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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TjbjBQVqG4TBDmtHDySWYpn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000700607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260462</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da Acupuntura na Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica e na Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial: Um Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Randomizado AHEaD</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-9132-2310</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bitencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7566-3541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Veiga Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yoshizumi</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Massao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0954-4261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Mikaelle Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5487-4649</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7356-522X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Batista</surname>
            <given-names>Sandro Rog&#233;rio Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Amanda Rodrigues Bitencourt Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Av. S/N, Setor Oeste Universit&#225;rio. CEP 74605-220, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>dra.amandabitencourt@gmail.com</email>, <email>amandabitencourt30@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260462</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A hiperatividade simp&#225;tica, o estresse oxidativo e a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) prejudicada s&#227;o mecanismos fundamentais envolvidos na patog&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS). A acupuntura pode reduzir a press&#227;o arterial por meio da modula&#231;&#227;o da atividade do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, do aumento da biodisponibilidade de NO, da atenua&#231;&#227;o das respostas simpatoexcitat&#243;rias e da promo&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar se a acupuntura reduz a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica (PASp), a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica (PADp), a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central (PASc), a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica central (PADc) e a velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP), al&#233;m de melhorar a dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (DMF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado prospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, placebo-controlado e simples-cego incluiu adultos com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o ou HAS est&#225;gio 1, de baixo risco cardiovascular e que n&#227;o estavam recebendo terapia anti-hipertensiva. Os participantes foram randomizados para um grupo interven&#231;&#227;o submetido &#224; acupuntura manual (n = 14) ou para um grupo controle submetido &#224; acupuntura simulada n&#227;o penetrante (n = 16). Ambos os grupos realizaram duas sess&#245;es de 30 minutos por semana durante 12 semanas. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos na PASp, medida no in&#237;cio do estudo (V1), ap&#243;s 12 semanas de tratamento (V2) e na visita de final de 30 dias (V3). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definido como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> As caracter&#237;sticas basais foram compar&#225;veis entre os grupos. Em V2, a acupuntura reduziu a PASp em 13,2 mmHg (p = 0,003) e aumentou a DMF em 2,7% (p = 0,016). No grupo controle, a PASp reduziu-se em 4,1 mmHg (p = 0,035), enquanto a DMF aumentou em 1,6% (p = 0,029). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o apresentou melhorias significativamente maiores na PASp (&#8722;9,1 mmHg, p = 0,006) e na DMF (+3,0%, p = 0,037) em V2. Essas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos permaneceram significativas em V3 (PASp: &#8722;8,4 mmHg, p = 0,038; DMF: +2,9%, p = 0,028).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A acupuntura melhorou significativamente a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e reduziu a PASp em adultos com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o ou HAS est&#225;gio 1 que n&#227;o estavam recebendo terapia anti-hipertensiva ap&#243;s 12 semanas de tratamento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeitos da Acupuntura na Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica e na Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial: Um Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Randomizado AHEaD</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>ANOVA: an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia; DMF: dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo; GC: grupo controle; GI: grupo interven&#231;&#227;o; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; PASp: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica; V1: visita basal; V2: visita de seguimento; V3: visita final de 30 dias.</attrib>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial</kwd>
        <kwd>Acupuntura</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="43"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica multifatorial e de elevada preval&#234;ncia mundial, sendo um dos principais fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Sua preval&#234;ncia aumenta com a idade e &#233; mais elevada entre indiv&#237;duos com mais de 60 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Outros fatores de risco incluem obesidade, sobrepeso, inatividade f&#237;sica, consumo excessivo de s&#243;dio e &#225;lcool, apneia obstrutiva do sono e polui&#231;&#227;o do ar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A fisiopatologia da HAS envolve intera&#231;&#245;es complexas entre fatores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais que promovem hiperatividade simp&#225;tica e ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA), juntamente com a estimula&#231;&#227;o de regi&#245;es do sistema nervoso central (SNC), como o n&#250;cleo paraventricular e a medula rostral ventrolateral (MRVL). Esses mecanismos aumentam a libera&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas, angiotensina II, aldosterona e esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ROS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> resultando em aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica eferente, intensifica&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Como consequ&#234;ncia, a contratilidade vascular &#233; alterada, ocorre disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a press&#227;o arterial se eleva.</p>
      <p>O aumento do t&#244;nus da musculatura lisa vascular, a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares na t&#250;nica m&#233;dia e o aumento da permeabilidade endotelial, caracter&#237;sticas marcantes da redu&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade de NO, contribuem para o remodelamento vascular subjacente &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, cerebrais e renais associadas &#224; HAS. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial est&#225; presente em indiv&#237;duos com HAS mesmo antes de se tornarem aparentes evid&#234;ncias estruturais de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, tornando a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial uma ferramenta cl&#237;nica valiosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar da ampla disponibilidade de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos eficazes, as taxas de controle da HAS permanecem insatisfat&#243;rias em todo o mundo, em grande parte devido &#224; baixa ades&#227;o ao tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Assim, interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas s&#227;o recomendadas para todos os indiv&#237;duos com HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A acupuntura pode proporcionar efeitos ben&#233;ficos em pacientes com HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O est&#237;mulo nociceptivo desencadeado pela inser&#231;&#227;o das agulhas alcan&#231;a os neur&#244;nios simp&#225;ticos pr&#233;-ganglionares na MRVL, inibindo assim os reflexos simpatoexcitat&#243;rios viscerais e reduzindo o espasmo da musculatura lisa vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A acupuntura tamb&#233;m suprime a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica central mediada pelo SRAA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> reduz a secre&#231;&#227;o de renina, a atividade dos receptores de angiotensina II,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e a produ&#231;&#227;o de ROS, al&#233;m de ativar a NO sintase endotelial. Esses mecanismos aumentam a biodisponibilidade de NO, promovem vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e melhoram a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Com base nesses mecanismos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que a acupuntura poderia reduzir a press&#227;o arterial e melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. No entanto, as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis permanecem inconsistentes quanto ao seu papel como tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico da HAS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e quanto aos seus efeitos sobre outros preditores cardiovasculares, incluindo rigidez arterial e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
      <p>Assim, o presente ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado (ECR) teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da acupuntura, em compara&#231;&#227;o com um grupo controle, sobre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica (PASp), a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica (PADp), a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central (PASc), a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica central (PADc), a velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) e a dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (DMF) em pacientes com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o ou HAS est&#225;gio 1 ap&#243;s 24 sess&#245;es de tratamento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo e cen&#225;rio</title>
        <p>Este ECR prospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, placebo-controlado e simples-cego foi conduzido no centro de pesquisa da Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Brasil.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi registrado no Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos (sob o c&#243;digo de registro RBR-9qnxb9z), conduzido em conformidade com as diretrizes Revised STandards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture e CONsolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFG (parecer n&#186; 6.244.770). Todos os participantes forneceram consentimento informado por escrito antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta por adultos com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o ou HAS est&#225;gio 1, de baixo risco cardiovascular e que n&#227;o estavam recebendo terapia anti-hipertensiva.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram HAS est&#225;gio 2 ou 3; risco cardiovascular moderado ou alto; uso de medicamentos conhecidos por afetar a press&#227;o arterial; diabetes melito; nefropatia; hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e/ou doen&#231;a cerebrovascular; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; dist&#250;rbios da tireoide; qualquer condi&#231;&#227;o que comprometesse a condu&#231;&#227;o neural; discrasias sangu&#237;neas graves; les&#245;es cut&#226;neas ou outras condi&#231;&#245;es que impedissem o acesso aos acupontos; gesta&#231;&#227;o ou lacta&#231;&#227;o; transtornos psiqui&#225;tricos n&#227;o controlados; tratamento farmacol&#243;gico anti-hipertensivo nos 6 meses anteriores; ou hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de acupuntura.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra</title>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado para a compara&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia da PASp entre os grupos interven&#231;&#227;o e controle, assumindo uma diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima clinicamente relevante de 3 mmHg. Com base em um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia bilateral de 5%, poder estat&#237;stico de 90% e uma taxa de perdas prevista de 10%, o tamanho amostral necess&#225;rio foi estimado em 25 participantes por grupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recrutamento e randomiza&#231;&#227;o dos participantes</title>
        <p>Os participantes foram recrutados a partir do banco de dados do centro de pesquisa da Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial entre mar&#231;o de 2024 e fevereiro de 2025. Os indiv&#237;duos que atenderam a todos os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e a nenhum dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram contatados por telefone e convidados a comparecer &#224; visita basal (V1).</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o no estudo, todos os participantes foram submetidos &#224;s avalia&#231;&#245;es em V1, na visita de seguimento (V2) e na visita de encerramento do estudo (V3), realizada 30 dias ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Visita basal</title>
