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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">NSF9VqvWDFrVpd7qxqwXj7K</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000700608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260474</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores de Risco Associados &#224; Pr&#233;-Ecl&#226;mpsia e Seu Impacto na Morbidade e Mortalidade Materna e Neonatal na Rep&#250;blica Dominicana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-1741-8298</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Severino</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Severino</surname>
            <given-names>Fulgencio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2615-4840</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cueto</surname>
            <given-names>Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Dr Salvador B Gautier</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santo Domingo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DO">Rep&#250;blica Dominicana</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dr Salvador B Gautier &#8211; Cardiolog&#237;a, Santo Domingo &#8211; Rep&#250;blica Dominicana</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedad Dominicana de Cardiolog&#237;a</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santo Domingo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DO">Rep&#250;blica Dominicana</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedad Dominicana de Cardiolog&#237;a, Santo Domingo &#8211; Rep&#250;blica Dominicana</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Patricia Severino &#8226;Hospital Dr Salvador B Gautier &#8211; Cardiolog&#237;a &#8211; Alexander Fleming Esquina Pepillo Salcedo &#8211; Hospital Salvador B Gautier, Santo Domingo, 10514 - Rep&#250;blica Dominicana E-mail: <email>severinopatricia24@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260474</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Os dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos da gesta&#231;&#227;o complicam 5%-10% das gesta&#231;&#245;es e s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 23%-38% das mortes maternas na Rep&#250;blica Dominicana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Identificar os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento da pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e avaliar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a morbidade e mortalidade materna e perinatal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo multic&#234;ntrico, prospectivo, observacional, transversal e anal&#237;tico incluiu 469 parturientes de 17 hospitais da Rep&#250;blica Dominicana durante um per&#237;odo de 30 dias. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia esteve significativamente associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica (44,15% vs 16,87%; <italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR], 3,91; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC95%], 2,51-6,09), &#224; pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia pr&#233;via (44,64% vs 18,60%; OR, 3,53; IC95%, 2,24-5,56) e ao hist&#243;rico familiar de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (42,0% vs 19,38%; OR, 3,01; IC95%, 1,96-4,62). A pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia tamb&#233;m esteve associada &#224; prematuridade (54,6% vs 33,4%; OR, 2,40; IC95%, 1,62-3,55), ao baixo peso ao nascer (37,6% vs 18,5%; OR, 2,65; IC95%, 1,73-4,07) e ao descolamento prematuro de placenta (5,0% vs 2,4%; OR, 2,14; IC95%, 0,81-5,62). A mortalidade materna e fetal n&#227;o esteve significativamente associada &#224; pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel, hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica (OR ajustada [AOR], 3,64; IC95%, 2,25-5,88), hist&#243;rico familiar de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (AOR, 2,86; IC95%, 1,85-4,42) e obesidade pr&#233;-gestacional (AOR, 2,26; IC95%, 1,52-3,36) emergiram como preditores independentes de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (todos p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia est&#225; associada a um risco aumentado de desfechos maternos e neonatais adversos, particularmente prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Fatores de Risco Associados &#224; Pr&#233;-Ecl&#226;mpsia e Seu Impacto na Morbidade e Mortalidade Materna e Neonatal na Rep&#250;blica Dominicana</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>DHGs: dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos da gesta&#231;&#227;o.</attrib>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Pr&#233;-Ecl&#226;mpsia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Induzida pela Gravidez</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Materna</kwd>
        <kwd>Rec&#233;m-Nascido Prematuro</kwd>
        <kwd>Rec&#233;m-Nascido de Baixo Peso</kwd>
        <kwd>Rep&#250;blica Dominicana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>SODOCARDIO</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FUNCARE Gautier</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo foi financiado com apoio institucional da Sociedade Dominicana de Cardiologia (SODOCARDIO) e da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Cardiologistas Egressos do Hospital Dr. Salvador B. Gautier (FUNCARE Gautier).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos da gesta&#231;&#227;o (DHGs) complicam aproximadamente 5% a 10% das gesta&#231;&#245;es e representam um importante desafio de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, particularmente em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Os DHGs est&#227;o associados a complica&#231;&#245;es obst&#233;tricas graves, incluindo parto prematuro, restri&#231;&#227;o do crescimento fetal, descolamento prematuro de placenta e mortalidade materna e fetal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Globalmente, os DHGs afetam aproximadamente 13%-15% das gesta&#231;&#245;es e constituem um importante fator contribuinte para parto prematuro, restri&#231;&#227;o do crescimento fetal e sequelas cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas de longo prazo nas mulheres afetadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Entretanto, seu impacto varia substancialmente entre os diferentes contextos. Em pa&#237;ses de alta renda, como os Estados Unidos, os DHGs s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por aproximadamente 8%-9% das mortes maternas, enquanto na Rep&#250;blica Dominicana respondem por uma estimativa de 23%-38% das mortes maternas, de acordo com dados epidemiol&#243;gicos do Servi&#231;o Nacional de Sa&#250;de (SNS) da Rep&#250;blica Dominicana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Essa disparidade reflete a influ&#234;ncia substancial dos determinantes sociais da sa&#250;de, da vulnerabilidade socioecon&#244;mica e das iniquidades no acesso ao pr&#233;-natal. Apesar dessa elevada carga da doen&#231;a, estudos multic&#234;ntricos recentes que caracterizem os fatores de risco associados aos DHGs e seu impacto nos desfechos maternos e neonatais permanecem escassos. Essa aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncias robustas e espec&#237;ficas para o contexto limita a aplicabilidade das diretrizes cl&#237;nicas internacionais ao sistema de sa&#250;de da Rep&#250;blica Dominicana e dificulta o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias eficazes de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica para preven&#231;&#227;o e manejo.