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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dFLPPHP3cwRXygzzKVXvQGN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000702201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">02201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260122</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fen&#243;tipo Hipertr&#243;fico em Adolescente da Regi&#227;o Amaz&#244;nica com Variantes Combinadas nos genes GLA, TTR e PRKAG2</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2695-6783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Kemelly Ferreira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7214-6816</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Vanina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Leite Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;tia do Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8836-345X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcos Bemfica Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <collab>Investigadores do Mapa Genoma Brasil</collab>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" id="collab">
          <collab>Investigadores do Mapa Genoma Brasil</collab>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="collab-list">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Linnenkamp</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Domit Wener</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Emanuelle Leonilia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">A Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">A Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nilton Lins</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Matheus Martins Monteiro A Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia &#8211; R. Maestro Cardim, 637. CEP 01323-001, Bela Vista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>matheussmartins.1996@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nadine Clausell</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260122</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Amiloidose Familiar</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Fabry</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; definida como um aumento da espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e/ou direito sem condi&#231;&#245;es de sobrecarga que expliquem esse aumento. O diagn&#243;stico &#233; confirmado por exames de imagem, como ecocardiograma e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC), com a presen&#231;a de espessura da parede &#8805; 15 mm em qualquer segmento mioc&#225;rdico ou &#8805; 13 mm em parentes de primeiro grau de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A causa mais comum desse fen&#243;tipo &#233; a CMH gen&#233;tica, causada por muta&#231;&#245;es em genes que codificam prote&#237;nas sarcom&#233;ricas. A maioria dos pacientes com CMH &#233; assintom&#225;tica, mas alguns podem apresentar sintomas significativos, sendo essa uma importante causa de morte s&#250;bita em jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, &#233; importante considerar outras condi&#231;&#245;es conhecidas como fenoc&#243;pias, pois podem apresentar caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes em exames de imagem, mas com etiologias espec&#237;ficas e mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos distintos. Entre essas fenoc&#243;pias, destacam-se as doen&#231;as mitocondriais, as RASopatias, as distrofias musculares, a s&#237;ndrome PRKAG2, a doen&#231;a de Fabry e a amiloidose card&#237;aca. O diagn&#243;stico diferencial &#233; essencial, pois essas fenoc&#243;pias apresentam estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas espec&#237;ficas que podem impactar a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O presente relato descreve o caso de um paciente jovem em que esse diagn&#243;stico diferencial foi desafiador, tanto pelas dificuldades de acesso a exames espec&#237;ficos quanto pela sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as que dificultaram o diagn&#243;stico, e descreve a distribui&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a em sua fam&#237;lia. Este paciente faz parte de um projeto de pesquisa mais amplo, aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas sob os n&#250;meros de aprova&#231;&#227;o 7.108.530 e CAAE 55200322.5.3009.516.