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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3NCKdkL3cbyGFwzX3T85DXJ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000700606</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00606</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260206</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Escore HALP como um Novo Marcador Associado &#224; Circula&#231;&#227;o Colateral Coronariana em Pacientes com Oclus&#227;o Total Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0853-2549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Akkaya</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0995-4658</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zt&#252;rk</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ni&#287;de Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ni&#287;de</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Ni&#287;de Training and Research Hospital, Ni&#287;de &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Hasan Akkaya Department of Cardiology, Ni&#287;de Training and Research Hospital &#8211; A&#351;a&#287;&#305; Kayaba&#351;&#305; M. Se&#231;kin S. 1/7 Emlak konutlar&#305; B3 blok, No: 24 51200, Ni&#287;de &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>drhakkaya@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Carisi Polanczyk</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260206</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana (CCC) &#233; um determinante fundamental da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica e do progn&#243;stico em pacientes com oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica (OTC). O escore de hemoglobina, albumina, linf&#243;citos e plaquetas (HALP) reflete o estado nutricional, a compet&#234;ncia imunol&#243;gica e a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o escore HALP e a CCC em pacientes com OTC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, incluiu 269 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica e OTC confirmada por angiografia. Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com os graus de Rentrop e dicotomizados em CCC ruim (Rentrop 0&#8211;1; n=119) e CCC boa (Rentrop 2&#8211;3; n=150). O escore HALP, marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos e escores angiogr&#225;ficos foram comparados entre os grupos. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada e de curva ROC (caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor). Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O escore HALP aumentou significativamente ao longo dos graus de Rentrop (p&lt;0,001) e foi maior em pacientes com boa consist&#234;ncia interna do que naqueles com consist&#234;ncia interna ruim (75,52&#177;13,91 vs. 35,10&#177;11,29; p&lt;0,001). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o escore HALP (OR: 0,88; IC 95%: 0,83&#8211;0,93; p&lt;0,001), o escore de Gensini (OR: 1,14; p=0,002) e o &#205;ndice Progn&#243;stico Nutricional (OR: 0,73; p=0,003) foram preditores independentes de boa consist&#234;ncia interna. A an&#225;lise ROC mostrou alta capacidade discriminativa (AUC=0,958; IC 95%: 0,93&#8211;0,98), com um valor de corte &gt;49,08 (91,3% de sensibilidade, 90,8% de especificidade). Os &#237;ndices lip&#237;dicos aterog&#234;nicos n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a CCC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O escore HALP &#233; um marcador independente e facilmente dispon&#237;vel associado &#224; CCC em pacientes com OTC e pode servir como uma ferramenta pr&#225;tica para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, destacando a import&#226;ncia das vias inflamat&#243;rias, nutricionais e imunol&#243;gicas no desenvolvimento de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>O Escore HALP como um Novo Marcador Associado &#224; Circula&#231;&#227;o Colateral Coronariana em Pacientes com Oclus&#227;o Total Cr&#244;nica</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Um breve resumo visual do estudo.</attrib>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/3NCKdkL3cbyGFwzX3T85DXJ/e460074277f2b360b54b294baffb69f64018597e.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/3NCKdkL3cbyGFwzX3T85DXJ/10238f7334f092d55c31c8464d6f4328d24b5a65.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Colateral</kwd>
        <kwd>Oclus&#227;o Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana continua sendo a principal causa global de mortalidade cardiovascular, sendo a oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica (OTC) um subgrupo particularmente desafiador, ocorrendo em 15&#8211;30% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia diagn&#243;stica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da OTC permanece tecnicamente complexa, e muitos pacientes recebem apenas terapia medicamentosa otimizada; portanto, a adequa&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana (CCC) torna-se um determinante cr&#237;tico da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica e do progn&#243;stico a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A CCC engloba condutos vasculares pr&#233;-existentes ou rec&#233;m-formados que contornam segmentos oclu&#237;dos, com marcada variabilidade interindividual, que varia de praticamente ausente (Rentrop 0) a fluxo compensat&#243;rio completo (Rentrop 3).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Colaterais bem desenvolvidas conferem infartos de menor tamanho, melhor preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e maior sobrevida,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>enquanto a CCC inadequada est&#225; associada a &#225;reas isqu&#234;micas maiores e aumento da mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A forma&#231;&#227;o de colaterais coronarianas ocorre principalmente por meio da arteriog&#234;nese &#8212; remodela&#231;&#227;o e alargamento de conex&#245;es arteriolares preexistentes, impulsionados pelo estresse de cisalhamento hemodin&#226;mico resultante dos gradientes de press&#227;o atrav&#233;s de segmentos esten&#243;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, a arteriog&#234;nese &#233; profundamente influenciada pelo estado inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico, fun&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica, estado nutricional e par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de baixo grau prejudica a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e inibe a forma&#231;&#227;o de colaterais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> enquanto respostas imunes equilibradas promovem o reparo endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a desnutri&#231;&#227;o e a hipoalbuminemia comprometem a integridade vascular, enquanto a anemia limita o fornecimento de oxig&#234;nio, atenuando as vias do fator induz&#237;vel por hip&#243;xia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#205;ndices inflamat&#243;rios e marcadores nutricionais t&#234;m sido associados a desfechos coronarianos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e estudos anteriores relacionaram a Raz&#227;o Neutr&#243;filo-Linf&#243;cito (RNL) e a Raz&#227;o Plaqueta-Linf&#243;cito (RPL) &#224; CCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, esses &#237;ndices de par&#226;metro &#250;nico capturam apenas aspectos parciais da intera&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria-nutricional que governa a arteriog&#234;nese.</p>
      <p>O escore hemoglobina, albumina, linf&#243;citos e plaquetas (HALP) &#8212; calculado como (Hemoglobina &#215; Albumina &#215; contagem de Linf&#243;citos) / contagem de Plaquetas &#8212; integra quatro componentes-chave que refletem a capacidade de transporte de oxig&#234;nio, o estado nutricional, a compet&#234;ncia imunol&#243;gica e a atividade hemost&#225;tica-inflamat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Recentemente, o escore HALP demonstrou relev&#226;ncia cardiovascular, com escores mais baixos associados independentemente a maior mortalidade por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> e eventos adversos p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> No entanto, nenhum estudo anterior investigou a rela&#231;&#227;o do escore HALP com a CCC.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o tradicional do risco cardiovascular com base em lip&#237;dios depende de par&#226;metros como colesterol LDL, colesterol HDL e triglicer&#237;deos. Evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem que &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos compostos &#8212; incluindo o &#205;ndice Aterog&#234;nico do Plasma, os &#205;ndices de Risco de Castelli, o Coeficiente Aterog&#234;nico e o &#205;ndice de Triglicer&#237;deos-Glicose &#8212; podem refletir melhor a desregula&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> No entanto, sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento de colaterais coronarianas permanece pouco caracterizada, deixando em aberto se a aterog&#234;nese induzida por lip&#237;dios influencia diretamente a capacidade arteriog&#234;nica ou se a colateraliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; governada principalmente por fatores hemodin&#226;micos e inflamat&#243;rios independentes do metabolismo lip&#237;dico.</p>
      <p>Considerando o papel crucial da CCC em pacientes com OTC e a escassez de biomarcadores integrativos, elaboramos este estudo para avaliar de forma abrangente as associa&#231;&#245;es entre o escore HALP, par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios, &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos e CCC. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o do escore HALP com a CCC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo retrospectivo, observacional e unic&#234;ntrico foi conduzido em Revis&#227;o cega. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Institucional de Revis&#227;o cega e seguiu os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva e &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dados anonimizados, a exig&#234;ncia de consentimento informado foi dispensada.</p>
        <p>Foram selecionados pacientes com idade &#8805;18 anos diagnosticados com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC) de acordo com as diretrizes atuais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> que realizaram angiografia coronariana entre agosto de 2021 e janeiro de 2026. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o compreenderam: angina t&#237;pica, evid&#234;ncia de isquemia eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica positiva ou estenose cr&#237;tica na angiotomografia coronariana; al&#233;m de oclus&#227;o total documentada angiograficamente (estenose de 100%, fluxo TIMI 0) em &#8805;1 art&#233;ria coronariana epic&#225;rdica principal.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda nos 6 meses anteriores; cirurgia pr&#233;via de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; doen&#231;a valvar moderada a grave; TFGe &lt;30 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>; doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica ativa; neoplasia maligna ativa conhecida; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe III-IV da NYHA; doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica moderada a grave; doen&#231;a infecciosa ou reumatol&#243;gica aguda/cr&#244;nica; ou dados incompletos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial</title>
        <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e angiogr&#225;ficos basais foram extra&#237;dos retrospectivamente dos registros eletr&#244;nicos. Os fatores de risco cardiovascular e os medicamentos foram documentados no momento da angiografia.</p>
        <p>Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas ap&#243;s jejum noturno (&#8805;8 horas) nas manh&#227;s dos exames de angiografia. Os par&#226;metros laboratoriais inclu&#237;ram: hemograma completo (hemoglobina, RDW, leuc&#243;citos, neutr&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos, mon&#243;citos, plaquetas); par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos (glicemia de jejum, creatinina, AST, ALT, PCRas, HbA1c, colesterol total, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglicer&#237;deos, albumina). A TFGe foi calculada utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o CKD-EPI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C&#225;lculo de &#237;ndices compostos</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Escore HALP</bold> = (Hemoglobina [g/L] &#215; Albumina [g/dL] &#215; Contagem de linf&#243;citos [&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L]) / Contagem de plaquetas (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#205;ndice CALLY</bold> = Albumina &#215; Contagem de linf&#243;citos / Prote&#237;na C-reativa</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#205;<bold>ndice de Resposta Inflamat&#243;ria Sist&#234;mica (SIRI)</bold> = Contagem de neutr&#243;filos &#215; Contagem de mon&#243;citos / Contagem de linf&#243;citos</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#205;ndice de Imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mica (SII)</bold> = Contagem de plaquetas &#215; Contagem de neutr&#243;filos / Contagem de linf&#243;citos</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#205;ndice Progn&#243;stico Nutricional (IPN)</bold> = 10 &#215; Albumina + 0,005 &#215; Contagem de linf&#243;citos</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas-linf&#243;citos (RPL)</bold> = Contagem de plaquetas / Contagem de linf&#243;citos</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o Neutr&#243;filo-Linf&#243;cito (RNL)</bold> = Contagem de neutr&#243;filos / Contagem de linf&#243;citos</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o Mon&#243;cito-Linf&#243;cito (RML)</bold> = Contagem de mon&#243;citos / Contagem de linf&#243;citos</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Valor de inflama&#231;&#227;o pan-imune (PIV)</bold> = Neutr&#243;filo &#215; Plaqueta &#215; Mon&#243;cito / Linf&#243;cito</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#205;ndice Aterog&#234;nico do Plasma (IAP)</bold> = Log<sub>10</sub> (Triglicer&#237;deos / Colesterol HDL)</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#205;ndice de Risco Castelli I (IC-I)</bold> = Colesterol total / Colesterol HDL</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#205;ndice de Risco Castelli II (IC-II)</bold> = Colesterol LDL / Colesterol HDL</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Coeficiente Aterog&#234;nico (CA)</bold> = (Colesterol total &#8722; Colesterol HDL) / Colesterol HDL</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>&#205;ndice de Triglicer&#237;deos-Glicose (TyG)</bold> = Ln (Triglicer&#237;deos &#215; Glicemia em jejum / 2)</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia coronariana e avalia&#231;&#227;o de colaterais</title>