</p>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores cl&#237;nicos e obst&#233;tricos associados &#224; pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia &#233; essencial para otimizar a preven&#231;&#227;o, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e o manejo cl&#237;nico oportuno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores identificaram hist&#243;rico de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica, diabetes melito pr&#233;-gestacional, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;as autoimunes (particularmente l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico e s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pide) e gesta&#231;&#227;o multifetal como os principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de mulheres com risco aumentado possibilita a implementa&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es preventivas, vigil&#226;ncia pr&#233;-natal mais rigorosa e tratamento oportuno, reduzindo, assim, a morbidade e mortalidade materna e neonatal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias crescentes indicam que a pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia n&#227;o &#233; apenas uma complica&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;trica aguda, mas tamb&#233;m um importante marcador de risco cardiovascular materno futuro, com mulheres afetadas apresentando maior risco de desenvolver hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular posteriormente na vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, a pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia est&#225; associada a desfechos neonatais adversos, incluindo parto prematuro, baixo peso ao nascer, admiss&#227;o em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal e mortalidade perinatal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento da pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os DHGs e a morbidade e mortalidade materna e neonatal em uma rede hospitalar multic&#234;ntrica representativa da Rep&#250;blica Dominicana.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo multic&#234;ntrico, observacional, anal&#237;tico e transversal foi conduzido com coleta prospectiva de dados. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta por todas as gestantes admitidas nas unidades de trabalho de parto e parto de 17 hospitais pertencentes ao SNS, incluindo hospitais provinciais e centros nacionais de refer&#234;ncia. Os dados foram coletados durante um per&#237;odo fixo de 30 dias, iniciado com a inclus&#227;o das pacientes em cada centro participante. Foi utilizada uma estrat&#233;gia de amostragem por conveni&#234;ncia, sendo inclu&#237;das todas as pacientes eleg&#237;veis que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
        <p>Foram eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o as parturientes atendidas em um dos hospitais participantes que forneceram voluntariamente o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido por escrito. Foram exclu&#237;das do estudo as pacientes que recusaram participar ou cujos prontu&#225;rios continham dados essenciais ausentes ou informa&#231;&#245;es insuficientes para verificar as principais vari&#225;veis do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es e coleta de dados</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o foi definida como press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg, documentada em duas medidas distintas obtidas com intervalo m&#237;nimo de 4 horas. A hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica foi definida como hipertens&#227;o diagnosticada antes da gesta&#231;&#227;o ou antes de 20 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o. A pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia foi definida de acordo com crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos estabelecidos como hipertens&#227;o de in&#237;cio recente ap&#243;s 20 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o, acompanhada de protein&#250;ria ou evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo maternos. A pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia sobreposta foi definida como o desenvolvimento de protein&#250;ria de in&#237;cio recente, piora s&#250;bita da press&#227;o arterial previamente controlada ou novas evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo em mulheres com hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica preexistente. A ecl&#226;mpsia foi definida como a ocorr&#234;ncia de crises convulsivas t&#244;nico-cl&#244;nicas generalizadas em uma mulher com DHG que n&#227;o pudessem ser explicadas por uma condi&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica preexistente. O diabetes melito gestacional foi definido como glicemia plasm&#225;tica de jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dl em pelo menos duas medidas obtidas durante a segunda metade da gesta&#231;&#227;o em mulheres sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de diabetes melito. O baixo peso ao nascer foi definido como peso ao nascer &lt; 2.500 g.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados por meio de formul&#225;rios padronizados de relato de caso, utilizando entrevistas diretas com as participantes durante o per&#237;odo periparto e revis&#227;o abrangente dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e exames complementares. A coleta de dados foi realizada por m&#233;dicos treinados e estudantes de Medicina em fase final da gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram categorizadas em tr&#234;s dom&#237;nios. As vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas inclu&#237;ram idade materna, nacionalidade, escolaridade e situa&#231;&#227;o ocupacional. As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e obst&#233;tricas compreenderam hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica, pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, ecl&#226;mpsia, diabetes melito preexistente, diabetes melito gestacional, obesidade, tabagismo, hist&#243;rico familiar de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. Os desfechos maternos e neonatais inclu&#237;ram descolamento prematuro de placenta, parto prematuro (definido como parto com &#8804; 37 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o), baixo peso ao nascer, &#243;bito fetal intrauterino e mortalidade materna.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram validados e analisados utilizando o IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, vers&#227;o 27 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EUA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o da normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram resumidas em frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise bivariada, as associa&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram avaliadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson, enquanto as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras independentes. As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise bivariada ou que foram consideradas clinicamente relevantes foram inclu&#237;das em um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel para identificar preditores independentes de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. Foram calculadas as <italic>odds ratios</italic> ajustadas (AORs) e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram bicaudais, sendo considerado estatisticamente significativo um valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto Dominicano de Cardiologia e pelo SNS, &#243;rg&#227;o governamental respons&#225;vel pela rede p&#250;blica hospitalar da Rep&#250;blica Dominicana. Tamb&#233;m foi obtida autoriza&#231;&#227;o administrativa dos diretores de todos os hospitais participantes.</p>
        <p>Antes da inclus&#227;o, todas as participantes receberam informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre os objetivos, procedimentos, potenciais benef&#237;cios e riscos do estudo, bem como sobre as medidas adotadas para garantir a confidencialidade e a prote&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Todas as informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas foram utilizadas exclusivamente para fins de pesquisa, e nenhuma informa&#231;&#227;o de identifica&#231;&#227;o pessoal foi registrada. O termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido por escrito foi obtido de todas as participantes antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>Um total de 469 gestantes provenientes de diferentes regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas da Rep&#250;blica Dominicana foi inclu&#237;do no estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Os principais achados est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>. A m&#233;dia de idade materna foi de 26,71 &#177; 6,79 anos. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. A obesidade pr&#233;-gestacional foi o fator de risco basal mais prevalente (23,9%), seguida por hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica (17,3%), hist&#243;rico familiar de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (12,0%) e hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (9,0%). Diabetes melito gestacional e tabagismo ativo foram menos frequentes, acometendo 3,8% e 3,0% das participantes, respectivamente. No total, 37,4% das mulheres desenvolveram um DHG. A preval&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia foi de 21,4% (n = 100), enquanto a ecl&#226;mpsia ocorreu em 3,0% da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Hospitais participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Hospital</th>