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, nascido e residente em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, que, aos 12 anos de idade, recebeu o diagn&#243;stico de CMH obstrutiva ap&#243;s interna&#231;&#227;o por meningite bacteriana. Na ocasi&#227;o, seu ecocardiograma mostrou di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) de 33 mm, espessura do septo interventricular de 25 mm e espessura da parede posterior de 27 mm, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) de 88% e presen&#231;a de gradiente de 38 mmHg na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) em repouso. Em seu hist&#243;rico familiar, ambos os pais e dois irm&#227;os estavam vivos e sem sintomas cardiovasculares. Permaneceu assintom&#225;tico at&#233; os 16 anos, quando procurou atendimento no servi&#231;o de cardiologia com epis&#243;dios de palpita&#231;&#245;es, dispneia e dor tor&#225;cica. O exame f&#237;sico n&#227;o revelou anormalidades neurol&#243;gicas ou dermatol&#243;gicas. A ausculta card&#237;aca demonstrou sopro sist&#243;lico na borda esternal esquerda, no quarto espa&#231;o intercostal. O eletrocardiograma revelou o eixo QRS no quadrante superior direito, presen&#231;a de ondas Q na parede lateral, sobrecarga biventricular e altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular de V1 a V6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Um novo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico bidimensional mostrou um DDVE de 40 mm, espessura do septo interventricular de 52 mm e espessura da parede posterior de 40 mm, com FEVE de 63% e gradiente da VSVE de 141 mmHg em repouso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). Foi realizado um Holter de 24 horas, que mostrou um epis&#243;dio de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada. Os exames de fun&#231;&#227;o renal, como ureia, creatinina e uran&#225;lise, estavam dentro dos limites normais. A RMC e a cintilografia card&#237;aca com radiotra&#231;adores osteotr&#243;picos n&#227;o foram realizadas devido a quest&#245;es log&#237;sticas. Ele iniciou o tratamento com succinato de metoprolol 50 mg duas vezes ao dia e foi solicitada a implanta&#231;&#227;o de um cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI). A possibilidade de transplante card&#237;aco foi discutida; no entanto, esse procedimento n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel na cidade do paciente. Iniciou-se ent&#227;o um processo de tratamento fora de casa. Nesse momento, foi realizado o teste gen&#233;tico. Ele retornou para acompanhamento um m&#234;s depois, apresentando al&#237;vio parcial dos sintomas e redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente da VSVE para 53 mmHg. No entanto, enquanto aguardava a implanta&#231;&#227;o do CDI e a valida&#231;&#227;o para o transplante card&#237;aco, ele faleceu subitamente em casa.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; ECG mostrando desvio extremo do eixo, presen&#231;a de ondas Q na parede lateral, sobrecarga biventricular e repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular alterada de V1 a V6.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260122-60122-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico bidimensional mostrando uma espessura do septo interventricular de 52 mm, uma espessura da parede posterior de 40 mm e FEVE de 63%.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260122-60122-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O teste gen&#233;tico mostrou a presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s variantes simultaneamente: (1) uma variante patog&#234;nica em hemizigose no gene GLA, descrita como NM_000169.3(GLA):c.870G&gt;A;p.(Met290Ile) associada &#224; doen&#231;a de Fabry; (2) uma variante provavelmente patog&#234;nica no gene TTR heterozigoto descrita como NM_000371.4(TTR):c.289T&gt;C;p.(Ser97Pro), associada &#224; amiloidose heredit&#225;ria relacionada &#224; transtirretina e (3) uma variante de significado incerto no gene PRKAG2 heterozigoto, descrita como NM_016203.4(PRKAG2):c.969C&gt;A;p.(Phe323Leu). Na investiga&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Fabry, a atividade da alfa-galactosidase (GLA) apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o com uma dosagem de 0,66 mcmol/L/h (VR: &gt;1,68 mcmol/L/h). A dosagem do biomarcador Lyso-Gb 3 foi de 0,85 ng/mL (VR: 1,1 ng/mL).</p>
      <p>Os testes em parentes de primeiro grau revelaram a aus&#234;ncia de variantes no pai, a presen&#231;a da mesma variante patog&#234;nica em hemizigose no gene GLA no irm&#227;o mais velho e a presen&#231;a das mesmas variantes nos genes GLA e TTR na m&#227;e e na irm&#227; mais nova. Os testes em parentes de primeiro grau revelaram a aus&#234;ncia de variantes no pai, a presen&#231;a da mesma variante patog&#234;nica em hemizigose no gene GLA no irm&#227;o (21 anos) e a presen&#231;a das mesmas variantes nos genes GLA e TTR na m&#227;e (40 anos) e na irm&#227; (14 anos). No irm&#227;o, a atividade da alfa-galactosidase A (GLA) foi de 0,75 &#181;mol/L/h (VR: &#8805; 1,68 &#181;mol/L/h) e a dosagem do biomarcador Lyso-Gb 3 foi de 1 ng/mL (VR: 1,1 ng/mL). Na m&#227;e, a atividade da alfa-galactosidase A (GLA) foi de 1,82 &#181;mol/L/h (VR: &#8805; 1,68 &#181;mol/L/h) e a dosagem do biomarcador Lyso-Gb 3 foi de 0,4 ng/mL (VR: 1,1 ng/mL). Na irm&#227;, a atividade da alfa-galactosidase A (GLA) foi de 3,48 &#181;mol/L/h (VR: &#8805; 1,68 &#181;mol/L/h) e a dosagem do biomarcador Lyso-Gb 3 foi de 0,4 ng/mL (VR: 1,1 ng/mL). Os demais membros da fam&#237;lia permanecem assintom&#225;ticos. O heredograma &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; &#193;rvore geneal&#243;gica da fam&#237;lia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260122-60122-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente relato descreve uma rara combina&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s variantes gen&#233;ticas simult&#226;neas, GLA, TTR e PRKAG2, resultando em um fen&#243;tipo complexo de CMH, sendo dif&#237;cil definir qual variante causa a doen&#231;a ou se houve um efeito sin&#233;rgico. O uso da RMC para avaliar o padr&#227;o de realce mioc&#225;rdico tardio poderia auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico. Al&#233;m disso, a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com pirofosfato poderia sugerir amiloidose card&#237;aca, caso presente. Ao mesmo tempo, uma bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica poderia confirmar o diagn&#243;stico. Infelizmente, esses exames n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis em uma regi&#227;o com acesso limitado a exames mais complexos. Portanto, podemos inferir o efeito potencial de cada variante a partir da epidemiologia espec&#237;fica de cada doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>O gene PRKAG2 pode estar relacionado ao processo de transcri&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na quinase ativada por AMP (AMPK), sendo sua muta&#231;&#227;o respons&#225;vel pela perda de fun&#231;&#227;o da subunidade &#947;2 da prote&#237;na ou por um defeito no processo de glicog&#234;nio. Pacientes com muta&#231;&#245;es nesse gene apresentam principalmente aumento da espessura ventricular associado a dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, como na s&#237;ndrome de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica &#233; considerada rara, estando mais associada ao in&#237;cio precoce e &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas em pacientes mais jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outra cardiomiopatia com fen&#243;tipo hipertr&#243;fico considerada rara &#233; a doen&#231;a de Fabry. Esta doen&#231;a &#233; caracterizada pela forma&#231;&#227;o de armadura lisossomal, com deposi&#231;&#227;o progressiva de glicoesfingolip&#237;dios (GL-3) nos tecidos, podendo comprometer diversos sistemas, incluindo o cardiovascular. &#201; causada por uma muta&#231;&#227;o no gene GLA com heran&#231;a ligada ao cromossomo X. Dois fen&#243;tipos s&#227;o descritos na doen&#231;a de Fabry: o fen&#243;tipo cl&#225;ssico, com envolvimento grave, precoce e multissist&#234;mico, principalmente em homens, e o fen&#243;tipo tardio, que pode ocorrer em homens ou mulheres e geralmente apresenta envolvimento card&#237;aco isolado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dentre as muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas respons&#225;veis pelas cardiomiopatias hipertr&#243;ficas, destaca-se a amiloidose, que causa deposi&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas fibrilares em &#243;rg&#227;os como cora&#231;&#227;o, rins e sistema nervoso. A forma card&#237;aca apresenta aumento da espessura ventricular, combinado com aumento da rigidez das c&#226;maras. A amiloidose card&#237;aca, devido &#224; deposi&#231;&#227;o de transtirretina (ATTR), pode ser frequentemente causada por variantes gen&#233;ticas no gene TTR e, portanto, afeta pacientes mais idosos.</p>
      <p>A idade de 16 anos &#233; um fator determinante neste caso, visto que tanto a doen&#231;a de Fabry, em sua forma fenot&#237;pica tardia, quanto a amiloidose causada pela transtirretina geralmente se manifestam em idades mais avan&#231;adas. Da mesma forma, a doen&#231;a de Fabry com caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas cl&#225;ssicas apresenta uma abordagem multissist&#234;mica, o que n&#227;o ocorreu neste caso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome PRKAG2 afeta jovens entre 10 e 20 anos de idade e est&#225; fortemente associada a taquiarritmias ventriculares malignas e bloqueios atrioventriculares graves. Portanto, essa muta&#231;&#227;o pode ser o principal determinante dessa doen&#231;a fatal precoce. Possivelmente, variantes nos genes TTR e GLA s&#227;o apenas fatores secund&#225;rios.