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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TMkswGyP95xXkYcGjL8jNXP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000701001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260519</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rigidez Arterial e Comprometimento Funcional na S&#237;ndrome P&#243;s-COVID-19: Um Enigma Multifatorial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0797-572X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Fritsch</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5606-018X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Michelle Rabello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Mario Fritsch Neves &#8226; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Av. 28 de Setembro, 77. CEP <postal-code>20551-030</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mariofneves@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260519</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de P&#243;s-COVID-19 Aguda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O estudo transversal apresentado no manuscrito "Rigidez Arterial, Desfechos Cl&#237;nico-Funcionais e Qualidade de Vida em Pacientes P&#243;s-COVID-19: Um Estudo Transversal" oferece uma contribui&#231;&#227;o ao entendimento das sequelas persistentes da infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os autores demonstram que indiv&#237;duos no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-COVID-19, em compara&#231;&#227;o a controles saud&#225;veis, apresentam maiores valores de velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP), principal marcador de rigidez arterial. Tamb&#233;m evidenciam um maior &#237;ndice de incremento (AIx@75), que n&#227;o indica diretamente rigidez arterial, mas &#233; um par&#226;metro de reflex&#227;o da onda pulso, que pode ser influenciado pela rigidez arterial, mas tamb&#233;m por outros fatores de confus&#227;o. Esses achados alinham-se com evid&#234;ncias globais, como o estudo multic&#234;ntrico CARTESIAN, que identificou um envelhecimento vascular precoce em sobreviventes da doen&#231;a, com um impacto particularmente pronunciado em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um aspecto intrigante do manuscrito &#233; a observa&#231;&#227;o de que, embora a VOP esteja elevada no grupo p&#243;s-COVID, a an&#225;lise ajustada sugere que esse aumento foi determinado predominantemente pela idade e pela press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, e n&#227;o pela condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-COVID-19 de forma independente. Por outro lado, alguns estudos indicam que o efeito delet&#233;rio do v&#237;rus nos marcadores de rigidez arterial e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode persistir por meses ap&#243;s a resolu&#231;&#227;o da fase aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m das altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares, o comprometimento funcional e a redu&#231;&#227;o na qualidade de vida emergem como pilares da s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-COVID. O manuscrito relata pior desempenho no teste de sentar-se e levantar, n&#237;veis elevados de fadiga e deteriora&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e mental. Tais resultados s&#227;o corroborados por pesquisas que mostram que mesmo pacientes com casos leves a moderados sofrem redu&#231;&#245;es clinicamente relevantes na qualidade de vida, muitas vezes compar&#225;veis a pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica ou fibromialgia. Tamb&#233;m destacam que a gravidade da fadiga &#233; um preditor central das limita&#231;&#245;es na vida cotidiana desses indiv&#237;duos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O mecanismo por tr&#225;s desse decl&#237;nio funcional parece ser multifatorial e n&#227;o restrito apenas &#224; macrovasculatura. Hiperatividade simp&#225;tica muscular e estresse oxidativo podem persistir at&#233; dois anos ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Essa hiperatividade auton&#244;mica, associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica persistente, pode comprometer o transporte de oxig&#234;nio para os m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos, explicando a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio observada no presente manuscrito.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-COVID-19 n&#227;o &#233; apenas um evento cardiovascular, mas um estado de hipercatabolismo e fragilidade nutricional que alimenta um ciclo vicioso de decl&#237;nio funcional. Somando-se &#224; complexidade vascular e auton&#244;mica, evid&#234;ncias recentes destacam que o comprometimento funcional &#233; profundamente influenciado por altera&#231;&#245;es na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e defici&#234;ncias nutricionais. A desnutri&#231;&#227;o emerge tanto como fator de risco para um pior progn&#243;stico como uma das complica&#231;&#245;es mais prevalentes, afetando aproximadamente 60% dos pacientes em reabilita&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-COVID.