        <p>A angiografia coronariana foi realizada por via femoral ou radial. Dois cardiologistas intervencionistas experientes, sem conhecimento dos dados cl&#237;nico-laboratoriais, revisaram as imagens angiogr&#225;ficas; as discord&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por um terceiro cardiologista s&#234;nior. Os escores SYNTAX e Gensini foram calculados utilizando m&#233;todos padr&#227;o. A CCC foi avaliada pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de Rentrop (0&#8211;3).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: CCC ruim (Rentrop 0&#8211;1) e CCC boa (Rentrop 2&#8211;3) para an&#225;lises secund&#225;rias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o IBM SPSS Statistics vers&#227;o 22.0 e o MedCalc vers&#227;o 22.018. Um valor de p bicaudal &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. A normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi testada utilizando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, como frequ&#234;ncias e percentagens. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas utilizando o teste &#967;<sup>2</sup> ou o teste exato de Fisher. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas utilizando o teste-t de Student para amostras independentes ou ANOVA de uma via com corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson avaliou as associa&#231;&#245;es lineares entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria univariada identificou as vari&#225;veis associadas a uma boa CCC. As vari&#225;veis com p&lt;0,10 na an&#225;lise univariada, juntamente com covari&#225;veis clinicamente relevantes (sexo, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE)), foram inclu&#237;das na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria multivariada utilizando o m&#233;todo de entrada. Sexo, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e FEVE foram inclu&#237;dos como covari&#225;veis devido &#224;s suas associa&#231;&#245;es significativas com o estadiamento de Rentrop na an&#225;lise basal (p=0,004, p=0,001 e p=0,005, respectivamente), refletindo rela&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas conhecidas entre essas vari&#225;veis e a capacidade arteriog&#234;nica. A multicolinearidade foi avaliada utilizando o fator de infla&#231;&#227;o da vari&#226;ncia (FIV) (a); FIV &gt;5 indicou multicolinearidade significativa. Os valores de FIV para o modelo final de tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis foram: escore HALP 7,13, escore de Gensini 7,90 e IPN 19,38. Embora o IPN tenha apresentado um FIV &gt;5, ele foi mantido devido &#224; sua relev&#226;ncia biol&#243;gica estabelecida e signific&#226;ncia independente; an&#225;lises de sensibilidade com um modelo de duas vari&#225;veis (HALP + Gensini) confirmaram a robustez dos achados. A qualidade do ajuste do modelo foi avaliada utilizando o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow (p&gt;0,05 indicando bom ajuste). Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como raz&#245;es de chances com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. A an&#225;lise da curva ROC avaliou a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria do escore HALP para predizer uma boa CCC. A valida&#231;&#227;o interna foi realizada utilizando reamostragem <italic>bootstrap</italic> (1.000 itera&#231;&#245;es). A AUC corrigida para otimismo foi de 0,967 (IC 95% 0,958&#8211;0,969), confirmando a estabilidade do modelo e a aus&#234;ncia de sobreajuste significativo. O ponto de corte ideal foi determinado utilizando o &#237;ndice de Youden.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>Um total de 347 pacientes com OTC submetidos a angiografia coronariana para SCC foram triados. Setenta e oito pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos devido a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses (n=18), cirurgia pr&#233;via de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) (n=12), taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) &lt;30 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> (n=15), neoplasia maligna ativa (n=8) ou dados incompletos (n=25). Os 269 pacientes restantes com SCC e &#8805;1 art&#233;ria coronariana totalmente oclu&#237;da foram inclu&#237;dos (ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> para o fluxograma dos pacientes). Os pacientes foram estratificados pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de Rentrop: Rentrop 0 (n=30, 11,2%), Rentrop 1 (n=89, 33,1%), Rentrop 2 (n=105, 39,0%) e Rentrop 3 (n=45, 16,7%). Para an&#225;lises posteriores, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: aqueles com CCC ruim (Rentrop 0&#8211;1; n=119, 44,2%) e aqueles com CCC boa (Rentrop 2&#8211;3; n=150, 55,8%).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Diagrama de fluxo de pacientes. CCC: circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260206-60206-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais em rela&#231;&#227;o aos est&#225;gios de Rentrop s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Foram observadas associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre os est&#225;gios de Rentrop e o sexo (p=0,004) e a preval&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p=0,001). Compara&#231;&#245;es detalhadas entre os grupos s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o a diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, tabagismo atual ou uso de medicamentos (p&gt;0,05 para todos).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais de acordo com os est&#225;gios de Rentrop</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th>Rentrop 0 (n=30)</th>
                  <th>Rentrop 1 (n=89)</th>
                  <th>Rentrop 2 (n=105)</th>
                  <th>Rentrop 3 (n=45)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">72,83&#177;9,50*</td>
                  <td align="center">68,17&#177;11,54</td>
                  <td align="center">64,75&#177;10,29</td>
                  <td align="center">62,44&#177;10,26</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo masculino, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19 (63,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (66,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (81,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (88,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28,22&#177;4,63</td>
                  <td align="center">27,64&#177;3,59</td>
                  <td align="center">26,91&#177;3,53</td>
                  <td align="center">27,61&#177;3,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,272</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fatores de risco, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (40,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (38,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (34,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (35,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,917</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (58,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (58,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (53,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,724</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (46,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (40,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (49,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (40,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,554</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante atual</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (40,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (42,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (39,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (60,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,113</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (10.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medicamentos, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (59,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (54,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (57,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,658</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (46,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (39,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (44,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (44,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,844</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (40,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (27,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (32,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (31.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,595</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (30,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (20.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (18.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (17,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,523</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n (%). Valores de p: ANOVA de uma via ou teste &#967;<sup>2</sup>. *p&lt;0,05 vs Rentrop 2 e Rentrop 3 (corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros laboratoriais e angiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise comparativa entre os est&#225;gios de Rentrop revelou diferen&#231;as significativas em m&#250;ltiplos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, hematol&#243;gicos, inflamat&#243;rios e angiogr&#225;ficos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). As principais diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Notavelmente, a idade, a FEVE e a TFGe apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os est&#225;gios de Rentrop (p&lt;0,001, p=0,005 e p=0,022, respectivamente), enquanto os par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas (p&gt;0,05 para todos).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros laboratoriais, hematol&#243;gicos, inflamat&#243;rios e escores angiogr&#225;ficos de acordo com os est&#225;gios de Rentrop</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                  <th>Rentrop 0 (n=30)</th>
                  <th>Rentrop 1 (n=89)</th>
                  <th>Rentrop 2 (n=105)</th>
                  <th>Rentrop 3 (n=45)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Cl&#237;nico/Bioqu&#237;mico</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,80&#177;10,15*</td>
                  <td align="center">49,19&#177;8,27</td>
                  <td align="center">50,58&#177;6,48</td>
                  <td align="center">51,82&#177;6,38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TFGe (ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,33&#177;16,99&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">77,55&#177;14,63</td>
                  <td align="center">82,69&#177;13,67</td>
                  <td align="center">87,12&#177;14,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21&#177;0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05&#177;0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03&#177;0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97&#177;0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,338</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,57&#177;11,27</td>
                  <td align="center">24,27&#177;9,67</td>
                  <td align="center">23,77&#177;9,28</td>
                  <td align="center">23,00&#177;7,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,391</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,37&#177;9,54</td>
                  <td align="center">19,94&#177;8,65</td>
                  <td align="center">19,95&#177;9,14</td>
                  <td align="center">18,78&#177;8,81</td>
                  <td align="center">0,917</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumina (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,82&#177;3,46</td>
                  <td align="center">40,51&#177;3,42</td>
                  <td align="center">42,57&#177;2,76</td>
                  <td align="center">43,36&#177;2,82&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCRas (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,95&#177;4,59</td>
                  <td align="center">5,46&#177;1,49</td>
                  <td align="center">3,97&#177;4,58</td>
                  <td align="center">4,76&#177;7,56</td>
                  <td align="center">0,131</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Hematol&#243;gico</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (g/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,35&#177;2,36</td>
                  <td align="center">13,68&#177;1,89</td>
                  <td align="center">14,56&#177;1,84</td>
                  <td align="center">14,92&#177;1,36&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,24&#177;2,85</td>
                  <td align="center">9,08&#177;2,98</td>
                  <td align="center">9,02&#177;2,52</td>
                  <td align="center">9,51&#177;2,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,770</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutr&#243;filo (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,84&#177;2,49</td>
                  <td align="center">6,38&#177;2,60</td>
                  <td align="center">5,72&#177;2,23</td>
                  <td align="center">5,05&#177;1,37*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Linf&#243;citos (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,61&#177;0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">1,94&#177;0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">2,43&#177;0,72</td>
                  <td align="center">3,49&#177;1,29&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mon&#243;cito (&#215;10&#8313;/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61&#177;0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60&#177;0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66&#177;0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73&#177;0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plaquetas (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">300,40&#177;58,65*</td>
                  <td align="center">272,06&#177;47,63</td>
                  <td align="center">243,47&#177;51,33</td>
                  <td align="center">225,47&#177;53,74</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>&#205;ndices inflamat&#243;rios/nutricionais</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore HALP</td>
                  <td align="center">24,10&#177;11,30</td>
                  <td align="center">38,81&#177;10,44</td>
                  <td align="center">64,73&#177;15,91</td>
                  <td align="center">100,70&#177;16,37&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice CALLY</td>
                  <td align="center">26,07&#177;12,87</td>
                  <td align="center">26,70&#177;11,55</td>
                  <td align="center">53,54&#177;13,45</td>
                  <td align="center">99,31&#177;18,31&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SII</td>
                  <td align="center">1837,27&#177;329,81</td>
                  <td align="center">1042,91&#177;261,02</td>
                  <td align="center">646,64&#177;126,33</td>
                  <td align="center">361,26&#177;59,66</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IPN</td>
                  <td align="center">37,73&#177;7,32</td>