        <p>Todos os participantes foram avaliados pela mesma cardiologista e medica acupunturiatra certificada, incluindo anamnese e exame f&#237;sico. O est&#225;gio da HAS foi confirmado utilizando o esfigmoman&#244;metro automatizado Omron HBP-1100, de acordo com as Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial &#8211; 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Foram considerados eleg&#237;veis os indiv&#237;duos com PASp de 130-159 mmHg e/ou PADp de 85-99 mmHg.</p>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica foi aferida ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso, com os participantes sentados, pernas descruzadas e bra&#231;os apoiados. A press&#227;o arterial foi medida em ambos os bra&#231;os utilizando o esfigmoman&#244;metro Omron HBP-1100, e o bra&#231;o com o maior valor foi utilizado para todas as medidas subsequentes, que incluem VOP, PASp, PADp, PASc, PADc e DMF. Tr&#234;s medidas consecutivas foram obtidas com intervalo de 1 minuto entre elas, sendo utilizada a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas para classificar o est&#225;gio da HAS. Os valores finais foram registrados em um formul&#225;rio padronizado de relato de caso.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o da elegibilidade e a assinatura do termo de consentimento informado por escrito, os participantes foram randomizados para o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (acupuntura manual) ou para o grupo controle (acupuntura simulada n&#227;o penetrante), utilizando uma ferramenta de randomiza&#231;&#227;o baseada na <italic>web</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A aloca&#231;&#227;o foi realizada de forma consecutiva e sequencial no momento da inclus&#227;o por um pesquisador que n&#227;o participou do recrutamento, da avalia&#231;&#227;o ou da aplica&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, avaliada por meio da DMF, juntamente com a PASc, PADc e VOP, foi examinada em todos os participantes. As avalia&#231;&#245;es pela mesma cardiologista e medica acupunturiatra certificada, em uma sala silenciosa e com temperatura controlada, entre 7h00 e 11h00, de acordo com as diretrizes vigentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial central (avaliada por meio da PASc e da PADc) e a rigidez arterial (avaliada por meio da VOP) foram mensuradas utilizando o dispositivo Mobil-O-Graph<sup>&#174;</sup> (IEM GmbH, Stolberg, Alemanha).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada utilizando o sistema de ultrassonografia de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o UNEX EF38G, considerado o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para a mensura&#231;&#227;o da DMF. O equipamento incorpora um bra&#231;o rob&#243;tico que realiza o escaneamento autom&#225;tico da art&#233;ria braquial com elevada precis&#227;o e reprodutibilidade. Um manguito pneum&#225;tico posicionado distalmente &#224; fossa antecubital foi insuflado at&#233; 50 mmHg acima da PASp do participante durante 5 minutos. O di&#226;metro longitudinal da art&#233;ria braquial foi registrado continuamente por ultrassonografia durante 60 segundos imediatamente antes da insufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito e durante 2 minutos ap&#243;s sua desinsufla&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Visitas de seguimento e de encerramento do estudo</title>
        <p>A V2 foi realizada ap&#243;s os participantes completarem as 24 sess&#245;es de interven&#231;&#227;o. A V3 foi realizada 30 dias ap&#243;s a V2. Em ambas as visitas, foram realizadas avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e mensura&#231;&#245;es da PASp, PADp, PASc, PADc, VOP e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial por meio da DMF, de acordo com o mesmo protocolo utilizado em V1, pela mesma pesquisadora.</p>
        <p>Durante a V3, os participantes foram convidados a identificar o tipo de agulha que acreditavam ter sido utilizada durante a interven&#231;&#227;o, escolhendo entre uma agulha penetrante na pele (acupuntura manual) e uma agulha n&#227;o penetrante (agulha placebo de Streitberger).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Grupos interven&#231;&#227;o e controle</title>
          <p>Os participantes alocados no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o receberam acupuntura manual utilizando oito agulhas est&#233;reis de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel (0,25 &#215; 30 mm), aplicadas de acordo com a teoria dos meridianos da medicina tradicional chinesa (MTC),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do Col&#233;gio M&#233;dico Brasileiro de Acupuntura e as diretrizes da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Todos os procedimentos foram realizados por medica acupunturiatra com 5 anos de experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica. Foram utilizados oito acupontos: PC6, LI4, HT7, CV14, CV17, ST36, LR3 e KI3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Acupontos utilizados na interven&#231;&#227;o. A) PC6 (Neiguan) e HT7 (Shenmen); B) LI4 (Hegu); C) CV14 (Juque) e CV17 (Danzhong); D) ST36 (Zusanli); E) LR3 (Taichong); e F) KI3 (Taixi). Adaptado de Atlas Gr&#225;fico de Acupuntura (ISBN: 9783833156878).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260462-60462-gf01.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>As agulhas foram inseridas ao longo da dire&#231;&#227;o do meridiano correspondente, em um &#226;ngulo de 30&#176; a 60&#176;, sem estimula&#231;&#227;o manual, permanecendo no local por 30 minutos em cada sess&#227;o. Os participantes n&#227;o foram questionados quanto &#224; sensa&#231;&#227;o provocada pela agulha (<italic>De qi</italic>). A profundidade de inser&#231;&#227;o das agulhas variou, em geral, de 1,0 a 1,5 cm, dependendo da espessura da pele e das caracter&#237;sticas do tecido subcut&#226;neo. Oito agulhas foram utilizadas em cada sess&#227;o de tratamento. Os acupontos localizados nos membros superiores (PC6, LI4 e HT7) e nos membros inferiores (ST36, LR3 e KI3) foram aplicados unilateralmente, no lado esquerdo ou direito, sendo o lado selecionado aleatoriamente para cada sess&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Os acupontos foram escolhidos com base em sua relev&#226;ncia terap&#234;utica para a HAS segundo a teoria da MTC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> em seus efeitos neurofisiol&#243;gicos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> e em suas frequencias de uso em ECRSs anteriores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Tabela S1 no Arquivo Suplementar 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>Os participantes alocados no grupo controle receberam oito agulhas de acupuntura simulada n&#227;o penetrantes (agulhas placebo de Streitberger),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> aplicadas pela mesma medica acupunturiatra em oito pontos n&#227;o correspondentes a acupontos, localizados no tronco e nos membros. Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o, as agulhas permaneceram posicionadas por 30 minutos, sem estimula&#231;&#227;o manual. Essas agulhas placebo entram em contato com a epiderme, mas n&#227;o penetram a pele nem estimulam os tecidos som&#225;ticos mais profundos, uma vez que a haste da agulha retrai para o interior do cabo durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Todos os participantes realizaram sess&#245;es de tratamento com dura&#231;&#227;o de 30 minutos duas vezes por semana durante 12 semanas consecutivas (24 sess&#245;es no total), com intervalo m&#225;ximo de 3 dias entre as sess&#245;es. Durante cada sess&#227;o, os participantes utilizaram uma venda ocular individual para impedir a identifica&#231;&#227;o visual da aloca&#231;&#227;o do tratamento e assinaram uma lista de presen&#231;a. A participa&#231;&#227;o em mais de 80% das sess&#245;es programadas foi considerada satisfat&#243;ria para inclus&#227;o na an&#225;lise dos dados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, vers&#227;o 26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EUA). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens, e as associa&#231;&#245;es foram avaliadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou pelo teste exato de Fisher quando as frequ&#234;ncias esperadas nas c&#233;lulas foram &#8804; 6. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi utilizado para avaliar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados, e o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes foi utilizado para comparar os valores basais entre os grupos interven&#231;&#227;o e controle.</p>
      <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram conduzidas de acordo com o princ&#237;pio da inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar (ITT), incorporando os dados das avalia&#231;&#245;es basal e de seguimento.</p>
      <p>Foi realizada an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unidirecional para medidas repetidas para avaliar o efeito da interven&#231;&#227;o sobre a PASp, desfecho prim&#225;rio, nos tr&#234;s momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o. A suposi&#231;&#227;o de esfericidade foi avaliada por meio do teste de Mauchly. Quando essa suposi&#231;&#227;o foi violada (p &lt; 0,05), aplicou-se a corre&#231;&#227;o de Greenhouse-Geisser. Quando foi identificado um efeito principal significativo, realizaram-se compara&#231;&#245;es <italic>post hoc</italic> com ajuste de Bonferroni para determinar os momentos em que ocorreram diferen&#231;as significativas.</p>
      <p>A confiabilidade interavaliadores das medidas de DMF foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI), com base em um modelo de efeitos mistos bidirecional com concord&#226;ncia absoluta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram bicaudais, e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definido como p &lt; 0,05. As estimativas s&#227;o apresentadas com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). Um dos autores teve acesso integral a todos os dados do estudo e assume a responsabilidade pela integridade dos dados e pela exatid&#227;o da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
      <p>Os detalhes s&#227;o apresentados no <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02">Arquivo Suplementar 2</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 133 indiv&#237;duos avaliados para elegibilidade, 30 atenderam a todos os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, sendo 16 participantes alocados para o grupo controle e 14 para o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 42,0 &#177; 11,4 anos. As caracter&#237;sticas basais, incluindo sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica (AF), press&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica e central, VOP e DMF, foram homog&#234;neas entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes do estudo em V1</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th>Controle (n = 16)</th>
                <th>Interven&#231;&#227;o (n = 14)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,464*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">9 (56,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (42,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">7 (43,8)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (57,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AF</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,000*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">8 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (50,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">8 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (50,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">30,1 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">30,1 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,984<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PASp, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">137,3 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td align="center">137,3 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,992<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PADp, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">86,8 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">86,4 &#177; 6,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,812<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PASc, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">129,0 &#177; 12,2</td>
                <td align="center">130,5 &#177; 14,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,756<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PADc, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">90,1 &#177; 5,9</td>
