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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">rRnVTSJ9CMLFLWQ8FfH7F4w</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000700602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260069</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sacubitril/Valsartana versus Enalapril ou Losartana em Doses M&#225;ximas na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida: Dados de Mundo Real</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7950-1443</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Renato de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-0122-7692</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fiusa</surname>
            <given-names>Vin&#237;cius C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-5641-8581</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tim</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-7965-1128</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Victoria T. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2518-9597</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Henrique M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1458-0099</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo T. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2784-820X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana J. B. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8444-2655</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramalho</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Henrique Rodolpho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5592-816X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jreige</surname>
            <given-names>Armindo</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8017-1675</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6465-356X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz S&#233;rgio Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Laborat&#243;rio de Dados para Qualidade do Cuidado e Pesquisa de Desfechos</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Dados para Qualidade do Cuidado e Pesquisa de Desfechos (LaDaQCOR), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa em Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares de Bras&#237;lia &#8211; Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (ESCS), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (ESCS), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto S&#237;rio-liban&#234;s de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto S&#237;rio-liban&#234;s de Ensino e Pesquisa, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal (ICDF), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Yale School of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Section of Cardiovascular Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">New Haven</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">EUA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Yale School of Medicine - Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">VA Connecticut Healthcare System</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">West Haven</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>9</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Taguatinga</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia &#8211; Gerontologia, Taguatinga, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Luiz S&#233;rgio Fernandes de Carvalho &#8226; Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia &#8211; Gerontologia - QS 7. CEP <postal-code>71966-700</postal-code>, Pist&#227;o Sul, Taguatinga, DF &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>luiz.carvalho@p.ucb.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nadine Clausell</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260069</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Sacubitril/valsartana reduziu a mortalidade e as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) em compara&#231;&#227;o com enalapril em estudos cl&#237;nicos pivotais. No entanto, os dados de mundo real sob doses otimizadas continuam limitados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar os desfechos de pacientes com ICFEr tratados com sacubitril/valsartana versus enalapril ou losartana nas doses m&#225;ximas recomendadas pelas diretrizes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Analisamos dados de uma coorte observacional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (n = 2.314), incluindo pacientes atendidos entre agosto de 2010 e setembro de 2024 em seis hospitais p&#250;blicos de uma grande &#225;rea metropolitana. A an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria incluiu 254 pacientes com ICFEr que receberam as doses m&#225;ximas recomendadas pelas diretrizes dos medicamentos investigados. Uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade incluiu 452 pacientes que receberam quaisquer doses subm&#225;ximas. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a combina&#231;&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou &#243;bito. As diferen&#231;as basais foram ajustadas por meio do pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o. Foram considerados significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Entre 254 pacientes com ICFEr (idade m&#233;dia de 63,6 &#177; 12,3 anos, 61,4% do sexo masculino), 115 receberam sacubitril/valsartana 97/103 mg duas vezes ao dia, 33 enalapril 20 mg duas vezes ao dia e 106 losartana 100 mg ao dia. Durante um seguimento mediano de 23,9 meses (intervalo interquartil 11,9&#8211;41,1), ocorreram 70 eventos do desfecho prim&#225;rio (56 primeiras hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e 32 &#243;bitos). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com doses equivalentes de enalapril ou losartana, sacubitril/valsartana n&#227;o foi associado a redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na combina&#231;&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou mortalidade (<italic>odds ratio</italic> 0,650, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 0,354&#8211;1,195, p = 0,165), mas foi associado &#224; melhora do estado funcional (<italic>odds ratio</italic> 3,902, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 1,745&#8211;8,726, p = 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo de mundo real n&#227;o demonstrou redu&#231;&#245;es significativas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou mortalidade com sacubitril/valsartana em compara&#231;&#227;o a enalapril ou losartana nas doses m&#225;ximas recomendadas pelas diretrizes; no entanto, sacubitril/valsartana foi associado &#224; melhora da classe funcional.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Sist&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Valsartana</kwd>
        <kwd>Enalapril</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <caption>
        <title>MACE: eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260069-60069-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, os inibidores do receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina (ARNI) surgiram como tratamento fundamental para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr). A combina&#231;&#227;o de sacubitril com valsartana promove vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e natriurese, ao mesmo tempo que neutraliza os efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos da angiotensina II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As diretrizes atuais para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca recomendam os ARNI em vez dos inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) ou dos bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina (BRA) para pacientes com ICFEr.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o foi inicialmente embasada pelo estudo PARADIGM-HF, que demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na mortalidade e nas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es com sacubitril/valsartana em compara&#231;&#227;o com enalapril.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Posteriormente, uma an&#225;lise conjunta de dados dos ensaios PIONEER-HF e PARAGLIDE-HF forneceu evid&#234;ncias adicionais em favor do uso de ARNI na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda, abordando uma lacuna importante deixada pelo per&#237;odo de pr&#233;-inclus&#227;o do estudo PARADIGM-HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, uma cr&#237;tica comum em rela&#231;&#227;o a esses estudos diz respeito ao uso de uma dosagem sub&#243;tima de enalapril (10 mg duas vezes ao dia, em vez do m&#225;ximo titul&#225;vel de 20 mg duas vezes ao dia, geralmente recomendado pelas diretrizes de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), em compara&#231;&#227;o com uma dosagem completa de sacubitril/valsartana (97/103 mg duas vezes ao dia).</p>
