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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fSGcQWhwpNZBCM78TLJ4M4g</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000800601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250683</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um Modelo Preditivo para Embolia Pulmonar em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Baseado em Tromboelastografia e Par&#226;metros de Coagula&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-7788-0655</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Xingqi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento,</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-1974-5606</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Jianmei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Blood Transfusion</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Jinhua Guangfu Oncology Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jinhua</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Blood Transfusion, Jinhua Guangfu Oncology Hospital, Jinhua &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiovascular Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Jinhua Guangfu Oncology Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jinhua</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinhua Guangfu Oncology Hospital, Jinhua &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Jianmei Liu Department of Cardiovascular Medicine &#8211; Jinhua Guangfu Oncology Hospital &#8211; No.1296 Huancheng North Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province &#8211; China E-mail: <email>ljm25012@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250683</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) apresentam risco elevado de embolia pulmonar (EP), por&#233;m as ferramentas de predi&#231;&#227;o existentes demonstram precis&#227;o limitada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar um novo modelo preditivo que integra par&#226;metros de tromboelastografia (TEG) com marcadores de coagula&#231;&#227;o convencionais para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de EP em pacientes com FA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Realizamos um estudo retrospectivo com 271 pacientes hospitalizados com FA submetidos a angiotomografia computadorizada pulmonar (angioTC) para investiga&#231;&#227;o de EP (41 com EP, 230 sem). A idade m&#233;dia foi de 76,5 anos, 56,5% eram do sexo masculino e a hipertens&#227;o foi a comorbidade mais comum (67,5%). O diagn&#243;stico de EP foi confirmado por angiotomografia computadorizada pulmonar. Foram analisadas as caracter&#237;sticas basais, os par&#226;metros da TEG (incluindo tempo de rea&#231;&#227;o, amplitude m&#225;xima [AM] e &#226;ngulo &#945;) e os marcadores de coagula&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o (d&#237;mero-D, fibrinog&#234;nio). A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como um valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada identificou preditores independentes, que foram incorporados a um nomograma. O desempenho do modelo foi avaliado por meio de an&#225;lise da curva ROC (caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor), curvas de calibra&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise da curva de decis&#227;o (ACD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia de EP foi de 15,1%. Pacientes com EP apresentaram n&#237;veis significativamente mais elevados de TEG-AM, d&#237;mero-D e fibrinog&#234;nio em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem EP (todos com p &lt; 0,05). A an&#225;lise multivariada identificou esses tr&#234;s marcadores como preditores independentes. O nomograma demonstrou excelente discrimina&#231;&#227;o (AUC = 0,878, IC 95%: 0,806-0,949), com sensibilidade de 87,8% e especificidade de 78,0% no ponto de corte ideal. O modelo apresentou boa calibra&#231;&#227;o (p de Hosmer-Lemeshow = 0,965) e significativa utilidade cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O nomograma baseado em TEG, que combina AM, d&#237;mero-D e fibrinog&#234;nio, fornece uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de EP precisa e acess&#237;vel &#224; beira do leito para pacientes com FA. Essa ferramenta pode facilitar a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de indiv&#237;duos de alto risco e orientar a tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia anticoagulante. Estudos prospectivos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar esses achados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Um Modelo Preditivo para Embolia Pulmonar em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Baseado em Tromboelastografia e Par&#226;metros de Coagula&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/fSGcQWhwpNZBCM78TLJ4M4g/01f0a8581714e6f22afa93922ddcb5792172cd87.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Tromboelastografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Jinhua Science and Technology Bureau</funding-source>
          <award-id>2024-4-166</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Jinhua Science and Technology Bureau(2024-4-166).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="46"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), a arritmia card&#237;aca sustentada mais comum na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, est&#225; se tornando cada vez mais prevalente com o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial e emergiu como uma importante preocupa&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Diretrizes recentes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia e da <italic>American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology</italic> enfatizam a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>A embolia pulmonar (EP) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o grave, por&#233;m frequentemente subdiagnosticada, em pacientes com FA. Estudos demonstraram que a incid&#234;ncia de EP foi de 1,55 por 1.000 pessoas-ano em pacientes com FA, representando um risco substancialmente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>A coexist&#234;ncia de EP prolonga significativamente a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e aumenta a mortalidade, especialmente entre pacientes idosos e aqueles com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades, levando a desfechos acentuadamente piores a curto e longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>Al&#233;m disso, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas inespec&#237;ficas tanto da FA quanto da EP &#8212; como dispneia e palpita&#231;&#245;es &#8212; podem facilmente levar a diagn&#243;sticos incorretos ou perdidos, exacerbando, assim, a carga da doen&#231;a e o consumo de recursos de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Atualmente, o diagn&#243;stico de EP em pacientes com FA permanece um desafio cl&#237;nico. O diagn&#243;stico definitivo de EP baseia-se principalmente em exames de imagem, sendo a angiotomografia computadorizada pulmonar (angioTC) considerada o padr&#227;o ouro. Embora a angioTC tenha alto valor diagn&#243;stico, ela tamb&#233;m apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, como exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante, risco de nefropatia induzida por contraste e potencial sobrediagn&#243;stico de &#234;mbolos subsegmentares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>Dentre os marcadores laboratoriais, o d&#237;mero-D &#233; comumente utilizado como triagem auxiliar devido &#224; sua alta sensibilidade. No entanto, sua especificidade &#233; baixa e &#233; facilmente influenciada por fatores como idade, comorbidades e estados inflamat&#243;rios, o que pode levar a um aumento nas taxas de falsos positivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>Sistemas de pontua&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, como os escores de Wells e de Genebra, s&#227;o &#250;teis na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, mas seu desempenho pode ser reduzido em pacientes hospitalizados complexos com sintomas cardiopulmonares sobrepostos e m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>Essas limita&#231;&#245;es ressaltam a necessidade de biomarcadores mais confi&#225;veis, din&#226;micos e reproduz&#237;veis para auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce do risco de EP em pacientes com FA, melhorando, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, a tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e o manejo progn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>A tromboelastografia (TEG) &#233; um ensaio din&#226;mico que avalia todo o processo de coagula&#231;&#227;o, fornecendo informa&#231;&#245;es abrangentes sobre coagula&#231;&#227;o, fibrin&#243;lise e fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>Ao contr&#225;rio dos testes de coagula&#231;&#227;o convencionais, a TEG permite o monitoramento em tempo real do estado de coagula&#231;&#227;o do paciente e tem sido amplamente utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de sangramento e trombose em contextos de trauma, oncologia e terapia intensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, estudos preliminares exploraram a utilidade da TEG na previs&#227;o de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV), sugerindo seu potencial para identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>No entanto, as evid&#234;ncias sobre a aplica&#231;&#227;o da TEG na FA &#8212; uma popula&#231;&#227;o com risco tromb&#243;tico particularmente elevado &#8212; ainda s&#227;o limitadas. Portanto, a constru&#231;&#227;o de um modelo preditivo baseado em par&#226;metros da TEG, em combina&#231;&#227;o com &#237;ndices laboratoriais convencionais, pode ajudar a preencher a lacuna deixada pelas abordagens tradicionais e fornecer uma ferramenta de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco mais sens&#237;vel e individualizada para identificar EP em pacientes com FA com suspeita cl&#237;nica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo retrospectivo foi conduzido no Hospital Oncol&#243;gico Jinhua Guangfu, um importante centro terci&#225;rio de sa&#250;de em Zhejiang, China. Embora a oncologia seja uma especialidade prim&#225;ria, o hospital funciona como um centro m&#233;dico abrangente, englobando uma ampla gama de departamentos cl&#237;nicos, incluindo cardiologia. Os participantes eleg&#237;veis foram identificados em todo o hospital por meio de uma consulta sistem&#225;tica ao sistema de Prontu&#225;rio Eletr&#244;nico do Paciente (PEP) utilizando o c&#243;digo da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as, 10&#170; Revis&#227;o (CID-10) para FA (I48). O processo de triagem e sele&#231;&#227;o est&#225; ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. Um total de 545 pacientes consecutivos com FA foram inicialmente identificados no banco de dados do hospital, com o tamanho da amostra determinado pela disponibilidade de pacientes eleg&#237;veis durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de 274 pacientes com exposi&#231;&#227;o recente &#224; terapia antitromb&#243;tica (incluindo anticoagulantes ou antiplaquet&#225;rios), neoplasia maligna ativa, dados de TEG ausentes ou outros crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, 271 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise final. Pacientes que receberam terapia antitromb&#243;tica recentemente foram exclu&#237;dos, pois esses medicamentos podem alterar substancialmente os par&#226;metros de coagula&#231;&#227;o derivados da TEG e os par&#226;metros convencionais, confundindo, assim, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil de coagula&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseco associado ao risco de EP. Embora a terapia antitromb&#243;tica de longo prazo seja recomendada para a maioria dos pacientes com FA, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica hospitalar, uma parcela dos pacientes pode n&#227;o estar recebendo esse tratamento devido ao diagn&#243;stico recente de FA, &#224; suspens&#227;o tempor&#225;ria antes de procedimentos invasivos, ao risco de sangramento ou a outras considera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Esses participantes, todos hospitalizados com diagn&#243;stico de FA entre janeiro de 2023 e fevereiro de 2025, inclu&#237;am 41 pacientes com EP confirmada e 230 pacientes com FA sem EP. A angioTC foi utilizada como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia diagn&#243;stico uniforme para EP, a fim de minimizar a heterogeneidade na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos casos; pacientes diagnosticados apenas por outras modalidades n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos, pois esses m&#233;todos s&#227;o pouco utilizados em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o possuem documenta&#231;&#227;o padronizada nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque, aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Oncol&#243;gico Jinhua Guangfu (Aprova&#231;&#227;o n&#186;: 2024-015-01) e relatado em conformidade com a declara&#231;&#227;o STROBE para estudos observacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o dos participantes do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250683-50683-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o:</bold> (1) Idade &#8805; 18 anos; (2) Diagn&#243;stico de FA confirmado de acordo com crit&#233;rios estabelecidos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>(3) Submetido a TEG durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e com medi&#231;&#245;es concomitantes de par&#226;metros de coagula&#231;&#227;o convencionais; (4) Estado de EP definitivamente determinado por angioTC;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (5) Dados cl&#237;nicos completos dispon&#237;veis.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o:</bold> (1) Presen&#231;a de condi&#231;&#245;es subjacentes importantes que afetem a coagula&#231;&#227;o, como malignidade ativa, trauma agudo, gravidez ou hist&#243;rico de cirurgia de grande porte; (2) Dist&#250;rbios hematol&#243;gicos diagnosticados, disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica ou renal grave ou doen&#231;as autoimunes ativas; (3) EP claramente secund&#225;ria a procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, imobiliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada, trauma grave ou terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal; (4) Exposi&#231;&#227;o recente &#224; terapia antitromb&#243;tica, incluindo agentes anticoagulantes ou antiplaquet&#225;rios.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados dos pacientes foram obtidos do sistema eletr&#244;nico de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos do hospital utilizando um formul&#225;rio padronizado de coleta de dados. As seguintes vari&#225;veis foram coletadas para cada paciente inclu&#237;do no estudo:</p>
        <p>