                <td align="center">92,3 &#177; 8,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,408<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>VOP, m/s</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,940<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DMF, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">11,2 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,417<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>V1: visita basal; AF: atividade f&#237;sica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PASp: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica; PADp: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica; PASc: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central; PADc: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica central; VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso; DMF: dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo; DP: desvio padr&#227;o. *Valor de p obtido pelo teste do qui-quadrado; <sup>&#8224;</sup>Valor de p obtido pelo teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n (%), conforme apropriado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Todos os participantes completaram as avalia&#231;&#245;es em V1, V2 e V3. As taxas de comparecimento &#224;s sess&#245;es foram de 99,7% no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o e de 94,7% no grupo controle. Apenas um participante apresentou taxa de comparecimento (54%) inferior ao limiar preestabelecido (&gt; 80%), mas foi mantido na an&#225;lise de acordo com o princ&#237;pio da ITT.</p>
      <p>Todos os participantes do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o acreditaram ter recebido agulhas penetrantes na pele. No grupo controle, apenas dois participantes identificaram corretamente que haviam recebido agulhas n&#227;o penetrantes; a exclus&#227;o desses participantes n&#227;o alterou os achados do estudo. N&#227;o foram relatados eventos adversos graves. Um participante do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o relatou dor leve nos locais de inser&#231;&#227;o das agulhas.</p>
      <p>O IMC e os n&#237;veis de AF permaneceram homog&#234;neas entre os grupos em V1, V2 e V3.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> apresentam os principais achados. Ambos os grupos apresentaram redu&#231;&#245;es na PASp ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o de 12 semanas; entretanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente maior no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o do que no grupo controle. Al&#233;m disso, o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o manteve essa redu&#231;&#227;o em V3, enquanto nenhum efeito sustentado foi observado no grupo controle. Da mesma forma, a DMF aumentou significativamente no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, e essa melhora foi mantida em V3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; PASp m&#233;dia por grupo do estudo em V1, V2 e V3. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos na PASp m&#233;dia s&#227;o apresentadas para V2 (A) e V3 (B). *Os valores de p foram obtidos por ANOVA para medidas repetidas com corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni. ANOVA: an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia; GC: grupo controle; GI: grupo interven&#231;&#227;o; PASp: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica; V1: visita basal; V2: visita de seguimento; V3: visita de final de 30 dias.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260462-60462-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o da DMF m&#233;dia por grupo do estudo em V1, V2 e V3. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos na DMF m&#233;dia s&#227;o apresentadas para V2 (A) e V3 (B). *Os valores de p foram obtidos por ANOVA para medidas repetidas com corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni. ANOVA: an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia; GC: grupo controle; DMF: dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo; GI: grupo interven&#231;&#227;o; V1: visita basal; V2: visita de seguimento; V3: visita de final de 30 dias.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260462-60462-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Em V2, os participantes do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de 13,2 mmHg na PASp e aumento de 2,7% na DMF. Em contrapartida, o grupo controle apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o de 4,1 mmHg na PASp e aumento de 1,6% na DMF. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos em V2 demonstraram melhora significativamente maior no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o para a PASp (&#8722;9,1 mmHg) e a DMF (+3,0%). Em V3, o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o manteve melhora significativamente maior na PASp (&#8722;8,4 mmHg) e na DMF (+2,9%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#233;dios entre e dentro dos grupos do estudo em V1, V2 e V3</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th>Controle (n = 16)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p<sup><bold>*</bold></sup> (dentro do grupo)</th>
                <th>Interven&#231;&#227;o (n = 14)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p<sup><bold>*</bold></sup> (dentro do grupo)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup> (entre os grupos)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PASp</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0.018</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V1</td>
                <td align="center">137,3 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">137,3 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,992</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V2</td>
                <td align="center">133,2 &#177; 10,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,035<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">124,1 &#177; 5,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,003<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V3</td>
                <td align="center">135,3 &#177; 11,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">126,9 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,017<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PADp</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,751</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V1</td>
                <td align="center">86,8 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">86,4 &#177; 6,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,812</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V2</td>
                <td align="center">82,2 &#177; 7,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,003<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">81,6 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,002<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,823</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V3</td>
                <td align="center">84,7 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,760<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">83,0 &#177; 5,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,147<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,559</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PASc</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,439</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V1</td>
                <td align="center">129,0 &#177; 12,2</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">130,5 &#177; 14,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,756</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V2</td>
                <td align="center">126,2 &#177; 13,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,973<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">123,0 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,277<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,453</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V3</td>
                <td align="center">125,9 &#177; 10,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,793<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">128,6 &#177; 14,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,576</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PADc</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,728</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V1</td>
                <td align="center">90,1 &#177; 5,9</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">92,3 &#177; 8,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,408</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V2</td>
                <td align="center">86,2 &#177; 8,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,197<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">88,7 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,418<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,390</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V3</td>
                <td align="center">86,0 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,097<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">90,1 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,199</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>VOP</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,083</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V1</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,940</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V2</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6,4 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,056<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,502</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V3</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6,6 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,873</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DMF</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V1</td>
                <td align="center">11,2 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,417</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V2</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,029<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">12,6 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,016<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>V3</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,114<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">12,0 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,098<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>V1: visita basal; V2: visita de seguimento; V3: visita final de 30 dias; PASp: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica; PADp: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica; PASc: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central; PADc: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica central; VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso; DMF: dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo; ANOVA: an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia; DP: desvio padr&#227;o. *Valores de p obtidos por ANOVA para medidas repetidas com corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre V1 e V2 (a) e entre V1 e V3 (b); &#8224;Valores de p obtidos por ANOVA para medidas repetidas com corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos. Os dados dos grupos interven&#231;&#227;o e controle s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Foi observada uma intera&#231;&#227;o significativa grupo &#215; tempo para a PASp, indicando que as mudan&#231;as ao longo do tempo diferiram entre os grupos interven&#231;&#227;o e controle. Tamb&#233;m foi observada uma intera&#231;&#227;o significativa grupo &#215; tempo para a DMF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>A ANOVA para medidas repetidas demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior da PASp ao longo dos tr&#234;s momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (grupo interven&#231;&#227;o: F = 10,964, p = 0,006, &#951;<sup>2</sup> = 0,458; grupo controle: F = 2,276, p = 0,120, &#951;<sup>2</sup> = 0,132).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os achados deste ECR demonstraram melhorias significativas na PASp e na DMF ap&#243;s 12 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o, com esses efeitos persistindo 30 dias ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento. Embora o objetivo prim&#225;rio tenha sido avaliar os efeitos da acupuntura sobre a press&#227;o arterial, e n&#227;o desfechos cl&#237;nicos, as melhoras na PASp e na DMF podem ter relev&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica, em concord&#226;ncia com estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 5 mmHg na PASp tem sido associada a redu&#231;&#245;es aproximadas de 10% e 8% no risco de eventos cardiovasculares maiores e de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Flachskampf et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> relataram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica ambulatorial de 24 horas (&#8722;6,4 e &#8722;3,7 mmHg, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001), bem como na PASp diurna (&#8722;7,3 mmHg; p &lt; 0,001), entre 72 pacientes com HAS est&#225;gio 1 ou 2 submetidos a 22 sess&#245;es de acupuntura ao longo de 6 semanas em tr&#234;s acupontos bilaterais, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 68 pacientes que receberam acupuntura simulada com agulhas penetrantes. Embora 75% dos participantes estivessem recebendo terapia anti-hipertensiva est&#225;vel, uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo envolvendo 35 participantes que n&#227;o estavam recebendo tratamento farmacol&#243;gico (19 no grupo acupuntura) demonstrou redu&#231;&#245;es sustentadas na press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia de 24 horas (&#8722;6,6 mmHg para a PASp, p = 0,018; e &#8722;3,7 mmHg para a PADp, p = 0,027). De forma semelhante, a acupuntura reduziu a PASp no presente estudo. Entretanto, diferentemente de Flachskampf et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> n&#227;o realizamos monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas, n&#227;o observamos efeito significativo sobre a PADp, inclu&#237;mos apenas participantes que n&#227;o estavam recebendo terapia anti-hipertensiva e avaliamos um per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o mais prolongado (12 semanas). Al&#233;m disso, utilizamos agulhas n&#227;o penetrantes para acupuntura simulada, as quais minimizam os efeitos fisiol&#243;gicos das agulhas e todos os participantes do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o receberam tratamento nos mesmos oito acupontos predefinidos.</p>