      <p>Com a finalidade de abordar essa controv&#233;rsia e fornecer uma compara&#231;&#227;o mais equitativa, o presente estudo visou comparar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com ICFEr tratados com as doses m&#225;ximas recomendadas pelas diretrizes de sacubitril/valsartana (97/103 mg duas vezes ao dia) versus enalapril (20 mg duas vezes ao dia) ou losartana (100 mg ao dia). O desenho do estudo, os grupos de compara&#231;&#227;o e os desfechos prim&#225;rios s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo, popula&#231;&#227;o e aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>O presente estudo analisou dados de uma coorte observacional em andamento de 2.314 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que receberam atendimento entre 1 de agosto de 2010 e 30 de setembro de 2024 em seis hospitais p&#250;blicos terci&#225;rios em uma grande regi&#227;o metropolitana. Com base no censo demogr&#225;fico nacional mais recente e em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos anteriores, a coorte abrangeu aproximadamente 8,4% dos indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na regi&#227;o do estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A coorte incluiu pacientes com 18 anos ou mais que atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de Framingham para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> De 2 de janeiro de 2021 a 31 de janeiro de 2024, um total de 931 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram inclu&#237;dos prospectivamente por meio de uma entrevista cl&#237;nica estruturada durante o seguimento ambulatorial, visitas hospitalares para exames de imagem card&#237;aca e interna&#231;&#245;es. De 1 de outubro de 2023 a 30 de setembro de 2024, outros 1.383 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca registrados no centro de refer&#234;ncia local foram inclu&#237;dos retrospectivamente por meio da revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos. Os pacientes tiveram seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico avaliado desde o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que foi considerado o per&#237;odo basal dos participantes, com dados de acompanhamento de 1 de agosto de 2010 a 30 de setembro de 2024. Durante a extra&#231;&#227;o e a revis&#227;o dos dados, tivemos acesso a informa&#231;&#245;es que poderiam identificar participantes individuais. Os dados foram acessados para fins de pesquisa entre 1 de janeiro de 2021 e 1 de setembro de 2024, de acordo com as aprova&#231;&#245;es concedidas pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa.</p>
        <p>Dos 2.314 pacientes da coorte, o presente estudo analisou apenas aqueles com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (&#8804; 40%) (n = 903). Adicionalmente, indiv&#237;duos foram exclu&#237;dos pelos seguintes motivos: dados de prescri&#231;&#227;o indispon&#237;veis ou incompletos (n = 180); uso de outro tipo de IECA ou BRA (n = 17); e uso de doses subm&#225;ximas dos medicamentos investigados (n = 452). A coorte final para a an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria abrangeu 254 pacientes eleg&#237;veis, conforme descrito no fluxograma STROBE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Tamb&#233;m foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, incluindo os 452 pacientes que receberam doses subm&#225;ximas dos medicamentos investigados.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma STROBE. BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260069-60069-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A metodologia do estudo foi aprovada pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa das institui&#231;&#245;es participantes (n&#250;meros de aprova&#231;&#227;o: 35543020.1.0000.8153 e 72838823.5.0000.5553). O consentimento livre e esclarecido foi obtido de todos os participantes por meios f&#237;sicos ou digitais, exceto para os participantes inclu&#237;dos retrospectivamente que faleceram durante o acompanhamento ou foram considerados incontact&#225;veis ap&#243;s duas tentativas de contato telef&#244;nico em dias diferentes, para os quais foi concedida uma dispensa pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta e defini&#231;&#245;es dos dados</title>
        <p>Foi utilizada a plataforma REDCap para a coleta de dados. As seguintes categorias de dados foram coletadas: dados demogr&#225;ficos, comorbidades, farmacoterapia, par&#226;metros laboratoriais e desfechos cl&#237;nicos. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a combina&#231;&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por todas as causas ou mortalidade. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores de tr&#234;s pontos (3p-MACE; definidos como a combina&#231;&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal ou morte cardiovascular) e progress&#227;o da classe funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA) (sem altera&#231;&#227;o, melhora ou piora).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando o RStudio vers&#227;o 4.4.2 para Windows. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como contagens e porcentagens e comparadas usando o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson com corre&#231;&#227;o de continuidade (corre&#231;&#227;o de Yates) ou o teste exato de Fisher. Dado o n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de eventos em alguns subgrupos, um limiar pragm&#225;tico baseado nas frequ&#234;ncias observadas (&#8805; 10 vs. &lt; 10 ocorr&#234;ncias) foi adotado para orientar a sele&#231;&#227;o do teste, com a corre&#231;&#227;o de Yates aplicada para mitigar o risco de superestimar a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em amostras pequenas. A normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com &lt; 50 casos foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro&#8211;Wilk, e a das vari&#225;veis com &#8805; 50 casos foi avaliada por inspe&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica (histograma, gr&#225;fico Q&#8211;Q e diagrama de caixa). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas usando o teste t de Student independente com ajuste de vari&#226;ncia. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram expressas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ) e comparadas usando o teste de Mann&#8211;Whitney.</p>
        <p>Para levar em considera&#231;&#227;o as diferen&#231;as basais entre os grupos de tratamento, inerentes aos estudos observacionais, realizamos o pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o (PSM). Para avaliar o impacto do sacubitril/valsartana em desfechos espec&#237;ficos, estimamos o efeito m&#233;dio do tratamento nos tratados (ATET). Para minimizar o vi&#233;s devido a covari&#225;veis ausentes, foi realizada a imputa&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla antes da estimativa do escore de propens&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A imputa&#231;&#227;o multivariada foi conduzida utilizando o pacote mice. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e bin&#225;rias com at&#233; 20% de dados ausentes foram imputadas, como um limiar pragm&#225;tico e baseado em dados para equilibrar a redu&#231;&#227;o do vi&#233;s e a estabilidade da estimativa, exceto para: sexo, idade, desfechos e os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo [FEVE], uso de sacubitril/valsartana, uso de enalapril e uso de losartana). A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi usada para a imputa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis bin&#225;rias e a imputa&#231;&#227;o por m&#233;dia preditiva (<italic>predictive mean matching</italic>) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas com mais de 2 categorias n&#227;o foram imputadas devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o extrema na maioria delas (por exemplo, muito poucos participantes asi&#225;ticos e ind&#237;genas para a vari&#225;vel ra&#231;a). Esse processo reduziu a j&#225; baixa porcentagem de c&#233;lulas ausentes nas vari&#225;veis imputadas de 3,53% para 0,42%. Os escores de propens&#227;o foram estimados ap&#243;s a imputa&#231;&#227;o, e o pareamento foi realizado dentro dos conjuntos de dados imputados. As regras de Rubin foram aplicadas para agrupar os valores de p entre as imputa&#231;&#245;es nas an&#225;lises subsequentes. Foram considerados significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        <p>Dado o grande n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis em nosso conjunto de dados, a regress&#227;o LASSO (operador de sele&#231;&#227;o e encolhimento absoluto m&#237;nimo) foi empregada para orientar a sele&#231;&#227;o de covari&#225;veis para o PSM. O pacote MatchIt foi usado para realizar o PSM por meio do m&#233;todo gen&#233;tico, escolhido por sua robustez e efici&#234;ncia. O ATET foi estimado por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ponderada e foi restrito a eventos com mais de 10 ocorr&#234;ncias.