          <bold>1. Informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas e sobre comorbidades cl&#237;nicas:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Sexo, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (em dias) e comorbidades, incluindo hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, trombocitopenia, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e hist&#243;rico de infarto cerebral. O escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc foi calculado com base nesses par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>2. Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Di&#226;metro da raiz da aorta (mm), di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (DAE, mm), espessura do septo interventricular (SIV, mm), espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (EPPVE, mm), di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE, mm), di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE, mm) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE).</p>
        <p>
          <bold>3. Avalia&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Contagem de plaquetas (PLT), &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o renal, incluindo creatinina s&#233;rica (SCr), taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) e &#225;cido &#250;rico (AU), perfil lip&#237;dico composto por colesterol total (CT), triglicer&#237;deos (TG), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) e colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C), e prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as).</p>
        <p>
          <bold>4. Par&#226;metros de coagula&#231;&#227;o convencionais:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Tempo de protrombina (TP, s), atividade de protrombina (TP%, %), raz&#227;o normalizada internacional (RNI), tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPA, s), tempo de trombina (TT, s), concentra&#231;&#227;o de fibrinog&#234;nio (FIB, g/L) e n&#237;vel de d&#237;mero-D (mg/L).</p>
        <p>
          <bold>5. Par&#226;metros TEG:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Amostras de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico foram coletadas de todos os participantes na manh&#227; seguinte &#224; admiss&#227;o, ap&#243;s jejum noturno. As amostras foram coletadas em tubos a v&#225;cuo contendo citrato de s&#243;dio a 3,2% como anticoagulante, na propor&#231;&#227;o de 9:1 (sangue: anticoagulante), e homogeneizadas. Para garantir a confiabilidade dos resultados, todas as amostras foram processadas em at&#233; 2 horas ap&#243;s a coleta.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise TEG foi realizada utilizando o analisador de TEG UD-T5000, seguindo as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, embora a TEG n&#227;o seja realizada rotineiramente em todos os pacientes com FA, ela &#233; comumente utilizada em pacientes hospitalizados com suspeita de condi&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas, anormalidades de coagula&#231;&#227;o inexplic&#225;veis ou quando os m&#233;dicos necessitam de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais abrangente do estado de coagula&#231;&#227;o para orientar a tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Ap&#243;s a ativa&#231;&#227;o, o instrumento registrou continuamente a curva TEG em tempo real e derivou automaticamente par&#226;metros-chave com base nas altera&#231;&#245;es das propriedades viscoel&#225;sticas do sangue. Esses par&#226;metros inclu&#237;ram tempo de rea&#231;&#227;o (R), tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o (K), &#226;ngulo alfa (&#226;ngulo &#945;), amplitude m&#225;xima (AM) e porcentagem de lise do co&#225;gulo em 30 minutos (LY30). As defini&#231;&#245;es dos par&#226;metros TEG foram as seguintes:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Tempo R:</bold> Dura&#231;&#227;o desde o in&#237;cio do teste at&#233; a forma&#231;&#227;o inicial de fibrina, indicada por uma amplitude TEG de 2 mm.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Tempo K:</bold> Intervalo de tempo desde o final de R at&#233; o momento em que o co&#225;gulo atinge uma for&#231;a correspondente a uma amplitude de 20 mm.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#194;ngulo &#945;:</bold> O &#226;ngulo formado entre a tangente do segmento ascendente da curva TEG e a linha de base, indicando a taxa de fortalecimento do co&#225;gulo.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>AM:</bold> A AM da curva TEG, representando a for&#231;a e a estabilidade m&#225;ximas do co&#225;gulo.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>LY30:</bold> Redu&#231;&#227;o percentual na amplitude do co&#225;gulo medida 30 minutos ap&#243;s a AM, refletindo a atividade fibrinol&#237;tica.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Dois investigadores independentes extra&#237;ram dados dos registros m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos. Inconsist&#234;ncias ocorreram em menos de 5% dos casos, principalmente relacionadas &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es de FA devido a notas cl&#237;nicas amb&#237;guas e &#224; verifica&#231;&#227;o do hist&#243;rico de medica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-interna&#231;&#227;o. Essas inconsist&#234;ncias foram resolvidas por um terceiro revisor por meio de uma an&#225;lise detalhada do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico completo do paciente. Todas as informa&#231;&#245;es identific&#225;veis do paciente foram removidas para anonimizar os dados antes da an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de tamanho da amostra e poder estat&#237;stico post-hoc</title>
        <p>Devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva deste estudo de modelo preditivo, n&#227;o foi realizado nenhum c&#225;lculo formal prospectivo do tamanho da amostra. O rigor metodol&#243;gico foi mantido pela ades&#227;o ao m&#237;nimo de 10 eventos por preditor (EPV) para estimativa est&#225;vel do modelo, complementado por an&#225;lise de poder post-hoc para confirmar a adequa&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da amostra. O modelo final identificou tr&#234;s preditores independentes para EP em pacientes com FA, com 41 eventos de EP entre 271 indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos, resultando em um EPV de 13,7 &#8212; excedendo o limiar recomendado de 10 e corroborando a estimativa confi&#225;vel dos par&#226;metros. A an&#225;lise de poder post-hoc, realizada utilizando o pacote pROC no R, baseou-se na AUC observada de 0,878 e em um tamanho de amostra de 271. Com um n&#237;vel &#945; bilateral de 0,05, o poder estat&#237;stico excedeu 90% para detectar uma AUC significativamente maior que 0,70 (hip&#243;tese nula), indicando um tamanho de amostra suficiente para identificar um desempenho preditivo significativo do modelo. Al&#233;m disso, a valida&#231;&#227;o interna usando 1000 reamostragens boot resultou em um intervalo de confian&#231;a estreito para a AUC corrigida para otimismo (0,804&#8211;0,916), refor&#231;ando a robustez do modelo e a adequa&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da amostra.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software R (vers&#227;o 4.3.0) e o SPSS (vers&#227;o 26.0). A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Estat&#237;sticas descritivas foram utilizadas para resumir os dados. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, enquanto dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram expressos como mediana com intervalo interquartil (IIQ). Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos foram realizadas utilizando o teste t de Student para amostras independentes ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Utilizou-se a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com o m&#233;todo *stepwise* reverso para identificar preditores independentes de EP, e, posteriormente, construiu-se um modelo de nomograma com base no modelo de regress&#227;o final. A capacidade discriminat&#243;ria do modelo foi avaliada utilizando a curva ROC e a AUC, onde uma AUC mais alta indica melhor discrimina&#231;&#227;o. O teste de DeLong foi utilizado para comparar as AUCs entre diferentes modelos ou subgrupos para avaliar a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica das diferen&#231;as de discrimina&#231;&#227;o. A calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo foi avaliada pelo teste de bondade de ajuste de Hosmer-Lemeshow e por curvas de calibra&#231;&#227;o, examinando a concord&#226;ncia entre os resultados previstos e observados. A utilidade cl&#237;nica foi avaliada usando a ADC, que estima o benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico l&#237;quido em uma gama de probabilidades limiares. Para avaliar a robustez e a validade interna do modelo, foi realizada uma reamostragem <italic>bootstrap</italic> (1.000 itera&#231;&#245;es). A AUC m&#233;dia dos conjuntos de valida&#231;&#227;o foi calculada e uma curva ROC foi gerada para avaliar ainda mais a generaliza&#231;&#227;o do modelo. Al&#233;m disso, uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade foi conduzida para avaliar a robustez dos resultados, incorporando vari&#225;veis clinicamente relevantes identificadas na an&#225;lise univariada ao modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. Um valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Um total de 271 pacientes hospitalizados com FA foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, dos quais 41 (15,13%) apresentavam EP concomitante (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas basais, incluindo idade, sexo, IMC e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, foram compar&#225;veis entre os dois grupos. Da mesma forma, o tipo de FA, as comorbidades e o risco tromboemb&#243;lico (escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc mediano: 4,00) n&#227;o diferiram significativamente. A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica mostrou que os pacientes com EP apresentavam FEVE significativamente menor em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem EP (60,20%)&#177;8,77% contra 63,91&#177;8,81%, p = 0,013), enquanto outros par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram compar&#225;veis entre os grupos. Notavelmente, os n&#237;veis de PCR-as foram marcadamente mais elevados em pacientes com EP (mediana de 14,40 vs. 2,92 mg/L, p &lt; 0,001), enquanto outros &#237;ndices laboratoriais, incluindo fun&#231;&#227;o renal, perfil lip&#237;dico e contagem de plaquetas, foram semelhantes entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas basais entre o grupo com embolia pulmonar e o grupo sem embolia pulmonar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Total (n = 271) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> N&#227;o-EP (n = 230) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> EP (n = 41) </th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">76,48 &#177; 10,20</td>
                  <td align="center">76,00 &#177; 10,21</td>
                  <td align="center">77,51&#177;8,64</td>
                  <td align="center">0.320</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,282</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masc.</td>
                  <td align="center">153 (56,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (57,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (48,78)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fem.</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (43,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (42,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (51,22)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC(kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">22,86 (20,28, 25,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,00 (20,28, 25,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,39 (20,41, 25,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,618</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (dias)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7,81 (5,14, 12,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.11 (5.12, 12.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,79 (5,21, 12,16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,579</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Padr&#227;o FA, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,351</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA parox&#237;stica</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (25,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (24,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (31,71)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA n&#227;o parox&#237;stica</td>
                  <td align="center">201 (74,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (75,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (68,29)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,634</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (32,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (33,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (29.27)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">183 (67,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">154 (66,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (70,73)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,233</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">211 (77,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">182 (79,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (70,73)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (22.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (20,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (29.27)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,386</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (45,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (43,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (51,22)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">149 (54,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (56,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (48,78)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Trombocitopenia, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,819</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">228 (84,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">194 (84,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (82,93)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (15,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (15,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (17.07)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DPOC, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,907</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">223 (82,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (82,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (82,93)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (17,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (17,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (17.07)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,782</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">235 (86,72)</td>