      <p>De forma semelhante, Liu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> relataram redu&#231;&#227;o da PASp m&#233;dia (&#8722;8,6 mmHg; p = 0,031) quatro semanas ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o de uma interven&#231;&#227;o de acupuntura com dura&#231;&#227;o de 8 semanas em 15 pacientes com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o ou HAS est&#225;gio 1, em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles n&#227;o tratados. Em concord&#226;ncia com esses achados, observamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o sustentada da PASp m&#233;dia no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o 30 dias ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o (&#8722;8,4 mmHg; p = 0,038). Apesar das diferen&#231;as no delineamento do estudo e na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos, a redu&#231;&#227;o sustentada da press&#227;o arterial observada ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento em ambos os estudos sustenta a hip&#243;tese de que a acupuntura possa produzir efeitos anti-hipertensivos persistentes.</p>
      <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia entre os grupos de 9,1 mmHg na PASp observada com a acupuntura pode ser clinicamente relevante, pois &#233; compar&#225;vel &#224;s redu&#231;&#245;es relatadas em ECRs que avaliaram monoterapia anti-hipertensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 46 ECRs comparando nove bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina com placebo relatou redu&#231;&#245;es de 6-10 mmHg na PASp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, uma metan&#225;lise de 60 ECRs encontrou redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 9,1 mmHg na PASp com diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da PASp observada no grupo controle (&#8722;4,1 &#177; 10,1 mmHg; p = 0,035) pode ser atribu&#237;da, pelo menos em parte, a um efeito placebo, esperado em praticamente qualquer interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. A magnitude desse efeito depende de diversos fatores, incluindo a via de administra&#231;&#227;o, o ambiente de tratamento e a rela&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica entre o participante e o profissional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Como ambos os grupos foram tratados em condi&#231;&#245;es id&#234;nticas (p.ex., mesmo ambiente cl&#237;nico, mesmo profissional, mesmo cronograma de tratamento, mesmo n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es e mesmo n&#250;mero de locais de estimula&#231;&#227;o), diferindo apenas quanto ao uso de agulhas penetrantes ou n&#227;o penetrantes, seria esperado um efeito placebo semelhante em ambos os grupos. Assim, a redu&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior da PASp m&#233;dia no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (&#8722;9,1 mmHg; p = 0,006), juntamente com a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, sugere que os efeitos terap&#234;uticos da acupuntura foram al&#233;m daqueles atribu&#237;veis ao efeito placebo.</p>
      <p>Embora a avalia&#231;&#227;o da DMF n&#227;o seja realizada rotineiramente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, ela constitui uma ferramenta valiosa para avaliar os efeitos de curto e longo prazo de interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas. A melhora da DMF reflete melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e est&#225; associada &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o contra doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica e DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em concord&#226;ncia com os achados de Park et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> nossos resultados demonstraram melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ap&#243;s a acupuntura, potencialmente mediada pelo aumento da ativa&#231;&#227;o da NO sintase endotelial e da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> juntamente com a modula&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em seu estudo que avaliou os efeitos agudos de quatro sess&#245;es de acupuntura em ST36 isoladamente ou combinado com PC6 sobre a DMF em 15 pacientes com HAS em uso de terapia anti-hipertensiva, Park et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> relataram um aumento significativamente maior da DMF no grupo acupuntura em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo placebo. Entretanto, diferentemente do nosso estudo, foram utilizadas agulhas penetrantes no grupo controle, e a DMF foi avaliada durante um per&#237;odo mais curto ap&#243;s a hiperemia reativa da art&#233;ria braquial (60 segundos).</p>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, o ensaio AHEaD &#233; o primeiro a demonstrar melhora sustentada da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ap&#243;s a acupuntura utilizando os mesmos acupontos predefinidos para todos os participantes, um grupo controle com acupuntura simulada n&#227;o penetrante e medidas de DMF obtidas com um sistema de ultrassonografia de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o equipado com bra&#231;o rob&#243;tico automatizado, considerado o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da DMF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A DMF da art&#233;ria braquial &#233; um preditor independente de DCV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e a persist&#234;ncia de DMF comprometida, apesar do tratamento otimizado, est&#225; associada a maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares futuros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Portanto, a melhora da DMF observada ap&#243;s a acupuntura pode ter importantes implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Uma metan&#225;lise demonstrou que cada aumento de 1% na DMF da art&#233;ria braquial est&#225; associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 8% a 13% no risco de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da PASp observada ap&#243;s a acupuntura no presente estudo contrasta com os achados do estudo SHARP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No SHARP, 12 sess&#245;es de acupuntura administradas ao longo de 6-8 semanas em pacientes com HAS est&#225;gio 1 ou 2 n&#227;o reduziram significativamente a PASp em compara&#231;&#227;o com a acupuntura simulada. Aproximadamente 70% dos participantes daquele estudo haviam recebido previamente terapia anti-hipertensiva, que foi descontinuada antes da randomiza&#231;&#227;o, e a interven&#231;&#227;o simulada envolveu agulhas penetrantes na pele. Em contraste, nosso estudo utilizou agulhas simuladas n&#227;o penetrantes, eliminando, assim, o est&#237;mulo nociceptivo da agulha nos tecidos profundos. Al&#233;m disso, nossa interven&#231;&#227;o incluiu um maior n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es de tratamento, recrutou participantes que n&#227;o haviam recebido terapia anti-hipertensiva nos 6 meses anteriores e teve dura&#231;&#227;o de 12 semanas, em conson&#226;ncia com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais para o manejo n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico da HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Terenteva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> relataram melhora da press&#227;o arterial central e dos par&#226;metros de rigidez arterial ap&#243;s 8 semanas de acupuntura (tr&#234;s sess&#245;es por semana), utilizando sete acupontos bilaterais em 23 participantes, apesar da aus&#234;ncia de cegamento dos participantes e de um grupo controle placebo. Em contraste, a acupuntura n&#227;o melhorou os par&#226;metros de rigidez arterial no presente estudo. Essa discrep&#226;ncia pode ser explicada por diferen&#231;as na frequ&#234;ncia do tratamento (duas versus tr&#234;s sess&#245;es por semana), no n&#250;mero de acupontos utilizados e pelo tamanho relativamente pequeno da nossa amostra. Na HAS, o enrijecimento arterial resulta de processos moleculares, celulares e mec&#226;nicos complexos que comprometem a distensibilidade arterial e aumentam a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A acupuntura pode exercer maior efeito sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial do que sobre o remodelamento da musculatura lisa vascular associado &#224; fibrose e ao enrijecimento arterial, por meio do aumento da biodisponibilidade de NO e da promo&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o. Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer os efeitos da acupuntura sobre a rigidez arterial.</p>
      <p>O tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico &#233; recomendado para todos os indiv&#237;duos com HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio e &#225;lcool, a ades&#227;o a um padr&#227;o alimentar saud&#225;vel, a pr&#225;tica regular de AF e interven&#231;&#245;es baseadas na espiritualidade demonstraram reduzir a PASp em 5,5-12,0 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> No presente estudo, a acupuntura promoveu redu&#231;&#245;es na PASp e melhora da DMF de magnitude compar&#225;vel &#224;s relatadas para outras interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas, sugerindo que a acupuntura pode representar uma op&#231;&#227;o adicional de tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico para a HAS.</p>
      <p>Em ECRs, a baixa ades&#227;o &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o pode comprometer a validade e a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos achados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> No presente estudo, a ades&#227;o foi elevada em ambos os grupos, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre eles. Isso provavelmente reflete o fato de que todas as sess&#245;es de tratamento foram conduzidas pela mesma pesquisadora, um cl&#237;nico experiente especializado no manejo da HAS, que tamb&#233;m ofereceu flexibilidade de hor&#225;rios. A elevada taxa de ades&#227;o, juntamente com a manuten&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas basais compar&#225;veis ao longo do estudo para vari&#225;veis que poderiam influenciar a press&#227;o arterial, sustenta a interpreta&#231;&#227;o de que os efeitos observados foram atribu&#237;veis &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos na PASp m&#233;dia observada no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (&#8722;9,1 mmHg; p = 0,006) foi superior &#224; relatada em uma metan&#225;lise anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Esse achado pode ser explicado pela elevada taxa de ades&#227;o, pelo uso de agulhas simuladas n&#227;o penetrantes no grupo controle, pelo protocolo padronizado de acupontos no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o e pelo adequado cegamento dos participantes. Al&#233;m disso, o per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o foi mais longo do que o da maioria dos ECRs anteriores (15 dias a 8 semanas),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> possivelmente proporcionando uma dose terap&#234;utica mais adequada e contribuindo para os efeitos observados.</p>
      <p>Para preservar o cegamento dos participantes, as agulhas n&#227;o foram manipuladas ap&#243;s a inser&#231;&#227;o em nenhum dos grupos, e os participantes n&#227;o foram questionados sobre a sensa&#231;&#227;o <italic>De qi</italic>. &#201; pouco prov&#225;vel que essa abordagem tenha influenciado os achados do estudo.</p>
      <p>Acredita-se que os efeitos anti-hipertensivos da acupuntura resultem principalmente da modula&#231;&#227;o do SNC, que desempenha papel importante na regula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vasomotor simp&#225;tico e das respostas auton&#244;micas ao estresse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Mecanismos adicionais incluem a modula&#231;&#227;o dos reflexos auton&#244;micos viscerais, a atenua&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica eferente, a supress&#227;o do SRAA e o aumento da biodisponibilidade de NO, promovendo, assim, vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses mecanismos podem explicar tanto a redu&#231;&#227;o da PASp quanto a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial observadas no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, bem como a persist&#234;ncia desses efeitos 30 dias ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es e pontos fortes</title>