                  <td align="center">40,04&#177;6,51</td>
                  <td align="center">42,65&#177;2,76</td>
                  <td align="center">43,29&#177;2,85</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RPL</td>
                  <td align="center">246,02&#177;15,62</td>
                  <td align="center">149,49&#177;14,98</td>
                  <td align="center">109,61&#177;12,11</td>
                  <td align="center">72,00&#177;10,64&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RNL</td>
                  <td align="center">6,03&#177;2,71&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">3,66&#177;1,55</td>
                  <td align="center">2,82&#177;0,35</td>
                  <td align="center">1,72&#177;0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RML</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48&#177;0,21&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34&#177;0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32&#177;0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23&#177;0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SIRI</td>
                  <td align="center">3,65&#177;0,37</td>
                  <td align="center">2,54&#177;0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">2,18&#177;1,41</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19&#177;0,63</td>
                  <td align="center">0,077</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PIV</td>
                  <td align="center">1089,06&#177;157,96</td>
                  <td align="center">773,98&#177;106,71</td>
                  <td align="center">512,71&#177;89,36</td>
                  <td align="center">265,74&#177;62,67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,047</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>&#205;ndices aterog&#234;nicos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15&#177;0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21&#177;0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26&#177;0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24&#177;0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,577</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC-I</td>
                  <td align="center">4,46&#177;1,20</td>
                  <td align="center">4,69&#177;1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">4,83&#177;1,17</td>
                  <td align="center">4,98&#177;1,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,223</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC-II</td>
                  <td align="center">2,81&#177;0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">2,98&#177;0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">2,97&#177;0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">3,04&#177;1,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,805</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice TyG</td>
                  <td align="center">9,18&#177;0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">9,24&#177;0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">9,30&#177;0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">9,21&#177;0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,700</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Escores angiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore SINTAX</td>
                  <td align="center">26,58&#177;7,24&#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">22,71&#177;6,59</td>
                  <td align="center">18,12&#177;5,61</td>
                  <td align="center">16,84&#177;6,78</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore Gensini</td>
                  <td align="center">59,60&#177;18,87</td>
                  <td align="center">53,09&#177;16,07*</td>
                  <td align="center">36,87&#177;12,11</td>
                  <td align="center">31,49&#177;13,77</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Valores de p: ANOVA de uma via com corre&#231;&#227;o post-hoc de Bonferroni. *p&lt;0,05 vs Rentrop 3; &#8224;p&lt;0,05 vs Rentrop 3; &#8225;p&lt;0,05 vs todos os outros grupos. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade; WBC: gl&#243;bulos brancos; SII: &#237;ndice sist&#234;mico de imuno-inflama&#231;&#227;o; IPN: &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico nutricional; RPL: rela&#231;&#227;o plaqueta-linf&#243;cito; RNL: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito; RML: rela&#231;&#227;o mon&#243;cito-linf&#243;cito; SIRI: &#237;ndice de resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica; PIV: valor de inflama&#231;&#227;o pan-imune; IAP: &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico do plasma; IC: &#237;ndice de risco de Castelli; TyG: &#237;ndice triglicer&#237;deo-glicose.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos mostraram diferen&#231;as marcantes e graduais entre os est&#225;gios de Rentrop (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Os n&#237;veis de albumina, hemoglobina e a contagem de linf&#243;citos aumentaram progressivamente com a melhora da circula&#231;&#227;o colateral, enquanto as contagens de neutr&#243;filos e plaquetas diminu&#237;ram (todos com p&lt;0,001).</p>
        <p>O escore HALP demonstrou um gradiente gradual not&#225;vel ao longo dos est&#225;gios de Rentrop (p&lt;0,001), com o Rentrop 3 apresentando valores significativamente mais altos em compara&#231;&#227;o com todos os outros grupos. O &#237;ndice CALLY e o IPN mostraram aumentos graduais semelhantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Os &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios mostraram rela&#231;&#245;es inversas com a circula&#231;&#227;o colateral. SII, RPL, RNL, RML e PIV foram todos significativamente maiores em pacientes com CCC ruim (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). O SIRI apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o com melhor circula&#231;&#227;o colateral (p=0,077).</p>
        <p>A complexidade angiogr&#225;fica foi maior em pacientes com CCC ruim, com escores SYNTAX e Gensini mais elevados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>; p&lt;0,001 para ambos).</p>
        <p>Os &#237;ndices lip&#237;dicos aterog&#234;nicos, incluindo IAP, IC-I, IC-II, CA e &#237;ndice TyG, n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os est&#225;gios de Rentrop (p&gt;0,05 para todos), sugerindo que os fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais baseados em lip&#237;dios n&#227;o influenciam independentemente o desenvolvimento da CCCs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre CCC ruim e bom</title>
        <p>Em conson&#226;ncia com a literatura anterior, a CCC foi categorizada em CCC ruim (Rentrop 0&#8211;1; n=119) e CCC boa (Rentrop 2&#8211;3; n=150). Compara&#231;&#245;es detalhadas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. Pacientes com CCC ruim apresentaram escores significativamente mais elevados de HALP, CALLY e IPN, enquanto marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (SII, RPL, RNL, RML, PIV e raz&#227;o PCRas/Albumina) estavam significativamente elevados em pacientes com CCC ruim (todos p&lt;0,05).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros entre os grupos com circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana ruim e boa</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                  <th>CCC ruim (n=119)</th>
                  <th>CCC Boa (n=150)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Escores angiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore SINTAX</td>
                  <td align="center">23,68&#177;6,73</td>
                  <td align="center">17,74&#177;6,08</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore Gensini</td>
                  <td align="center">54,73&#177;16,97</td>
                  <td align="center">35,25&#177;13,14</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>&#205;ndices inflamat&#243;rios e nutricionais</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore HALP</td>
                  <td align="center">35,10&#177;11,29</td>
                  <td align="center">75,52&#177;13,91</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice CALLY</td>
                  <td align="center">26,67&#177;4,57</td>
                  <td align="center">68,30&#177;12,63</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SIRI</td>
                  <td align="center">2,82&#177;1,44</td>
                  <td align="center">1,88&#177;0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,065</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SII</td>
                  <td align="center">1243,17&#177;35,88</td>
                  <td align="center">561,03&#177;25,99</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IPN</td>
                  <td align="center">39,46&#177;5,81</td>
                  <td align="center">42,84&#177;2,80</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RPL</td>
                  <td align="center">173,82&#177;10,04</td>
                  <td align="center">98,33&#177;8,57</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RNL</td>
                  <td align="center">4,26&#177;1,83</td>
                  <td align="center">2,49&#177;0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RML</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37&#177;0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29&#177;0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o PCRas/Albumina</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14&#177;0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10&#177;0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PIV</td>
                  <td align="center">853,41&#177;99,14</td>
                  <td align="center">438,62&#177;63,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>&#205;ndices aterog&#234;nicos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAP</td>
                  <td align="center">2,84&#177;0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26&#177;0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,331</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC-I</td>
                  <td align="center">4,63&#177;1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">4,88&#177;1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,083</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC-II</td>
                  <td align="center">2,94&#177;0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">2,99&#177;1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,657</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CA</td>
                  <td align="center">3,61&#177;1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">3,86&#177;1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,076</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice TyG</td>
                  <td align="center">9,22&#177;0,62</td>
                  <td align="center">9,27&#177;0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">0,492</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Valores de p: teste t de amostras independentes. CCC: circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana; SIRI: &#237;ndice de resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica; SII: &#237;ndice de imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica; IPN: &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico nutricional; RPL: rela&#231;&#227;o plaqueta-linf&#243;cito; RNL: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito; RML: rela&#231;&#227;o mon&#243;cito-linf&#243;cito; PCRas: prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade; PIV: valor de inflama&#231;&#227;o pan-imune; IAP: &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico do plasma; IC: &#237;ndice de risco de Castelli; CA: coeficiente aterog&#234;nico; TyG: &#237;ndice triglicer&#237;deo-glicose.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A complexidade angiogr&#225;fica foi maior em pacientes com CCC ruim (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Os &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os grupos (p&gt;0,05 para todos).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>) revelou associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre o escore HALP e m&#250;ltiplos par&#226;metros. O escore HALP demonstrou fortes correla&#231;&#245;es negativas com o RPL (r = &#8722;0,670, p &lt; 0,001), correla&#231;&#245;es negativas moderadas com o escore de Gensini (r = &#8722;0,517), SII (r = &#8722;0,451), escore SYNTAX (r = &#8722;0,439) e RNL (r = &#8722;0,418), e correla&#231;&#245;es negativas fracas com RML, PIV e SIRI (todos com p &lt; 0,001). Correla&#231;&#245;es positivas foram observadas com o &#237;ndice CALLY (r = +0,413) e o IPN (r = +0,292). Os valores detalhados s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o entre o Escore HALP e os Par&#226;metros do Estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Escores angiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore SINTAX</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0,439</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore Gensini</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0,517</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>&#205;ndices inflamat&#243;rios e nutricionais</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice CALLY</td>
                  <td align="center">+0,413</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SIRI</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0,209</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SII</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0,451</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IPN</td>
                  <td align="center">+0,292</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RPL</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0,670</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RNL</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0,418</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RML</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0,294</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PIV</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0,232</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o PCRas/Albumina</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0,105</td>
                  <td align="center">0,087</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>&#205;ndices aterog&#234;nicos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAP</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0,075</td>
                  <td align="center">0,218</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC-I</td>
                  <td align="center">+0,123</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC-II</td>
                  <td align="center">+0,088</td>
                  <td align="center">0,151</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CA</td>
                  <td align="center">+0,125</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice TyG</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;0,020</td>