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este relato de caso, envolvendo tr&#234;s variantes gen&#233;ticas associadas ao aumento da espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, enfatiza a relev&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico diferencial em doen&#231;as de dep&#243;sito card&#237;aco. A determina&#231;&#227;o precisa da causa subjacente &#233; essencial para orientar interven&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas e prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es irrevers&#237;veis. M&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos avan&#231;ados, incluindo RMC com mapeamento T1, testes gen&#233;ticos e bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, s&#227;o essenciais para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dessas condi&#231;&#245;es, permitindo a individualiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento e um melhor progn&#243;stico para os pacientes. Sabe-se que a s&#237;ndrome PRKAG2 afeta jovens entre 10 e 20 anos de idade. Assim, neste caso, hipotetizamos que essa muta&#231;&#227;o poderia ser o principal determinante dessa doen&#231;a precoce e fatal. No entanto, acreditamos que testes mais espec&#237;ficos, como RMC e bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, seriam fundamentais para a confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. Este caso nos leva a refletir sobre a dificuldade diagn&#243;stica do fen&#243;tipo de CMH.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260122i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hypertrophic Phenotype in an Adolescent from the Amazon Region Associated with Combined Variants in the GLA, TTR, and PRKAG2 genes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2695-6783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Kemelly Ferreira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7214-6816</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Vanina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Leite Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;tia do Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8836-345X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcos Bemfica Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <collab>Investigadores do Mapa Genoma Brasil</collab>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" id="collab1">
          <collab>Investigadores do Mapa Genoma Brasil</collab>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="collab-list">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" rid="collab1">
          <name>
            <surname>Linnenkamp</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Domit Wener</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" rid="collab1">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Emanuelle Leonilia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" rid="collab1">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">A Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Matheus Martins Monteiro A Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia &#8211; R. Maestro Cardim, 637. Postal Code 01323-001, Bela Vista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: matheussmartins.1996@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Nadine Clausell</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Familial Amyloidosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Fabry Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) phenotype is defined as increased wall thickness of the left and/or right ventricle without loading conditions that explain this. Its diagnosis is confirmed by imaging tests such as echocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with the presence of wall thickness &#8805; 15 mm in any myocardial segment or 13 mm in first-grade relatives of patients with a confirmed diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The most common cause of this phenotype is genetic HCM caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Most patients with HCM are asymptomatic, but some patients may present significant symptoms, and this is an important cause of sudden death in young people.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, it is important to consider other conditions known as phenocopies because they may have similar characteristics in imaging tests, but with specific etiologies that have different pathophysiological mechanisms. Among these phenocopies, we highlight mitochondrial diseases, RASopathies, muscular dystrophies, PRKAG2 syndrome, Fabry disease, and cardiac amyloidosis. Their differential diagnosis is essential because these phenocopies present specific diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that can impact the natural evolution of disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The present report reveals the case of a young patient in which this differential diagnosis was challenging, both due to difficulties in accessing specific exams and the overlapping of diseases that made his diagnosis hard, and describes the disease distribution in his family. This patient is part of a broader research project approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade do Estado do Amazonas under approval number 7.108.530 and CAAE 55200322.5.3009.516.