entanto, esses achados devem ser interpretados como explorat&#243;rios. As an&#225;lises de sensibilidade tamb&#233;m produziram resultados substancialmente consistentes, corroborando a robustez dos achados principais. De forma geral, nossos resultados corroboram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre uma NHR mais elevada e maiores chances de IM nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados corroboram e ampliam as evid&#234;ncias existentes sobre a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da NHR. Dados de coorte baseados na comunidade de Taiwan indicam que a NHR supera a raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (NLR) na predi&#231;&#227;o do risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Estudos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) associaram uma NHR mais elevada a uma estenose coronariana mais grave, conforme refletido pelos escores de Gensini (AUC~0,73).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 e s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, a NHR tamb&#233;m demonstrou forte valor preditivo e diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, um estudo de coorte chin&#234;s descobriu que a NHR elevada previa desfechos cardiovasculares adversos em indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-diab&#233;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, dados do NHANES revelaram que n&#237;veis elevados de NHR, combinados com comprometimento cognitivo, estavam associados a uma mortalidade por todas as causas substancialmente maior em idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Ao contr&#225;rio de estudos anteriores, conduzidos principalmente em popula&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ou de alto risco, nosso estudo utiliza uma amostra representativa nacional e identifica uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre a NHR e o IM na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta geral dos EUA, destacando sua potencial relev&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica. Marcadores tradicionais, como LDL-C e PCR-as, refletem a carga lip&#237;dica e a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica separadamente, enquanto a NHR integra a atividade inflamat&#243;ria inata e uma fra&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica antiaterog&#234;nica em um &#250;nico &#237;ndice, capturando o equil&#237;brio entre as vias pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e protetoras e potencialmente explicando sua relev&#226;ncia em estudos populacionais.</p>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias crescentes sugerem que a NHR pode estar associada ao IM por meio de mecanismos que envolvem inflama&#231;&#227;o, metabolismo lip&#237;dico desregulado e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os neutr&#243;filos est&#227;o entre as primeiras c&#233;lulas do sistema imune a infiltrar o mioc&#225;rdio infartado e atingem n&#237;veis m&#225;ximos nas 24 horas seguintes ao IM. Ao infiltrar a &#225;rea do infarto, os neutr&#243;filos liberam complexos de calprotectina (S100A8/A9), que ativam o receptor do tipo Toll 4 (TLR4) e os inflamassomos do tipo NOD (NLRs), promovendo, assim, a secre&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, como a interleucina-1&#946;. Essas citocinas estimulam a hematopoiese na medula &#243;ssea, sustentando a produ&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos e amplificando as respostas inflamat&#243;rias, que, por sua vez, exacerbam a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Neutr&#243;filos ativados tamb&#233;m liberam proteases e mediadores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios que polarizam os macr&#243;fagos em dire&#231;&#227;o a um fen&#243;tipo pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio (tipo M1), inibindo assim o reparo tecidual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Estudos relataram que, no IM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, neutr&#243;filos e outras c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias aderem e transmigram atrav&#233;s das c&#233;lulas endoteliais por meio de integrinas. Durante esse processo, liberam citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias que comprometem a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, exacerbam a inflama&#231;&#227;o e a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, agravam a les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o e promovem a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, o HDL-C exerce efeitos cardioprotetores atrav&#233;s de suas mol&#233;culas bioativas, ativando vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o celular e inibindo a abertura do poro de transi&#231;&#227;o da permeabilidade mitocondrial, o que, por sua vez, reduz a apoptose e a necrose dos cardiomi&#243;citos. Al&#233;m disso, o HDL-C suprime a ativa&#231;&#227;o do NF-&#954;B, reduzindo assim a libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias e atenuando a inflama&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> O HDL-C tamb&#233;m facilita o transporte reverso de colesterol, removendo o colesterol das placas arteriais e, assim, exercendo efeitos protetores contra o IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>An&#225;lises de subgrupos sugeriram que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre NHR e IM pode ser mais forte em mulheres do que em homens; no entanto, esses achados devem ser interpretados com cautela, pois as an&#225;lises de subgrupos foram explorat&#243;rias e envolveram m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es e testes de intera&#231;&#227;o. Evid&#234;ncias anteriores indicam que mulheres com IM podem apresentar caracter&#237;sticas de placa distintas das dos homens, com maior propens&#227;o &#224; eros&#227;o da placa do que &#224; ruptura. Aproximadamente 30% das mulheres com IM apresentam doen&#231;a arterial coronariana n&#227;o obstrutiva na angiografia, uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior do que a observada em homens, o que pode estar relacionado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular ou ao espasmo da art&#233;ria coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, acredita-se que o estrog&#234;nio confira prote&#231;&#227;o relativa contra doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa; essa prote&#231;&#227;o diminui ap&#243;s a menopausa, com o risco cardiovascular se aproximando do dos homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Nos participantes com AVC, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre NHR e IM n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa; no entanto, esse achado n&#227;o deve ser superinterpretado. Estudos anteriores sugerem que o AVC isqu&#234;mico agudo pode desencadear respostas imunol&#243;gicas e relacionadas ao estresse que aumentam os n&#237;veis de neutr&#243;filos circulantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a ativa&#231;&#227;o neuroimune associada ao AVC pode alterar os perfis inflamat&#243;rios perif&#233;ricos e, assim, afetar a especificidade da NHR nesse subgrupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> De modo geral, esses resultados de subgrupos devem ser considerados como geradores de hip&#243;teses, e n&#227;o como evid&#234;ncias de modifica&#231;&#227;o definitiva do efeito biol&#243;gico.</p>