                  <td align="center">200 (86,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (85,37)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (13,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (13.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14,63)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Infarto cerebral, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,296</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">179 (66,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">149 (64,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (73,17)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (33,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (35,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (26,83)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tumor maligno, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,587</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">226 (83,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">193 (83,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (80,49)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (16,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (16.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (19,51)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Escore CHA<sub><bold>2</bold></sub>DS<sub><bold>2</bold></sub>-VASc</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4,00 (3,00, 6,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,00 (3,00, 6,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,00 (3,00, 5,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,474</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Par&#226;metros de laborat&#243;rio</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLT (&#215;109/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">166,00 (128,50, 212,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">168,50 (129,00, 215,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">157,00 (125,00, 196,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,338</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR-as (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,80 (1,19, 12,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,92 (0,97, 9,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,40 (3,50, 35,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AU (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">310,00 (236,00, 379,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">309,00 (238,00, 369,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">317,00 (189,00, 441,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,642</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SCr (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">78,00 (64,00, 103,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">79,50 (65,00, 99,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">74,00 (61,00, 124,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,923</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TFGe (mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">77,26 (57,97, 97,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,98 (58,83, 96,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">79,67 (45,00, 109,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,818</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12 (0,80, 1,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11 (0,79, 1,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 (0,83, 1,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,600</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,73 (3,11, 4,52)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,69 (3,11, 4,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,82 (3,09, 4,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,787</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18 (0,97, 1,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20 (0,98, 1,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 (0,85, 1,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,099</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,16 (1,70, 2,80)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,15 (1,68, 2,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,25 (1,87, 2,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,319</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro da raiz da aorta</td>
                  <td align="center">27,18 &#177; 4,09</td>
                  <td align="center">27,06 &#177; 4,25</td>
                  <td align="center">27,94 &#177; 2,87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,152</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">39,71 &#177; 8,04</td>
                  <td align="center">39,57 &#177; 7,92</td>
                  <td align="center">40,55 &#177; 8,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,530</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SIV (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,94 &#177; 1,38</td>
                  <td align="center">8,99 &#177; 1,41</td>
                  <td align="center">8,65 &#177; 1,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,191</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EPVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,96 &#177; 1,34</td>
                  <td align="center">9,02 &#177; 1,32</td>
                  <td align="center">8,65 &#177; 1,38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,153</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,50 &#177; 6,72</td>
                  <td align="center">47,64 &#177; 6,62</td>
                  <td align="center">46,71 &#177; 7,38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,478</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,54 &#177; 6,50</td>
                  <td align="center">30,63 &#177; 6,55</td>
                  <td align="center">30,00 &#177; 6,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,620</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63,35 &#177; 8,89</td>
                  <td align="center">63,91 &#177; 8,81</td>
                  <td align="center">60,20 &#177; 8,77</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>A trombocitopenia foi definida como uma contagem de plaquetas &lt; 100 &#215; 10&#8313;/L. EP: embolia pulmonar; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; DAE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; SIV: espessura do septo interventricular; EPVE: espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros TEG e marcadores de coagula&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos</title>
        <p>Conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas nos par&#226;metros do TEG e nos marcadores de coagula&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos. Os pacientes do grupo com EP apresentaram &#226;ngulo &#945; e AM significativamente maiores em compara&#231;&#227;o com os do grupo sem EP. Al&#233;m disso, o tempo R, o tempo K e o LY30 apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos. Os n&#237;veis de FIB e d&#237;mero-D tamb&#233;m estavam acentuadamente elevados no grupo com EP. Em contrapartida, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas no TP, na atividade da TP, no RNI, no TTP) ou no TT entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros TEG e indicadores de coagula&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de EP e sem EP</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">Total (n = 271)</th>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">N&#227;o-EP (n = 230)</th>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">EP (n = 41)</th>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>TP(s)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,12 &#177; 3,93</td>
                  <td align="center">15,16 &#177; 3,97</td>
                  <td align="center">14,88 &#177; 3,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,679</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atividade TP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70,83 &#177; 19,24</td>
                  <td align="center">70,71 &#177; 19,56</td>
                  <td align="center">71,48 &#177; 17,59</td>
                  <td align="center">0,815</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RNI</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32 &#177; 0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32 &#177; 0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30 &#177; 0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,759</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TTPA(s)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,76 &#177; 6,37</td>
                  <td align="center">30,96 &#177; 6,39</td>
                  <td align="center">29,65 &#177; 6,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,228</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TT(s)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,06 &#177; 1,31</td>
                  <td align="center">16,06 &#177; 1,24</td>
                  <td align="center">16,05 &#177; 1,68</td>
                  <td align="center">0,986</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FIB (g/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,39 (2,43, 4,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,26 (2,39, 4,52)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,77 (2,68, 6,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D-d&#237;mero (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82 (0,54, 1,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74 (0,48, 1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12 (0,79, 2,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo R (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,70 (2,90, 4,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,80 (3,00, 4,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,20 (2,60, 3,80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo K (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20 (0,90, 1,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30 (1,00, 1,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 (0,80, 1,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LY30 (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 (0,10, 3,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20 (0,10, 3,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80 (0,00, 1,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#194;ngulo &#945; (&#176;)</td>
                  <td align="center">69,54 &#177; 5,72</td>
                  <td align="center">69,14 &#177; 5,94</td>
                  <td align="center">71,81 &#177; 3,57</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AM (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,73 &#177; 4,57</td>
                  <td align="center">56,00 &#177; 4,00</td>
                  <td align="center">60,81 &#177; 5,40</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>TEG: tromboelastografia; PT: tempo de protrombina; RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional; TTPA: tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada; TT: tempo de trombina; FIB: fibrinog&#234;nio; AM: amplitude m&#225;xima; LY30: lise em 30 minutos; &#226;ngulo &#945;: velocidade de fortalecimento do co&#225;gulo; R: tempo de rea&#231;&#227;o; K: cin&#233;tica do co&#225;gulo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores de risco independentes para EP em pacientes com FA</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada identificou o tempo R, o tempo K, o &#226;ngulo &#945;, LY30, AM, FIB e d&#237;mero-D como fatores significativos associados &#224; EP em pacientes com FA. A an&#225;lise multivariada subsequente, utilizando regress&#227;o <italic>stepwise backward</italic>, revelou que AM, FIB e d&#237;mero-D foram fatores de risco independentes para EP em pacientes com FA. As demais vari&#225;veis n&#227;o mantiveram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica no modelo multivariado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada dos fatores de risco para EP em pacientes com FA</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise Univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise Multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo R (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62 (0,46 ~ 0,84)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo K (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32 (0,13 ~ 0,76)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#194;ngulo &#945; (&#176;)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 (1,03 ~ 1,18)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AM (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30 (1,18 ~ 1,43)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,37 (1,21 ~ 1,54)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LY30(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 (0,57 ~ 0,91)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FIB (g/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,20 (1,57 ~ 3,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,30 (1,46 ~ 3,62)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D-d&#237;mero (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,55 (1,78 ~ 3,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,81 (1,77 ~ 4,47)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; AM: amplitude m&#225;xima; FIB: fibrinog&#234;nio; LY30: lise em 30 minutos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Constru&#231;&#227;o de nomograma para predi&#231;&#227;o de embolia pulmonar em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
        <p>Com base nos resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, foi constru&#237;do um nomograma para prever o risco de EP em pacientes com FA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). O modelo incorporou tr&#234;s preditores independentes: d&#237;mero-D, FIB e TEG-AM. Para utilizar o nomograma clinicamente, o valor de cada preditor &#233; inicialmente localizado em seu respectivo eixo de vari&#225;veis. Uma linha vertical &#233; tra&#231;ada para cima at&#233; o eixo &#8220;Pontos&#8221; para determinar a pontua&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para essa vari&#225;vel. A soma dessas pontua&#231;&#245;es individuais constitui a &#8220;Pontua&#231;&#227;o Total&#8221;, que &#233; ent&#227;o localizada no eixo &#8220;Pontua&#231;&#227;o Total&#8221;. Finalmente, uma linha vertical &#233; tra&#231;ada para baixo a partir do eixo &#8220;Pontua&#231;&#227;o Total&#8221; at&#233; o eixo &#8220;Risco&#8221; para obter a probabilidade predita individual.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Nomograma para prever a probabilidade de embolia pulmonar em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250683-50683-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desempenho e valida&#231;&#227;o do modelo</title>
        <p>Para avaliar a capacidade discriminativa do nomograma, foi tra&#231;ada uma curva ROC. A AUC foi de 0,878 (IC 95%: 0,806&#8211;0,949), indicando excelente desempenho preditivo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3A</xref>). No valor de corte ideal de 0,204, o modelo apresentou sensibilidade de 87,8% e especificidade de 78,0%. Comparado aos preditores individuais (AM, FIB e d&#237;mero-D), o nomograma demonstrou uma AUC significativamente maior (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>), sugerindo que a combina&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos fatores pode aumentar substancialmente a precis&#227;o preditiva.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho do modelo de nomograma para EP em pacientes com FA. (A) Curva ROC do modelo de nomograma; (B) Curva de calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo de nomograma; (C) Curva ADC; (D) Curva ROC ap&#243;s valida&#231;&#227;o interna usando o m&#233;todo Bootstrap.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250683-50683-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o do desempenho preditivo entre o modelo de nomograma e biomarcadores individuais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">AUC (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">Sensibilidade</th>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">Especificidade</th>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">Corte</th>