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em sobreviventes de casos cr&#237;ticos, a perda de peso m&#233;dia chega a 16% no momento da alta, um processo de deple&#231;&#227;o que pode levar meses para ser revertido, mesmo com acompanhamento especializado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Esse cen&#225;rio &#233; agravado pela sarcopenia aguda, identificada em quase metade dos pacientes na fase aguda e persistindo em cerca de 23% daqueles com COVID longa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os cuidados em terapia intensiva para os pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2 e suas complica&#231;&#245;es associadas podem levar &#224; sarcopenia aguda, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos mais jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os mecanismos s&#227;o multifatoriais, incluindo o estado hipercatab&#243;lico, a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, a imobiliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada e a disfun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, perdas sensoriais como a anosmia e a ageusia, aliadas &#224; xerostomia e &#224; disfagia, resultam em uma ingest&#227;o alimentar inadequada, exacerbando a degrada&#231;&#227;o de miofibrilas e a prote&#243;lise muscular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O impacto dessa deteriora&#231;&#227;o nutricional repercute diretamente no desempenho funcional discutido anteriormente. Estudos correlacionam baixos valores de &#226;ngulo de fase, um marcador de integridade celular, e redu&#231;&#227;o na for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual com um pior progn&#243;stico e maior depend&#234;ncia funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Curiosamente, enquanto a espessura e a for&#231;a muscular podem melhorar com a reabilita&#231;&#227;o, o excesso de massa gordurosa acumulado pode influenciar negativamente o desempenho em testes de caminhada de seis minutos, indicando a necessidade de uma an&#225;lise precisa da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, e n&#227;o apenas do peso total.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Diante desse panorama, o manejo da s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-COVID-19 exige que a reabilita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica seja indissoci&#225;vel do suporte nutricional agressivo. A implementa&#231;&#227;o de dietas com maior aporte cal&#243;rico e ricas em prote&#237;nas s&#227;o fundamentais para romper o ciclo vicioso de desnutri&#231;&#227;o e decl&#237;nio funcional. A monitora&#231;&#227;o regular da massa muscular, possivelmente por ultrassonografia &#224; beira do leito, e a corre&#231;&#227;o de defici&#234;ncias de micronutrientes e amino&#225;cidos essenciais tornam-se pilares indispens&#225;veis para que as estrat&#233;gias de exerc&#237;cio alcancem seu potencial m&#225;ximo, devolvendo a autonomia e a qualidade de vida aos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o manuscrito refor&#231;a a complexidade da s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-COVID-19, onde a rigidez arterial e o comprometimento funcional coexistem, embora nem sempre de forma linear. A sugest&#227;o de que o descondicionamento f&#237;sico e a inflama&#231;&#227;o persistente podem ser os principais determinantes da limita&#231;&#227;o funcional aponta para a necessidade de estrat&#233;gias de reabilita&#231;&#227;o. Como observado em estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o, programas de exerc&#237;cios supervisionados e treinamento de for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria mostram-se promissores para atenuar tanto a disfun&#231;&#227;o neurovascular quanto os sintomas de fadiga.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Rigidez Arterial, Desfechos Cl&#237;nico-Funcionais e Qualidade de Vida em Pacientes P&#243;s-Covid-19: Um Estudo Transversal</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260519i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Arterial Stiffness and Functional Impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Multifactorial Puzzle</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0797-572X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Fritsch</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5606-018X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Michelle Rabello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Mario Fritsch Neves &#8226; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Av. 28 de Setembro, 77. Postal Code <postal-code>20551-030</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>mariofneves@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The cross-sectional study presented in the manuscript "Arterial Stiffness, Clinical-Functional Outcomes, and Quality of Life in Post-COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study" contributes to our understanding of the persistent sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The authors demonstrate that individuals in the post-COVID-19 period, compared to healthy controls, have higher pulse wave velocity (PWV) values, the primary marker of arterial stiffness. They also report a higher augmentation index (AIx@75), which does not directly indicate arterial stiffness but is a parameter reflecting pulse wave reflection; this can be influenced by arterial stiffness as well as by other confounding factors. These findings are consistent with global evidence, such as the multicenter CARTESIAN study, which identified early vascular aging in survivors of the disease, with a particularly pronounced impact