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>Male patient, born and resident in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, who, at 12 years old, received a diagnosis of obstructive HCM after being hospitalized for bacterial meningitis. At that time, his echocardiogram showed left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) of 33 mm, interventricular septum thickness of 25 mm, and posterior wall thickness of 27 mm, with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 88% and presence of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient of 38 mmHg at rest. In his family history, he had both parents and two siblings alive and without any cardiovascular symptoms. He remained asymptomatic until the age of 16, when he sought care in the cardiology service with episodes of palpitations, dyspnea, and chest pain. The physical examination did not reveal any neurological or dermatological abnormalities. Cardiac auscultation demonstrated a systolic murmur on the left sternal border, fourth intercostal space. The electrocardiogram revealed the QRS axis in the right upper quadrant, presence of Q waves in the lateral wall, biventricular overload, and altered ventricular repolarization from V1 to V6. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). A new two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram showed a LVDD of 40 mm, an interventricular septum thickness of 52 mm, and a posterior wall thickness of 40 mm, with LVEF of 63% and LVOT gradient of 141 mmHg at rest (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>). A 24-hour Holter was performed, which showed an episode of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT). Kidney function tests, such as urea, creatinine, and urinalysis, were within normal limits. CMR imaging and cardiac scintigraphy with bone-seeking radiotracers were not performed due to logistical issues. He started treatment with metoprolol succinate 50 mg twice a day, and implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) was requested. The possibility of a heart transplant was discussed; however, this procedure was not available in the patient&#8217;s city. A process for treatment outside the home was initiated. At that time, genetic testing was conducted. He returned for follow-up one month later with partial relief of symptoms and a reduction of LVOT gradient to 53 mmHg. However, while awaiting the implantation of the ICD and approval for a heart transplant, he passed away suddenly at home.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ECG showing extreme axis deviation, presence of Q waves in the lateral wall, biventricular overload, and altered ventricular repolarization from V1 to V6.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260122-60122-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram showing an interventricular septum thickness of 52 mm, a posterior wall thickness of 40 mm, and LVEF of 63%.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260122-60122-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The genetic testing showed the presence of three variants simultaneously: (1) a pathogenic variant in hemizygosity in the GLA gene, described as NM_000169.3(GLA):c.870G&gt;A;p.(Met290Ile) associated with Fabry disease; (2) a probably pathogenic variant in the heterozygous TTR gene described as NM_000371.4(TTR):c.289T&gt;C;p.(Ser97Pro), associated with hereditary amyloidosis related to transthyretin and (3) a variant of uncertain significance in the heterozygous gene PRKAG2, described as NM_016203.4(PRKAG2):c.969C&gt;A;p.(Phe323Leu). In the investigation of Fabry disease, the activity of alpha-galactosidase (GLA) showed alteration with a dosage of 0.66 mcmol/L/h (VR: &gt;1.68 mcmol/L/h). The Lyso-Gb 3 biomarker dosage was 0.85 ng/mL (VR: 1.1 ng/mL).</p>
        <p>Testing of first-degree relatives revealed the absence of variants in the father, the presence of the same pathogenic variant in hemizygosity in the GLA gene in the older sibling (male), and the presence of the same variants in the GLA and TTR genes in the mother and the youngest sibling (female). Testing of first-degree relatives revealed the absence of variants in the father, the presence of the same pathogenic variant in hemizygosity in the GLA gene in the brother (21 years old), and the presence of the same variants in the GLA and TTR genes in the mother (40 years old) and the sister (14 years old). In the brother, the activity of alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) was 0.75 mcmol/L/h (VR: &#8805; 1.68 mcmol/L/h), and the dosage of the Lyso-Gb 3 biomarker was 1 ng/mL (VR: 1.1 ng/mL). In the mother, the activity of alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) was 1.82 mcmol/L/h (VR: &#8805; 1.68 mcmol/L/h), and the dosage of biomarker Lyso-Gb 3 was 0.4 ng/mL (VR: 1.1 ng/mL). In the sister, the activity of alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) was 3.48 mcmol/L/h (VR: &#8805; 1.68 mcmol/L/h), and the dosage of the Lyso-Gb 3 biomarker was 0.4 ng/mL (VR: 1.1 ng/mL). The family members remain asymptomatic. The family members remain asymptomatic. The heredogram is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Family pedigree.