                  <th align="left" scope="col">Teste de Delong</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nomograma</td>
                  <td align="center">0,878 (0,806-0,949)</td>
                  <td align="center">87.8%</td>
                  <td align="center">78,0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,204</td>
                  <td align="center">refer&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TEG-AM (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,771 (0,680-0,862)</td>
                  <td align="center">72.6%</td>
                  <td align="center">73.2%</td>
                  <td align="center">58,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FIB (g/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,741 (0,669-0,813)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.0%</td>
                  <td align="center">70.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">3.199</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D&#237;mero-D (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,742 (0,662-0,821)</td>
                  <td align="center">95,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">41,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">2.011</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; AM: amplitude m&#225;xima; FIB: fibrinog&#234;nio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em termos de calibra&#231;&#227;o, o gr&#225;fico de calibra&#231;&#227;o (Figura 3B) demonstrou boa concord&#226;ncia entre as probabilidades previstas e os resultados observados. O teste de bondade de ajuste de Hosmer-Lemeshow apresentou um valor de P de 0,965 (&gt;0,05), corroborando ainda mais o bom ajuste do modelo na coorte de treinamento.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar a utilidade cl&#237;nica do nomograma, foi realizada uma ADC). A curva da ADC (Figura 3C) mostrou que, dentro de uma faixa de probabilidade limite de 0,2 a 0,8, o modelo proporcionou um benef&#237;cio l&#237;quido maior do que as estrat&#233;gias de &#8220;tratar todos&#8221; ou &#8220;n&#227;o tratar ningu&#233;m&#8221;. O benef&#237;cio l&#237;quido m&#225;ximo foi observado em um limiar de 0,3, sugerindo que o modelo poderia ajudar a evitar aproximadamente 120 interven&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias por 1.000 pacientes &#8212; demonstrando forte aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, para validar a robustez do modelo, foi realizada uma valida&#231;&#227;o interna utilizando <italic>bootstrapping</italic> com 1.000 reamostragens. A AUC m&#233;dia obtida foi de 0,860 (IC 95%: 0,804&#8211;0,916), indicando boa generaliza&#231;&#227;o e estabilidade do modelo (Figura 3D).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade e compara&#231;&#227;o de modelos</title>
        <p>Para avaliar ainda mais a robustez de nossos achados e o potencial valor agregado das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, realizamos uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade. Nessa an&#225;lise, vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas com p &lt; 0,05 na an&#225;lise univariada (especificamente, PCR-as e FEVE) foram introduzidas no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada juntamente com os par&#226;metros de coagula&#231;&#227;o. Nesse modelo ampliado, a FEVE foi identificada como um preditor independente significativo (OR: 0,95, p = 0,027), enquanto a PCR-as n&#227;o manteve a signific&#226;ncia. O modelo ampliado (combinando AM, fibrinog&#234;nio, d&#237;mero-D e FEVE) apresentou uma AUC de 0,893 (IC 95%: 0,830-0,957). No entanto, o teste de DeLong demonstrou que essa melhora n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o com o nosso modelo original de tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis (AUC 0,878 vs. 0,893, p = 0,057). Portanto, considerando o princ&#237;pio da parcim&#244;nia do modelo e da utilidade cl&#237;nica &#8211; em que o modelo original requer apenas uma &#250;nica coleta de sangue, sem a necessidade de ecocardiografia imediata &#8211; mantivemos o modelo baseado na coagula&#231;&#227;o (AM, fibrinog&#234;nio, d&#237;mero-D) para a constru&#231;&#227;o do nomograma final.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, desenvolvemos um modelo de nomograma para prever o risco de EP em pacientes hospitalizados com FA, integrando par&#226;metros de TEG com &#237;ndices de coagula&#231;&#227;o convencionais. Os resultados demonstraram que os n&#237;veis de AM, FIB e d&#237;mero-D foram fatores de risco independentes para EP, e o modelo constru&#237;do apresentou bom desempenho preditivo. Devido &#224; sua natureza n&#227;o invasiva, facilidade de uso e adequa&#231;&#227;o para aplica&#231;&#227;o &#224; beira do leito, este modelo fornece uma nova ferramenta para a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de EP de alto risco em pacientes com FA.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de EP em nosso estudo foi de 15,1%, o que &#233; notavelmente maior do que a relatada em popula&#231;&#245;es gerais com FA. Por exemplo, um estudo multic&#234;ntrico na China realizado por Bai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> relataram uma preval&#234;ncia de EP intra-hospitalar de 1,2% entre todos os pacientes com FA. Da mesma forma, estudos populacionais de grande escala realizados por Friberg et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>e Hald et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>observaram taxas de incid&#234;ncia muito mais baixas, variando de 2,9 a 18,5 por 1.000 pessoas-ano. Essa discrep&#226;ncia em nosso estudo deve-se principalmente aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o espec&#237;ficos utilizados: restringimos nossa an&#225;lise a pacientes submetidos &#224; angioTC, um exame diagn&#243;stico normalmente reservado para indiv&#237;duos com alta suspeita cl&#237;nica de EP (por exemplo, dispneia inexplicada, hipoxemia ou d&#237;mero-D elevado). Consequentemente, nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo representa uma coorte de &#8220;alto risco com suspeita de EP&#8221;, e n&#227;o uma popula&#231;&#227;o geral de rastreamento de FA. Essa distin&#231;&#227;o &#233; crucial, pois nosso modelo foi especificamente projetado para auxiliar os m&#233;dicos a confirmar ou descartar EP nesse grupo desafiador de pacientes com suspeita da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>N&#237;veis elevados de d&#237;mero-D foram identificados como um preditor independente de EP em pacientes com FA, corroborando estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>Como produto da degrada&#231;&#227;o da fibrina, o d&#237;mero-D indica coagula&#231;&#227;o e fibrin&#243;lise ativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>Embora a especificidade do d&#237;mero-D diminua com a idade, nosso estudo demonstra que a integra&#231;&#227;o deste com TEG-AM e fibrinog&#234;nio aumenta significativamente a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica em compara&#231;&#227;o com o d&#237;mero-D isoladamente. Essa abordagem multiparam&#233;trica mitiga efetivamente a taxa de falsos positivos frequentemente observada em popula&#231;&#245;es idosas. Do ponto de vista fisiopatol&#243;gico, a liga&#231;&#227;o entre FA e EP &#233; principalmente indireta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>Embora a embolia paradoxal por meio de um <italic>shunt</italic> intracard&#237;aco, como um forame oval patente, represente uma via direta, a FA mais comumente promove um estado sist&#234;mico de hipercoagulabilidade e pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio, prejudica o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e causa estase venosa. Esses fatores aumentam o risco de trombose venosa profunda e trombose venosa profunda in situ do cora&#231;&#227;o direito, que, por sua vez, servem como as principais fontes de EP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>Grandes estudos de coorte confirmam que a FA eleva significativamente o risco de EP e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, particularmente nos primeiros 6 meses ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>Al&#233;m disso, a FA est&#225; associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, que pode agravar a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito e promover a trombog&#234;nese, criando um ciclo vicioso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>Assim, os n&#237;veis elevados de d&#237;mero-D, fibrinog&#234;nio e AM em nosso modelo provavelmente refletem essa tend&#234;ncia tromb&#243;tica sist&#234;mica. &#201; importante ressaltar que, como nosso estudo excluiu pacientes em uso de anticoagulantes, esses par&#226;metros fornecem uma avalia&#231;&#227;o direta do estado de hipercoagulabilidade intr&#237;nseca em pacientes com FA, identificando aqueles com maior risco de EP, principalmente pela via do TEV.</p>
      <p>O FIB &#233; um substrato fundamental na cascata de coagula&#231;&#227;o, e seus n&#237;veis elevados indicam um estado de hipercoagulabilidade, contribuindo tanto para a forma&#231;&#227;o quanto para a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do trombo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>Estudos demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis elevados de FIB e o risco de TEV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>A pr&#243;pria FA representa uma condi&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica de baixo grau, e evid&#234;ncias anteriores demonstraram n&#237;veis persistentemente elevados de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, como prote&#237;na C-reativa e interleucina-6. Esses mediadores inflamat&#243;rios podem induzir a s&#237;ntese hep&#225;tica de FIB e fatores de coagula&#231;&#227;o, aumentando assim o ambiente protromb&#243;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis elevados de FIB podem aumentar a viscosidade sangu&#237;nea e promover a agrega&#231;&#227;o de eritr&#243;citos, o que agrava o fluxo sangu&#237;neo lento e cria um ambiente favor&#225;vel &#224; trombog&#234;nese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup>Esses mecanismos, em conjunto, predisp&#245;em pacientes com FA &#224; EP em um contexto de n&#237;veis elevados de fibrinog&#234;nio.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, observamos que pacientes com EP apresentaram n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as) significativamente mais elevados do que aqueles sem EP. Esse achado refor&#231;a o papel potencial da inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica no estado protromb&#243;tico de pacientes com FA e EP. A PCR-as elevada pode refletir uma atividade inflamat&#243;ria exacerbada associada ao aumento da express&#227;o de fibrinog&#234;nio na FA, bem como processos tromboinflamat&#243;rios relacionados ao endot&#233;lio e &#224;s plaquetas que podem contribuir para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos. Embora a PCR-as n&#227;o tenha sido mantida como um preditor independente no modelo multivariado ap&#243;s o ajuste para par&#226;metros de coagula&#231;&#227;o, sua eleva&#231;&#227;o acentuada no grupo com EP ressalta a estreita intera&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o e coagula&#231;&#227;o nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A AM &#233; um par&#226;metro cr&#237;tico derivado da TEG que reflete a for&#231;a geral do co&#225;gulo, determinada tanto pela fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria quanto pela estrutura da fibrina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup>Em nosso estudo, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da AM foi significativamente associada &#224; EP relacionada &#224; FA, sugerindo um papel fundamental da ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria na trombog&#234;nese nesses pacientes. Notavelmente, embora a trombocitopenia possa teoricamente reduzir a AM, sua preval&#234;ncia foi equilibrada entre os grupos em nosso estudo (P=0,819). Isso indica que a eleva&#231;&#227;o observada da AM no grupo com EP reflete um estado de hipercoagulabilidade genu&#237;no &#8212; provavelmente impulsionado pelo aumento da fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e do fibrinog&#234;nio &#8212; em vez de um vi&#233;s introduzido pela contagem de plaquetas. Assim, a AM fornece um marcador funcional do potencial tromb&#243;tico, complementando as informa&#231;&#245;es est&#225;ticas fornecidas pela contagem de plaquetas. Pesquisas anteriores demonstraram que a AM pode predizer complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas ap&#243;s cirurgia ortop&#233;dica e em pacientes com sangramento gastrointestinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup>Na FA, as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas nos &#225;trios frequentemente resultam em estase sangu&#237;nea local e turbul&#234;ncia, o que promove a forma&#231;&#227;o de fibrina e a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, levando a trombos mais densos e est&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup>Uma vez desprendidos, esses trombos podem viajar pela circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e obstruir as art&#233;rias pulmonares, resultando em EP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup>Por ser um indicador sens&#237;vel da viscoelasticidade sangu&#237;nea, a AM pode servir como um valioso complemento para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o precoce do risco de EP na popula&#231;&#227;o com FA.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, contextualizamos nosso nomograma baseado em TEG em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s ferramentas preditivas existentes. Os escores cl&#237;nicos tradicionais (por exemplo, Wells, Genebra) apresentam especificidade limitada em pacientes idosos com FA devido &#224; sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de sintomas. Modelos recentes exploraram abordagens diferentes: um nomograma cl&#237;nico de Ling et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> alcan&#231;ou uma AUC de 0,721, enquanto um modelo de IA-ECG de Silva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> apresentou alta especificidade (100%), mas baixa sensibilidade (50%), com uma AUC de 0,75. Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos associaram a gravidade da FA (via escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc) ao risco de TEV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup>no entanto, esse escore em si demonstrou utilidade preditiva modesta para EP (AUC 0,62). Em contraste, nosso modelo integra o marcador funcional din&#226;mico TEG-AM, resultando em discrimina&#231;&#227;o superior (AUC 0,878) com sensibilidade equilibrada de 87,8% e especificidade de 78,0%. Isso sugere que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o de coagula&#231;&#227;o em tempo real oferece maior valor preditivo nessa coorte de alto risco.</p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio da incorpora&#231;&#227;o da TEG no manejo da FA requer considera&#231;&#227;o. Embora a TEG seja mais cara do que os testes de coagula&#231;&#227;o de rotina (p. ex., TP, TTPA), permanece substancialmente mais barata do que a angiotomografia computadorizada pulmonar (angioTC). A aplica&#231;&#227;o indiscriminada a todos os pacientes ambulatoriais com FA pode n&#227;o ser economicamente vi&#225;vel. No entanto, nosso modelo se concentra em um subgrupo definido de pacientes internados de alto risco com suspeita cl&#237;nica de EP, cuja preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a em nosso estudo foi de 15,1%. Nesse contexto espec&#237;fico, o uso do nosso nomograma para estratifica&#231;&#227;o inicial de risco pode ser custo-efetivo. Ao identificar com precis&#227;o os pacientes de maior risco, ele pode orientar o uso seletivo da angioTC confirmat&#243;ria, reduzindo exames desnecess&#225;rios, minimizando a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o/contraste e otimizando a aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos em compara&#231;&#227;o com uma estrat&#233;gia de imagem universal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo oferece diversas vantagens cl&#237;nicas. Primeiro, a TEG proporciona uma avalia&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica, reprodut&#237;vel e acess&#237;vel &#224; beira do leito da coagula&#231;&#227;o, complementando os marcadores de coagula&#231;&#227;o est&#225;ticos tradicionais. Segundo, este &#233; o primeiro estudo, at&#233; onde sabemos, a construir um modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de EP especificamente para a popula&#231;&#227;o com FA, baseado em AM, FIB e d&#237;mero-D. A abordagem multiparam&#233;trica aumenta a robustez e a precis&#227;o do modelo, particularmente em cen&#225;rios com sintomas at&#237;picos ou acesso limitado a exames de imagem.</p>