        <p>A amostra final do estudo foi menor do que o tamanho amostral previsto durante a fase de delineamento, provavelmente porque o recrutamento foi realizado em um centro terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia, onde a maioria dos pacientes apresentava alto risco cardiovascular e j&#225; estava recebendo terapia anti-hipertensiva, tornando-os ineleg&#237;veis para participa&#231;&#227;o. Apesar do menor tamanho amostral, foram observadas melhorias estatisticamente significativas na PASp e na DMF. A aus&#234;ncia de efeitos significativos sobre a PADp, PASc, PADc e VOP pode ter sido atribu&#237;da ao poder estat&#237;stico limitado, uma vez que o c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foi baseado exclusivamente na detec&#231;&#227;o de uma diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima entre os grupos de 3 mmHg na PASp. ECRs adicionais com amostras maiores devem avaliar PADp, PASc, PADc e VOP como desfechos prim&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com estudos anteriores, nosso ensaio apresenta diversos pontos fortes importantes, incluindo equil&#237;brio das caracter&#237;sticas basais, procedimentos adequados de randomiza&#231;&#227;o e cegamento eficaz dos participantes. Outros pontos fortes incluem a elevada taxa de ades&#227;o, o uso de acupuntura simulada n&#227;o penetrante no grupo controle, a sele&#231;&#227;o padronizada dos acupontos no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, a dura&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o compat&#237;vel com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais para o manejo n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico da HAS e o emprego de m&#233;todos considerados padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos.</p>
        <p>Embora este tenha sido um estudo unic&#234;ntrico, todas as interven&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas pela mesma pesquisadora, medica acupunturiatra com mais de 5 anos de experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica, garantindo consist&#234;ncia dos procedimentos ao longo de todo o ensaio. Al&#233;m disso, todas as medidas de press&#227;o arterial foram obtidas por meio de dispositivos automatizados validados, minimizando vi&#233;s de mensura&#231;&#227;o. A DMF foi avaliada utilizando um sistema de ultrassonografia de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o equipado com bra&#231;o rob&#243;tico, e a concord&#226;ncia interavaliadores foi excelente (CCI, 0,94; IC95%, 0,839&#8211;0,949; F(29,145), p &lt; 0,001), indicando excelente reprodutibilidade das medidas de DMF entre as visitas do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste ECR, indiv&#237;duos com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o ou HAS est&#225;gio 1, de baixo risco cardiovascular e que n&#227;o estavam recebendo terapia anti-hipertensiva, apresentaram melhora significativa da PASp e da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ap&#243;s receberem acupuntura duas vezes por semana em oito acupontos predefinidos durante 12 semanas consecutivas. Esses efeitos persistiram por 30 dias ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do tratamento, sugerindo benef&#237;cio terap&#234;utico sustentado. Em conjunto, esses achados sugerem que a acupuntura pode representar uma op&#231;&#227;o promissora de tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico para essa popula&#231;&#227;o. ECRs multic&#234;ntricos adicionais, com amostras maiores, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar esses achados e investigar os efeitos da acupuntura em diferentes est&#225;gios da HAS, incluindo pacientes em uso de terapia anti-hipertensiva.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01">
        <label>Arquivo Suplementar 1</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/TjbjBQVqG4TBDmtHDySWYpn/6352fba0fc72148038a5f7481a881b84f42d31ba.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl02">
        <label>Arquivo Suplementar 2</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/TjbjBQVqG4TBDmtHDySWYpn/81d4d4513a4bdfecc32cdbbc248c48f3129e0d33.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
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        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no link [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://osf.io/2cq4m/overview">https://osf.io/2cq4m/overview</ext-link>]</p>
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      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fnsuppl">
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      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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  </back>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260462i</article-id>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Acupuncture on Arterial Hypertension and Endothelial Dysfunction: The AHEaD Trial</article-title>
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            <given-names>Amanda Rodrigues</given-names>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Mikaelle Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5487-4649</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7356-522X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Batista</surname>
            <given-names>Sandro Rog&#233;rio Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Amanda Rodrigues Bitencourt</bold> Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Av. S/N, Setor Oeste Universit&#225;rio. Postal Code 74605-220, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil E-mail: dra.amandabitencourt@gmail.com, amandabitencourt30@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Sympathetic overactivity, oxidative stress, and impaired nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation are key mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Acupuncture may decrease blood pressure by modulating autonomic nervous system activity, increasing NO bioavailability, attenuating sympathoexcitatory responses, and promoting vasodilation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate whether acupuncture decreases peripheral systolic blood pressure (pSBP), peripheral diastolic blood pressure (pDBP), central systolic blood pressure (cSBP), central diastolic blood pressure (cDBP), and pulse wave velocity (PWV), and improves flow-mediated dilation (FMD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This prospective, single-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center randomized clinical trial included adults with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension who were at low cardiovascular risk and were not receiving antihypertensive therapy. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group receiving manual acupuncture (n = 14) or a control group receiving nonpenetrating sham acupuncture (n = 16). Both groups underwent two 30-minute sessions per week for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in pSBP measured at baseline (V1), after 12 weeks of treatment (V2), and at the 30-day end-study visit (V3). Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Baseline characteristics were comparable between the groups. At V2, acupuncture decreased pSBP by 13.2 mmHg (p = 0.003) and increased FMD by 2.7% (p = 0.016). In the control group, pSBP decreased by 4.1 mmHg (p = 0.035), whereas FMD increased by 1.6% (p = 0.029). Compared with the control group, the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in pSBP (&#8722;9.1 mmHg, p = 0.006) and FMD (+3.0%, p = 0.037) at V2. These between-group differences remained significant at V3 (pSBP: &#8722;8.4 mmHg, p = 0.038; FMD: +2.9%, p = 0.028).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Acupuncture significantly improved endothelial function and decreased pSBP in adults with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension who were not receiving antihypertensive therapy after 12 weeks of treatment.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Effects of Acupuncture on Arterial Hypertension and Endothelial Dysfunction: The AHEaD Trial</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>pSBP: peripheral systolic blood; CG: control group; FMD: flow-mediated dilation IG: intervention group; V1: baseline visit; V2: follow-up visit after 12 weeks; V3: 30 day end-study visit.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260462-60462-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>Acupuncture</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertension is a chronic, multifactorial condition with a high global prevalence and is one of the leading modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Its prevalence increases with age and is highest among individuals older than 60 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Additional risk factors include obesity, overweight, physical inactivity, excessive sodium and alcohol consumption, obstructive sleep apnea, and air pollution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The pathophysiology of hypertension involves complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors that promote sympathetic overactivity and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), along with stimulation of central nervous system (CNS) regions, such as the paraventricular nucleus and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). These mechanisms increase the release of catecholamines, angiotensin II, aldosterone, and reactive oxygen species (ROS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> resulting in enhanced efferent sympathetic activity, increased inflammation, and decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Consequently, vascular contractility is altered, endothelial dysfunction develops, and blood pressure increases.</p>
        <p>Increased vascular smooth muscle tone, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells within the tunica media, and increased endothelial permeability, which are hallmarks of decreased NO bioavailability, contribute to the vascular remodeling underlying heart, brain, and kidney complications associated with hypertension. Endothelial dysfunction is present in individuals with hypertension even before structural evidence of atherosclerotic disease becomes apparent, making the assessment of endothelial function a valuable clinical tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the widespread availability of effective antihypertensive medications, hypertension control rates remain suboptimal worldwide, largely because of poor treatment adherence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Accordingly, nonpharmacological interventions are recommended for all individuals with hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Acupuncture may provide beneficial effects in patients with hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The nociceptive stimulus elicited by needle insertion reaches sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the RVLM, thereby inhibiting visceral sympathoexcitatory reflexes and decreasing vascular smooth muscle spasm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Acupuncture also suppresses RAAS-mediated central sympathetic activation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> decreases renin secretion, angiotensin II receptor activity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and ROS production, and activates endothelial NO synthase. These mechanisms increase NO bioavailability, promote vasodilation, and improve endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Based on these mechanisms,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> we hypothesized that acupuncture could lower blood pressure and improve endothelial function. However, the available evidence remains inconsistent regarding its role as a nonpharmacological treatment for hypertension<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and its effects on other cardiovascular predictors, including arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction.</p>
        <p>Accordingly, the current randomized clinical trial (RCT) aimed to evaluate the effects of acupuncture compared with a control group on peripheral systolic blood pressure (pSBP), peripheral diastolic blood pressure (pDBP), central systolic blood pressure (cSBP), central diastolic blood pressure (cDBP), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in patients with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension after 24 treatment sessions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and setting</title>
          <p>This prospective, single-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center RCT was conducted at the research center of the Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Brazil.</p>