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre agosto de 2010 e setembro de 2024, 254 pacientes com ICFEr foram atendidos em seis hospitais p&#250;blicos na regi&#227;o do estudo. Um total de 115 pacientes (45,3%) recebeu prescri&#231;&#227;o de sacubitril/valsartana 97/103 mg duas vezes ao dia, 33 (13,0%) de enalapril 20 mg duas vezes ao dia e 106 (41,7%) de losartana 100 mg ao dia. O tempo mediano de seguimento da coorte do estudo foi de 23,9 meses (IIQ 11,9&#8211;41,1).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o foi composta por 61,4% de pacientes do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de 63,6 &#177; 12,3 anos. Quando estratificada por tratamento, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo, idade, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal ou ra&#231;a (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). As comorbidades tamb&#233;m foram, em geral, semelhantes entre os grupos. Os indiv&#237;duos em uso de sacubitril/valsartana apresentaram FEVE menor (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o para sacubitril/valsartana em compara&#231;&#227;o com enalapril ou losartana</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">An&#225;lises principais</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">An&#225;lises de sensibilidade</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Enalapril 20 mg duas vezes ao dia ou losartana 100 mg ao dia (n = 139)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sacubitril/valsartana 97/103 mg duas vezes ao dia (n = 115)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Dose subm&#225;xima de enalapril ou losartana (n = 297)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Dose subm&#225;xima de sacubitril/valsartana (n = 155)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                  <bold>Sexo masculino, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">85 (61,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">71 (61,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">183 (61,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">95 (61,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                  <bold>Idade (anos), M &#177; DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64,6 &#177; 13,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">62,3 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,130<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">61,3 &#177; 13,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">61,6 &#177; 13,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,816<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">&lt; 65 anos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">65 (46,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">68 (59,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,066<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">186 (62,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">85 (54,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,133<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">65&#8211;85 anos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">68 (48,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">46 (40,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,195<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">101 (34%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">65 (41,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,119<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">&#8805; 85 anos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (4,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,132<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (3,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (3,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), M &#177; DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">28,62 &#177; 6,21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">28,82 &#177; 5,68</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,827<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26,36 &#177; 5,64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26,95 &#177; 5,34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,382<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Multirracial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (30,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17 (25,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,627<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (19,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">28 (30,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,100<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Branca, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (12,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (7,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,414<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (12,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (5,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,101<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Preta, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">44 (55,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45 (67,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,213<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">82 (66,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">59 (63,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,727<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Outras, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (1,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (1,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">44 (31,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">39 (33,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,835<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">66 (22,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">34 (21,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">108 (77,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">78 (67,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,104<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">167 (56,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">92 (59,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,591<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">67 (48,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">54 (47,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,943<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">108 (36,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50 (32,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,444<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">79 (56,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">70 (60,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,602<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">137 (46,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">90 (58,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,021<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hist&#243;rico de tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">58 (41,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">37 (32,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,151<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">111 (37,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">59 (38,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,967<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hipotireoidismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13 (9,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">20 (17,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,087<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40 (17,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">20 (12,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,303<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (13,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14 (12,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,951<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">60 (20,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">34 (22,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,759<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Apneia obstrutiva do sono, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,688<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Asma, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (5,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (4,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (4,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9 (5,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,632<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">DPOC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12 (8,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (5,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,334<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19 (6,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8 (5,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,680<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Uso de &#225;lcool, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27 (19,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">30 (26,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,306<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">70 (23,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">42 (27,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,479<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hist&#243;rico de c&#226;ncer, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8 (5,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,354<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (7,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (3,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,079<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                  <bold>Les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">FEVE (%), Mdn (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">33,0 (27,0&#8211;37,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29,0 (24,0&#8211;35,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31,0 (24,0&#8211;36,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27,0 (22,0&#8211;31,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Isqu&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">55 (39,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">51 (44,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,521<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">83 (27,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">55 (35,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,112<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hipertensiva, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">47 (33,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">34 (29,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,557<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">61 (26,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">39 (25,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,906<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26 (18,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (15,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,636<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">63 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">46 (29,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,661<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cardiomiopatia dilatada, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25 (18,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (20,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,674<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">42 (18,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (15,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,600<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Valvar, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (3,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (3,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">16 (6,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11 (7,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">49 (35,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29 (25,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,112<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">78 (26,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">44 (28,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,711<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Est&#225;gio terminal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (1,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,669<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">51 (36,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">48 (41,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,489<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">93 (31,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">49 (31,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">IM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">43 (31,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45 (39,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,267<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">77 (26,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">41 (26,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,980<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">AVC pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19 (13,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11 (9,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,416<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">46 (15,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19 (12,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,431<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                  <bold>Farmacoterapia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">130 (93,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">108 (93,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">282 (94,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">146 (94,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,905<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Inibidores de SGLT2, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">46 (33,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">83 (72,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">94 (40,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">111 (71,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">ARM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">108 (77,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">104 (90,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,011<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">241 (81,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">143 (92,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Furosemida, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">81 (58,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">62 (53,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,568<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">127 (55,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">95 (61,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,261<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Tiaz&#237;dicos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17 (12,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (6,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,131</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13 (5,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,815<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">BCC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22 (15,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13 (4,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,440<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hidralazina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12 (8,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (4,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,212<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (3,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,555<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Nitratos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17 (12,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (5,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,077<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11 (3,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (3,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Amiodarona, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (10,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (20,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,041<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52 (17,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45 (29,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Ivabradina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (4,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13 (11,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,054<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12 (7,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Digoxina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8 (5,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (6,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32 (10,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19 (12,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,752<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Aspirina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">72 (51,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">46 (40,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,080<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">93 (31,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">47 (30,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,895<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Antagonistas de P2Y12, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19 (13,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13 (11,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,707<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (8,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,174<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Anticoagulantes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">28 (20,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">35 (30,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,081<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">105 (35,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52 (33,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,798<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Estatinas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">101 (72,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">85 (73,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,935<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">193 (65,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">94 (60,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,420<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Ezetimiba, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (5,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (8,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,318<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13 (5,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11 (7,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,719<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Fibratos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (3,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,182<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (2,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,408<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Metformina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">47 (33,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">38 (33,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">49 (16,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21 (13,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,493<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Sulfonilureias, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (10,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8 (7,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,381<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14 (6,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,074<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Insulina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25 (18,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (13,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,366<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">35 (11,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14 (9,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,456<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Creatinina (mg/dL), Mdn (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,19 (0,98&#8211;1,51)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,19 (0,98&#8211;1,51)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,948<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,13 (0,90&#8211;1,39)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,12 (0,92&#8211;1,46)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,447<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">TFG (mL/min), M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">68,3 &#177; 20,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">71,8 &#177; 21,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,178<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">74,1 &#177; 22,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">73,1 &#177; 21,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,675<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">S&#243;dio (mEq/L), M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">139,2 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">140,4 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,037<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">138,4 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">139,6 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L), M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4,62 &#177; 0,54</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4,64 &#177; 0,48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,847<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4,61 &#177; 0,60</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4,55 &#177; 0,54</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,232<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Glicemia (mg/dL), Mdn (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">101,0 (89,0&#8211;118,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">101,0 (89,5&#8211;129,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,629<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">98,5 (85,0&#8211;123,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">95,0 (85,0&#8211;114,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,256<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hemoglobina glicada (%), Mdn (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6,10 (5,62&#8211;7,15)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6,10 (5,60&#8211;7,20)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,925<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6,0 (5,6&#8211;6,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5,90 (5,6&#8211;6,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,374<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Colesterol total (mg/dL), M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">166,7 &#177; 56,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">164,8 &#177; 51,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,781<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">168,5 &#177; 47,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">171,7 &#177; 50,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,509<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Colesterol HDL (mg/dL), M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">96,0 &#177; 53,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">100,2 &#177; 