      <p>A robustez dos nossos resultados foi refor&#231;ada pela grande amostra nacionalmente representativa do NHANES e pelo ajuste para uma ampla gama de potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o. Este estudo sugere que a NHR pode servir como um biomarcador associado ao IM, com an&#225;lises de subgrupos indicando que a associa&#231;&#227;o pode ser mais forte em mulheres. No entanto, o delineamento transversal e a depend&#234;ncia do hist&#243;rico de IM autorrelatado impedem a infer&#234;ncia causal, limitam a avalia&#231;&#227;o da temporalidade e impedem a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre eventos de IM recentes e remotos. Al&#233;m disso, como a NHR foi medida no momento do exame do NHANES, e n&#227;o antes da ocorr&#234;ncia do IM, ela pode ter sido influenciada pelo pr&#243;prio IM pr&#233;vio, bem como por tratamentos subsequentes e mudan&#231;as comportamentais ap&#243;s o IM, incluindo terapia hipolipemiante e modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida. Portanto, a causalidade reversa n&#227;o pode ser exclu&#237;da. O vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m pode ter resultado da exclus&#227;o de participantes com dados faltantes, e a presen&#231;a de fatores de confus&#227;o residuais n&#227;o pode ser totalmente descartada. Em particular, n&#227;o conseguimos ajustar de forma consistente para a terapia hipolipemiante e para biomarcadores lip&#237;dicos e inflamat&#243;rios estabelecidos, como LDL-C, triglicer&#237;deos e PCR-as, em todos os ciclos do NHANES inclu&#237;dos. Esses fatores podem ter influenciado tanto o status de NHR quanto o de IM e, portanto, permanecem como potenciais fontes de confus&#227;o residual. Embora as an&#225;lises do valor E tenham sugerido que uma confus&#227;o n&#227;o mensurada relativamente forte seria necess&#225;ria para explicar completamente a associa&#231;&#227;o observada, algumas vari&#225;veis ajustadas podem estar na via causal, aumentando a possibilidade de sobreajuste. Por fim, o desempenho preditivo n&#227;o foi avaliado formalmente e a generaliza&#231;&#227;o desses achados para al&#233;m da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta dos EUA pode ser limitada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em suma, nossos achados indicam que n&#237;veis mais elevados da raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/colesterol HDL est&#227;o associados a uma maior probabilidade de IM, observando-se um padr&#227;o n&#227;o linear moderado ao longo da faixa de valores dessa raz&#227;o. Tais associa&#231;&#245;es persistiram ap&#243;s o ajuste multivari&#225;vel e refletem a preval&#234;ncia de IM, e n&#227;o o risco de eventos incidentes. An&#225;lises de subgrupos sugeriram que a associa&#231;&#227;o pode ser mais forte em mulheres; no entanto, esses resultados devem ser interpretados como explorat&#243;rios. Dado o delineamento transversal, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel inferir causalidade, sendo necess&#225;rios estudos prospectivos para esclarecer as rela&#231;&#245;es temporais e elucidar melhor os mecanismos subjacentes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>* Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01">
        <label>Supplementary material 1</label>
        <p>Para Tabela Suplementar 1, por favor, clique aqui.<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12308/2025-0718_AO_Supplementary_Table1.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12308/2025-0718_AO_Supplementary_Table1.pdf</ext-link> </p>
        <media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/SFGrkd9BxDLc3QkwXmBNsXh/a13463c6e7888bd37c50569ed19372a205525e35.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl02">
        <label>Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para Tabela Suplementar 2, por favor, clique aqui. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12308/2025-0718_AO_Supplementary_Table2.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12308/2025-0718_AO_Supplementary_Table2.pdf</ext-link> </p>
        <media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/SFGrkd9BxDLc3QkwXmBNsXh/3b045d2239ee56aaa26cedd922dba5a9cccd82cf.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250718i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between the Neutrophil-to-HDL-Cholesterol Ratio and Myocardial Infarction: A Cross-Sectional Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-6221-2638</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Youpeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-8090-6609</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yin</surname>
            <given-names>Qian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0910-5063</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lei</surname>
            <given-names>Ying</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-5426-1698</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duan</surname>
            <given-names>Juncang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology &#8211; Second District &#8211; Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Juncang Duan Juncang Duan, Department of Cardiology &#8211; Second District, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.365, Renmin East Road, Wucheng District, Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province &#8211; China Email: duanjuncang1010@163.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Myocardial infarction (MI) remains a major global health burden. Inflammation and lipid metabolism&#8217;s roles in MI pathogenesis have drawn more attention. The neutrophil-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHR) is a new composite biomarker integrating inflammation and lipid metabolism markers, but its association with MI is unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> We investigated the association between NHR and MI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We analyzed data from 25,248 eligible participants from NHANES between 2005 and 2016. A history of MI was determined using questionnaire data, and NHR values were derived from laboratory measurements. Logistic regression models were used to assess the associations of NHR, neutrophil count, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) with the odds of MI. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis was used to evaluate potential nonlinear associations. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were performed to explore potential heterogeneity across demographic and clinical subgroups. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of the primary findings. A two-sided P value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Higher NHR was independently associated with higher odds of MI. In the fully adjusted model, participants in the highest NHR quartile had 49% higher odds of MI than those in the lowest quartile. Neutrophil count alone was not significantly associated with MI, whereas HDL-C levels were inversely associated with MI. RCS suggested a modest nonlinear association between NHR and MI. Although a data-driven inflection point was identified at 6.93, this result should be interpreted as exploratory and descriptive rather than a clinically meaningful threshold. Subgroup analyses suggested a stronger association in women, and the interaction by sex was statistically significant. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> In this large, representative sample, elevated NHR was independently associated with higher odds of MI, suggesting that NHR may serve as a potentially informative epidemiological marker for MI. Prospective studies are needed to determine causality and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association between the Neutrophil-to-HDL-Cholesterol Ratio and Myocardial Infarction: A Cross-Sectional Study</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250718-50718-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Neutrophils</kwd>
        <kwd>HDL Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Nutrition Surveys</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the leading causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, imposing a substantial burden on global public health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, ischemic heart disease caused 9.14 million deaths worldwide in 2019, accounting for 49.2% of all cardiovascular-related deaths, and the burden of ischemic heart disease continues to rise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> MI places considerable strain on healthcare systems and families and contributes substantially to premature mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Therefore, identifying factors associated with MI is essential for informing effective early prevention strategies.</p>