                  <th>Prov&#237;ncia/localiza&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Materno Infantil San Lorenzo de Los Mina</td>
                  <td align="center">Santo Domingo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Maternidade Nuestra Se&#241;ora de la Altagracia</td>
                  <td align="center">Distrito Nacional</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Maternidade Evangelina Rodr&#237;guez</td>
                  <td align="center">Distrito Nacional</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Materno Infantil Reynaldo Alm&#225;nzar</td>
                  <td align="center">Santo Domingo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Dr. Marcelino V&#233;lez Santana</td>
                  <td align="center">Distrito Nacional</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Juan Pablo Pina</td>
                  <td align="center">San Crist&#243;bal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Nuestra Se&#241;ora de Regla</td>
                  <td align="center">Peravia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Regional Jaime Mota</td>
                  <td align="center">Barahona</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Elio Fiallo</td>
                  <td align="center">Pedernales</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Luis Morillo King</td>
                  <td align="center">La Vega</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Presidente Estrella Ure&#241;a</td>
                  <td align="center">Santiago</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Immaculate Conception</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#225;nchez Ram&#237;rez</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Jos&#233; Francisco Pe&#241;a G&#243;mez</td>
                  <td align="center">Valverde</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Mat&#237;as Ram&#243;n Mella</td>
                  <td align="center">Dajab&#243;n</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Dr. Ricardo Limardo</td>
                  <td align="center">Puerto Plata</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Antonio Musa</td>
                  <td align="center">San Pedro de Macor&#237;s</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Provincial Dr. &#193;ngel Contreras</td>
                  <td align="center">Monte Plata</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Participaram do estudo um total de 17 hospitais representando diferentes regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas da Rep&#250;blica Dominicana.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (n = 469)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade materna, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">26,71 &#177; 6,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade pr&#233;-gestacional</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (23,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (17,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (12,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (9,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes melito gestacional</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (3,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo atual</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (3,0)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como n (%) ou m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, conforme apropriado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia</title>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise bivariada, hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica, pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia pr&#233;via, hist&#243;rico familiar de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e obesidade pr&#233;-gestacional estiveram todos significativamente associados ao desenvolvimento de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (todos p &lt; 0,001). Mulheres com esses fatores de risco apresentaram chances significativamente maiores de desenvolver pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o atual em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas sem essas condi&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Os resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel, incluindo AORs, IC95% e valores de p para todas as vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo, s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Fator de risco</th>
                  <th>Pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, %</th>
                  <th>Sem pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, %</th>
                  <th>OR (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">44,15</td>
                  <td align="center">16,87</td>
                  <td align="center">3,91 (2,51-6,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">22,00</td>
                  <td align="center">5,40</td>
                  <td align="center">3,53 (2,24-5,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia</td>
                  <td align="center">24,00</td>
                  <td align="center">8,70</td>
                  <td align="center">3,01 (1,96-4,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade pr&#233;-gestacional</td>
                  <td align="center">37,00</td>
                  <td align="center">20,30</td>
                  <td align="center">2,30 (1,43-3,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; OR: odds ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel dos fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>AOR</th>
                  <th>IC95%</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade materna (por incremento de 1 ano)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96-1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,992</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia</td>
                  <td align="center">3,75</td>
                  <td align="center">1,64-8,55</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,33</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66-2,67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,420</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes melito</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09-2,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,349</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">2,80</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22-6,45</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade pr&#233;-gestacional (IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82-2,28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,232</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>AOR: odds ratio ajustada; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Impacto na morbidade e mortalidade materna e neonatal</title>
        <p>Um total de quatro &#243;bitos maternos hospitalares ocorreu durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, correspondendo a uma raz&#227;o estimada de mortalidade materna hospitalar de 85,4 &#243;bitos por 100.000 nascidos vivos. A taxa global de mortalidade fetal foi de 34 &#243;bitos por 1.000 nascidos vivos.</p>
        <p>Tanto a pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia quanto a hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica estiveram significativamente associadas a um risco aumentado de desfechos perinatais adversos, particularmente parto prematuro e baixo peso ao nascer. As associa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas entre os DHGs e os desfechos maternos e neonatais s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e da hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica com desfechos maternos e neonatais adversos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Exposi&#231;&#227;o/desfecho</th>
                  <th>Grupo exposto, %</th>