        <p>No entanto, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser reconhecidas. Primeiro, este foi um estudo retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico com uma amostra relativamente pequena. A identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com base na codifica&#231;&#227;o da CID-10 pode estar sujeita a captura incompleta de casos e classifica&#231;&#227;o incorreta, potencialmente introduzindo vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Segundo, &#233; importante notar que o estudo foi conduzido em um hospital oncol&#243;gico especializado. Mesmo com a exclus&#227;o rigorosa de neoplasias malignas ativas, a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes nesse contexto espec&#237;fico apresenta inerentemente maior fragilidade e uma carga mais elevada de comorbidades complexas em compara&#231;&#227;o com coortes em hospitais gerais. Consequentemente, esse contexto espec&#237;fico pode limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de nossos achados para popula&#231;&#245;es de menor risco. Terceiro, devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva da coleta de dados, diversas vari&#225;veis clinicamente importantes relacionadas &#224; EP &#8212; incluindo hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de TEV, status de trombofilia, sinais e sintomas detalhados de EP e achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do cora&#231;&#227;o direito (incluindo tamanho e fun&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras) &#8212; n&#227;o estavam consistentemente dispon&#237;veis nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e, portanto, n&#227;o puderam ser inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise. Em quarto lugar, devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de eventos de EP, n&#227;o realizamos an&#225;lises de subgrupos para comorbidades espec&#237;ficas, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou infarto cerebral pr&#233;vio. Recomenda-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos futuros com coortes maiores para explorar melhor os perfis de risco espec&#237;ficos desses subgrupos. Em quinto lugar, o modelo carece de valida&#231;&#227;o externa e sua aplicabilidade em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es permanece incerta. Por fim, n&#227;o havia dados de acompanhamento em longo prazo dispon&#237;veis, o que impossibilitou a avalia&#231;&#227;o do valor preditivo a longo prazo. Pesquisas futuras devem adotar um delineamento prospectivo e multic&#234;ntrico com coortes maiores, incorporar biomarcadores adicionais e explorar a utilidade do modelo em condi&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas mais amplas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em resumo, este estudo desenvolveu com sucesso um modelo nomogr&#225;fico para prever EP em pacientes com FA, baseado em d&#237;mero-D, fibrinog&#234;nio e AM. O modelo demonstrou desempenho preditivo satisfat&#243;rio e aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica, oferecendo uma ferramenta valiosa para a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de pacientes de alto risco e a formula&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de tratamento individualizadas. Estudos prospectivos multic&#234;ntricos de grande escala s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar e aprimorar ainda mais este modelo preditivo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Jinhua Guangfu Oncology Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo GFEC-2024-Research-003. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Jinhua Science and Technology Bureau(2024-4-166).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250683i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Predictive Model for Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Based on Thromboelastography and Coagulation Parameters</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-7788-0655</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Xingqi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Funding acquisition</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-1974-5606</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Jianmei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Funding acquisition</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Blood Transfusion, Jinhua Guangfu Oncology Hospital, Jinhua &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jinhua Guangfu Oncology Hospital, Jinhua &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Jianmei LiuDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine &#8211; Jinhua Guangfu Oncology Hospital &#8211; No.1296 Huancheng North Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province &#8211; China E-mail: ljm25012@163.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) face an elevated risk of pulmonary embolism (PE), yet existing prediction tools demonstrate limited accuracy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study aimed to develop and validate a novel predictive model integrating thromboelastography (TEG) parameters with conventional coagulation markers for PE risk assessment in AF patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We conducted a retrospective study of 271 hospitalized AF patients who underwent CTPA for suspected PE (41 with PE, 230 without). The mean age was 76.5 years, 56.5% were male, and hypertension was the most common comorbidity (67.5%). PE diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomography pulmonary angiography. Baseline characteristics, TEG parameters (including reaction time, maximum amplitude [MA], and &#945;-angle), and standard coagulation markers (D-dimer, fibrinogen) were analyzed. Statistical significance was defined as a two-sided P-value &lt; 0.05. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors, which were incorporated into a nomogram. Model performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The prevalence of PE was 15.1%. Patients with PE exhibited significantly higher TEG-MA, D-dimer, and fibrinogen levels compared to the non-PE group (all P&lt;0.05). Multivariate analysis identified these three markers as independent predictors. The nomogram demonstrated excellent discrimination (AUC=0.878, 95% CI:0.806-0.949), with 87.8% sensitivity and 78.0% specificity at the optimal cutoff. The model showed good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow p=0.965) and significant clinical utility.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The TEG-based nomogram combining MA, D-dimer, and fibrinogen provides accurate, bedside-accessible PE risk stratification for AF patients. This tool may facilitate early identification of high-risk individuals and guide clinical decision-making regarding anticoagulation therapy. Further prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A Predictive Model for Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Based on Thromboelastography and Coagulation Parameters</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250683-50683-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombelastography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Jinhua Science and Technology Bureau</funding-source>
          <award-id>2024-4-166</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> This study was partially funded by Jinhua Science and Technology Bureau (2024-4-166).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice, is becoming increasingly prevalent with global population aging and has emerged as a major public health concern. Recent guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology and the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology emphasize the importance of assessing complications associated with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> PE is a serious yet often underrecognized complication in AF patients. Studies have shown that the incidence of PE was 1.55 per 1,000 person-years in patients with AF, representing a substantially higher risk compared to those without AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The coexistence of PE significantly prolongs hospitalization and increases mortality, especially among elderly patients and those with multiple comorbidities, leading to markedly worse short- and long-term outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Moreover, the nonspecific clinical presentations of both AF and PE&#8212;such as dyspnea and palpitations&#8212;can easily lead to missed or incorrect diagnoses, thereby exacerbating disease burden and healthcare resource consumption<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Currently, diagnosing PE in AF patients remains clinically challenging. Definitive diagnosis of PE primarily relies on imaging, with computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) serving as the gold standard. While CTPA has high diagnostic value, it also carries limitations such as ionizing radiation exposure, risk of contrast-induced nephropathy, and potential overdiagnosis of subsegmental emboli.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Among laboratory markers, D-dimer is commonly used for auxiliary screening due to its high sensitivity. However, its specificity is low, and it is easily influenced by factors such as age, comorbidities, and inflammatory states, which can lead to increased false-positive rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Clinical scoring systems such as the Wells and Geneva scores are useful in the general population, but their performance may be reduced in complex hospitalized patients with overlapping cardiopulmonary symptoms and multiple comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> These limitations underscore the need for more reliable, dynamic, and reproducible biomarkers to aid in the early identification of PE risk among AF patients, ultimately improving clinical decision-making and prognostic management.</p>
        <p>TEG is a dynamic assay that evaluates the entire coagulation process, providing comprehensive insights into coagulation, fibrinolysis, and platelet function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Unlike conventional coagulation tests, TEG enables real-time monitoring of a patient&#8217;s coagulation status and has been widely used for bleeding and thrombotic risk assessment in trauma, oncology, and critical care settings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In recent years, preliminary studies have explored the utility of TEG in predicting venous thromboembolism (VTE), suggesting its potential for early identification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, evidence regarding the application of TEG in AF&#8212;a population at particularly high thrombotic risk&#8212;remains limited. Therefore, constructing a predictive model based on TEG parameters in combination with conventional laboratory indices may help bridge the gap left by traditional approaches and provide a more sensitive and individualized risk stratification tool for identifying PE among AF patients with clinical suspicion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This retrospective study was conducted at Jinhua Guangfu Oncology Hospital, a major tertiary-care facility in Zhejiang, China. Although oncology is a primary specialty, the hospital operates as a comprehensive medical center, encompassing a wide range of clinical departments, including cardiology. Eligible participants were identified hospital-wide through a systematic query of the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) system using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) code for atrial fibrillation (I48). The screening and selection process is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>. A total of 545 consecutive patients with AF were initially identified from the hospital-wide database, with the sample size determined by the availability of eligible patients during the study period. After excluding 274 patients with recent exposure to antithrombotic therapy (including anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents), active malignancy, missing TEG data, or other exclusion criteria, 271 patients were included in the final analysis. Patients receiving recent antithrombotic therapy were excluded because these medications could substantially alter TEG-derived and conventional coagulation parameters, thereby confounding the evaluation of the intrinsic coagulation profile associated with PE risk. Although long-term antithrombotic therapy is recommended for most patients with AF, in real-world inpatient settings, a subset of patients may not be receiving such treatment due to newly recognized AF, temporary withholding before invasive procedures, bleeding risk, or other clinical considerations. These participants, all hospitalized with a diagnosis of AF between January 2023 and February 2025, comprised 41 patients with confirmed PE and 230 patients with AF without PE. CTPA was used as the uniform diagnostic reference standard for PE to minimize heterogeneity in case ascertainment; patients diagnosed only by alternative modalities were not included because these methods were used infrequently in our institution and lacked standardized documentation in the medical records. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, approved by the Ethics Committee of Jinhua Guangfu Oncology Hospital (Approval No.: 2024-015-01), and reported in accordance with the STROBE statement for observational Studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart of study participant selection.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250683-50683-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Inclusion Criteria:</bold> (1) Age &#8805; 18 years; (2) Diagnosis of AF confirmed according to established criteria;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> (3) Underwent TEG testing during hospitalization and had concurrent measurements of conventional coagulation parameters; (4) PE status definitively determined by CTPA;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (5) Complete clinical data available.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Exclusion Criteria:</bold> (1) Presence of major underlying conditions known to affect coagulation, such as active malignancy, acute trauma, pregnancy, or history of major surgery; (2) Diagnosed hematological disorders, severe hepatic or renal dysfunction, or active autoimmune diseases;(3) PE clearly secondary to surgical procedures, prolonged immobilization, severe trauma, or hormone replacement therapy; (4) Recent exposure to antithrombotic therapy, including anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Patient data were retrieved from the hospital&#8217;s electronic medical record system using a standardized data collection form. The following variables were collected for each enrolled patient:</p>