        <p>Recent studies have demonstrated that inflammatory cells play a key role in MI progression. Excessive infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes, together with abnormal activation of the complement system, markedly exacerbates myocardial injury. Moreover, these cells and their secreted cytokines and chemokines collectively regulate myocardial repair and remodeling, and dysregulation of these processes is a major driver of adverse ventricular remodeling and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Lipid metabolism is also closely associated with MI. Specifically, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and stearic acid are inversely associated with MI risk, whereas arachidonic acid is positively correlated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Moreover, elevated levels of very low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins and their cholesterol content, as well as triglycerides, are associated with an increased risk of MI, whereas large-particle high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is inversely associated with MI risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Both inflammation and dyslipidemia are key contributors to the pathogenesis of MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The neutrophil-to&#8211;high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHR) is a novel composite biomarker that integrates these two pathways and may reflect synergistic interactions that are not captured by individual biomarkers. Neutrophils infiltrate the infarcted myocardium and release pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteases that exacerbate myocardial injury. In contrast, HDL-C exerts cardiovascular protective effects by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-&#954;B) activation, modulating inflammatory cytokine responses, and promoting reverse cholesterol transport.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> By integrating these two pathways, NHR may reflect the net balance between pro-inflammatory and protective mechanisms involved in MI. Previous studies have demonstrated the utility of NHR in assessing metabolic abnormalities in type 2 diabetes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> predicting atherosclerotic plaque stability,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and evaluating sepsis prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Moreover, NHR has been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including coronary artery disease and plaque vulnerability in atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Although NHR has not yet been widely adopted in routine clinical practice, its derivation from standard laboratory measurements makes it a convenient and potentially practical biomarker for cardiovascular risk assessment.</p>
        <p>However, the relationship between NHR and MI has not been fully elucidated in large, nationally representative populations. Although NHR has been investigated in other cardiovascular and metabolic contexts, its specific association with myocardial infarction remains incompletely characterized. To address this gap, we analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to assess whether higher NHR is associated with increased odds of MI among U.S. adults. We hypothesized that elevated NHR is associated with higher odds of myocardial infarction after adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors, and that these associations may vary by sex and age. These analyses are intended to examine the epidemiological relevance of NHR and to generate hypotheses for future prospective and mechanistic studies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Data source and study population</title>
          <p>NHANES is a nationally representative health surveillance program conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) under the auspices of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The survey integrates structured interviews, physical examinations, and laboratory tests to collect comprehensive health and nutritional data from the non-institutionalized civilian population of the United States, thereby enabling monitoring of national health status, nutritional levels, and disease prevalence trends. All survey instruments and protocols are standardized and publicly documented by the NCHS. This cross-sectional study was reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1001">Supplementary Table 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In this study, we utilized data from NHANES cycles between 2005 and 2016, which initially included 60,936 participants. We excluded individuals who were under 20 years of age (n = 26,756), pregnant (n = 523), missing NHR data (n = 3,358), missing MI data (n = 45), and those with missing covariate information (n = 5,006). After these exclusions, a total of 25,248 participants were included in the final analysis, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flow diagram of participant screening. NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PIR: poverty income ratio; NHR: neutrophil-to-hdl-cholesterol ratio; MI: myocardial infarction; BMI: body mass index.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250718-50718-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>NHR</title>
          <p>NHR is calculated using the following formula:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e1001">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>NHR</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:mfrac>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>Neu</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>1000</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>&#956;</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>l</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mtext> HDL - C </mml:mtext>
                  <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>mmol</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>L</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:mfrac>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>Both neutrophil counts and HDL-C concentrations were obtained through standardized laboratory testing following NHANES protocols, ensuring accuracy and reproducibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>MI</title>
          <p>MI status was ascertained from participants&#8217; responses to a medical conditions questionnaire. Participants who answered &#8220;yes&#8221; to the question, &#8220;Has a doctor or other health professional ever told you that you had a heart attack (also called myocardial infarction)?&#8221; were considered to have a history of MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Covariates</title>
          <p>Potential confounders included age (modeled as a continuous variable in regression analyses), sex, race/ethnicity, education level (below high school, high school or above),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> family poverty income ratio (PIR) (&lt;1.3, 1.3&#8211;3.49, &#8805;3.5).