                  <th>Grupo controle, %</th>
                  <th>OR bruto (IC95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parto prematuro (&lt; 37 semanas)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,60</td>
                  <td align="center">33,40</td>
                  <td align="center">2,40 (1,62-3,55)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixo peso ao nascer</td>
                  <td align="center">37,60</td>
                  <td align="center">18,50</td>
                  <td align="center">2,65 (1,73-4,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Descolamento prematuro de placenta</td>
                  <td align="center">5,00</td>
                  <td align="center">2,44</td>
                  <td align="center">2,11 (0,68-6,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,198</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade fetal/neonatal</td>
                  <td align="center">4,00</td>
                  <td align="center">1,63</td>
                  <td align="center">2,52 (0,54-10,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,174</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parto prematuro (&lt; 37 semanas)</td>
                  <td align="center">65,35</td>
                  <td align="center">32,00</td>
                  <td align="center">3,99 (2,55-6,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixo peso ao nascer</td>
                  <td align="center">33,33</td>
                  <td align="center">20,00</td>
                  <td align="center">1,99 (1,23-3,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; OR: odds ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os achados deste estudo multic&#234;ntrico demonstram que os DHGs imp&#245;em uma carga epidemiol&#243;gica e assistencial substancial &#224; Rep&#250;blica Dominicana. A preval&#234;ncia observada de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (21,4%) foi superior &#224;s estimativas comumente relatadas na literatura internacional, que geralmente variam de 3% a 8% em pa&#237;ses de alta renda. Essa diferen&#231;a pode refletir uma maior carga de fatores de risco metab&#243;licos e vasculares entre as mulheres atendidas no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de da Rep&#250;blica Dominicana, juntamente com barreiras estruturais ao acesso oportuno ao pr&#233;-natal, que limitam a implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias preventivas baseadas em evid&#234;ncias, incluindo o in&#237;cio precoce de aspirina em baixa dose em gestantes de alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em conson&#226;ncia com a fisiopatologia estabelecida dos DHGs, nossa an&#225;lise identificou hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica, pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia pr&#233;via, hist&#243;rico familiar de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e obesidade pr&#233;-gestacional como preditores significativos de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. Entretanto, ap&#243;s o ajuste para potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o, apenas hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica, hist&#243;rico familiar de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e obesidade pr&#233;-gestacional permaneceram independentemente associados ao desenvolvimento de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, enquanto a pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia pr&#233;via deixou de apresentar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Esses achados refor&#231;am a natureza multifatorial da pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e sustentam a import&#226;ncia tanto da suscetibilidade heredit&#225;ria quanto da doen&#231;a cardiometab&#243;lica preexistente em sua patog&#234;nese. A agrega&#231;&#227;o familiar &#233; considerada um reflexo de influ&#234;ncias gen&#233;ticas e epigen&#233;ticas que afetam a adapta&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica materna &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o, o desenvolvimento placent&#225;rio e as vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o angiog&#234;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica e obesidade provavelmente contribuem por meio de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, estresse oxidativo e remodelamento vascular prejudicado, criando, assim, um ambiente fisiol&#243;gico que predisp&#245;e as mulheres ao desenvolvimento de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade pr&#233;-gestacional, a an&#225;lise univari&#225;vel demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (OR, 2,30; IC95%, 1,43-3,70; p &lt; 0,001), em conson&#226;ncia com a ampla literatura que identifica a obesidade como um importante fator contribuinte para inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica cr&#244;nica, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em nossa coorte, 42,5% das mulheres com obesidade pr&#233;-gestacional desenvolveram pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 34,7% daquelas sem obesidade. Entretanto, ap&#243;s o ajuste para potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>), a obesidade pr&#233;-gestacional deixou de estar independentemente associada &#224; pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (AOR, 1,37; IC95%, 0,82-2,28; p = 0,231). Essa atenua&#231;&#227;o sugere que o efeito da obesidade pode ser mediado, pelo menos em parte, por sua estreita rela&#231;&#227;o com outros fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos, particularmente a hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica, em vez de representar um determinante totalmente independente da pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia nesta coorte.</p>
      <p>Os desfechos neonatais adversos observados, particularmente parto prematuro e baixo peso ao nascer, refletem tanto a gravidade da doen&#231;a quanto a frequente necessidade de antecipa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica do parto para prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es maternas e fetais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Mais da metade das mulheres com pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia apresentou parto prematuro, enfatizando a substancial carga obst&#233;trica associada a essa condi&#231;&#227;o. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o parto prematuro frequentemente representa a &#250;nica interven&#231;&#227;o definitiva capaz de prevenir a progress&#227;o para complica&#231;&#245;es potencialmente fatais, como ecl&#226;mpsia, descolamento prematuro de placenta, s&#237;ndrome HELLP e morte materna.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a elevada preval&#234;ncia de baixo peso ao nascer &#233; consistente com a insufici&#234;ncia placent&#225;ria decorrente de isquemia uteroplacent&#225;ria cr&#244;nica, que compromete o fornecimento de oxig&#234;nio e nutrientes ao feto e contribui para a restri&#231;&#227;o do crescimento fetal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um achado importante deste estudo foi a raz&#227;o estimada de mortalidade materna hospitalar de 85,4 &#243;bitos por 100.000 nascidos vivos, que permanece substancialmente superior &#224;s metas estabelecidas pelos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent&#225;vel. De forma semelhante, a taxa de mortalidade fetal de 34 &#243;bitos por 1.000 nascidos vivos ressalta a persistente carga de desfechos perinatais adversos associados aos DHGs. Em conjunto, esses achados sugerem defici&#234;ncias persistentes no diagn&#243;stico precoce, na vigil&#226;ncia pr&#233;-natal, no encaminhamento oportuno e no acesso &#224; assist&#234;ncia obst&#233;trica especializada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sob a perspectiva da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, nossos achados refor&#231;am a necessidade de fortalecer os servi&#231;os de pr&#233;-natal, aprimorar a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de mulheres de alto risco e garantir acesso oportuno ao manejo obst&#233;trico multidisciplinar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Historicamente, os DHGs eram considerados condi&#231;&#245;es restritas &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o, que se resolviam ap&#243;s o parto. No entanto, evid&#234;ncias