          <p>
            <bold>1. Demographic and clinical comorbidity information:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Sex, age, body mass index (BMI), length of hospital stay (days), and comorbid conditions, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, thrombocytopenia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, and a history of cerebral infarction. The CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score was calculated based on these clinical parameters.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>2. Echocardiographic Parameters:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Aortic root diameter (mm), left atrial diameter (LAD, mm), interventricular septal thickness (IVS, mm), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPW, mm), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD, mm), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD, mm), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).</p>
          <p>
            <bold>3. Laboratory Assessments:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Platelet count (PLT), renal function indices including serum creatinine (SCr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and uric acid (UA), lipid profiles consisting of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP).</p>
          <p>
            <bold>4. Conventional Coagulation Parameters:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Prothrombin time (PT, s), prothrombin activity (PT%, %), international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT, s), thrombin time (TT, s), fibrinogen concentration (FIB, g/L), and D-dimer level (mg/L).</p>
          <p>
            <bold>5. TEG Parameters:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Peripheral venous blood was collected from all participants on the morning following admission after an overnight fast. Samples were drawn into vacuum tubes containing 3.2% sodium citrate anticoagulant at a 9:1 blood-to-anticoagulant ratio and mixed thoroughly. To maintain result reliability, all specimens were processed within 2 hours of collection.</p>
          <p>TEG analysis was performed using the UD-T5000 thromboelastography analyzer, following the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. At our institution, although TEG is not routinely performed in all patients with atrial fibrillation, it is commonly used in hospitalized patients with suspected thrombotic conditions, unexplained coagulation abnormalities, or when clinicians require a more comprehensive assessment of coagulation status to guide clinical decision-making. Upon activation, the instrument continuously recorded the TEG curve in real time and automatically derived key parameters based on changes in the viscoelastic properties of the blood. These parameters included reaction time (R), coagulation time (K), alpha angle (&#945;-angle), maximum amplitude (MA), and 30-minute clot lysis percentage (LY30). The definitions of TEG parameters were as follows:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>R time:</bold> Duration from test start to initial fibrin formation, indicated by a TEG amplitude of 2 mm.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>K time:</bold> Time interval from the end of R to when the clot reaches a strength corresponding to 20 mm amplitude.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>&#945;-angle:</bold> The angle formed between the tangent of the TEG curve&#8217;s rising segment and the baseline, indicating the rate of clot strengthening.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>MA:</bold> The maximum amplitude of the TEG curve, representing peak clot strength and stability</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>LY30:</bold> Percentage reduction in clot amplitude measured 30 minutes after MA, reflecting fibrinolytic activity.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Two independent investigators extracted data from the electronic medical records. Inconsistencies occurred in less than 5% of cases, primarily involving the classification of AF patterns due to ambiguous clinical notes and the verification of pre-admission medication history. These were resolved by a third reviewer through a detailed review of the patient&#8217;s complete medical records. All identifiable patient information was removed to anonymize data before analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size and post-hoc power analysis</title>
          <p>Given the retrospective nature of this predictive model study, no formal prospective sample size calculation was performed. Methodological rigor was maintained by adhering to the minimum of 10 events per predictor (EPV) for stable model estimation, supplemented by post-hoc power analysis to confirm sample size adequacy. The final model identified three independent predictors for PE in patients with AF, with 41 PE events among 271 enrolled subjects, yielding an EPV of 13.7&#8212;exceeding the recommended threshold of 10 and supporting reliable parameter estimation. Post-hoc power analysis, conducted using the pROC package in R, was based on the observed AUC of 0.878 and a sample size of 271. At a two-sided &#945; level of 0.05, the statistical power exceeded 90% to detect an AUC significantly greater than 0.70 (the null hypothesis), indicating sufficient sample size to identify the model&#8217;s significant predictive performance. Furthermore, internal validation using 1000 bootstrap resamples produced a narrow optimism-corrected AUC confidence interval (0.804&#8211;0.916), reinforcing model robustness and the appropriateness of the sample size.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All statistical analyses were performed using R software (version 4.3.0) and SPSS (version 26.0). The normality of data distribution was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Continuous variables with normal distribution were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation, while non-normally distributed data were expressed as median with interquartile range (IQR). Categorical variables were described as frequencies and percentages. Between-group comparisons were conducted using the independent samples t-test or Mann&#8211;Whitney U test, as appropriate. Chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Backward stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to identify independent predictors of PE, and a nomogram model was subsequently constructed based on the final regression model. The discriminatory ability of the model was evaluated using the ROC curve and the AUC, where a higher AUC indicates better discrimination. DeLong&#8217;s test was used to compare AUCs between different models or subgroups to assess the statistical significance of discrimination differences. Model calibration was assessed by the Hosmer&#8211;Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test and calibration curves, examining the agreement between predicted and observed outcomes. Clinical utility was evaluated using DCA, which estimates net clinical benefit across a range of threshold probabilities. To assess model robustness and internal validity, bootstrap resampling (1,000 iterations) was performed. The average AUC of the validation sets was calculated, and a ROC curve was generated to further evaluate the model&#8217;s generalizability. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the robustness of the findings by incorporating clinically relevant variables identified in univariate analysis into the multivariate logistic regression model. A two-sided P value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of study population</title>
          <p>A total of 271 hospitalized patients with AF were enrolled, of whom 41 (15.13%) had concomitant PE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Baseline demographic characteristics, including age, sex, BMI, and length of hospital stay, were comparable between the two groups. Similarly, AF type, comorbid conditions, and thromboembolic risk (median CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score: 4.00) did not differ significantly. Echocardiographic assessment showed that patients with PE had a significantly lower LVEF compared with those without PE (60.20 &#177; 8.77% vs. 63.91 &#177; 8.81%, p = 0.013), whereas other echocardiographic parameters were comparable between groups. Notably, hs-CRP levels were markedly higher in patients with PE (median 14.40 vs. 2.92 mg/L, p &lt; 0.001), whereas other laboratory indices, including renal function, lipid profiles, and platelet counts, were similar across groups.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of Baseline Characteristics between Pulmonary Embolism Group and Non-Pulmonary Embolism Group</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Total (n = 271)</th>
                    <th>Non-PE (n = 230)</th>
                    <th>PE (n = 41)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">76.48 &#177; 10.20</td>
                    <td align="center">76.00 &#177; 10.21</td>
                    <td align="center">77.51&#177;8.64</td>
                    <td align="center">0.320</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gender, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.282</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">153 (56.46)</td>
                    <td align="center">133 (57.83)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (48.78)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">118 (43.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">97 (42.17)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (51.22)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">22.86 (20.28. 25.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">23.00 (20.28. 25.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">22.39 (20.41. 25.23)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.618</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hospital stays (days)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">7.81 (5.14. 12.92)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.11 (5.12. 12.92)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.79 (5.21. 12.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.579</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>AF Pattern, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.351</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Paroxysmal AF</td>
                    <td align="center">70 (25.83)</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (24.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (31.71)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-Paroxysmal AF</td>
                    <td align="center">201 (74.17)</td>
                    <td align="center">173 (75.22)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (68.29)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Medical history</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.634</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">88 (32.47)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (33.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (29.27)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">183 (67.53)</td>
                    <td align="center">154 (66.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (70.73)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.233</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">211 (77.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">182 (79.13)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (70.73)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (22.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (20.87)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (29.27)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Coronary artery disease, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.386</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">122 (45.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">101 (43.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (51.22)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">149 (54.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">129 (56.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (48.78)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Thrombocytopenia, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.819</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">228 (84.13)</td>
                    <td align="center">194 (84.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (82.93)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (15.87)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (15.65)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (17.07)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>COPD, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.907</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">223 (82.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">189 (82.17)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (82.93)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (17.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (17.83)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (17.07)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Heart failure, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.782</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">235 (86.72)</td>
                    <td align="center">200 (86.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (85.37)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (13.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (13.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (14.63)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cerebral infarction, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.296</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">179 (66.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">149 (64.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (73.17)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">92 (33.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">81 (35.22)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (26.83)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Malignant tumor, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.587</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">226 (83.39)</td>