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> marital status (married vs. unmarried);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and clinical and lifestyle factors, including hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> diabetes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> smoking status,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> alcohol consumption,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> physical activity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> and body mass index (BMI, continuous). Hypertension was defined as an affirmative response to a physician diagnosis, use of antihypertensive medications, or measured blood pressure &#8805;140/90 mmHg. Diabetes was defined based on self-reported diagnosis, use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, or laboratory criteria including fasting glucose &#8805; 7.0 mmol/L or HbA1c &#8805; 6.5%. Alcohol consumption was classified as non-drinkers (fewer than 12 drinks per year) and drinkers (12 or more drinks per year). Smoking status was classified as never smokers, current smokers, or former smokers based on responses regarding lifetime smoking of &#8805;100 cigarettes and current smoking behavior. Physical activity was defined as participation in vigorous activities during work or leisure that substantially increased breathing or heart rate for at least 10 consecutive minutes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Analyses were conducted in accordance with the complex sampling design of NHANES, incorporating stratification, clustering, and survey weighting to ensure national representativeness. The normality of continuous variables was assessed using graphical methods and descriptive summary statistics. Given the large sample size, parametric tests were applied owing to their robustness to moderate deviations from normality. Baseline characteristics were summarized by MI status and by quartiles of NHR (Q1&#8211;Q4), with categorical variables presented as counts and percentages and continuous variables as means with standard deviations. For continuous variables, survey-weighted one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, and overall effect sizes (&#969;<sup>2</sup>) were calculated. For binary comparisons by MI status, survey-weighted independent-samples t-tests were conducted, with Cohen&#8217;s d calculated as the effect size. For categorical variables, survey-weighted chi-square tests were conducted, with Cramer&#8217;s V calculated as the effect size. P values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate (FDR) method. When overall differences were identified, pairwise comparisons were interpreted descriptively without formal post-hoc testing because of the exploratory nature of the analysis. Weighted logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of NHR, neutrophils, and HDL-C with MI, while accounting for NHANES&#8217;s complex multistage probability sampling design through the use of recommended survey weights. Covariates were selected a priori based on clinical relevance and prior literature, including demographic factors (age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and family poverty income ratio), lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity), marital status, body mass index (BMI, continuous), and comorbidities (hypertension and diabetes). A sequential multivariable adjustment strategy was applied: Model 1 was unadjusted; Model 2 was adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, and family poverty income ratio; and Model 3 was further adjusted for lifestyle factors, BMI, marital status, and comorbidities. Potential non-linear associations between NHR and MI were assessed using restricted cubic splines (RCS), with knots placed at the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles. Threshold analysis was performed using a segmented regression approach to identify the NHR value at which the association with MI differed below and above the threshold. Subgroup analyses were conducted across subgroups defined by age (&lt;60 vs &#8805;60 years), sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, and physical activity. Interaction tests were performed for each subgroup variable separately, and all subgroup analyses were considered exploratory given the multiple comparisons. In addition, sensitivity analyses using multiple imputation to address missing covariates were conducted to evaluate the robustness of the primary findings. All statistical analyses were performed using R software (version 4.2.1). A two-sided P value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the study population</title>
          <p>A total of 25,248 participants were included, among whom 1,073 had a history of MI. Compared with participants without MI, those with MI were older and had lower poverty income ratios. They also had higher BMI and higher NHR. Significant differences were also observed in race, education, gender, smoking, physical activity, diabetes, and hypertension, while alcohol consumption and marital status showed minimal variation. When participants were stratified by NHR quartiles, BMI progressively increased, while age and PIR progressively decreased across quartiles. The prevalence of MI, male sex, diabetes, smoking, and hypertension increased progressively across higher NHR quartiles, while race and education distributions shifted moderately. Alcohol consumption and marital status varied minimally across quartiles. Collectively, higher NHR was associated with male predominance, adverse cardiometabolic profiles, unhealthy lifestyle patterns, and increased MI prevalence, which reflects both cross-sectional differences by MI status and graded associations across NHR quartiles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Tables 1</xref> - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of participants according to myocardial infarction</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal"> MI (Yes) n=1073 </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal"> MI (No) n=24175 </th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                    <th>Effect size</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age,(years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">66.84 (12.27)</td>
                    <td align="center">48.84 (17.51)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.190</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>PIR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2.12 (1.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.56 (1.63)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.278</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BMI,(kg/m</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>2</bold>
                      </sup>
                      <bold>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">30.23 (7.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.12 (6.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.159</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>NHR</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">4.04(2.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.44(2.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.275</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Race, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.064</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mexican American</td>
                    <td align="center">98 ( 9.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">3825 (15.80)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Other Hispanic</td>
                    <td align="center">83 ( 7.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">2234 ( 9.20)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-Hispanic White</td>
                    <td align="center">641 (59.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">10949 (45.30)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-Hispanic Black</td>
                    <td align="center">198 (18.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">4915 (20.30)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Other Race</td>
                    <td align="center">53 ( 4.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">2252 ( 9.30)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Education, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.052</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Below high school</td>
                    <td align="center">375 (34.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">5763 (23.80)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High School or above</td>
                    <td align="center">698 (65.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">18412 (76.20)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gender, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.069</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">713 (66.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">11935 (49.40)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">360 (33.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">12240 (50.60)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Smoke, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.099</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoker</td>