acumuladas indicam que a gesta&#231;&#227;o funciona como um teste natural de estresse cardiovascular, e que a pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia representa uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o precoce de uma predisposi&#231;&#227;o subjacente &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Mulheres com hist&#243;rico de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia apresentam risco significativamente aumentado, em longo prazo, de hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral. Assim, o acompanhamento coordenado no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-parto, envolvendo tanto obstetras quanto cardiologistas, representa uma oportunidade fundamental para identificar mulheres com maior risco cardiovascular e implementar estrat&#233;gias preventivas que possam melhorar os desfechos maternos em longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo devem ser reconhecidas. Em primeiro lugar, seu delineamento transversal impede o estabelecimento de rela&#231;&#245;es temporais ou causais entre os fatores de risco identificados e o desenvolvimento da pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. Em segundo lugar, a coleta de parte dos dados referentes ao hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico e obst&#233;trico por meio de entrevistas estruturadas pode ter introduzido vi&#233;s de recorda&#231;&#227;o ou de relato. Entretanto, essas limita&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o parcialmente compensadas pelo delineamento multic&#234;ntrico do estudo, que incluiu 17 hospitais distribu&#237;dos por toda a Rep&#250;blica Dominicana. At&#233; onde sabemos, esta representa uma das maiores investiga&#231;&#245;es epidemiol&#243;gicas sobre DHGs j&#225; conduzidas no pa&#237;s e uma das mais representativas em termos de cobertura geogr&#225;fica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Os DHGs permanecem como uma importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade materna e neonatal no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de da Rep&#250;blica Dominicana.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel, hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica, hist&#243;rico familiar de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e obesidade pr&#233;-gestacional foram identificados como preditores independentes de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia.</p>
      <p>A pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e a hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica estiveram associadas a um risco aumentado de desfechos perinatais adversos, particularmente parto prematuro e baixo peso ao nascer, ressaltando a import&#226;ncia da identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce do risco, da vigil&#226;ncia pr&#233;-natal direcionada e do manejo multidisciplinar oportuno para melhorar os desfechos maternos e neonatais.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica dos hospitais participantes do estudo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo SNS-EE-230525. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado com apoio institucional da Sociedade Dominicana de Cardiologia (SODOCARDIO) e da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Cardiologistas Egressos do Hospital Dr. Salvador B. Gautier (FUNCARE Gautier).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260474i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risk Factors Associated with Preeclampsia and Their Impact on Maternal and Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality in the Dominican Republic</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-1741-8298</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Severino</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Funding acquisition</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Severino</surname>
            <given-names>Fulgencio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Funding acquisition</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2615-4840</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cueto</surname>
            <given-names>Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="DO">Dominican Republic</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dr Salvador B Gautier &#8211; Cardiolog&#237;a, Santo Domingo &#8211; Dominican Republic</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="DO">Dominican Republic</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedad Dominicana de Cardiolog&#237;a, Santo Domingo &#8211; Dominican Republic</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Patricia Severino</bold> Hospital Dr Salvador B Gautier &#8211; Cardiolog&#237;a &#8211; Alexander Fleming Esquina Pepillo Salcedo &#8211; Hospital Salvador B Gautier, Santo Domingo, 10514 &#8211; Dominican Republic E-mail: severinopatricia24@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy complicate 5%-10% of pregnancies and account for 23%-38% of maternal deaths in the Dominican Republic.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To identify factors associated with the development of preeclampsia and evaluate their relationship with maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This multicenter, prospective, observational, cross-sectional, analytical study included 469 parturients from 17 hospitals across the Dominican Republic over a 30-day period. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Preeclampsia was significantly associated with chronic hypertension (44.15% vs 16.87%; odds ratio [OR], 3.91; 95%CI, 2.51-6.09), previous preeclampsia (44.64% vs 18.60%; OR, 3.53; 95%CI, 2.24-5.56), and a family history of preeclampsia (42.0% vs 19.38%; OR, 3.01; 95%CI, 1.96-4.62). Preeclampsia was also associated with prematurity (54.6% vs 33.4%; OR, 2.40; 95%CI, 1.62-3.55), low birth weight (37.6% vs 18.5%; OR, 2.65; 95%CI, 1.73-4.07), and placental abruption (5.0% vs 2.4%; OR, 2.14; 95%CI, 0.81-5.62). Maternal and fetal mortality were not significantly associated with preeclampsia. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, chronic hypertension (adjusted OR [AOR], 3.64; 95%CI, 2.25&#8211;5.88), a family history of preeclampsia (AOR, 2.86; 95%CI, 1.85-4.42), and pregestational obesity (AOR, 2.26; 95%CI, 1.52-3.36) emerged as independent predictors of preeclampsia (all p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Preeclampsia is associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, particularly prematurity and low birth weight.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Risk Factors Associated With Preeclampsia and Their Impact on Maternal and Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality in the Dominican Republic</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>HDPs: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260474-60474-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pre-Eclampsia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Maternal Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Premature Infant</kwd>
        <kwd>Low Birth Weight Infant</kwd>
        <kwd>Dominican Republic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDPs) complicate approximately 5% to 10% of pregnancies and represent a major public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> HDPs are associated with severe obstetric complications, including preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, placental abruption, and maternal and fetal mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Globally, HDP affect approximately 13% to 15% of pregnancies and are a major contributor to preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and long-term cardiovascular and metabolic sequelae in affected women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, their impact varies substantially across settings. In high-income countries such as the United States, HDP account for approximately 8%-9% of maternal deaths, whereas in the Dominican Republic they are responsible for an estimated 23%-38% of maternal deaths, according to epidemiological data from the Dominican National Health Service (NHS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This disparity reflects the substantial influence of social determinants of health, socioeconomic vulnerability, and inequities in access to prenatal care. Despite this high disease burden, recent multicenter studies characterizing the risk factors associated with HDP and their impact on maternal and neonatal outcomes remain scarce. This lack of robust, context-specific evidence limits the applicability of international clinical guidelines to the Dominican health care setting and hinders the development of effective public health strategies for prevention and management.</p>