                    <td align="center">193 (83.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (80.49)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (16.61)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (16.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (19.51)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CHA<sub><bold>2</bold></sub>DS<sub><bold>2</bold></sub>-VASc score</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">4.00 (3.00. 6.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.00 (3.00. 6.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.00 (3.00. 5.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.474</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Laboratory parameters</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PLT (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">166.00 (128.50. 212.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">168.50 (129.00. 215.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">157.00 (125.00. 196.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.338</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hs-CRP (mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.80 (1.19. 12.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.92 (0.97. 9.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.40 (3.50. 35.76)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>UA (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">310.00 (236.00. 379.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">309.00 (238.00. 369.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">317.00 (189.00. 441.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.642</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Scr (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">78.00 (64.00. 103.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">79.50 (65.00. 99.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">74.00 (61.00. 124.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.923</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>eGFR (mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">77.26 (57.97. 97.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">76.98 (58.83. 96.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">79.67 (45.00. 109.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.818</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12 (0.80. 1.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.11 (0.79. 1.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17 (0.83. 1.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.600</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TC (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.73 (3.11. 4.52)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.69 (3.11. 4.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.82 (3.09. 4.39)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.787</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18 (0.97. 1.39)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.20 (0.98. 1.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.07 (0.85. 1.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.099</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.16 (1.70. 2.80)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.15 (1.68. 2.76)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.25 (1.87. 2.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.319</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Echocardiographic parameters</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aortic root diameter</td>
                    <td align="center">27.18 &#177; 4.09</td>
                    <td align="center">27.06 &#177; 4.25</td>
                    <td align="center">27.94 &#177; 2.87</td>
                    <td align="center">0.152</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAD (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">39.71 &#177; 8.04</td>
                    <td align="center">39.57 &#177; 7.92</td>
                    <td align="center">40.55 &#177; 8.83</td>
                    <td align="center">0.530</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IVS (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.94 &#177; 1.38</td>
                    <td align="center">8.99 &#177; 1.41</td>
                    <td align="center">8.65 &#177; 1.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.191</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVPW (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.96 &#177; 1.34</td>
                    <td align="center">9.02 &#177; 1.32</td>
                    <td align="center">8.65 &#177; 1.38</td>
                    <td align="center">0.153</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEDD (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">47.50 &#177; 6.72</td>
                    <td align="center">47.64 &#177; 6.62</td>
                    <td align="center">46.71 &#177; 7.38</td>
                    <td align="center">0.478</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVESD (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">30.54 &#177; 6.50</td>
                    <td align="center">30.63 &#177; 6.55</td>
                    <td align="center">30.00 &#177; 6.26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.620</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">63.35 &#177; 8.89</td>
                    <td align="center">63.91 &#177; 8.81</td>
                    <td align="center">60.20 &#177; 8.77</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Thrombocytopenia was defined as a platelet count &lt; 100 &#215; 109/L. PE: pulmonary embolism; BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LAD: left atrial diameter; IVS: interventricular septal thickness; LVPW: left ventricular posterior wall thickness; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparison of TEG parameters and coagulation markers between groups</title>
          <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>, significant differences were found in TEG parameters and coagulation markers between the two groups. Patients in the PE group had significantly higher &#945;-angle and MA compared to those in the non-PE group. Additionally, R time, K time, and LY30 were significantly different between groups. Levels of FIB and D-dimer were also markedly elevated in the PE group. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in PT, PT activity, INR, APTT, or TT between the groups.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of TEG parameters and coagulation indicators between PE and non-PE embolism groups</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Total (n = 271)</th>
                    <th>Non-PE (n = 230)</th>
                    <th>PE (n = 41)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PT (s)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.12 &#177; 3.93</td>
                    <td align="center">15.16 &#177; 3.97</td>
                    <td align="center">14.88 &#177; 3.74</td>
                    <td align="center">0.679</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PT activity (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">70.83 &#177; 19.24</td>
                    <td align="center">70.71 &#177; 19.56</td>
                    <td align="center">71.48 &#177; 17.59</td>
                    <td align="center">0.815</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>INR</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32 &#177; 0.40</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32 &#177; 0.40</td>
                    <td align="center">1.30 &#177; 0.40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.759</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>APTT (s)</td>
                    <td align="center">30.76 &#177; 6.37</td>
                    <td align="center">30.96 &#177; 6.39</td>
                    <td align="center">29.65 &#177; 6.22</td>
                    <td align="center">0.228</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TT (s)</td>
                    <td align="center">16.06 &#177; 1.31</td>
                    <td align="center">16.06 &#177; 1.24</td>
                    <td align="center">16.05 &#177; 1.68</td>
                    <td align="center">0.986</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FIB (g/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.39 (2.43. 4.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.26 (2.39. 4.52)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.77 (2.68. 6.62)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>D-dimer (mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82 (0.54. 1.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74 (0.48. 1.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12 (0.79. 2.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>R time (min)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.70 (2.90. 4.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.80 (3.00. 4.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.20 (2.60. 3.80)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>K time (min)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.20 (0.90. 1.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.30 (1.00. 1.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10 (0.80. 1.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LY30 (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10 (0.10. 3.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.20 (0.10. 3.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80 (0.00. 1.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.026</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#945; angle (&#176;)</td>
                    <td align="center">69.54 &#177; 5.72</td>
                    <td align="center">69.14 &#177; 5.94</td>
                    <td align="center">71.81 &#177; 3.57</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MA (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">56.73 &#177; 4.57</td>
                    <td align="center">56.00 &#177; 4.00</td>
                    <td align="center">60.81 &#177; 5.40</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>TEG: thromboelastography; PT: prothrombin time; INR: international normalized ratio; APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; TT: thrombin time; FIB: fibrinogen; MA: maximum amplitude; LY30: lysis at 30 minutes; &#945;-angle: clot strengthening speed; R: reaction time; K: clot kinetics.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Independent risk factors for PE in AF patients</title>
          <p>Univariate logistic regression analysis identified R time, K time, &#945;-angle, LY30, MA, FIB, and D-dimer as significant factors associated with PE in AF patients. Subsequent multivariate analysis using backward stepwise regression revealed that: MA, FIB, and D-dimer were independent risk factors for PE in AF patients. Other variables did not retain statistical significance in the multivariate model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors for PE in AF Patients</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate Analysis</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Multivariate Analysis</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>R time (min)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62 (0.46 ~ 0.84)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>K time (min)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32 (0.13 ~ 0.76)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#945; angle (&#176;)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10 (1.03 ~ 1.18)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MA (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.30 (1.18 ~ 1.43)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.37 (1.21 ~ 1.54)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LY30 (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72 (0.57 ~ 0.91)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FIB (g/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">2.20 (1.57 ~ 3.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">2.30 (1.46 ~ 3.62)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>D-dimer (mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">2.55 (1.78 ~ 3.65)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">2.81 (1.77 ~ 4.47)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; MA: maximum amplitude; FIB: fibrinogen; LY30: lysis at 30 minutes.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Nomogram construction for predicting PE in AF patients</title>
          <p>Based on the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis, a nomogram was constructed to predict the risk of PE in patients with AF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). The model incorporated three independent predictors: D-dimer, FIB, and TEG-MA. To utilize the nomogram clinically, the value of each predictor is first located on its respective variable axis. A vertical line is drawn upwards to the &#8220;Points&#8221; axis to determine the specific score for that variable. The sum of these individual scores constitutes the &#8220;Total Points,&#8221; which is then located on the Total Points axis. Finally, a vertical line is drawn downwards from the Total Points axis to the &#8220;Risk&#8221; axis to obtain the individual predicted probability.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Nomogram to predict the probability of PE in patients with AF.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250683-50683-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Model performance and validation</title>
          <p>To evaluate the discriminative ability of the nomogram, a ROC curve was plotted. The AUC was 0.878 (95% CI: 0.806&#8211;0.949), indicating excellent predictive performance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A</xref>). At the optimal cut-off value of 0.204, the model yielded a sensitivity of 87.8% and a specificity of 78.0%. Compared with the individual predictors (MA, FIB, and D-dimer), the nomogram demonstrated a significantly higher AUC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04001">Table 4</xref>), suggesting that combining multiple factors can substantially enhance predictive accuracy.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Performance evaluation of the nomogram model for PE in AF patients. (A) ROC curve of the nomogram model; (B) Calibration curve of the nomogram model; (C) DCA curve; (D) ROC curve after internal validation using the Bootstrap method.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-08-e20250683-50683-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t04001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of predictive performance between the nomogram model and individual biomarkers</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>AUC (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>Sensitivity</th>
                    <th>Specificity</th>
                    <th>Cut off</th>
                    <th>Delong-test</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nomogram</td>
                    <td align="center">0.878 (0.806-0.949)</td>
                    <td align="center">87.8%</td>
                    <td align="center">78.0%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.204</td>
                    <td align="center">reference</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TEG-MA (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.771 (0.680-0.862)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.6%</td>