                    <td align="center">262 (24.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">5064 (20.90)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoked</td>
                    <td align="center">462 (43.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">5809 (24.00)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No-smoke</td>
                    <td align="center">349 (32.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">13302 (55.00)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Physical activity, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.071</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High</td>
                    <td align="center">361 (33.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">12395 (51.30)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Low</td>
                    <td align="center">712 (66.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">11780 (48.70)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diabetes, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.134</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">443 (41.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">3897 (16.10)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">630 (58.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">20278 (83.90)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Drink, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.715</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">778 (72.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">17393 (71.90)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">295 (27.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">6782 (28.10)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Marital, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">597 (55.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">14548 (60.20)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">476 (44.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">9627 (39.80)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.152</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">841 (78.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">9915 (41.00)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">232 (21.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">14260 (59.00)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>MI: myocardial infarction; NHR: neutrophil-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PIR: poverty income ratio; BMI: body mass index; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of participants according to NHR quartiles</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                    <th colspan="4">NHR</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p value</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Effect size</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Q1(n=6312)</th>
                    <th>Q2(n=6312)</th>
                    <th>Q3(n=6312)</th>
                    <th>Q4(n=6312)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age,mean(SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">50.74 (17.68)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.21 (17.89)</td>
                    <td align="center">49.36 (17.87)</td>
                    <td align="center">48.12 (17.24)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>PIR,mean(SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2.77 (1.66)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.64 (1.64)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.47 (1.61)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.27 (1.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BMI(kg/m</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>2</bold>
                      </sup>
                      <bold>),mean(SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">26.70 (5.87)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.41 (6.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.71 (6.61)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.85 (7.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.074</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>MI, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.061</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">170 (2.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">247 (3.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">271 (4.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">385 (6.10)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">6142 (97.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">6065 (96.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">6041 (95.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">5927 (93.90)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gender, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.159</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">2458 (38.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">2995 (47.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">3368 (53.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">3827 (60.60)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">3854 (61.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">3317 (52.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">2944 (46.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">2485 (39.40)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Race, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.133</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mexican American</td>
                    <td align="center">632 (10.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">904 (14.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">1199 (19.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">1188 (18.80)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-Hispanic Black</td>
                    <td align="center">2148 (34.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">1308 (20.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">947 (15.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">710 (11.20)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-Hispanic White</td>
                    <td align="center">2450 (38.80)</td>
                    <td align="center">2870 (45.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">2983 (47.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">3287 (52.10)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Other Hispanic</td>
                    <td align="center">448 (7.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">602 (9.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">649 (10.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">618 (9.80)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Other Race</td>
                    <td align="center">634 (10.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">628 (9.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">534 (8.5)0)</td>
                    <td align="center">509 (8.10)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Education, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.071</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Below high school</td>
                    <td align="center">1273 (20.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">1464 (23.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">1604 (25.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">1797 (28.50)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High School or above</td>
                    <td align="center">5039 (79.80)</td>
                    <td align="center">4848 (76.80)</td>
                    <td align="center">4708 (74.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">4515 (71.50)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Smoke, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.120</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoker</td>