39,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,480<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">104,3 &#177; 49,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">102,3 &#177; 42,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,650<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Colesterol LDL (mg/dL), M &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">43,9 &#177; 15,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">41,3 &#177; 12,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,141<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45,2 &#177; 13,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45,1 &#177; 15,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,985<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL), Mdn (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">133,0 (89,0&#8211;179,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">129,0 (87,0&#8211;182,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,993<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">116,0 (78,0&#8211;175,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">119,0 (81,0&#8211;165,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,897<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">BNP (pg/mL), Mdn (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">426,0 (258,0&#8211;680,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">334,0 (143,5&#8211;1,771,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">242,7 (68,5&#8211;953,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">199,0 (105,0&#8211;1,670,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,579<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">AST (U/L), Mdn (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22,0 (18,0&#8211;29,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">23,0 (17,0&#8211;29,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,915<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25,0 (19,0&#8211;34,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24,0 (19,0&#8211;30,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,337<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">ALT (U/L), Mdn (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21,0 (16,0&#8211;29,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22,0 (16,0&#8211;32,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,706<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22,0 (15,0&#8211;34,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22,0 (16,0&#8211;31,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,942<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste qui-quadrado de Pearson com corre&#231;&#227;o de continuidade</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste exato de Fisher</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>teste t de Student independente com ajuste de vari&#226;ncia</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>teste de Mann&#8211;Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>ALT: alanina aminotransferase; ARM: antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; BCC: bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio; BMI: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; GFR: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; M: m&#233;dia; Mdn: mediana; SGLT2: cotransportador de s&#243;dio-glicose 2.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; farmacoterapia para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o grupo sacubitril/valsartana recebeu com mais frequ&#234;ncia inibidores do cotransportador de s&#243;dio-glicose 2 (SGLT2) e antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides (ARM). Esses indiv&#237;duos tamb&#233;m apresentaram menor probabilidade de receber bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio (BCC) e maior probabilidade de receber amiodarona (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas para outros medicamentos (betabloqueadores, diur&#233;ticos, vasodilatadores, outros antiarr&#237;tmicos, antidiab&#233;ticos, hipolipemiantes e antitromb&#243;ticos). A &#250;nica diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros laboratoriais foi um n&#237;vel s&#233;rico ligeiramente mais elevado de s&#243;dio no grupo sacubitril/valsartana (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o</title>
        <p>Com base no conhecimento cl&#237;nico e nas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na an&#225;lise descritiva, as seguintes covari&#225;veis candidatas foram inseridas na regress&#227;o LASSO: sexo, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), FEVE, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG), fatores de risco cardiovascular cl&#225;ssicos (obesidade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, dislipidemia, hist&#243;rico de tabagismo), as principais etiologias da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (isqu&#234;mica, hipertensiva, cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, cardiomiopatia dilatada, valvar), outros medicamentos para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (betabloqueadores, inibidores de SGLT2 e ARM), antiarr&#237;tmicos, diur&#233;ticos, antidiab&#233;ticos, hipolipemiantes, antitromb&#243;ticos e par&#226;metros laboratoriais metab&#243;licos (hemoglobina glicada, perfil lip&#237;dico). A vari&#225;vel de tratamento foi definida como o uso de sacubitril/valsartana e a vari&#225;vel de desfecho como a combina&#231;&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou mortalidade.</p>
        <p>A valida&#231;&#227;o cruzada LASSO retornou um lambda m&#237;nimo de 0,052, com os seguintes coeficientes: FEVE, hist&#243;rico de tabagismo, uso de inibidor de SGLT2, uso de BCC e uso de amiodarona. Os participantes foram pareados com base em seu escore de propens&#227;o para o uso de sacubitril/valsartana. As seguintes covari&#225;veis foram utilizadas para o c&#225;lculo do escore de propens&#227;o: idade, FEVE, hist&#243;rico de tabagismo, uso de inibidor de SGLT2, uso de ARM, uso de BCC e uso de amiodarona. A diferen&#231;a padronizada m&#233;dia para a dist&#226;ncia foi de 1,27 antes do pareamento e de 0,07 ap&#243;s o pareamento (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">Tabela Suplementar 1</xref>). A diferen&#231;a padronizada m&#233;dia para as covari&#225;veis variou de &#8722;1,61 a 0,87 antes do pareamento e de &#8722;0,07 a 0,07 ap&#243;s o pareamento. Antes do pareamento, a popula&#231;&#227;o era composta por 115 indiv&#237;duos tratados com sacubitril/valsartana 97/103 mg duas vezes ao dia e 139 controles (tratados com enalapril 20 mg duas vezes ao dia ou losartana 100 mg ao dia) sem dados faltantes nas covari&#225;veis. O processo de pareamento resultou na perda de 60 controles, mas aumentou significativamente a comparabilidade entre os grupos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>Durante o seguimento mediano de 23,9 meses (IIQ 11,9&#8211;41,1), ocorreram 70 eventos do desfecho prim&#225;rio (56 primeiras hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e 32 &#243;bitos). Houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o nominal, mas n&#227;o estatisticamente significativa, na combina&#231;&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou mortalidade no grupo sacubitril/valsartana (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Resultados semelhantes foram observados para hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, mortalidade por todas as causas e 3p-MACE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). A exce&#231;&#227;o not&#225;vel foi a progress&#227;o da classe funcional da NYHA, na qual a melhora foi mais frequente no grupo sacubitril/valsartana (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desfechos ap&#243;s pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o para sacubitril/valsartana em compara&#231;&#227;o com enalapril ou losartana</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">An&#225;lises principais</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">An&#225;lises de sensibilidade</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Enalapril 20 mg duas vezes ao dia ou losartana 100 mg ao dia (n = 79)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sacubitril/valsartana 97/103 mg duas vezes ao dia (n = 115)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Dose subm&#225;xima de enalapril ou losartana (n=132)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Dose subm&#225;xima de