on women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>An intriguing aspect of the manuscript is the observation that, although PWV is elevated in the post-COVID group, the adjusted analysis suggests that this increase was predominantly driven by age and systolic blood pressure, rather than by the post-COVID-19 condition independently. On the other hand, some studies indicate that the deleterious effect of the virus on markers of arterial stiffness and endothelial function may persist for months after the acute phase has resolved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In addition to vascular changes, functional impairment and reduced quality of life emerge as hallmarks of post-COVID syndrome. The manuscript reports poorer performance on the sit-to-stand test, elevated levels of fatigue, and deterioration in physical and mental health. These findings are corroborated by research showing that even patients with mild to moderate cases experience clinically significant reductions in quality of life, often comparable to those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or fibromyalgia. They also highlight that the severity of fatigue is a key predictor of limitations in these individuals&#8217; daily lives.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The mechanism behind this functional decline appears to be multifactorial and not restricted solely to the macrovasculature. Muscle sympathetic hyperactivity and oxidative stress may persist for up to two years after infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This autonomic hyperactivity, associated with microvascular dysfunction and persistent systemic inflammation, may impair oxygen delivery to skeletal muscles, explaining the exercise intolerance observed in this manuscript.</p>
      <p>Post-COVID-19 syndrome is not merely a cardiovascular event, but a state of hypercatabolism and nutritional fragility that fuels a vicious cycle of functional decline. In addition to vascular and autonomic complexity, recent evidence highlights that functional impairment is profoundly influenced by changes in body composition and nutritional deficiencies. Malnutrition emerges both as a risk factor for a worse prognosis and as one of the most prevalent complications, affecting approximately 60% of patients undergoing post-COVID rehabilitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In survivors of critical cases, the average weight loss reaches 16% at the time of discharge, a process of depletion that can take months to reverse, even with specialized care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This scenario is exacerbated by acute sarcopenia, identified in nearly half of patients during the acute phase and persisting in about 23% of those with long COVID.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Intensive care for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and its associated complications can lead to acute sarcopenia, even in younger individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The mechanisms are multifactorial, including a hypercatabolic state, systemic inflammation, prolonged immobilization, and mitochondrial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, sensory losses such as anosmia and ageusia, combined with xerostomia and dysphagia, result in inadequate food intake, exacerbating myofibrillar degradation and muscle proteolysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The impact of this nutritional deterioration directly affects the functional performance discussed earlier. Studies correlate low phase angle values, a marker of cellular integrity, and reduced handgrip strength with a worse prognosis and greater functional dependence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Interestingly, while muscle thickness and strength may improve with rehabilitation, accumulated excess fat mass can negatively influence performance on six-minute walk tests, indicating the need for an accurate analysis of body composition, rather than just total weight.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Given this background, the management of post-COVID-19 syndrome requires that physical rehabilitation be inseparable from aggressive nutritional support. The implementation of high-calorie, protein-rich diets is essential to break the vicious cycle of malnutrition and functional decline. Regular monitoring of muscle mass, possibly via bedside ultrasound, and the correction of deficiencies in micronutrients and essential amino acids are indispensable pillars for exercise strategies to reach their full potential, restoring patients&#8217; autonomy and quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In conclusion, this manuscript underscores the complexity of post-COVID-19 syndrome, in which arterial stiffness and functional impairment coexist, though not always in a linear manner. Physical deconditioning and persistent inflammation may be the main determinants of functional limitation, pointing to the need for rehabilitation strategies. As observed in intervention studies, supervised exercise programs and inspiratory muscle strength training show promise in alleviating both neurovascular dysfunction and fatigue symptoms.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Arterial Stiffness, Clinical-Functional Outcomes, and Quality of Life in Post-COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