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260122-60122-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present report described a rare combination of three simultaneous genetic variants GLA, TTR, and PRKAG2 resulting in a complex phenotype of HCM, which is difficult to define which variant causes the disease or if there was a synergistic effect. The use of CMR to evaluate the pattern of late myocardial enhancement could assist in diagnosis. Furthermore, performing myocardial scintigraphy with pyrophosphate could suggest cardiac amyloidosis if present. At the same time, a myocardial biopsy could define the diagnosis. Unfortunately, these exams are not available in a region with difficult access to more complex exams. Therefore, we can infer the potential effect of each variant from the epidemiology of each disease specifically.</p>
        <p>PRKAG2 is a gene that may be related to the transcription process of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), with its mutation responsible for the loss of function of the y2 subunit of the protein, or that results in a defect in the glycogen process. Patients with gene mutations evolve mainly because of increased ventricular thickness associated with abnormal cardiac conduction, such as the case of ventricular pre-excitation syndrome. This genetic alteration is considered rare, being more associated with the early onset and evolution of cardiac alterations in younger patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another cardiomyopathy with a hypertrophic phenotype considered rare is Fabry disease. This disease is characterized by lysosomal armature, with progressive deposition of glyconesphingolipids (GL-3) in tissues, potentially compromising several systems, including the cardiovascular system. It is caused by a mutation in the GLA gene with X-linked inheritance. Two phenotypes are described in the Fabry disease: the classic phenotype with severe, early, and multisystem involvement, mainly in men, and the late phenotype that can occur in men or women and generally has an isolated cardiac involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among the genetic mutations responsible for hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, amyloidosis also stands out, which causes deposition of fibrillar proteins in organs such as the heart, kidneys, and nervous system. The cardiac form presents an increase in ventricular thickness, combined with an increase in chamber rigidity. Cardiac amyloidosis, due to deposition of transthyretin (ATTR), can frequently be caused by genetic variants in the TTR gene and therefore affects older pacients.</p>
        <p>The age of 16 is a determining factor in this case, as both the Fabry disease, in its late phenotypic form, and the amyloidosis caused by TTR generally manifest themselves in more advanced ages. Likewise, Fabry disease with classical phenotypic features presents with a multisystem approach, which did not happen in this case.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The PRKAG2 syndrome is known to affect young people between 10 and 20 years of age and is strongly associated with malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias and severe atrioventricular blocks. Thus, this mutation could be the main determinant of this early fatal disease. Possibly, variants in the TTR and GLA genes are most likely bystanders.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This case report, involving three genetic variants associated with increased left ventricular wall thickness, emphasizes the relevance of differential diagnosis in cardiac deposition disorders. A precise determination of the underlying cause is essential to guide specific interventions and prevent irreversible complications. Advanced diagnostic methods, including magnetic resonance imaging with T1 mapping, genetic tests, and endomyocardial biopsy, are essential for the characterization of these conditions, allowing individualization of treatment and better prognosis for patients. PRKAG2 syndrome is known to affect young people between 10 and 20 years of age. Thus, in this case, we hypothesized that this mutation could be the main determinant of this early fatal disease. However, we believe that more specific tests, such as CMR and endomyocardial biopsy, would be fundamental for diagnostic confirmation. This case brings us to reflect on the difficult diagnosis of the HCM phenotype.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade do Estado do Amazonas under the protocol number 7.106.271 / CAAE: 55200322.5.3009.5016. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