                  <td align="center">0,745</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. SIRI: &#237;ndice de resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica; SII: &#237;ndice de imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica; IPN: &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico nutricional; RPL: rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos; RNL: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos; RML: rela&#231;&#227;o mon&#243;citos/linf&#243;citos; PIV: valor de inflama&#231;&#227;o pan-imune; PCRas: prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade; IAP: &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico do plasma; CRI: &#237;ndice de risco de Castelli; CA: coeficiente aterog&#234;nico; TyG: &#237;ndice triglicer&#237;deo-glicose.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada identificou m&#250;ltiplos par&#226;metros significativamente associados ao bom desenvolvimento da CCC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). Ap&#243;s o ajuste para potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o no modelo multivari&#225;vel, apenas tr&#234;s par&#226;metros permaneceram como associados independentes ao bom desenvolvimento da CCC: escore HALP (OR 0,88, IC 95% 0,83&#8211;0,93, p&lt;0,001), escore de Gensini (OR 1,14, IC 95% 1,05&#8211;1,24, p=0,002) e IPN (OR 0,73, IC 95% 0,60&#8211;0,90, p=0,003).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada para preditores de boa circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>OR univariada (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR multivariada (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore HALP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86 (0,83&#8211;0,89)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88 (0,83&#8211;0,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore Gensini</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08 (1,06&#8211;1,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13 (1,05&#8211;1,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IPN</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76 (0,69&#8211;0,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73 (0,60&#8211;0,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 (1,02&#8211;1,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (0,97&#8211;1,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,388</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore SINTAX</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15 (1,10&#8211;1,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85 (0,69&#8211;1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,128</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice CALLY</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98 (0,97&#8211;0,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 (0,98&#8211;1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,515</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SII</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,99&#8211;1,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,99&#8211;1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,084</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RPL</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 (1,02&#8211;1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 (0,97&#8211;1,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,676</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RNL</td>
                  <td align="center">1,42 (1,22&#8211;1,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57 (0,21&#8211;1,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,261</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o PCRas/Albumina</td>
                  <td align="center">19,67 (2,05&#8211;188,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                  <td align="center">27,06 (0,17&#8211;44,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,201</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SIRI</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13 (0,97&#8211;1,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,102</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAP</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (0,96&#8211;1,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,602</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Vari&#225;vel dependente: Circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana deficiente (Rentrop 0-1=1, boa CCC=0). Os valores em negrito indicam preditores independentes na an&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel. OR&lt;1 para o escore HALP indica que escores HALP mais altos est&#227;o associados a menores chances de CCC deficiente (efeito protetor). Valores de FIV para o modelo final: HALP=7,13, Gensini=7,90, IPN=19,38. Valida&#231;&#227;o interna por bootstrap (1.000 itera&#231;&#245;es): AUC corrigida para otimismo=0,958 (IC 95%: 0,929-0,980). OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IPN: &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico nutricional; SII: &#237;ndice sist&#234;mico de imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o; RPL: rela&#231;&#227;o plaqueta-linf&#243;cito; RNL: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito; SIRI: &#237;ndice de resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica; PCRas: prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade; IAP: &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico do plasma.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A vari&#225;vel dependente foi codificada como CCC boa = 1 (Rentrop 2&#8211;3) e CCC ruim = 0 (Rentrop 0&#8211;1). A raz&#227;o de chances (OR) de 0,88 para o escore HALP indica que, para cada aumento de uma unidade no escore HALP, a probabilidade de ser classificado como tendo boa CCC aumenta (ou seja, a probabilidade de CCC ruim diminui em 12%). Isso &#233; consistente com a hip&#243;tese biol&#243;gica: escores HALP mais altos est&#227;o associados a melhor colateraliza&#231;&#227;o. A aparente OR inversa reflete a escala da vari&#225;vel HALP em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; codifica&#231;&#227;o bin&#225;ria do resultado.</p>
        <p>Uma regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ordinal adicional, utilizando o desfecho completo de Rentrop em 4 graus, confirmou a associa&#231;&#227;o independente do escore HALP (OR 0,91, IC 95% 0,87&#8211;0,95, p&lt;0,001), do Escore Gensini (OR 1,09, IC 95% 1,02&#8211;1,17, p=0,012) e do IPN (OR 0,81, IC 95% 0,68&#8211;0,96, p=0,016) com o grau de Rentrop, corroborando a robustez dos achados em todo o espectro ordinal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise ROC</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da curva ROC demonstrou que o escore HALP possu&#237;a excelente poder discriminat&#243;rio para predizer uma boa CCC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). A AUC foi de 0,958 (IC 95% 0,93&#8211;0,98, p&lt;0,001). A valida&#231;&#227;o interna utilizando reamostragem <italic>bootstrap</italic> (1.000 itera&#231;&#245;es) resultou em uma AUC corrigida para otimismo de 0,967 (IC 95% 0,958&#8211;0,969), confirmando a estabilidade do modelo e a aus&#234;ncia de sobreajuste significativo. O ponto de corte ideal &gt;49,08 apresentou sensibilidade de 91,3% (IC 95% 85,6&#8211;95,3%) e especificidade de 90,8% (IC 95% 84,1&#8211;95,3%).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) para o escore HALP na predi&#231;&#227;o de boa circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260206-60206-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo investigou as rela&#231;&#245;es entre o escore HALP, par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios, &#237;ndices aterog&#234;nicos e CCC em pacientes com OTC. Nossos principais achados demonstram: (1) o escore HALP apresentou um aumento progressivo robusto ao longo dos est&#225;gios de Rentrop; (2) os &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios estavam significativamente elevados em pacientes com CCC ruim; (3) os &#237;ndices lip&#237;dicos aterog&#234;nicos n&#227;o diferiram entre os est&#225;gios de Rentrop; (4) na an&#225;lise multivariada, o escore HALP, o escore de Gensini e o IPN emergiram como associados independentes &#224; boa CCC; e (5) o ponto de corte do escore HALP &gt;49,08 demonstrou excelente capacidade discriminat&#243;ria (AUC = 0,958), confirmada pela valida&#231;&#227;o interna por <italic>bootstrap</italic> (AUC corrigida para otimismo = 0,967). Um resumo visual &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
      <p>O escore HALP integra hemoglobina (capacidade de transporte de oxig&#234;nio), albumina (estado nutricional e propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias), linf&#243;citos (compet&#234;ncia imunol&#243;gica adaptativa) e plaquetas (atividade hemost&#225;tica-inflamat&#243;ria). N&#237;veis mais elevados de hemoglobina favorecem a atividade angiog&#234;nica por meio das vias HIF-1&#945;/VEGF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> enquanto n&#237;veis adequados de albumina preservam a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Os linf&#243;citos orquestram o reparo vascular por meio da mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais mediada por citocinas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e contagens mais baixas de plaquetas em pacientes com boa circula&#231;&#227;o colateral podem refletir uma menor ativa&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos limitados exploraram o escore HALP em contextos cardiovasculares. Xu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> relataram que escores HALP mais baixos estavam independentemente associados a uma maior mortalidade por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, enquanto Liu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> demonstraram que o escore HALP predizia o fen&#244;meno de *no-reflow* e o progn&#243;stico a longo prazo em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria. Nossos achados estendem essas observa&#231;&#245;es ao desenvolvimento de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coron&#225;ria. A *odds ratio* (OR) ajustada multivariada de 0,88 (IC 95%: 0,83&#8211;0,93) indica que cada aumento de uma unidade no escore HALP confere uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 12% na probabilidade de CCC insatisfat&#243;ria.</p>
      <p>Diversos &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o inversa com o desenvolvimento de colaterais. SII, RNL, RPL e PIV estavam significativamente elevados em pacientes com CCC ruim, o que est&#225; de acordo com evid&#234;ncias de que a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica exacerbada prejudica a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e inibe a arteriog&#234;nese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nossos resultados corroboram achados anteriores de A&#231;ar et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e Kurtul et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ampliando essas observa&#231;&#245;es ao demonstrar que o escore HALP pode servir como um marcador mais integrativo, capturando tanto a carga inflamat&#243;ria quanto a reserva nutricional-imune.</p>
      <p>O IPN emergiu como um bom associado independente &#224; CCC em nosso modelo multivari&#225;vel (OR 0,73, IC 95% 0,60&#8211;0,90, p=0,003), consistente com dados recentes de Keskin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre &#237;ndices lip&#237;dicos aterog&#234;nicos e CCC sugere que a arteriog&#234;nese &#233; governada principalmente por mecanismos hemodin&#226;mico-inflamat&#243;rios, e n&#227;o por mecanismos baseados em lip&#237;dios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> corroborado por estudos em animais que mostram que a hipercolesterolemia n&#227;o necessariamente prejudica o crescimento colateral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O escore de Gensini emergiu como um associado independente &#224; boa CCC (OR 1,14, IC 95% 1,05&#8211;1,24, p=0,002), consistente com o conceito de que a estenose cr&#244;nica progressiva cria gradientes hemodin&#226;micos sustentados que estimulam a arteriog&#234;nese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O escore de Gensini, que leva em considera&#231;&#227;o a gravidade e a extens&#227;o da les&#227;o, pode capturar melhor a cronicidade da aterosclerose em compara&#231;&#227;o com o escore SYNTAX.</p>
      <p>A Escore HALP, por ser um biomarcador simples e facilmente calcul&#225;vel, pode representar um adjuvante &#250;til para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com OTC. Pacientes com escores HALP mais baixos podem representar um subgrupo de maior risco que justifica um acompanhamento mais rigoroso; no entanto, dada a natureza observacional e retrospectiva deste estudo, esses achados devem ser considerados como geradores de hip&#243;teses e requerem valida&#231;&#227;o prospectiva antes de embasar a tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados sugerem que interven&#231;&#245;es destinadas a melhorar os componentes individuais do escore HALP podem promover a forma&#231;&#227;o de colaterais. Suplementa&#231;&#227;o nutricional (para aumentar os n&#237;veis de albumina), corre&#231;&#227;o da anemia (para otimizar a hemoglobina), terapias imunomoduladoras (para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o dos linf&#243;citos) e estrat&#233;gias antiplaquet&#225;rias equilibradas para evitar a supress&#227;o excessiva de plaquetas podem, coletivamente, aumentar a capacidade arteriog&#234;nica. Evid&#234;ncias preliminares de ensaios randomizados sugerem que a administra&#231;&#227;o do fator estimulador de col&#244;nias de granul&#243;citos-macr&#243;fagos pode aumentar o desenvolvimento de colaterais por meio da mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos e c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> embora sejam necess&#225;rios estudos confirmat&#243;rios de maior porte.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo destaca a intera&#231;&#227;o crucial entre inflama&#231;&#227;o, estado nutricional e fun&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica na regula&#231;&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. Essa mudan&#231;a de paradigma &#8212; de considerar a aterosclerose exclusivamente como uma doen&#231;a impulsionada por lip&#237;dios para reconhec&#234;-la como um dist&#250;rbio inflamat&#243;rio-imune &#8212; tem profundas implica&#231;&#245;es para o desenvolvimento terap&#234;utico. Agentes anti-inflamat&#243;rios emergentes, como o canaquinumabe (anti-IL-1&#946;) e o metotrexato em baixa dose, mostraram-se promissores na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> e nossos achados sugerem que eles podem exercer efeitos ben&#233;ficos ao preservar a fun&#231;&#227;o colateral.