        <p>Identifying the clinical and obstetric factors associated with preeclampsia is essential for optimizing prevention, risk stratification, and timely clinical management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Previous studies have identified a history of preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, pregestational diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, autoimmune disorders (particularly systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome) and multifetal pregnancy as major risk factors for the development of preeclampsia. Early identification of women at increased risk facilitates the implementation of preventive interventions, closer antenatal surveillance, and timely treatment, thereby reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Growing evidence indicates that preeclampsia is not only an acute obstetric complication but also an important marker of future maternal cardiovascular risk, with affected women at increased risk of developing chronic hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and cerebrovascular disease later in life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Likewise, preeclampsia is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight, neonatal intensive care unit admission, and perinatal mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors associated with the development of preeclampsia and to evaluate the association between HDPs and maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in a representative multicenter hospital network in the Dominican Republic.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This multicenter, observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted with prospective data collection. The study population comprised all pregnant women admitted to the labor and delivery units of 17 hospitals within the NHS, including both provincial hospitals and national referral centers. Data were collected over a fixed 30-day period beginning with patient enrollment at each participating center. A convenience sampling strategy was used, and all eligible patients who met the inclusion criteria during the study period were enrolled.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>Participants were eligible for inclusion if they were parturients receiving care at one of the participating hospitals and voluntarily provided written informed consent. Patients who declined to participate or whose medical records contained missing essential data or insufficient information to verify the primary study variables were excluded from the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definitions and data collection</title>
          <p>Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 90 mmHg documented on two separate measurements obtained at least 4 hours apart. Chronic hypertension was defined as hypertension diagnosed before pregnancy or before 20 weeks of gestation. Preeclampsia was defined according to established diagnostic criteria as new-onset hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation accompanied by proteinuria or evidence of maternal end-organ dysfunction. Superimposed preeclampsia was defined as the development of new-onset proteinuria, a sudden worsening of previously controlled blood pressure, or new evidence of end-organ dysfunction in women with preexisting chronic hypertension. Eclampsia was defined as generalized tonic-clonic seizures occurring in a woman with a HDP that could not be explained by a preexisting neurological condition. Gestational diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting plasma glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dL on at least two measurements obtained during the second half of pregnancy in women without a previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Low birth weight was defined as a birth weight &lt; 2,500 g.</p>
          <p>Data were collected using standardized case report forms through direct interviews with participants during the peripartum period and a comprehensive review of their medical records and complementary diagnostic tests. Data collectors consisted of trained physicians and senior medical students.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variables</title>
          <p>The variables analyzed were categorized into three domains. Sociodemographic variables included maternal age, nationality, educational level, and employment status. Clinical and obstetric variables comprised chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, preexisting diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking status, family history of preeclampsia, and previous history of preeclampsia. Maternal and neonatal outcomes included placental abruption, preterm birth (defined as delivery at &#8804; 37 weeks of gestation), low birth weight, intrauterine fetal death, and maternal mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were validated and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 27 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; SD after assessment of normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages.</p>
          <p>For the bivariate analysis, associations between categorical variables were assessed using Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test, whereas continuous variables were compared using the independent-samples <italic>t</italic> test. Variables that were statistically significant in the bivariate analysis or considered clinically relevant were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model to identify independent predictors of preeclampsia. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and corresponding 95%CIs were calculated. All statistical tests were two-sided, and a p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical considerations</title>
          <p>The study protocol was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Dominican Institute of Cardiology and by the NHS, the governmental agency responsible for the public hospital network in the Dominican Republic. Administrative authorization was also obtained from the directors of all participating hospitals.</p>
          <p>Before enrollment, all participants received detailed information regarding the study objectives, procedures, potential benefits and risks, and the measures adopted to ensure confidentiality and data protection. All collected information was used exclusively for research purposes, and no personally identifiable information was recorded. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before study inclusion.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>A total of 469 pregnant women from different geographic regions of the Dominican Republic were included in the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). The principal findings are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>. The mean maternal age was 26.71 &#177; 6.79 years. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. Pregestational obesity was the most prevalent baseline risk factor (23.9%), followed by chronic hypertension (17.3%), a family history of preeclampsia (12.0%), and a previous history of preeclampsia (9.0%). Gestational diabetes mellitus and active smoking were less common, affecting 3.8% and 3.0% of participants, respectively. Overall, 37.4% of women developed a HDP. The prevalence of preeclampsia was 21.4% (n = 100), whereas eclampsia occurred in 3.0% of the study population.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Participating hospitals included in the study</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Hospital</th>