          <p>The study was registered in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (under registry code RBR-9qnxb9z) and conducted in accordance with the Revised STandards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture and CONsolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, UFG (approval No. 6.244.770). All participants provided written informed consent before enrollment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>The study population comprised adults with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension who were at low cardiovascular risk and were not receiving antihypertensive therapy.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria were stage 2 or 3 hypertension; moderate or high cardiovascular risk; use of medications known to affect blood pressure; diabetes mellitus; kidney disease; a history of coronary artery disease and/or cerebrovascular disease; heart failure; thyroid disorders; any condition affecting neural conduction; severe blood dyscrasias; skin lesions or other conditions preventing access to acupoints; pregnancy or lactation; uncontrolled psychiatric disorders; antihypertensive pharmacological treatment within the previous 6 months; or a previous history of acupuncture.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size calculation</title>
          <p>Sample size was calculated for a comparison of mean pSBP between the intervention and control groups, assuming a minimum clinically relevant difference of 3 mmHg. Based on a two-sided significance level of 5%, a statistical power of 90%, and an anticipated dropout rate of 10%, the required sample size was estimated at 25 participants per group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participant recruitment and randomization</title>
          <p>Participants were recruited from the research center of the Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial database between March 2024 and February 2025. Individuals who met all inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria were contacted by telephone and invited to attend the baseline visit (V1).</p>
          <p>Following enrollment, all participants underwent evaluations at V1, follow-up (V2), and the end-of-study visit (V3), which was conducted 30 days after completion of the intervention.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline visit</title>
          <p>All participants underwent evaluation by the same cardiologist and certified physician acupuncturist, including medical history and physical examination. Hypertension stage was confirmed using the Omron HBP-1100 automated oscillometric device in accordance with the Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension &#8211; 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Individuals with pSBP of 130-159 mmHg and/or pDBP of 85-99 mmHg were considered eligible.</p>
          <p>Peripheral blood pressure was measured after 5 minutes of rest, with participants seated, legs uncrossed, and arms supported. Blood pressure was measured in both arms using the Omron HBP-1100 device, and the arm with the higher reading was used for all subsequent measurements, including pSBP, pDBP, cSBP, cDBP, and FMD. Three consecutive measurements were obtained at 1-minute intervals, and the mean of the last two measurements was used to classify hypertension stage. The final values were recorded using a standardized case report form.</p>
          <p>After confirmation of eligibility and provision of written informed consent, participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (manual acupuncture) or the control group (nonpenetrating sham acupuncture) using a web-based randomization tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Allocation was performed consecutively and sequentially at enrollment by an investigator who was not involved in participant recruitment, assessment, or intervention delivery.</p>
          <p>Endothelial function, assessed by FMD together with cSBP, cDBP, and PWV, was evaluated in all participants. Assessments were performed by the same cardiologist and certified physician acupuncturist in a quiet, temperature-controlled room between 7:00 and 11:00 a.m. in accordance with current guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Central blood pressure (assessed by cSBP and cDBP) and arterial stiffness (assessed by PWV) were measured using the Mobil-O-Graph<sup>&#174;</sup> device (IEM GmbH, Stolberg, Germany).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Endothelial function was assessed using the UNEX EF38G high-resolution ultrasound system, the reference standard for measuring FMD. The device incorporates a robotic arm that automatically scans the brachial artery with high precision and reproducibility. A pneumatic cuff positioned distal to the antecubital fossa was inflated to 50 mmHg above the participant&#8217;s pSBP for 5 minutes. The longitudinal diameter of the brachial artery was continuously recorded by ultrasound for 60 seconds immediately before cuff inflation and for 2 minutes after cuff deflation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up and end-of-study visits</title>
          <p>V2 was conducted after participants completed the 24 intervention sessions. V3 was performed 30 days after V2. At both visits, clinical evaluation and measurements of pSBP, pDBP, cSBP, cDBP, PWV, and endothelial function by FMD were performed according to the same protocol used at V1 by the same investigator.</p>
          <p>During V3, participants were asked to identify the type of needle they believed had been used during the intervention, choosing between a skin-penetrating needle (manual acupuncture) and a nonpenetrating needle (Streitberger placebo needle).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intervention</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Intervention and control groups</title>
            <p>Participants allocated to the intervention group received manual acupuncture using eight sterile stainless-steel needles (0.25 &#215; 30 mm) applied according to the meridian theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> the recommendations of the Brazilian Medical College of Acupuncture, and the World Health Organization guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> All procedures were performed by a physician acupuncturist with 5 years of clinical experience. Eight acupoints were used: PC6, LI4, HT7, CV14, CV17, ST36, LR3, and KI3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f02001">
                <label>Figure 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Acupoints used in the intervention. A) PC6 (Neiguan) and HT7 (Shenmen); B) LI4 (Hegu); C) CV14 (Juque) and CV17 (Danzhong); D) ST36 (Zusanli); E) LR3 (Taichong); and F) KI3 (Taixi). Adapted from Atlas Gr&#225;fico de Acupuntura (ISBN: 9783833156878).</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260462-60462-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Needles were inserted along the direction of the corresponding meridian at an angle of 30&#176; to 60&#176;, without manual stimulation, and remained in place for 30 minutes per session. Participants were not questioned regarding the needle sensation (De qi). Needle insertion depth generally ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 cm, depending on skin thickness and subcutaneous tissue characteristics. Eight needles were used during each treatment session. Acupoints located on the upper limbs (PC6, LI4, and HT7) and lower limbs (ST36, LR3, and KI3) were applied unilaterally to either the left or right side, with the side randomly selected for each session.</p>
            <p>Acupoints were chosen based on their therapeutic relevance for hypertension according to TCM theory,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> their neurophysiological effects,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> and their frequent use in previous RCTs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01-en">Table S1 in Supplementary File 1</xref>).</p>
            <p>Participants assigned to the control group received eight nonpenetrating sham acupuncture needles (Streitberger placebo needles)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> applied by the same physician acupuncturist to eight nonacupuncture points on the trunk and limbs. After placement, the needles remained in position for 30 minutes without manual stimulation. These placebo needles contact the epidermis but do not penetrate the skin or stimulate deeper somatic tissues, as the needle shaft retracts into the handle during application.</p>
            <p>All participants underwent 30-minute treatment sessions twice weekly for 12 consecutive weeks (24 sessions in total), with no more than 3 days between sessions. During each session, participants wore an individually assigned eye mask to prevent visual identification of treatment allocation and signed an attendance log. Attendance at more than 80% of the scheduled sessions was considered satisfactory for inclusion in the data analysis.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages, and associations were assessed using the chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test when expected cell counts were &#8804; 6. Continuous variables are presented as means and standard deviations. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of data distribution, and independent-samples Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> tests were used to compare baseline values between the intervention and control groups.</p>
        <p>All analyses were conducted according to the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle, incorporating data from the baseline and follow-up assessments.</p>
        <p>A one-way, repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the effect of the intervention on pSBP, the primary outcome, across the three assessment time points. The assumption of sphericity was evaluated using Mauchly&#8217;s test. When the assumption of sphericity was violated (p &lt; 0.05), the Greenhouse-Geisser correction was applied. When a significant main effect was identified, Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc comparisons were performed to determine the time points at which significant differences occurred.</p>
        <p>Interrater reliability for FMD measurements was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) based on a two-way mixed-effects model with absolute agreement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>All statistical tests were two-sided, and statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05. Estimates are presented with 95%CIs. One author had full access to all study data and takes responsibility for the integrity of data and the accuracy of data analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical considerations</title>
        <p>Details are provided in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02-en">Supplementary File 2</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of the 133 individuals screened, 30 met all eligibility criteria and were enrolled in the study, with 16 participants allocated to the control group and 14 to the intervention group. The mean age was 42.0 &#177; 11.4 years. Baseline characteristics, including sex, body mass index (BMI), physical activity (PA) levels, peripheral and central blood pressure, PWV, and FMD, were comparable between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the study participants at V1</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Control (n = 16)</th>
                  <th>Intervention (n = 14)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.464*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (56.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (42.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (43.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (57.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1.000*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (50.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (50.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">30.1 &#177; 4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">30.1 &#177; 5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.984<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>pSBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">137.3 &#177; 6.5</td>
                  <td align="center">137.3 &#177; 8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.992<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>pDBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">86.8 &#177; 4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">86.4 &#177; 6.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.812<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>cSBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">129.0 &#177; 12.2</td>