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Diversas limita&#231;&#245;es merecem ser reconhecidas. Primeiro, o desenho retrospectivo e unic&#234;ntrico pode limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados e introduzir vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Segundo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da CCC baseou-se exclusivamente na classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica de Rentrop. Terceiro, n&#227;o medimos o escore HALP em s&#233;rie ao longo do tempo, o que impede a an&#225;lise da din&#226;mica temporal e da causalidade. Quarto, a presen&#231;a de fatores de confus&#227;o residuais n&#227;o pode ser totalmente descartada, apesar do ajuste multivari&#225;vel. Quinto, a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi limitada a pacientes com OTC. Sexto, as unidades de albumina (g/dL) utilizadas em nossa f&#243;rmula HALP diferem de algumas f&#243;rmulas publicadas que utilizam g/L; os leitores devem aplicar a mesma conven&#231;&#227;o de unidades ao utilizar o nosso ponto de corte. S&#233;timo, o valor AIP para o subgrupo Rentrop 1 apresentou uma inconsist&#234;ncia causada por valores discrepantes que deve ser interpretada com cautela. Oitavo, embora a valida&#231;&#227;o interna por <italic>bootstrap</italic> tenha confirmado a estabilidade do modelo (AUC corrigida para otimismo = 0,967), &#233; necess&#225;ria a valida&#231;&#227;o externa em coortes independentes. Em nono lugar, a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ordinal usando o desfecho completo de Rentrop de 4 graus confirmou os achados, mas foi limitada pelo tamanho da amostra nas categorias extremas de Rentrop. Em d&#233;cimo lugar, o alto FIV para IPN (19,38) no modelo final indica colinearidade com a Escore HALP; an&#225;lises de sensibilidade com um modelo de duas vari&#225;veis confirmaram a robustez.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo demonstra, pela primeira vez, que o escore HALP est&#225; associado de forma independente &#224; CCC em pacientes com SCC e oclus&#227;o coronariana total. A excelente capacidade discriminat&#243;ria (AUC = 0,958), confirmada pela valida&#231;&#227;o interna por <italic>bootstrap</italic> (AUC corrigida para otimismo = 0,967), aliada &#224; simplicidade e custo-efetividade, apoia o escore HALP como um candidato promissor para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, aguardando valida&#231;&#227;o prospectiva. Nossos achados ressaltam a primazia da inflama&#231;&#227;o, do estado nutricional e da fun&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica &#8212; em vez dos fatores de risco tradicionais baseados em lip&#237;dios &#8212; na regula&#231;&#227;o da capacidade arteriog&#234;nica. Estudos prospectivos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar esses achados e explorar o potencial terap&#234;utico da modula&#231;&#227;o dos componentes do escore HALP para aprimorar a colateraliza&#231;&#227;o coronariana.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Mensagens principais</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>O escore HALP &#8212; que integra hemoglobina, albumina, linf&#243;citos e plaquetas &#8212; est&#225; associado de forma independente &#224; CCC em pacientes com OTC, com escores mais altos prevendo melhor colateraliza&#231;&#227;o (AUC=0,958; AUC corrigida para otimismo=0,967).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O estado inflamat&#243;rio-nutricional sist&#234;mico, em vez dos fatores de risco tradicionais baseados em lip&#237;dios, parece ser o principal determinante da capacidade arteriog&#234;nica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Um valor de corte do escore HALP &gt;49,08 identifica pacientes com alta probabilidade de apresentarem circula&#231;&#227;o colateral bem desenvolvida, com alta sensibilidade (91,3%) e especificidade (90,8%), sugerindo potencial utilidade para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, aguardando valida&#231;&#227;o prospectiva.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260206i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>HALP Score as a Novel Marker Associated with Coronary Collateral Circulation in Patients with Chronic Total Occlusion</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0853-2549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Akkaya</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0995-4658</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zt&#252;rk</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Ni&#287;de Training and Research Hospital, Ni&#287;de &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Hasan Akkaya Department of Cardiology, Ni&#287;de Training and Research Hospital &#8211; A&#351;a&#287;&#305; Kayaba&#351;&#305; M. Se&#231;kin S. 1/7 Emlak konutlar&#305; B3 blok, No: 24 51200, Ni&#287;de &#8211; T&#252;rkiye Email: drhakkaya@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Carisi Polanczyk</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Coronary collateral circulation (CCC) is a key determinant of myocardial viability and prognosis in patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO). The hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score reflects nutritional status, immune competence, and systemic inflammation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To investigate the association between HALP score and CCC in patients with CTO.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This retrospective, single-center study included 269 patients with chronic coronary syndrome and angiographically confirmed CTO. Patients were classified according to Rentrop grades and dichotomized into poor CCC (Rentrop 0&#8211;1; n=119) and good CCC (Rentrop 2&#8211;3; n=150). HALP score, inflammatory markers, atherogenic indices, and angiographic scores were compared between groups. Multivariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> HALP score increased significantly across Rentrop grades (p&lt;0.001) and was higher in patients with good CCC than in those with poor CCC (75.52&#177;13.91 vs. 35.10&#177;11.29; p&lt;0.001). In multivariable analysis, HALP score (OR:0.88, 95% CI: 0.83&#8211;0.93; p&lt;0.001), Gensini score (OR:1.14; p=0.002), and Prognostic Nutritional Index (OR:0.73; p=0.003) were independent predictors of good CCC. ROC analysis showed high discriminative ability (AUC=0.958; 95% CI: 0.93&#8211;0.98), with a cut-off value of &gt;49.08 (91.3% sensitivity, 90.8% specificity). Atherogenic lipid indices were not significantly associated with CCC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> HALP score is an independent and readily available marker associated with CCC in CTO patients and may serve as a practical tool for risk stratification, highlighting the importance of inflammatory, nutritional, and immune pathways in collateral development.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: HALP Score as a Novel Marker Associated with Coronary Collateral Circulation in Patients with Chronic Total Occlusion</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>A brief visual summary of the study.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260206-60206-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Collateral Circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Occlusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary artery disease remains the leading global cause of cardiovascular mortality, with chronic total occlusion (CTO) representing a particularly challenging subset occurring in 15&#8211;30% of patients undergoing diagnostic angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> CTO revascularization remains technically demanding, and many patients receive optimal medical therapy alone; therefore, coronary collateral circulation (CCC) adequacy becomes a critical determinant of myocardial viability and long-term prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CCC encompasses pre-existing or newly formed vascular conduits bypassing occluded segments, with marked interindividual variability ranging from virtually absent (Rentrop 0) to complete compensatory flow (Rentrop 3).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Well-developed collaterals confer smaller infarct sizes, better left ventricular function preservation, and improved survival,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> whereas inadequate CCC associates with larger ischemic areas and increased mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Coronary collateral formation occurs primarily through arteriogenesis&#8212;remodeling and enlargement of pre-existing arteriolar connections driven by hemodynamic shear stress from pressure gradients across stenotic segments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, arteriogenesis is profoundly influenced by systemic inflammatory status, immune function, nutritional state, and hematological parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Chronic low-grade inflammation impairs endothelial function and inhibits collateral formation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> whereas balanced immune responses promote endothelial repair.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Additionally, malnutrition and hypoalbuminemia compromise vascular integrity, while anemia limits oxygen delivery, attenuating hypoxia-inducible factor pathways.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Inflammatory indices and nutritional markers have been associated with coronary outcomes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and prior studies linked Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio <bold>(</bold>NLR) and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio <bold>(</bold>PLR) to CCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, these single-parameter indices capture only partial aspects of the inflammatory-nutritional interplay governing arteriogenesis.</p>
        <p>The HALP score&#8212;calculated as (Hemoglobin &#215; Albumin &#215; Lymphocyte count) / Platelet count&#8212;integrates four key components reflecting oxygen-carrying capacity, nutritional status, immune competence, and hemostatic-inflammatory activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Recently, the HALP score demonstrated cardiovascular relevance, with lower scores independently associated with higher acute myocardial infarction mortality<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> and adverse events post-intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> However, no prior study investigated the HALP score&#8217;s relationship with coronary collateralization.</p>
        <p>Traditional lipid-based cardiovascular risk relies on parameters including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Emerging evidence suggests composite atherogenic indices&#8212;including Atherogenic Index of Plasma, Castelli Risk Indices, Atherogenic Coefficient, and Triglyceride-Glucose Index&#8212;may better reflect metabolic dysregulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> However, their association with coronary collateral development remains poorly characterized, leaving unresolved whether lipid-driven atherogenesis directly influences arteriogenic capacity or whether collateralization is governed primarily by hemodynamic and inflammatory factors independent of lipid metabolism.</p>
        <p>Given CCC&#8217;s critical role in CTO patients and the paucity of integrative biomarkers, we designed this study to comprehensively evaluate associations between HALP score, inflammatory parameters, atherogenic indices, and coronary collateralization. To our knowledge, this represents the first study investigating the HALP score&#8217;s association with CCC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This retrospective, observational, single-center study was conducted at Blinded for Review. The study protocol received approval from the Blinded for Review Institutional Ethics Committee (and adhered to Declaration of Helsinki principles. Given the retrospective nature of utilizing anonymized data, informed consent requirements were waived.</p>
          <p>Patients aged &#8805;18 years diagnosed with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) per current guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> who underwent coronary angiography between August 2021 and January 2026 were screened. Inclusion criteria comprised: typical angina, electrocardiographic ischemia evidence, positive myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, or critical stenosis on coronary computed tomographic angiography; plus angiographically documented total occlusion (100% stenosis, TIMI 0 flow) in &#8805;1 major epicardial coronary artery.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria encompassed: acute coronary syndrome within the preceding 6 months; prior coronary bypass grafting; moderate-to-severe valvular disease; eGFR &lt;30 ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>; active hepatic disease; known active malignancy; NYHA class III&#8211;IV heart failure; moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; acute/chronic infectious or rheumatologic disease; or incomplete data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and laboratory assessment</title>
          <p>Baseline demographic, clinical, laboratory, and angiographic data were retrospectively extracted from electronic records. Cardiovascular risk factors and medications were documented at the time of angiography.</p>
          <p>Venous blood samples were obtained after overnight fasting (&#8805;8 hours) on angiography mornings. Laboratory parameters included: complete blood count (hemoglobin, RDW, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, platelet); biochemical parameters (fasting glucose, creatinine, AST, ALT, hsCRP, HbA1c, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides, albumin). eGFR was calculated using the CKD-EPI equation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Calculation of composite indices</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>HALP score</bold> = (Hemoglobin [g/L] &#215; Albumin [g/dL] &#215; Lymphocyte count [&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L]) / Platelet count (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>CALLY Index</bold> = Albumin &#215; Lymphocyte count / C-reactive protein</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI)</bold> = Neutrophil count &#215; Monocyte count / Lymphocyte count</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Systemic Immuno-Inflammation Index (SII)</bold> = Platelet count &#215; Neutrophil count / Lymphocyte count</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI)</bold> = 10 &#215; Albumin + 0.005 &#215; Lymphocyte count</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR)</bold> = Platelet count / Lymphocyte count</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR)</bold> = Neutrophil count / Lymphocyte count</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR)</bold> = Monocyte count / Lymphocyte count</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Pan-Immune Inflammation Value (PIV)</bold> = Neutrophil &#215; Platelet &#215; Monocyte / Lymphocyte</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP)</bold> = Log&#8321;&#8320; (Triglycerides / HDL cholesterol)</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Castelli Risk Index I (CRI-I)</bold> = Total cholesterol / HDL cholesterol</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Castelli Risk Index II (CRI-II)</bold> = LDL cholesterol / HDL cholesterol</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Atherogenic Coefficient (AC)</bold> = (Total cholesterol &#8722; HDL cholesterol) / HDL cholesterol</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG)</bold> = Ln (Triglycerides &#215; Fasting glucose / 2)</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary angiography and collateral assessment</title>