                    <td align="center">73.2%</td>
                    <td align="center">58.2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FIB (g/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.741 (0.669-0.813)</td>
                    <td align="center">70.0%</td>
                    <td align="center">70.7%</td>
                    <td align="center">3.199</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>D-dimer (mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.742 (0.662-0.821)</td>
                    <td align="center">95.2%</td>
                    <td align="center">41.5%</td>
                    <td align="center">2.011</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; MA: maximum amplitude; FIB: fibrinogen.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In terms of calibration, the calibration plot (Figure 3B) demonstrated good agreement between predicted probabilities and actual observed outcomes. The Hosmer&#8211;Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test yielded a p-value of 0.965 (&gt;0.05), further supporting the model&#8217;s good fit in the training cohort.</p>
          <p>To assess the clinical utility of the nomogram, DCA was conducted. The DCA curve (Figure 3C) showed that within a threshold probability range of 0.2 to 0.8, the model provided greater net benefit than either the &#8220;treat-all&#8221; or &#8220;treat-none&#8221; strategies. The maximum net benefit was observed at a threshold of 0.3, suggesting that the model could help avoid approximately 120 unnecessary interventions per 1,000 patients&#8212;demonstrating strong clinical applicability.</p>
          <p>In addition, to validate the model&#8217;s robustness, internal validation was performed using bootstrapping with 1,000 resamples. The average AUC obtained was 0.860 (95% CI: 0.804&#8211;0.916), indicating good generalizability and stability of the model (Figure 3D).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analysis and model comparison</title>
          <p>To further evaluate the robustness of our findings and assess the potential added value of clinical characteristics, we performed a sensitivity analysis. In this analysis, clinical variables with a univariate p&lt;0.05 (specifically, Hs-CRP and LVEF) were introduced into the multivariate logistic regression model alongside the coagulation parameters. In this extended model, LVEF was identified as a significant independent predictor (OR: 0.95, p=0.027), while Hs-CRP did not retain significance. The extended model (combining MA, Fibrinogen, D-dimer, and LVEF) yielded an AUC of 0.893 (95% CI: 0.830-0.957). However, the DeLong test demonstrated that this improvement was not statistically significant compared to our original three-variable model (AUC 0.878 vs. 0.893, p=0.057). Therefore, considering the principle of model parsimony and clinical utility - where the original model requires only a single blood draw without the need for immediate echocardiography - we retained the coagulation-based model (MA, Fibrinogen, D-dimer) for the construction of the final nomogram.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we developed a nomogram model to predict the risk of PE in hospitalized patients with AF by integrating TEG parameters with conventional coagulation indices. The results demonstrated that MA, FIB, and D-dimer levels were independent risk factors for PE, and the constructed model exhibited good predictive performance. Given its non-invasive nature, ease of use, and suitability for bedside application, this model provides a novel tool for the early identification of high-risk PE among patients with AF.</p>
        <p>The prevalence of PE in our study was 15.1%, which is notably higher than that reported in general AF populations. For instance, a multicenter study in China by Bai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> reported an in-hospital PE prevalence of 1.2% among all AF patients. Similarly, large-scale population-based studies by Friberg et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> and Hald et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> observed much lower incidence rates, ranging from 2.9 to 18.5 per 1,000 person-years. This discrepancy in our study is primarily attributable to the specific inclusion criteria used: we restricted our analysis to patients who underwent CTPA, a diagnostic test typically reserved for individuals with a high clinical suspicion of PE (e.g., unexplained dyspnea, hypoxemia, or elevated D-dimer). Consequently, our study population represents a &#8216;high-risk suspected PE&#8217; cohort rather than a general AF screening population. This distinction is crucial, as our model is specifically designed to assist clinicians in ruling in or ruling out PE within this challenging group of suspected patients.</p>
        <p>Elevated D-dimer was identified as an independent predictor of PE in patients with AF, aligning with prior studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> As a fibrin degradation product, D-dimer signifies active coagulation and fibrinolysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Although D-dimer specificity decreases with age, our study demonstrates that integrating it with TEG-MA and fibrinogen significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy compared to D-dimer alone. This multi-parameter approach effectively mitigates the false-positive rate often seen in elderly populations. From a pathophysiological perspective, the link between AF and PE is primarily indirect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> While paradoxical embolism via an intracardiac shunt, such as a patent foramen ovale, represents a direct pathway, AF more commonly promotes a systemic hypercoagulable and pro-inflammatory state, impairs cardiac output, and causes venous stasis. These factors increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis and in-situ right heart thrombosis, which then serve as the primary sources for PE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Large cohort studies confirm that AF significantly elevates the risk of both pulmonary embolism and ischemic stroke, particularly in the first 6 months after diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Furthermore, AF is associated with pulmonary hypertension, which may worsen right heart function and promote thrombogenesis, creating a vicious cycle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Thus, the elevated D-dimer, fibrinogen, and MA in our model likely reflect this systemic thrombotic tendency. Importantly, since our study excluded patients on anticoagulation, these parameters provide a direct assessment of the intrinsic hypercoagulable state in AF patients, identifying AF patients at higher risk for PE principally via the venous thromboembolism pathway.</p>
        <p>FIB is a key substrate in the coagulation cascade, and its elevated levels indicate a hypercoagulable state and contribute to both thrombus formation and stabilization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Studies have shown a significant association between elevated FIB levels and the risk of venous thromboembolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> AF itself represents a chronic low-grade inflammatory condition, and previous evidence has demonstrated persistently elevated levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. These inflammatory mediators can induce hepatic synthesis of FIB and coagulation factors, thereby enhancing the prothrombotic milieu.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Furthermore, increased FIB levels can raise blood viscosity and promote erythrocyte aggregation, which exacerbates sluggish blood flow and creates a favorable environment for thrombogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> These mechanisms collectively predispose AF patients to PE in the setting of elevated fibrinogen levels.</p>
        <p>In addition, we observed that patients with PE had significantly higher hs-CRP levels than those without PE. This finding further supports the potential role of systemic inflammation in the prothrombotic state of AF patients with PE. Elevated hs-CRP may reflect enhanced inflammatory activity associated with increased fibrinogen expression in AF, as well as endothelial and platelet-related thromboinflammatory processes that may contribute to thrombus formation. Although hs-CRP was not retained as an independent predictor in the multivariate model after adjustment for coagulation parameters, its marked elevation in the PE group underscores the close interplay between inflammation and coagulation in this high-risk population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>MA is a critical TEG-derived parameter reflecting overall clot strength, determined by both platelet function and fibrin structure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> In our study, elevated MA was significantly associated with AF-related PE, suggesting a pivotal role of platelet activation in thrombogenesis among these patients. Notably, although thrombocytopenia can theoretically lower MA, its prevalence was balanced between groups in our study (P=0.819). This indicates that the observed elevation of MA in the PE group reflects a genuine hypercoagulable state&#8212;likely driven by enhanced platelet function and increased fibrinogen&#8212;rather than a bias introduced by platelet counts. Thus, MA provides a functional marker of thrombotic potential, complementing the static information provided by platelet count. Prior research has shown that MA can predict thrombotic complications following orthopedic surgery and in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> In AF, hemodynamic disturbances within the atria often result in local blood stasis and turbulence, which promote fibrin formation and platelet aggregation, leading to denser and more stable thrombi.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Once dislodged, these thrombi may travel through the circulation and obstruct the pulmonary arteries, resulting in PE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> As a sensitive indicator of blood viscoelasticity, MA may serve as a valuable adjunct for early PE risk stratification in the AF population.</p>
        <p>We further contextualized our TEG-based nomogram against existing predictive tools. Traditional clinical scores (e.g., Wells, Geneva) exhibit limited specificity in elderly AF patients due to symptom overlap. Recent models have explored different approaches: a clinical nomogram by Ling et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> achieved an AUC of 0.721, while an AI-ECG model by Valente Silva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> showed high specificity (100%) but lower sensitivity (50%) with an AUC of 0.75. Epidemiological studies have linked AF severity (via CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score) to VTE risk,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> yet this score itself demonstrated modest predictive utility for PE (AUC 0.62). In contrast, our model integrates the dynamic functional marker TEG-MA, yielding superior discrimination (AUC 0.878) with a balanced sensitivity of 87.8% and specificity of 78.0%. This suggests that assessing real-time coagulation function offers enhanced predictive value within this high-risk cohort.</p>
        <p>The cost-effectiveness of incorporating TEG into AF management requires consideration. Although TEG is more costly than routine coagulation tests (e.g., PT, APTT), it remains substantially less expensive than CTPA. Blanket application to all AF outpatients may not be economically feasible. However, our model targets a defined, high-risk inpatient subgroup with clinical suspicion of PE, where the disease prevalence in our study was 15.1%. In this specific context, employing our nomogram for initial risk stratification could be cost-effective. By accurately identifying patients at highest risk, it may guide selective use of confirmatory CTPA, thereby reducing unnecessary scans, minimizing radiation/contrast exposure, and optimizing resource allocation compared to a universal imaging strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Strengths and limitations</title>
          <p>This study offers several clinical advantages. First, TEG provides a dynamic, reproducible, and bedside-accessible assessment of coagulation, complementing traditional static coagulation markers. Second, this is the first study, to our knowledge, to construct a PE risk prediction model specifically for the AF population based on MA, FIB, and D-dimer. The multi-parameter approach enhances model robustness and accuracy, particularly in scenarios with atypical symptoms or limited access to imaging modalities.</p>
          <p>However, certain limitations should be acknowledged. First, this was a single-center retrospective study with a relatively small sample size. Patient identification based on ICD-10 coding may be subject to incomplete case capture and misclassification, potentially introducing selection bias. Second, it is important to note that the study was conducted at a specialized oncology hospital. Even with the strict exclusion of active malignancies, the patient population in this specific setting inherently presents greater frailty and a heavier burden of complex comorbidities compared to cohorts in general hospitals. Consequently, this specific setting may limit the generalizability of our findings to lower-risk populations. Third, due to the retrospective nature of data collection, several clinically important variables related to PE&#8212;including prior history of VTE, thrombophilia status, detailed signs and symptoms of PE, and right heart echocardiographic findings (including chamber size and function)&#8212;were not consistently available in the medical records and therefore could not be included in the analysis. Fourth, due to the limited number of PE events, we did not perform subgroup analyses for specific comorbidities such as heart failure or prior cerebral infarction. Future studies with larger cohorts are recommended to further explore the specific risk profiles of these subgroups. Fifth, the model lacks external validation, and its applicability across diverse populations remains uncertain. Finally, long-term follow-up data were unavailable, precluding the assessment of long-term predictive value. Future research should adopt a prospective, multicenter design with larger cohorts, incorporate additional biomarkers, and explore model utility in broader thromboembolic conditions.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In summary, this study successfully developed a nomogram model to predict pulmonary embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation, based on D-dimer, fibrinogen, and MA. The model demonstrated satisfactory predictive performance and clinical applicability, offering a valuable tool for early identification of high-risk patients and formulation of individualized treatment strategies. Future multicenter, large-scale prospective studies are warranted to further validate and refine this predictive model.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Jinhua Guangfu Oncology Hospital under the protocol number GFEC-2024-Research-003. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Jinhua Science and Technology Bureau (2024-4-166).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