                    <th>Province/location</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>San Lorenzo de Los Mina Maternal and Child Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">Santo Domingo</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nuestra Se&#241;ora de la Altagracia Maternity Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">National District</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Evangelina Rodr&#237;guez Maternity Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">National District</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Reynaldo Alm&#225;nzar Maternal and Child Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">Santo Domingo</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dr. Marcelino V&#233;lez Santana Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">National District</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Juan Pablo Pina Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">San Crist&#243;bal</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nuestra Se&#241;ora de Regla Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">Peravia</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Jaime Mota Regional University Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">Barahona</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Elio Fiallo Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">Pedernales</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Luis Morillo King Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">La Vega</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presidente Estrella Ure&#241;a Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">Santiago</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Immaculate Conception Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">S&#225;nchez Ram&#237;rez</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Jos&#233; Francisco Pe&#241;a G&#243;mez Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">Valverde</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mat&#237;as Ram&#243;n Mella Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">Dajab&#243;n</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dr. Ricardo Limardo Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">Puerto Plata</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antonio Musa Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">San Pedro de Macor&#237;s</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dr. &#193;ngel Contreras Provincial Hospital</td>
                    <td align="center">Monte Plata</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>A total of 17 hospitals representing different geographic regions of the Dominican Republic participated in the study.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population (n = 469)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maternal age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">26.71 &#177; 6.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pregestational obesity</td>
                    <td align="center">112 (23.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">81 (17.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of preeclampsia</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (12.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous history of preeclampsia</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (9.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gestational diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (3.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (3.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Data are presented as n (%) or mean &#177; SD as appropriate.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Factors associated with the development of preeclampsia</title>
          <p>In the bivariate analysis, chronic hypertension, previous preeclampsia, a family history of preeclampsia, and pregestational obesity were all significantly associated with the development of preeclampsia (all p &lt; 0.001). Women with these risk factors had significantly greater odds of developing preeclampsia during the current pregnancy than those without these conditions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). The results of the multivariable logistic regression analysis, including AORs, 95%CIs, and p-values for all variables included in the model, are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Risk factors associated with the development of preeclampsia</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Risk Factor</th>
                    <th>Preeclampsia, %</th>
                    <th>No preeclampsia, %</th>
                    <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">44.15</td>
                    <td align="center">16.87</td>
                    <td align="center">3.91 (2.51-6.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous preeclampsia</td>
                    <td align="center">22.00</td>
                    <td align="center">5.40</td>
                    <td align="center">3.53 (2.24-5.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of preeclampsia</td>
                    <td align="center">24.00</td>
                    <td align="center">8.70</td>
                    <td align="center">3.01 (1.96-4.62)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pregestational obesity</td>
                    <td align="center">37.00</td>
                    <td align="center">20.30</td>
                    <td align="center">2.30 (1.43-3.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>OR: odds ratio.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with the development of preeclampsia</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>AOR</th>
                    <th>95%CI</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maternal age (per 1-year increase)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96-1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.992</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of preeclampsia</td>
                    <td align="center">3.75</td>
                    <td align="center">1.64-8.55</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1.33</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66-2.67</td>
                    <td align="center">0.420</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09-2.35</td>
                    <td align="center">0.349</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous preeclampsia</td>
                    <td align="center">2.80</td>
                    <td align="center">1.22-6.45</td>
                    <td align="center">0.015</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pregestational obesity (BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.37</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82-2.28</td>
                    <td align="center">0.232</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>AOR: adjusted odds ratio; BMI: body mass index.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Impact on maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality</title>
          <p>A total of four in-hospital maternal deaths occurred during the study period, corresponding to an estimated in-hospital maternal mortality ratio of 85.4 deaths per 100,000 live births. The overall fetal mortality rate was 34 deaths per 1,000 live births.</p>
          <p>Both preeclampsia and chronic hypertension were significantly associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes, particularly preterm birth and low birth weight. Detailed associations between HDPs and maternal and neonatal outcomes are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Association of preeclampsia and chronic hypertension with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Exposure/outcome</th>
                    <th>Exposed group, %</th>
                    <th>Control group, %</th>
                    <th>Crude OR (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Preeclampsia</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Preterm birth (&lt; 37 weeks)</td>
                    <td align="center">54.60</td>
                    <td align="center">33.40</td>
                    <td align="center">2.40 (1.62-3.55)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Low birth weight</td>
                    <td align="center">37.60</td>
                    <td align="center">18.50</td>
                    <td align="center">2.65 (1.73-4.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Placental abruption</td>
                    <td align="center">5.00</td>
                    <td align="center">2.44</td>