                  <td align="center">130.5 &#177; 14.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.756<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>cDBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">90.1 &#177; 5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">92.3 &#177; 8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.408<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PWV, m/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6.7 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">6.7 &#177; 1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.940<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FMD, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">11.2 &#177; 3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.417<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>V1: baseline visit; PA: physical activity; BMI: body mass index; pSBP: peripheral systolic blood pressure; pDBP: peripheral diastolic blood pressure; cSBP: central systolic blood pressure; cDBP: central diastolic blood pressure; PWV: pulse wave velocity; FMD: flow-mediated dilation. *p-value from the chi-square test; <sup>&#8224;</sup>p-value from the independent-samples Student&#8217;s t test. Data are presented as mean &#177; SD or n (%) as appropriate.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>All participants completed the evaluations at V1, V2, and V3. Session attendance rates were 99.7% in the intervention group and 94.7% in the control group. Only one participant had an attendance rate (54%) below the prespecified threshold (&gt; 80%) but was retained in the analysis according to the ITT principle.</p>
        <p>All participants in the intervention group believed they had received skin-penetrating needles. In the control group, only two participants correctly identified that they had received nonpenetrating needles; excluding these participants did not alter the study findings. No serious adverse events were reported. One participant in the intervention group reported mild pain at the needle insertion sites.</p>
        <p>BMI and PA levels remained comparable between the groups at V1, V2, and V3.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> present the main findings. Both groups showed decreases in pSBP after the 12-week intervention; however, the decrease was significantly greater in the intervention group than in the control group. Moreover, the intervention group maintained this decrease at V3, whereas no sustained effect was observed in the control group. Likewise, FMD increased significantly in the intervention group compared with the control group after the intervention, and this improvement was maintained at V3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mean pSBP by study group at V1, V2, and V3. Between-group differences in mean pSBP are shown for V2 (A) and V3 (B). *p-values were obtained using repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. ANOVA: analysis of variance; CG: control group; IG: intervention group; pSBP: peripheral systolic blood pressure; V1: baseline visit; V2: follow-up visit; V3: 30-day end-study visit.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260462-60462-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of mean FMD by study group at V1, V2, and V3. Between-group differences in mean FMD are shown for V2 (A) and V3 (B). *p-values were obtained using repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. ANOVA: analysis of variance; CG: control group; FMD: flow-mediated dilation; IG: intervention group; V1: baseline visit; V2: follow-up visit; V3: 30-day end-study visit.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260462-60462-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>At V2, participants in the intervention group exhibited a 13.2 mmHg decrease in pSBP and a 2.7% increase in FMD. In contrast, the control group showed a 4.1 mmHg decrease in pSBP and a 1.6% increase in FMD. Between-group comparisons at V2 demonstrated significantly greater improvements in the intervention group for pSBP (&#8722;9.1 mmHg) and FMD (+3.0%). At V3, the intervention group maintained significantly greater improvements in pSBP (&#8722;8.4 mmHg) and FMD (+2.9%) than the control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of mean values between and within study groups at V1, V2, and V3</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th>Control (n = 16)</th>
                  <th>p-value* (within group)</th>
                  <th>Intervention (n = 14)</th>
                  <th>p-value* (within group)</th>
                  <th>p-value<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup> (between groups)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>pSBP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.018</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V1</td>
                  <td align="center">137.3 &#177; 6.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">137.3 &#177; 8.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.992</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V2</td>
                  <td align="center">133.2 &#177; 10.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.035<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">124.1 &#177; 5.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V3</td>
                  <td align="center">135.3 &#177; 11.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">126.9 &#177; 9.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>pDBP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.751</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V1</td>
                  <td align="center">86.8 &#177; 4.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">86.4 &#177; 6.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.812</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V2</td>
                  <td align="center">82.2 &#177; 7.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">81.6 &#177; 6.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.823</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V3</td>
                  <td align="center">84.7 &#177; 9.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.760<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">83.0 &#177; 5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.147<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.559</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>cSBP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.439</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V1</td>
                  <td align="center">129.0 &#177; 12.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">130.5 &#177; 14.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.756</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V2</td>
                  <td align="center">126.2 &#177; 13.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.973<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">123.0 &#177; 9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.277<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.453</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V3</td>
                  <td align="center">125.9 &#177; 10.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.793<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">128.6 &#177; 14.8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.576</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>cDBP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.728</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V1</td>
                  <td align="center">90.1 &#177; 5.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">92.3 &#177; 8.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.408</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V2</td>
                  <td align="center">86.2 &#177; 8.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.197<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">88.7 &#177; 7.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.418<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.390</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V3</td>
                  <td align="center">86.0 &#177; 8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.097<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">90.1 &#177; 9.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.199</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PWV</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.083</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V1</td>
                  <td align="center">6.7 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">6.7 &#177; 1.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.940</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V2</td>
                  <td align="center">6.7 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6.4 &#177; 1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.056<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.502</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V3</td>
                  <td align="center">6.7 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6.6 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.873</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FMD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V1</td>
                  <td align="center">11.2 &#177; 3.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 4.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.417</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V2</td>
                  <td align="center">9.6 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">12.6 &#177; 4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>V3</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.114<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">12.0 &#177; 4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.098<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.028</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>V1: baseline visit; V2: follow-up visit; V3: 30-day end-study visit; pSBP: peripheral systolic blood pressure; pDBP: peripheral diastolic blood pressure; cSBP: central systolic blood pressure; cDBP: central diastolic blood pressure; PWV: pulse wave velocity; FMD: flow-mediated dilation; ANOVA: analysis of variance. *p-values from repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for comparisons between V1 and V2 (a) and between V1 and V3 (b); &#8224;p-values from repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for between-group comparisons. Intervention and control data are presented as mean &#177; SD.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A significant group &#215; time interaction was observed for pSBP, which indicates that changes over time differed between the intervention and control groups. A significant group &#215; time interaction was also observed for FMD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Repeated-measures ANOVA demonstrated a significantly greater decrease in pSBP across the three assessment time points in the intervention group than in the control group (intervention group: F = 10.964, p = 0.006, &#951;<sup>2</sup> = 0.458; control group: F = 2.276, p = 0.120, &#951;<sup>2</sup> = 0.132).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The findings of this RCT demonstrated significant improvements in pSBP and FMD after 12 weeks of intervention, with these effects persisting 30 days after treatment cessation. Although the primary objective was to evaluate the effects of acupuncture on blood pressure rather than clinical outcomes, the observed improvements in pSBP and FMD may have prognostic relevance, consistent with previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A 5-mmHg decrease in pSBP has been associated with approximately 10% and 8% decreases in the risk of major cardiovascular events and ischemic heart disease, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Flachskampf et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> reported significant decreases in 24-hour ambulatory systolic and diastolic blood pressure (&#8722;6.4 and &#8722;3.7 mmHg, respectively; p &lt; 0.001), as well as in daytime pSBP (&#8722;7.3 mmHg; p &lt; 0.001), among 72 patients with stage 1 or 2 hypertension who underwent 22 acupuncture sessions over 6 weeks at three bilateral acupoints, compared with 68 patients who received penetrating sham acupuncture. Although 75% of participants were receiving stable antihypertensive therapy, a subgroup analysis of 35 participants who were not receiving pharmacological treatment (19 in the acupuncture group) demonstrated sustained decreases in the 24-hour mean blood pressure (&#8722;6.6 mmHg for pSBP, p = 0.018; and &#8722;3.7 mmHg for pDBP, p = 0.027). Similarly, acupuncture decreased pSBP in the current study. However, unlike Flachskampf et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> we did not perform 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, did not observe a significant effect on pDBP, enrolled only participants who were not receiving antihypertensive therapy, and evaluated a longer intervention period (12 weeks). In addition, we used a validated nonpenetrating sham acupuncture procedure designed to minimize physiological effects, and all participants in the intervention group received treatment at the same eight predefined acupoints.</p>
        <p>Similarly, Liu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> reported a decrease in mean pSBP (&#8722;8.6 mmHg; p = 0.031) 4 weeks after completion of an 8-week acupuncture intervention in 15 patients with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension compared with untreated controls. Consistent with these findings, we observed a sustained decrease in mean pSBP in the intervention group 30 days after completion of the intervention (&#8722;8.4 mmHg; p = 0.038). Despite differences in study design and outcome assessment, the sustained decrease in blood pressure observed after treatment cessation in both studies supports the hypothesis that acupuncture may produce persistent antihypertensive effects.</p>