                    <td align="center">904 (14.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">1086 (17.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">1337 (21.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">1999 (31.70)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoked</td>
                    <td align="center">1525 (24.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">1569 (24.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">1637 (25.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">1540 (24.40)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No-smoke</td>
                    <td align="center">3883 (61.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">3657 (57.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">3338 (52.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">2773 (43.90)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Physical activity, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.103</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High</td>
                    <td align="center">3588 (56.80)</td>
                    <td align="center">3340 (52.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">3126 (49.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">2702 (42.80)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Low</td>
                    <td align="center">2724 (43.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">2972 (47.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">3186 (50.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">3610 (57.20)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diabetes, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.137</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">667 (10.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">947 (15.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">1170 (18.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">1556 (24.70)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">5645 (89.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">5365 (85.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">5142 (81.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">4756 (75.30)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Drink, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.025</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">4448 (70.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">4525 (71.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">4550 (72.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">4648 (73.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1864 (29.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1787 (28.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1762 (27.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1664 (26.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Marital, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.041</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">3583 (56.80)</td>
                    <td align="center">3794 (60.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">3849 (61.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">3919 (62.10)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">2729 (43.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">2518 (39.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">2463 (39.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">2393 (37.90)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension, n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.055</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">2482 (39.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">2625 (41.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">2692 (42.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">2957 (46.80)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">3830 (60.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">3687 (58.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">3620 (57.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">3355 (53.20)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>MI: myocardial infarction; NHR: neutrophil-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PIR: poverty income ratio; BMI: body mass index; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association between NHR, Neutrophils, HDL-C, and MI</title>
          <p>Higher NHR was consistently associated with higher odds of MI across unadjusted and partially adjusted models (Models 1 and 2). After full adjustment for demographic and clinical covariates (Model 3), participants in the highest quartile of NHR had 49% higher odds of MI compared with those in the lowest quartile, with a significant dose&#8211;response trend across quartiles. For the neutrophil count, the association with MI was attenuated in the fully adjusted model. Participants in the highest quartile had a non-significant 11% higher odds of MI compared with the lowest quartile. The trend across quartiles was not statistically significant. For HDL-C, higher levels were consistently associated with lower odds of MI. In the fully adjusted model, participants in the highest quartile had 38% lower odds of MI compared with the lowest quartile and exhibited a significant dose&#8211;response trend across quartiles. These results indicate that NHR showed more consistent associations with MI than neutrophil count or HDL-C alone (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Logistic regression analysis of NHR, neutrophils, and HDL-C with MI</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Model 1</th>
                    <th>Model 2</th>
                    <th>Model 3</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>NHR Inter quartile</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR(95%CI) p-value</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR(95%CI) p-value</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR(95%CI) p-value</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q1 &lt; 2.139</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q2 2.139~3.067</td>
                    <td align="center">1.52(1.18. 1.96) 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.46(1.11. 1.920 008</td>
                    <td align="center">1.26(0.95. 1.67) 0.105</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q3 3.067~4.308</td>
                    <td align="center">1.70(1.35. 2.14) &lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.64(1.29. 2.08) &lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27(0.99. 1.61) 0.052</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q4 &gt;4.308</td>
                    <td align="center">2.38(1.85. 3.06) &lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">2.39(1.82. 3.14) &lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.49(1.11.2.00) 0.008</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P for trend</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Neutrophils Inter quartile</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q1 &lt; 3.1</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q2 3.1~4.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13 (0.87. 1.46) 0.353</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05 (0.81. 1.36) 0.706</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91 (0.70. 1.19) 0.497</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q3 4.0~5.1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.52 (1.20. 1.94) &lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.34 (1.04. 1.72) 0.025</td>