                    <td align="center">2.11 (0.68-6.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.198</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fetal/neonatal mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">4.00</td>
                    <td align="center">1.63</td>
                    <td align="center">2.52 (0.54-10.37)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.174</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Chronic hypertension</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Preterm birth (&lt; 37 weeks)</td>
                    <td align="center">65.35</td>
                    <td align="center">32.00</td>
                    <td align="center">3.99 (2.55-6.27)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Low birth weight</td>
                    <td align="center">33.33</td>
                    <td align="center">20.00</td>
                    <td align="center">1.99 (1.23-3.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.030</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>OR: odds ratio.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The findings of this multicenter study demonstrate that HDPs impose a substantial epidemiological and health care burden on the Dominican Republic. The observed prevalence of preeclampsia (21.4%) exceeded the estimates commonly reported in the international literature, which generally range from 3% to 8% in high-income countries. This difference may reflect a higher burden of metabolic and vascular risk factors among women receiving care within the Dominican public health care system, together with structural barriers to timely prenatal care that limit the implementation of evidence-based preventive strategies, including the early initiation of low-dose aspirin in high-risk pregnancies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Consistent with the established pathophysiology of HDPs, our analysis identified chronic hypertension, previous preeclampsia, a family history of preeclampsia, and pregestational obesity as significant predictors of preeclampsia. After adjustment for potential confounders, however, chronic hypertension, a family history of preeclampsia, and pregestational obesity remained independently associated with the development of preeclampsia, whereas previous preeclampsia no longer retained statistical significance. These findings reinforce the multifactorial nature of preeclampsia and support the importance of both inherited susceptibility and preexisting cardiometabolic disease in its pathogenesis. Familial aggregation is thought to reflect genetic and epigenetic influences affecting maternal immune adaptation to pregnancy, placental development, and angiogenic signaling pathways.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Likewise, chronic hypertension and obesity likely contribute through endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired vascular remodeling, thereby creating a physiological environment that predisposes women to the development of preeclampsia.</p>
        <p>Regarding pregestational obesity, the univariable analysis demonstrated a significant association with preeclampsia (OR, 2.30; 95%CI, 1.43-3.70; p &lt; 0.001), consistent with the extensive literature identifying obesity as a major contributor to chronic systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In our cohort, 42.5% of women with pregestational obesity developed preeclampsia, compared with 34.7% of those without obesity. However, after adjustment for potential confounders in the multivariable logistic regression model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>), pregestational obesity was no longer independently associated with preeclampsia (AOR, 1.37; 95%CI, 0.82-2.28; p = 0.231). This attenuation suggests that the effect of obesity may be mediated, at least in part, through its close relationship with other cardiometabolic risk factors, particularly chronic hypertension, rather than representing a fully independent determinant of preeclampsia in this cohort.</p>
        <p>The adverse neonatal outcomes observed, particularly preterm birth and low birth weight, reflect both the severity of the disease and the frequent need for medically indicated early delivery to prevent maternal and fetal complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> More than half of women with preeclampsia experienced preterm delivery, emphasizing the substantial obstetric burden associated with this condition. In clinical practice, preterm delivery often represents the only definitive intervention capable of preventing progression to life-threatening complications such as eclampsia, placental abruption, HELLP syndrome, and maternal death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Furthermore, the high prevalence of low birth weight is consistent with placental insufficiency resulting from chronic uteroplacental ischemia, which compromises fetal oxygen and nutrient delivery and contributes to fetal growth restriction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An important finding of this study was the estimated in-hospital maternal mortality ratio of 85.4 deaths per 100,000 live births, which remains substantially higher than the targets established by the Sustainable Development Goals. Similarly, the fetal mortality rate of 34 deaths per 1,000 live births underscores the persistent burden of adverse perinatal outcomes associated with HDPs. Together, these findings suggest ongoing deficiencies in early diagnosis, prenatal surveillance, timely referral, and access to specialized obstetric care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>From a public health perspective, our findings underscore the need to strengthen prenatal care services, improve early identification of women at high risk, and ensure timely access to multidisciplinary obstetric management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Historically, HDPs were considered conditions confined to pregnancy that resolved after delivery. However, accumulating evidence indicates that pregnancy serves as a natural cardiovascular stress test, and preeclampsia represents an early manifestation of an underlying predisposition to cardiovascular disease. Women with a history of preeclampsia have a markedly increased long-term risk of chronic hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and stroke. Accordingly, coordinated postpartum follow-up involving both obstetricians and cardiologists provides a critical opportunity to identify women at increased cardiovascular risk and implement preventive strategies that may improve long-term maternal health outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of the study</title>
          <p>Some limitations of this study should be acknowledged. First, its cross-sectional design precludes the establishment of temporal or causal relationships between the identified risk factors and the development of preeclampsia. Second, the collection of some clinical and obstetric history data through structured interviews may have introduced recall or reporting bias. Nevertheless, these limitations are partially offset by the study&#8217;s multicenter design, which included 17 hospitals distributed across the Dominican Republic. To the best of our knowledge, this represents one of the largest and most geographically representative epidemiological investigations of HDPs conducted in the country.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>HDPs remain a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality within the Dominican public health care system.</p>
        <p>In the multivariable analysis, chronic hypertension, a family history of preeclampsia, and pregestational obesity were identified as independent predictors of preeclampsia.</p>
        <p>Preeclampsia and chronic hypertension were associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes, particularly preterm birth and low birth weight, underscoring the importance of early risk identification, targeted prenatal surveillance, and timely multidisciplinary management to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the participating hospitals under protocol number SNS-EE-230525. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded with institutional support from the Dominican Society of Cardiology (SODOCARDIO) and the Foundation of Cardiologists Alumni of Dr. Salvador B. Gautier Hospital (FUNCARE Gautier).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