        <p>The mean between-group decrease in pSBP of 9.1 mmHg observed with acupuncture may be clinically meaningful as it is comparable to the decreases reported in RCTs evaluating antihypertensive monotherapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> A systematic review of 46 RCTs comparing nine angiotensin receptor blockers with placebo reported decreases in pSBP of 6-10 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Likewise, a meta-analysis of 60 RCTs found a mean decrease of 9.1 mmHg in pSBP with thiazide diuretics compared with placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The decrease in pSBP observed in the control group (&#8722;4.1 &#177; 10.1 mmHg; p = 0.035) may be attributable at least in part to a placebo effect which is expected in virtually any therapeutic intervention. The magnitude of this effect depends on several factors, including the mode of administration, treatment setting, and the therapeutic relationship between the participant and the practitioner.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Because both groups underwent treatment under identical conditions (eg, the same clinical setting, practitioner, treatment schedule, number of sessions, and number of stimulation sites) with the only difference being the use of penetrating versus nonpenetrating needles, a comparable placebo effect would be expected in both groups. Accordingly, the significantly greater decrease in mean pSBP in the intervention group than in the control group (&#8722;9.1 mmHg; p = 0.006), together with the greater improvement in endothelial function, suggests that the therapeutic effects of acupuncture extended beyond those attributable to placebo.</p>
        <p>Although FMD assessment is not routinely performed in clinical practice, it is a valuable tool for evaluating the short- and long-term effects of both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions. Improved FMD reflects enhanced endothelial function and is associated with protection against atherosclerotic disease and CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Consistent with the findings of Park et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> our results demonstrated improved endothelial function following acupuncture, potentially mediated by enhanced endothelial NO synthase activation and NO production,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> together with modulation of sympathetic activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In their study evaluating the acute effects of four acupuncture sessions at ST36 alone or combined with PC6 on FMD in 15 patients with hypertension receiving antihypertensive therapy, Park et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> reported a significantly greater increase in FMD in the acupuncture group than in the placebo group. However, unlike our study, penetrating needles were used in the control group, and FMD was assessed over a shorter period after brachial artery reactive hyperemia (60 seconds).</p>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, the AHEaD trial is the first study to demonstrate sustained improvements in endothelial function following acupuncture using the same predefined acupoints for all participants, a nonpenetrating sham acupuncture control, and FMD measurements obtained with a high-resolution ultrasound system equipped with an automated robotic arm, the reference standard for assessing FMD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Brachial artery FMD is an independent predictor of CVD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and persistently impaired FMD despite optimized treatment is associated with an increased risk of future cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Therefore, the improvement in FMD observed after acupuncture may have important clinical implications. A meta-analysis showed that each 1% increase in brachial artery FMD is associated with an 8%-13% decrease in CVD risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The decrease in pSBP observed after acupuncture in the current study contrasts with the findings of the SHARP trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In SHARP, 12 acupuncture sessions administered over 6-8 weeks in patients with stage 1 or 2 hypertension did not significantly decrease pSBP compared with sham acupuncture. Approximately 70% of participants in that trial had previously received antihypertensive therapy, which was discontinued before randomization, and the sham intervention involved skin-penetrating needles. In contrast, our study used nonpenetrating sham needles, thereby eliminating nociceptive stimulation associated with deep tissue penetration. In addition, our intervention included a greater number of treatment sessions, enrolled participants who had not received antihypertensive therapy within the previous 6 months, and extended over 12 weeks, consistent with current guideline recommendations for nonpharmacological management of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Terenteva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> reported improvements in central blood pressure and arterial stiffness parameters after 8 weeks of acupuncture (three sessions per week) using seven bilateral acupoints in 23 participants, despite the absence of participant blinding and a placebo control group. In contrast, acupuncture did not improve arterial stiffness parameters in the current study. This discrepancy may be explained by differences in treatment frequency (two versus three sessions per week), the number of acupoints used, and the relatively small sample size of our study. In hypertension, arterial stiffening results from complex molecular, cellular, and mechanical processes that impair arterial distensibility and increase intima-media thickness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Acupuncture may exert a greater effect on endothelial function than on the vascular smooth muscle remodeling associated with fibrosis and arterial stiffening by increasing NO bioavailability and promoting vasodilation. Additional studies are warranted to clarify the effects of acupuncture on arterial stiffness.</p>
        <p>Nonpharmacological treatment is recommended for all individuals with hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Sodium and alcohol restriction, adherence to a healthy dietary pattern, regular PA, and spirituality-based interventions have been shown to decrease pSBP by 5.5-12.0 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> In the current study, acupuncture produced decreases in pSBP and improvements in FMD of a magnitude comparable to those reported for other nonpharmacological interventions, suggesting that acupuncture may represent an additional nonpharmacological treatment option for hypertension.</p>
        <p>In RCTs, poor adherence to the intervention may compromise the validity and interpretation of the findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> In the current study, adherence was high in both groups, with no significant between-group differences. This likely reflects the fact that all treatment sessions were delivered by the same investigator, an experienced clinician specializing in hypertension management, who also offered flexible scheduling. The high adherence rate, together with the maintenance of comparable baseline characteristics throughout the study for variables that could influence blood pressure, supports the interpretation that the observed effects were attributable to the intervention.</p>
        <p>The between-group decrease in mean pSBP observed in the intervention group (&#8722;9.1 mmHg; p = 0.006) exceeded that reported in a previous meta-analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This finding may be explained by the high adherence rate, the use of nonpenetrating sham needles in the control group, a standardized acupoint protocol in the intervention group, and appropriate participant blinding. Furthermore, the intervention period was longer than that of most previous RCTs (15 days to 8 weeks),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> potentially providing a more adequate treatment dose and contributing to the observed effects.</p>
        <p>To preserve participant blinding, the needles were not manipulated after insertion in either group, and participants were not asked about the De qi sensation. This approach was unlikely to have influenced the study findings.</p>
        <p>The antihypertensive effects of acupuncture are thought to result primarily from modulation of the CNS, with an important role in regulating sympathetic vasomotor tone and autonomic responses to stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Additional mechanisms include modulation of visceral autonomic reflexes, attenuation of sympathetic outflow, suppression of the RAAS, and increased NO bioavailability, thereby promoting vasodilation and improving endothelial function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These mechanisms may explain both the decrease in pSBP and the improvement in endothelial function observed in the intervention group as well as the persistence of these effects 30 days after completion of the intervention.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations and strengths</title>
          <p>The final study sample was smaller than the target sample size estimated during the design phase, likely because recruitment was conducted at a tertiary referral center, where most patients had high cardiovascular risk and were already receiving antihypertensive therapy, rendering them ineligible for participation. Despite the smaller sample size, statistically significant improvements were observed in pSBP and FMD. The absence of significant effects on pDBP, cSBP, cDBP, and PWV may have been attributable to limited statistical power, as the sample size calculation was based exclusively on detecting a minimum between-group difference of 3 mmHg in pSBP. Further RCTs with larger sample sizes should evaluate pDBP, cSBP, cDBP, and PWV as primary outcomes.</p>
          <p>Compared with previous studies, our trial has several important strengths, including balanced baseline characteristics, appropriate randomization procedures, and effective participant blinding. Additional strengths include the high adherence rate, the use of nonpenetrating sham acupuncture in the control group, standardized acupoint selection in the intervention group, an intervention duration consistent with current recommendations for nonpharmacological management of hypertension, and the use of reference-standard methods for outcome assessment.</p>
          <p>Although this was a single-center study, all interventions were performed by the same investigator, a physician acupuncturist with more than 5 years of clinical experience, thereby ensuring procedural consistency throughout the trial. In addition, all blood pressure measurements were obtained using validated automated devices, minimizing measurement bias. FMD was assessed using a high-resolution ultrasound system equipped with a robotic arm, and interrater agreement was excellent (ICC, 0.94; 95%CI, 0.839-0.949; F(29,145), p &lt; 0.001), which indicates excellent reproducibility of FMD measurements across study visits.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this RCT, individuals with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension who were at low cardiovascular risk and were not receiving antihypertensive therapy experienced significant improvements in pSBP and endothelial function after receiving acupuncture twice weekly at eight predefined acupoints for 12 consecutive weeks. These effects persisted for 30 days after treatment completion, which suggests a sustained therapeutic benefit. Collectively, these findings suggest that acupuncture may represent a promising nonpharmacological treatment option for this population. Further multicenter RCTs with larger sample sizes are warranted to confirm these findings and to investigate the effects of acupuncture across different stages of hypertension, including among patients receiving antihypertensive therapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl-en" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01-en">
          <label>Supplement file 1</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/TjbjBQVqG4TBDmtHDySWYpn/2af86aa89328cfca72476a841050e8a8dac5058c.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl02-en">
          <label>Supplement file 2</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/TjbjBQVqG4TBDmtHDySWYpn/25b6d1a5ad29f7237698cc9811e034594f0ac3e8.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Amanda Rodrigues Bitencourt, from Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s under the protocol number 6.244.770. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
          <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
          <p> The content is available at the link [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://osf.io/2cq4m/overview">https://osf.io/2cq4m/overview</ext-link>]</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fnsuppl001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p> For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12307/2026-0462_AO_Supplement_files.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