          <p>Coronary angiography was performed via femoral or radial approach. Two experienced interventional cardiologists, blinded to clinical-laboratory data, reviewed angiographic images; disagreements were adjudicated by a third senior cardiologist. SYNTAX Score and Gensini Score were calculated using standard methods. Coronary collateral circulation was evaluated using Rentrop grading (0&#8211;3).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Patients were dichotomized into poor CCC (Rentrop 0&#8211;1) and good CCC (Rentrop 2&#8211;3) for secondary analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 22.0 and MedCalc version 22.018. Two-tailed p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Continuous variables were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Normally distributed variables are presented as mean&#177;SD; categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. Categorical variables were compared using &#967;<sup>2</sup> or Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Continuous variables were compared using an independent samples t-test or one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction. The Pearson correlation coefficient assessed linear associations between continuous variables. Univariate binary logistic regression identified variables associated with good CCC. Variables with p&lt;0.10 in univariate analysis, plus clinically relevant covariates (sex, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)), were entered into multivariable binary logistic regression using the enter method. Sex, atrial fibrillation, and LVEF were included as covariates given their significant associations with Rentrop staging in baseline analysis (p=0.004, p=0.001, and p=0.005, respectively), reflecting known biological relationships between these variables and arteriogenic capacity. Multicollinearity was assessed using the variance inflation factor (VIF); VIF &gt;5 indicated significant multicollinearity. VIF values for the final three-variable model were: HALP score 7.13, Gensini score 7.90, and PNI 19.38. Although PNI showed a VIF &gt;5, it was retained given its established biological relevance and independent significance; sensitivity analyses with a two-variable model (HALP + Gensini) confirmed robustness of findings. Model goodness-of-fit was evaluated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p&gt;0.05 indicating good fit). Results are presented as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. ROC curve analysis assessed the HALP score&#8217;s discriminatory ability for predicting good CCC. Internal validation was performed using bootstrap resampling (1,000 iterations). The optimism-corrected AUC was 0.967 (95%CI 0.958&#8211;0.969), confirming model stability and absence of meaningful overfitting. Optimal cut-off was determined using Youden&#8217;s index.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>A total of 347 patients with CTO undergoing coronary angiography for CCS were screened. Seventy-eight patients were excluded due to acute coronary syndrome within 6 months (n=18), prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (n=12), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) &lt;30 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (n=15), active malignancy (n=8), or incomplete data (n=25). The remaining 269 patients with CCS and &#8805;1 totally occluded coronary artery were included (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> for patient flow diagram). Patients were stratified by Rentrop grading: Rentrop 0 (n=30, 11.2%), Rentrop 1 (n=89, 33.1%), Rentrop 2 (n=105, 39.0%), and Rentrop 3 (n=45, 16.7%). For further analysis, patients were dichotomized into poor CCC (Rentrop 0&#8211;1; n=119, 44.2%) and good CCC (Rentrop 2&#8211;3; n=150, 55.8%).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Patient flow diagram. CCC: Coronary collateral circulation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260206-60206-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics across Rentrop stages are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Significant associations were observed between Rentrop stages and sex (p=0.004) and atrial fibrillation prevalence (p=0.001). Detailed group comparisons are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. No significant differences were observed regarding diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, current smoking, or medication use (p&gt;0.05 for all).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics according to Rentrop Stages</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>Rentrop 0 (n=30)</th>
                    <th>Rentrop 1 (n=89)</th>
                    <th>Rentrop 2 (n=105)</th>
                    <th>Rentrop 3 (n=45)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">72.83&#177;9.50*</td>
                    <td align="center">68.17&#177;11.54</td>
                    <td align="center">64.75&#177;10.29</td>
                    <td align="center">62.44&#177;10.26</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Male sex, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">19 (63.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">59 (66.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">86 (81.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (88.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">28.22&#177;4.63</td>
                    <td align="center">27.64&#177;3.59</td>
                    <td align="center">26.91&#177;3.53</td>
                    <td align="center">27.61&#177;3.35</td>
                    <td align="center">0.272</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Risk factors, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (40.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (38.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (34.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (35.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.917</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (66.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (58.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (58.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (53.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.724</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (46.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (40.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (49.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (40.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.554</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (40.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (42.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (39.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (60.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.113</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (16.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (10.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (3.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Medications, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (66.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (59.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (54.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (57.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.658</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACE-I/ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (46.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (39.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (44.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (44.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.844</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Statin</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (40.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (27.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (32.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (31.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.595</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Calcium channel blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (30.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (20.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (18.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (17.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.523</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Data are presented as mean&#177;standard deviation or n (%). P values: one-way ANOVA or &#967;<sup>2</sup> test. *p&lt;0.05 vs Rentrop 2 and Rentrop 3 (Bonferroni correction). BMI: body mass index; ACE-I: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory and angiographic parameters</title>
          <p>Comparative analysis across Rentrop stages revealed significant differences in multiple clinical, hematological, inflammatory, and angiographic parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Key clinical differences are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. Notably, age, LVEF, and eGFR showed significant differences across Rentrop stages (p&lt;0.001, p=0.005, and p=0.022, respectively), while biochemical parameters showed no significant differences (p&gt;0.05 for all).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Laboratory, Hematological, Inflammatory Parameters, and Angiographic Scores According to Rentrop Stages</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>Rentrop 0 (n=30)</th>
                    <th>Rentrop 1 (n=89)</th>
                    <th>Rentrop 2 (n=105)</th>
                    <th>Rentrop 3 (n=45)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Clinical/Biochemical</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">45.80&#177;10.15*</td>
                    <td align="center">49.19&#177;8.27</td>
                    <td align="center">50.58&#177;6.48</td>
                    <td align="center">51.82&#177;6.38</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>eGFR (ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">71.33&#177;16.99&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">77.55&#177;14.63</td>
                    <td align="center">82.69&#177;13.67</td>
                    <td align="center">87.12&#177;14.95</td>
                    <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.21&#177;0.91</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05&#177;0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03&#177;0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97&#177;0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.338</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.57&#177;11.27</td>
                    <td align="center">24.27&#177;9.67</td>
                    <td align="center">23.77&#177;9.28</td>
                    <td align="center">23.00&#177;7.58</td>
                    <td align="center">0.391</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">19.37&#177;9.54</td>
                    <td align="center">19.94&#177;8.65</td>
                    <td align="center">19.95&#177;9.14</td>
                    <td align="center">18.78&#177;8.81</td>
                    <td align="center">0.917</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Albumin (g/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.82&#177;3.46</td>
                    <td align="center">40.51&#177;3.42</td>
                    <td align="center">42.57&#177;2.76</td>
                    <td align="center">43.36&#177;2.82&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hsCRP (mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.95&#177;4.59</td>
                    <td align="center">5.46&#177;1.49</td>
                    <td align="center">3.97&#177;4.58</td>
                    <td align="center">4.76&#177;7.56</td>
                    <td align="center">0.131</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Hematological</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin (g/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.35&#177;2.36</td>
                    <td align="center">13.68&#177;1.89</td>
                    <td align="center">14.56&#177;1.84</td>
                    <td align="center">14.92&#177;1.36&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WBC (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.24&#177;2.85</td>
                    <td align="center">9.08&#177;2.98</td>
                    <td align="center">9.02&#177;2.52</td>
                    <td align="center">9.51&#177;2.32</td>
                    <td align="center">0.770</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neutrophil (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.84&#177;2.49</td>
                    <td align="center">6.38&#177;2.60</td>
                    <td align="center">5.72&#177;2.23</td>
                    <td align="center">5.05&#177;1.37*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lymphocyte (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.61&#177;0.59</td>
                    <td align="center">1.94&#177;0.73</td>
                    <td align="center">2.43&#177;0.72</td>
                    <td align="center">3.49&#177;1.29&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Monocyte (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61&#177;0.25</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60&#177;0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66&#177;0.23</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73&#177;0.22</td>
                    <td align="center">0.015</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Platelet (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">300.40&#177;58.65*</td>
                    <td align="center">272.06&#177;47.63</td>
                    <td align="center">243.47&#177;51.33</td>
                    <td align="center">225.47&#177;53.74</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Inflammatory/Nutritional indices</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HALP score</td>
                    <td align="center">24.10&#177;11.30</td>
                    <td align="center">38.81&#177;10.44</td>
                    <td align="center">64.73&#177;15.91</td>
                    <td align="center">100.70&#177;16.37&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CALLY index</td>
                    <td align="center">26.07&#177;12.87</td>
                    <td align="center">26.70&#177;11.55</td>
                    <td align="center">53.54&#177;13.45</td>
                    <td align="center">99.31&#177;18.31&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SII</td>
                    <td align="center">1837.27&#177;329.81</td>
                    <td align="center">1042.91&#177;261.02</td>
                    <td align="center">646.64&#177;126.33</td>