                    <td align="center">1.07 (0.83. 1.38) 0.602</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q4 &gt;5.1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.74 (1.39. 2.19) &lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.66 (1.31. 2.09) &lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.11 (0.87. 1.43) 0.397</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P for trend</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.178</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>HDL-C Inter quartile</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q1 &lt; 1.06</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q2 1.06~1.29</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75 (0.60. 0.93) 0.010</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71 (0.56. 0.90) 0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80 (0.63. 1.01) 0.060</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q3 1.29~1.60</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49 (0.40. 0.61) &lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49 (0.39. 0.62) &lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61 (0.48. 0.77) &lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q4 &gt;1.60</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49 (0.38. 0.63) &lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45 (0.35. 0.59) &lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62 (0.47. 0.81) &lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>P for trend</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>Model 1 was unadjusted. Model 2 adjusted for sex, age, race, family poverty income ratio, and education level. Model 3 adjusted for all covariates. MI: myocardial infarction; NHR: neutrophil-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI: body mass index; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>RCS analysis was also performed to evaluate the potential nonlinear association between NHR and MI. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>, after adjustment for all covariates, both the overall association and the nonlinear component were statistically significant, suggesting a modest nonlinear relationship between NHR and MI. Threshold analysis identified a data-driven inflection point at an NHR of 6.93. Below this point, a higher NHR was associated with higher odds of MI, whereas the association above the inflection point was not statistically significant. However, this threshold finding should be interpreted cautiously as exploratory and descriptive rather than as evidence of a clinically meaningful cutoff, particularly given the relatively limited number of participants in the upper tail of the NHR distribution. As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>, the likelihood ratio test supported the threshold model.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; RCS curves illustrating the adjusted association between NHR and myocardial infarction odds in the full cohort (n = 25,248), with three knots. The solid line represents the odds ratio (OR), and the dashed lines indicate 95% confidence intervals. NHR: neutrophil-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; MI: myocardial infarction; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250718-50718-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Threshold analysis of NHR and myocardial infarction odds</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>OR(95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Inflection point</td>
                    <td align="center">6.93</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NHR &lt; 6.93</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10 (1.05. 1.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NHR &#8805; 6.93</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99 (0.92. 1.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.717</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log likelihood ratio</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Subgroup analysis</title>
          <p>Additional subgroup analyses suggested that the association between NHR and MI may vary across subgroups. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>, positive associations between NHR and MI were observed in several subgroups, including participants aged &#8805;60 years, women, those with BMI &gt;25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, those with low physical activity, those with hypertension, those with diabetes, and those without a history of stroke. However, given the exploratory nature of these analyses and the multiple interaction tests performed, the subgroup findings should be interpreted cautiously. Among the examined subgroups, the interaction by sex was statistically significant, suggesting that the association may be stronger in women.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Subgroup analysis of the association between NHR and MI. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals are shown for each predefined subgroup. Component-specific P values indicate the statistical significance of the association between NHR and MI within each subgroup, while P values for interaction assess potential effect modification across subgroups. NHR: neutrophil-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; MI: myocardial infarction; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250718-50718-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analysis</title>
          <p>As part of the sensitivity analyses, we used multiple imputation by chained equations to impute missing covariates while retaining the observed NHR and MI values and incorporating the NHANES survey design and sampling weights into each imputed dataset. The results were materially consistent with the findings of the primary complete-case analysis (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2001">Supplementary Table 2</xref>). In the fully adjusted model, higher NHR remained associated with higher odds of MI. Participants in the highest quartile had significantly higher odds of MI than those in the lowest quartile (OR 1.536, 95% CI 1.141&#8211;2.067; P=0.005), and the trend across quartiles was also statistically significant P=0.004). In contrast, neutrophil count alone was not significantly associated with MI after full adjustment, whereas higher HDL-C levels remained inversely associated with MI. These findings support the robustness of the primary findings.</p>
          <p>A schematic overview of the experimental design and major findings is presented in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this cross-sectional analysis of 25,248 NHANES participants, higher NHR levels were associated with higher odds of MI, thus reflecting prevalent rather than incident disease. After multivariable adjustment, participants in the highest NHR quartile had significantly higher odds of MI than those in the lowest quartile, whereas neutrophil count alone was not significantly associated with MI, and HDL-C levels were inversely associated with MI. Restricted cubic spline analysis suggested a modest nonlinear association between NHR and MI, with a data-driven inflection point at an NHR of approximately 6.93. Because most participants had NHR values below this point and relatively few were in the upper tail, the observed nonlinearity should be interpreted cautiously as exploratory and descriptive rather than evidence of a clinically meaningful cutoff. Subgroup analyses suggested that the association may be stronger in women; however, these findings should be interpreted as exploratory. Sensitivity analyses also yielded materially consistent results, supporting the robustness of the primary findings. Overall, our results support an association between higher NHR and higher odds of MI in this population.</p>
        <p>Our results align with and extend existing evidence regarding the clinical relevance of NHR. Community-based cohort data from Taiwan indicate that NHR outperforms NLR in predicting cardiovascular disease risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Clinical studies in CAD patients have associated higher NHR with more severe coronary stenosis, as reflected by Gensini scores (AUC~0.73).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome, NHR has also demonstrated strong predictive and diagnostic value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Similarly, a Chinese cohort study found that elevated NHR predicted adverse cardiovascular outcomes among pre-diabetic individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> More recently, NHANES data revealed that elevated NHR, combined with cognitive impairment, was associated with substantially higher all-cause mortality in older adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Unlike prior studies largely conducted in clinical or high-risk populations, our study utilizes a nationally representative sample and identifies a robust association between NHR and myocardial infarction in the general U.S. adult population, highlighting its potential epidemiological relevance. Traditional markers such as LDL-C and hsCRP reflect lipid burden and systemic inflammation separately, whereas NHR integrates innate inflammatory activity and an anti-atherogenic lipid fraction into a single index, capturing the balance between pro-inflammatory and protective pathways and potentially explaining its relevance in population-based studies.</p>