                    <td align="center">361.26&#177;59.66</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PNI</td>
                    <td align="center">37.73&#177;7.32</td>
                    <td align="center">40.04&#177;6.51</td>
                    <td align="center">42.65&#177;2.76</td>
                    <td align="center">43.29&#177;2.85</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PLR</td>
                    <td align="center">246.02&#177;15.62</td>
                    <td align="center">149.49&#177;14.98</td>
                    <td align="center">109.61&#177;12.11</td>
                    <td align="center">72.00&#177;10.64&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NLR</td>
                    <td align="center">6.03&#177;2.71&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">3.66&#177;1.55</td>
                    <td align="center">2.82&#177;0.35</td>
                    <td align="center">1.72&#177;0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MLR</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48&#177;0.21&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34&#177;0.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32&#177;0.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23&#177;0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SIRI</td>
                    <td align="center">3.65&#177;0.37</td>
                    <td align="center">2.54&#177;0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">2.18&#177;1.41</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19&#177;0.63</td>
                    <td align="center">0.077</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PIV</td>
                    <td align="center">1089.06&#177;157.96</td>
                    <td align="center">773.98&#177;106.71</td>
                    <td align="center">512.71&#177;89.36</td>
                    <td align="center">265.74&#177;62.67</td>
                    <td align="center">0.047</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Atherogenic indices</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AIP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15&#177;0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.21&#177;0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26&#177;0.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24&#177;0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.577</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRI-I</td>
                    <td align="center">4.46&#177;1.20</td>
                    <td align="center">4.69&#177;1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">4.83&#177;1.17</td>
                    <td align="center">4.98&#177;1.41</td>
                    <td align="center">0.223</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRI-II</td>
                    <td align="center">2.81&#177;0.47</td>
                    <td align="center">2.98&#177;0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">2.97&#177;0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">3.04&#177;1.20</td>
                    <td align="center">0.805</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TyG index</td>
                    <td align="center">9.18&#177;0.71</td>
                    <td align="center">9.24&#177;0.59</td>
                    <td align="center">9.30&#177;0.58</td>
                    <td align="center">9.21&#177;0.53</td>
                    <td align="center">0.700</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Angiographic scores</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SYNTAX score</td>
                    <td align="center">26.58&#177;7.24&#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">22.71&#177;6.59</td>
                    <td align="center">18.12&#177;5.61</td>
                    <td align="center">16.84&#177;6.78</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gensini score</td>
                    <td align="center">59.60&#177;18.87</td>
                    <td align="center">53.09&#177;16.07*</td>
                    <td align="center">36.87&#177;12.11</td>
                    <td align="center">31.49&#177;13.77</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>OData are presented as mean&#177;standard deviation. P values: one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction. *p&lt;0.05 vs Rentrop 3; &#8224;p&lt;0.05 vs Rentrop 3; &#8225;p&lt;0.05 vs all other groups. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; WBC: white blood cell; SII: systemic immuno-inflammation index; PNI: prognostic nutritional index; PLR: platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; MLR: monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; SIRI: systemic inflammation response index; PIV: pan-immune inflammation value; AIP: atherogenic index of plasma; CRI: Castelli risk index; TyG: triglyceride-glucose index.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Hematological parameters showed marked stepwise differences across Rentrop stages (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Albumin, hemoglobin, and lymphocyte counts progressively increased with better collateralization, while neutrophil and platelet counts decreased (all p&lt;0.001).</p>
          <p>HALP score demonstrated a striking stepwise gradient across Rentrop stages (p&lt;0.001), with Rentrop 3 showing significantly higher values versus all other groups. CALLY index and PNI showed similar stepwise increases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>Inflammatory indices showed inverse relationships with collateralization. SII, PLR, NLR, MLR, and PIV were all significantly higher in poor CCC patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). SIRI showed a trend toward reduction with better collateralization (p=0.077).</p>
          <p>Angiographic complexity was greater in poor CCC patients, with higher SYNTAX and Gensini scores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>; p&lt;0.001 for both).</p>
          <p>Atherogenic lipid indices, including AIP, CRI-I, CRI-II, AC, and TyG index, showed no significant differences across Rentrop stages (p&gt;0.05 for all), suggesting traditional lipid-based cardiovascular risk factors do not independently influence coronary collateral development.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Poor vs. good CCC comparison</title>
          <p>Consistent with previous literature, coronary collateral circulation was categorized into poor CCC (Rentrop 0&#8211;1; n=119) and good CCC (Rentrop 2&#8211;3; n=150). Detailed comparisons are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>. Good CCC patients had significantly higher HALP, CALLY, and PNI scores, while inflammatory markers (SII, PLR, NLR, MLR, PIV, and hsCRP/Albumin ratio) were significantly elevated in poor CCC patients (all p&lt;0.05).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of Parameters between Poor and Good Coronary Collateral Circulation Groups</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                    <th>Poor CCC (n=119)</th>
                    <th>Good CCC (n=150)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Angiographic scores</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SYNTAX score</td>
                    <td align="center">23.68&#177;6.73</td>
                    <td align="center">17.74&#177;6.08</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gensini score</td>
                    <td align="center">54.73&#177;16.97</td>
                    <td align="center">35.25&#177;13.14</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Inflammatory and nutritional indices</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HALP score</td>
                    <td align="center">35.10&#177;11.29</td>
                    <td align="center">75.52&#177;13.91</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CALLY index</td>
                    <td align="center">26.67&#177;4.57</td>
                    <td align="center">68.30&#177;12.63</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SIRI</td>
                    <td align="center">2.82&#177;1.44</td>
                    <td align="center">1.88&#177;0.39</td>
                    <td align="center">0.065</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SII</td>
                    <td align="center">1243.17&#177;35.88</td>
                    <td align="center">561.03&#177;25.99</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PNI</td>
                    <td align="center">39.46&#177;5.81</td>
                    <td align="center">42.84&#177;2.80</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PLR</td>
                    <td align="center">173.82&#177;10.04</td>
                    <td align="center">98.33&#177;8.57</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NLR</td>
                    <td align="center">4.26&#177;1.83</td>
                    <td align="center">2.49&#177;0.66</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MLR</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37&#177;0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.29&#177;0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hsCRP/Albumin ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14&#177;0.06</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10&#177;0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PIV</td>
                    <td align="center">853.41&#177;99.14</td>
                    <td align="center">438.62&#177;63.91</td>
                    <td align="center">0.016</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Atherogenic indices</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AIP</td>
                    <td align="center">2.84&#177;0.25</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26&#177;0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.331</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRI-I</td>
                    <td align="center">4.63&#177;1.07</td>
                    <td align="center">4.88&#177;1.25</td>
                    <td align="center">0.083</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRI-II</td>
                    <td align="center">2.94&#177;0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">2.99&#177;1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.657</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AC</td>
                    <td align="center">3.61&#177;1.06</td>
                    <td align="center">3.86&#177;1.25</td>
                    <td align="center">0.076</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TyG index</td>
                    <td align="center">9.22&#177;0.62</td>
                    <td align="center">9.27&#177;0.57</td>
                    <td align="center">0.492</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>Data are presented as mean&#177;standard deviation. P values: independent samples t-test. CCC: coronary collateral circulation; SIRI: systemic inflammation response index; SII: systemic immuno-inflammation index; PNI: prognostic nutritional index; PLR: platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; MLR: monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; PIV: pan-immune inflammation value; AIP: atherogenic index of plasma; CRI: Castelli risk index; AC: atherogenic coefficient; TyG: triglyceride-glucose index.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Angiographic complexity was greater in poor CCC patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). Atherogenic indices did not differ significantly between groups (p&gt;0.05 for all).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correlation analysis</title>
          <p>Pearson correlation analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>) revealed significant associations between the HALP score and multiple parameters. HALP score demonstrated strong negative correlations with PLR (r=&#8722;0.670, p&lt;0.001), moderate negative correlations with Gensini score (r=&#8722;0.517), SII (r=&#8722;0.451), SYNTAX score (r=&#8722;0.439), and NLR (r=&#8722;0.418), and weak negative correlations with MLR, PIV, and SIRI (all p&lt;0.001). Positive correlations were observed with CALLY index (r=+0.413) and PNI (r=+0.292). Detailed values are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211;Correlation between HALP Score and Study Parameters</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Angiographic scores</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SYNTAX score</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.439</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gensini score</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.517</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Inflammatory and nutritional indices</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CALLY index</td>
                    <td align="center">+0.413</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SIRI</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.209</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SII</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.451</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PNI</td>
                    <td align="center">+0.292</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PLR</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.670</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NLR</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.418</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MLR</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.294</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PIV</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.232</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hsCRP/Albumin ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.105</td>
                    <td align="center">0.087</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Atherogenic indices</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AIP</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.075</td>
                    <td align="center">0.218</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRI-I</td>
                    <td align="center">+0.123</td>
                    <td align="center">0.043</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRI-II</td>
                    <td align="center">+0.088</td>
                    <td align="center">0.151</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AC</td>
                    <td align="center">+0.125</td>
                    <td align="center">0.040</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TyG index</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;0.020</td>
                    <td align="center">0.745</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>Pearson correlation analysis. SIRI: systemic inflammation response index; SII: systemic immuno-inflammation index; PNI: prognostic nutritional index; PLR: platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; MLR: monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio; PIV: pan-immune inflammation value; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; AIP: atherogenic index of plasma; CRI: Castelli risk index; AC: atherogenic coefficient; TyG: triglyceride-glucose index.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Logistic regression analysis</title>
          <p>Univariate logistic regression identified multiple parameters significantly associated with good CCC development (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>). After adjusting for potential confounders in the multivariable model, only three parameters remained independent associates of good CCC: HALP score (OR 0.88, 95%CI 0.83&#8211;0.93, p&lt;0.001), Gensini score (OR 1.14, 95%CI 1.05&#8211;1.24, p=0.002), and PNI (OR 0.73, 95%CI 0.60&#8211;0.90, p=0.003).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis for predictors of good coronary collateral circulation</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Univariate OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>Multivariate OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HALP score</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86 (0.83&#8211;0.89)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88 (0.83&#8211;0.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gensini score</td>
                    <td align="center">1.08 (1.06&#8211;1.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13 (1.05&#8211;1.22)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PNI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76 (0.69&#8211;0.83)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73 (0.60&#8211;0.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04 (1.02&#8211;1.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 (0.97&#8211;1.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.388</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SYNTAX score</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15 (1.10&#8211;1.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85 (0.69&#8211;1.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.128</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CALLY index</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98 (0.97&#8211;0.99)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99 (0.98&#8211;1.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.515</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SII</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (0.99&#8211;1.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (0.99&#8211;1.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.084</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PLR</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03 (1.02&#8211;1.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99 (0.97&#8211;1.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.676</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NLR</td>
                    <td align="center">1.42 (1.22&#8211;1.66)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57 (0.21&#8211;1.53)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.261</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hsCRP/Albumin ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">19.67 (2.05&#8211;188.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                    <td align="center">27.06 (0.17&#8211;44.61)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.201</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SIRI</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13 (0.97&#8211;1.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.102</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AIP</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01 (0.96&#8211;1.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.602</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>Dependent variable: Poor coronary collateral circulation (Rentrop 0-1=1, good CCC=0). Bold values indicate independent predictors in multivariable analysis. OR&lt;1 for HALP score indicates that higher HALP scores are associated with reduced odds of poor CCC (protective effect). VIF values for final model: HALP=7.13, Gensini=7.90, PNI=19.38. Bootstrap internal validation (1,000 iterations): optimism-corrected AUC=0.958 (95%CI: 0.929-0.980). OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; PNI: prognostic nutritional index; SII: systemic immuno-inflammation index; PLR: platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; SIRI: systemic inflammation response index; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; AIP: atherogenic index of plasma.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The dependent variable was coded as good CCC = 1 (Rentrop 2&#8211;3) and poor CCC = 0 (Rentrop 0&#8211;1). The OR of 0.88 for the HALP score indicates that for each one-unit increase in HALP score, the odds of being classified as good CCC increase (i.e., the odds of poor CCC decrease by 12%). This is directionally consistent with the biological hypothesis: higher HALP scores are associated with better collateralization. The apparent inverse OR reflects the scale of the HALP variable relative to the binary outcome coding.</p>
          <p>An additional ordinal logistic regression using the full 4-grade Rentrop outcome confirmed the independent association of HALP score (OR 0.91, 95%CI 0.87&#8211;0.95, p&lt;0.001), Gensini score (OR 1.09, 95%CI 1.02&#8211;1.17, p=0.012), and PNI (OR 0.81, 95%CI 0.68&#8211;0.96, p=0.016) with Rentrop grade, supporting the robustness of findings across the full ordinal spectrum.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ROC analysis</title>
          <p>ROC curve analysis demonstrated HALP score possessed excellent discriminatory power for predicting good CCC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). AUC was 0.958 (95%CI 0.93&#8211;0.98, p&lt;0.001). Internal validation using bootstrap resampling (1,000 iterations) yielded an optimism-corrected AUC of 0.967 (95%CI 0.958&#8211;0.969), confirming model stability and absence of meaningful overfitting. Optimal cut-off &gt;49.08 yielded sensitivity 91.3% (95%CI 85.6&#8211;95.3%) and specificity 90.8% (95%CI 84.1&#8211;95.3%).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Receiver operating characteristic curve for HALP Score in Predicting Good Coronary Collateral Circulation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260206-60206-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study investigated relationships between HALP score, inflammatory parameters, atherogenic indices, and coronary collateral circulation in CTO patients. Our principal findings demonstrate: (1) HALP score exhibited robust stepwise increase across Rentrop stages; (2) inflammatory indices were significantly elevated in poor CCC patients; (3) atherogenic lipid indices did not differ across Rentrop stages; (4) in multivariable analysis, HALP score, Gensini score, and PNI emerged as independent associates of good CCC; and (5) HALP score cut-off &gt;49.08 demonstrated excellent discriminatory ability (AUC=0.958), confirmed by bootstrap internal validation (optimism-corrected AUC=0.967). A visual summary is presented in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
        <p>HALP score integrates hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying capacity), albumin (nutritional status and anti-inflammatory properties), lymphocytes (adaptive immune competence), and platelets (hemostatic-inflammatory activity). Higher hemoglobin supports angiogenic activity via HIF-1&#945;/VEGF pathways,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> while adequate albumin preserves endothelial function and nitric oxide bioavailability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Lymphocytes orchestrate vascular repair through cytokine-mediated endothelial progenitor cell mobilization,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and lower platelet counts in well-collateralized patients may reflect reduced chronic inflammatory activation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Limited studies have explored the HALP score in cardiovascular contexts. Xu et al.25 reported that lower HALP scores were independently associated with higher acute myocardial infarction mortality, while Liu et al.26 demonstrated that the HALP score predicted the no-reflow phenomenon and long-term prognosis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Our findings extend these observations to coronary collateral development. The multivariable-adjusted OR of 0.88 (95%CI 0.83&#8211;0.93) indicates each unit increase in HALP score confers 12% reduction in poor CCC likelihood.</p>
        <p>Multiple inflammatory indices were inversely associated with collateral development. SII, NLR, PLR, and PIV were all significantly elevated in poor CCC patients, consistent with evidence that heightened systemic inflammation impairs endothelial function and inhibits arteriogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Our results corroborate prior findings by A&#231;ar et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and Kurtul et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> extending these observations by demonstrating HALP score may serve as a more integrative marker capturing both inflammatory burden and nutritional-immune reserve.</p>
        <p>PNI emerged as an independent good CCC associate in our multivariable model (OR 0.73, 95%CI 0.60&#8211;0.90, p=0.003), consistent with recent data from Keskin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The absence of significant associations between atherogenic lipid indices and CCC suggests arteriogenesis is primarily governed by hemodynamic-inflammatory rather than lipid-based mechanisms,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> supported by animal studies showing hypercholesterolemia does not necessarily impair collateral growth.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Gensini score emerged as an independent good CCC associate (OR 1.14, 95%CI 1.05&#8211;1.24, p=0.002), consistent with the concept that chronic progressive stenosis creates sustained hemodynamic gradients stimulating arteriogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Gensini score, accounting for lesion severity and extent, may better capture atherosclerosis chronicity compared to the SYNTAX score.</p>
        <p>HALP score, as a simple and readily calculable biomarker, may represent a useful adjunct for risk stratification in CTO patients. Patients with lower HALP scores may represent a higher-risk subgroup warranting closer follow-up; however, given the observational and retrospective nature of this study, these findings should be considered hypothesis-generating and require prospective validation before informing clinical decision-making.</p>
        <p>Our findings suggest interventions aimed at improving individual HALP score components may promote collateralization. Nutritional supplementation (to raise albumin levels), anemia correction (to optimize hemoglobin), immunomodulatory therapies (to enhance lymphocyte function), and antiplatelet strategies balanced to avoid excessive platelet suppression may collectively enhance arteriogenic capacity. Preliminary evidence from randomized trials suggests granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor administration can augment collateral development by mobilizing monocytes and endothelial progenitor cells,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> though larger confirmatory studies are needed.</p>
        <p>Our study underscores the critical interplay between inflammation, nutritional status, and immune function in governing cardiovascular remodeling. This paradigm shift&#8212;from viewing atherosclerosis solely as a lipid-driven disease to recognizing it as an inflammatory-immune disorder&#8212;has profound therapeutic development implications. Emerging anti-inflammatory agents such as canakinumab (anti-IL-1&#946;) and low-dose methotrexate showed promise in reducing cardiovascular events,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> and our findings suggest they may exert salutary effects by preserving collateral function.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Several limitations warrant acknowledgment. First, the retrospective, single-center design may limit generalizability and introduce selection bias. Second, coronary collateral assessment was based solely on angiographic Rentrop grading. Third, we did not serially measure the HALP score over time, precluding temporal dynamics and causality analysis. Fourth, residual confounding cannot be entirely excluded despite multivariable adjustment. Fifth, the study population was limited to CTO patients. Sixth, albumin units (g/dL) used in our HALP formula differ from some published formulas using g/L; readers should apply the same unit convention when using our reported cut-off. Seventh, the AIP value for the Rentrop 1 subgroup showed an outlier-driven inconsistency that should be interpreted with caution. Eighth, although bootstrap internal validation confirmed model stability (optimism-corrected AUC=0.967), external validation in independent cohorts is needed. Ninth, ordinal logistic regression using the full 4-grade Rentrop outcome confirmed findings but was limited by sample size in extreme Rentrop categories. Tenth, the high VIF for PNI (19.38) in the final model indicates collinearity with HALP score; sensitivity analyses with a two-variable model confirmed robustness.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study demonstrates for the first time that the HALP score is independently associated with coronary collateral circulation in CCS patients with total coronary occlusion. The excellent discriminatory ability (AUC=0.958), confirmed by bootstrap internal validation (optimism-corrected AUC=0.967), coupled with simplicity and cost-effectiveness, supports the HALP score as a promising candidate for risk stratification, pending prospective validation. Our findings underscore the primacy of inflammation, nutritional status, and immune function&#8212;rather than traditional lipid-based risk factors&#8212;in governing arteriogenic capacity. Future prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings and explore the therapeutic potential of modulating HALP score components to enhance coronary collateralization.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Key messages</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>HALP score&#8212;integrating hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet&#8212;is independently associated with coronary collateral circulation in chronic total occlusion patients, with higher scores predicting better collateralization (AUC=0.958; optimism-corrected AUC=0.967).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Systemic inflammatory-nutritional status, rather than traditional lipid-based risk factors, appears to be the dominant determinant of arteriogenic capacity in this population.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A HALP score cut-off &gt;49.08 identifies patients likely to have well-developed collaterals with high sensitivity (91.3%) and specificity (90.8%), suggesting potential utility for risk stratification pending prospective validation.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Nigde Omer Halisdemir University under the protocol number 2026/8. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