        <p>Accumulating evidence suggests that NHR may be associated with myocardial infarction through mechanisms involving inflammation, dysregulated lipid metabolism, and vascular endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Neutrophils are among the first immune cells to infiltrate the infarcted myocardium and reach peak levels within 24 hours after MI Upon infiltrating the infarct area, neutrophils release calprotectin (S100A8/A9) complexes, which activate Toll-like receptor 4 and NOD-like receptor inflammasomes, thereby promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1&#946;. These cytokines stimulate bone marrow hematopoiesis, thereby sustaining neutrophil production and amplifying inflammatory responses, which in turn exacerbate myocardial injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Activated neutrophils also release proteases and pro-inflammatory mediators that polarize macrophages toward a pro-inflammatory (M1-like) phenotype, thereby inhibiting tissue repair.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Studies have reported that in ST-elevation myocardial infarction, neutrophils and other inflammatory cells adhere to and transmigrate through endothelial cells via integrins. During this process, they release pro-inflammatory cytokines that disrupt endothelial function, exacerbate inflammation and myocardial injury, aggravate ischemia&#8211;reperfusion injury, and promote ventricular remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Conversely, HDL-C exerts cardioprotective effects through its bioactive molecules by activating cellular signaling pathways and inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, which in turn reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis. Additionally, HDL-C suppresses NF-&#954;B activation, thereby reducing the release of inflammatory cytokines and attenuating myocardial inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> HDL-C also facilitates reverse cholesterol transport, clearing cholesterol from arterial plaques and thereby exerting protective effects against myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Subgroup analyses suggested that the association between NHR and MI may be stronger in women than in men; however, these findings should be interpreted cautiously because the subgroup analyses were exploratory and involved multiple comparisons and interaction tests. Prior evidence indicates that women with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) may exhibit plaque characteristics distinct from those of men, with a greater propensity for plaque erosion than for plaque rupture. Approximately 30% of women with AMI have non-obstructive coronary artery disease on angiography, a proportion higher than that observed in men, which may be related to microvascular dysfunction or coronary artery spasm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Furthermore, estrogen is thought to confer relative protection against cardiovascular disease in premenopausal women; this protection diminishes after menopause, with cardiovascular risk approaching that of men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> In participants with stroke, the association between NHR and MI was not statistically significant; however, this finding should not be overinterpreted. Prior studies suggest that acute ischemic stroke may trigger stress-related and immunologic responses that increase circulating neutrophil levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> In addition, stroke-associated neuroimmune activation may alter peripheral inflammatory profiles and thereby affect the specificity of NHR in this subgroup.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Overall, these subgroup findings should be regarded as hypothesis-generating rather than evidence of definitive biological effect modification.</p>
        <p>The robustness of our findings was strengthened by the large, nationally representative NHANES sample and adjustment for a broad range of potential confounders. This study suggests that NHR may serve as a biomarker associated with MI, with subgroup analyses indicating that the association may be stronger in women. However, the cross-sectional design and reliance on self-reported MI history preclude causal inference, limit the assessment of temporality, and preclude differentiation between recent and remote MI events. In addition, because NHR was measured at the time of the NHANES examination rather than before the occurrence of MI, it may have been influenced by prior MI itself, as well as by subsequent treatment and behavioral changes after MI, including lipid-lowering therapy and lifestyle modification. Therefore, reverse causation cannot be excluded. Selection bias may also have resulted from the exclusion of participants with missing data, and residual confounding cannot be fully ruled out. In particular, we were unable to consistently adjust for lipid-lowering therapy and established lipid and inflammatory biomarkers, such as LDL-C, triglycerides, and hsCRP, across all included NHANES cycles. These factors may have influenced both NHR and MI status and thus remain potential sources of residual confounding. Although E-value analyses suggested that relatively strong unmeasured confounding would be required to fully account for the observed association, some adjusted variables may lie on the causal pathway, raising the possibility of over-adjustment. Finally, predictive performance was not formally evaluated, and the generalizability of these findings beyond the US adult population may be limited.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In summary, our findings indicate that higher neutrophil-to-HDL cholesterol ratio levels are associated with increased odds of myocardial infarction, with a modest non-linear pattern observed across the NHR range. These associations persisted after multivariable adjustment and reflect myocardial infarction prevalence rather than the risk of incident events. Subgroup analyses suggested that the association may be stronger in females; however, these results should be interpreted as exploratory. Given the cross-sectional design, causality cannot be inferred, and prospective studies are needed to clarify temporal relationships and further elucidate the underlying mechanisms.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>* Supplementary Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl1001">
          <label>Supplementary material 1</label>
          <p>For Supplementary Table 1, please click here.<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12308/2025-0718_AO_Supplementary_Table1.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12308/2025-0718_AO_Supplementary_Table1.pdf</ext-link> </p>
          <media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/SFGrkd9BxDLc3QkwXmBNsXh/a13463c6e7888bd37c50569ed19372a205525e35.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl2001">
          <label>Supplementary material</label>
          <p>For Supplementary Table 2, please click here. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12308/2025-0718_AO_Supplementary_Table2.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12308/2025-0718_AO_Supplementary_Table2.pdf</ext-link> </p>
          <media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/SFGrkd9BxDLc3QkwXmBNsXh/3b045d2239ee56aaa26cedd922dba5a9cccd82cf.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