sacubitril/valsartana (n=155)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                  <bold>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou mortalidade, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31 (39,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">39 (33,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,500<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45 (34,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">55 (35,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,951<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12 (16,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19 (16,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (18,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26 (17,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,888<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">&#8805; 1 hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (30,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32 (27,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,779<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">38 (29,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">41 (26,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,748<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">&#8805; 2 hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (6,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (5,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,759<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (13,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12 (7,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,150<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">&#8805; 3 hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (4,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8 (5,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">&#8805; 4 hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (1,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,649<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,627<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9 (12,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14 (12,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19 (14,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (11,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,610<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                  <bold>Mortalidade por todas as causas, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (19,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17 (14,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,536<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29 (19,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,373<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Mortalidade CV, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9 (12,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (13,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">23 (18%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21 (14,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,490<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mortalidade por IM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (2,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,647<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mortalidade por AVC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,626<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (8,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9 (7,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (14,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (10,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,414<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mortalidade por outra causa CV, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,666<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                  <bold>Mortalidade n&#227;o CV, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (5,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,436<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9 (7,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,152<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Mortalidade por causa infecciosa, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (2,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,647<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (3,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,256<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mortalidade por COVID-19, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,394<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,340<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                  <bold>3p-MACE, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12 (16,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17 (14,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,972<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">28 (21,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">23 (15,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,231<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">IM n&#227;o fatal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,567<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">AVC n&#227;o fatal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,567<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (4,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,521<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">Progress&#227;o da classe funcional NYHA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Sem altera&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">44 (64,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52 (48,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,046<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">65 (55,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">88 (60,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,469<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Melhora, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (22,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">46 (42,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">34 (28,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">43 (29,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Piora, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9 (13,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (9,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,459<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19 (16,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (10,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,222<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste qui-quadrado de Pearson com corre&#231;&#227;o de continuidade</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste exato de Fisher.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; CV: cardiovascular; MACE: evento cardiovascular adverso maior; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise do ATET confirmou esses achados, n&#227;o demonstrando redu&#231;&#245;es significativas para o desfecho prim&#225;rio ou seus componentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Tamb&#233;m revelou uma associa&#231;&#227;o ainda mais forte para a melhora da classe funcional da NYHA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito m&#233;dio do tratamento nos tratados com sacubitril/valsartana em compara&#231;&#227;o com enalapril ou losartana (doses m&#225;ximas)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">An&#225;lises principais</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">An&#225;lises de sensibilidade</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">SE</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">SE</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">OR (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou mortalidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,431</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,311</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,165<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,650 (0,354&#8211;1,195)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,202</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,271</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,455<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,224 (0,702&#8211;2,081)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,236</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,391</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,546<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,790 (0,367&#8211;1,700)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,025</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,336</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,941<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,025 (0,531&#8211;1,980)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">&#8805; 1 hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,286</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,324</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,377<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,751 (0,398&#8211;1,418)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,290</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,998<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,001 (0,567&#8211;1,765)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">&#8805; 2 hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,254</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,628</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,686<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,776 (0,227&#8211;2,657)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,667</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,399</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,094<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,513 (0,235&#8211;1,121)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,428</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,421</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,310<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,652 (0,286&#8211;1,488)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,230</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,367</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,531<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,795 (0,387&#8211;1,631)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Mortalidade por todas as causas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,214</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,410</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,602<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,808 (0,362&#8211;1,802)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,049</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,321</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,879<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,952 (0,508&#8211;1,786)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mortalidade CV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,057</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,465</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,902<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,059 (0,426&#8211;2,635)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,127</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,351</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,716<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,880 (0,443&#8211;1,751)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,523</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,660</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,428<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,688 (0,463&#8211;6,154)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,226</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,396</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,568<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,797 (0,367&#8211;1,733)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>3p-MACE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,193</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,415</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,642<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,824 (0,365&#8211;1,861)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,268</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,328</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,415<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,765 (0,402&#8211;1,456)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Progress&#227;o da classe funcional NYHA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sem altera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,942</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,338</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,390 (0,201&#8211;0,757)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,153</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,266</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,564<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,165 (0,692&#8211;1,962)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Melhora</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,362</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,411</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3,902 (1,745&#8211;8,726)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,212</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,300</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,480<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,236 (0,687&#8211;2,223)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Piora</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,427</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,491</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,385<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,653 (0,249&#8211;1,710)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0,660</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,367</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,072<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,517 (0,252&#8211;1,061)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ponderada e log odds (beta).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>CV: cardiovascular; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; NYHA: New York Heart Association; OR: odds ratio; SE: erro padr&#227;o; 3p-MACE: eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores de tr&#234;s pontos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade</title>
        <p>O presente estudo tamb&#233;m avaliou os dados dos 452 pacientes que receberam quaisquer doses subm&#225;ximas dos medicamentos investigados. Essa popula&#231;&#227;o foi 61,5% masculina, com idade m&#233;dia de 61,4 anos e mediana de seguimento de 19,3 (IIQ 8,7&#8211;33,7) meses. Um total de 155 pacientes (34,2%) utilizou sacubitril/valsartana, 201 (44,4%) enalapril e 96 (21,2%) losartana. As diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estratificadas por medicamento foram semelhantes &#224;s observadas com doses otimizadas, com FEVE menor e uso mais frequente de inibidores de SGLT2, ARM e amiodarona no grupo sacubitril/valsartana. Ap&#243;s o PSM (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">Tabela Suplementar 2</xref>), n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nos desfechos prim&#225;rios ou secund&#225;rios, o que foi confirmado pela an&#225;lise do ATET.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo utilizou dados de mundo real de uma coorte observacional para comparar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com ICFEr que receberam as doses m&#225;ximas recomendadas pelas diretrizes de sacubitril/valsartana (97/103 mg duas vezes ao dia) versus enalapril (20 mg duas vezes ao dia) ou losartana (100 mg ao dia). N&#227;o foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es significativas no desfecho prim&#225;rio, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou morte combinadas (<italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR] 0,650, IC 95% 0,354&#8211;1,195, p = 0,165), nem em seus componentes, primeira hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (OR 0,751, IC 95% 0,398&#8211;1,418, p = 0,377) e mortalidade por todas as causas (OR 0,808, IC 95% 0,362&#8211;1,802, p = 0,602). Esses achados n&#227;o corroboram a redu&#231;&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es ou mortalidade com o uso de sacubitril/valsartana em compara&#231;&#227;o com enalapril ou losartana nas doses m&#225;ximas recomendadas pelas diretrizes.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o ensaio PARADIGM-HF, estudos subsequentes comparando sacubitril/valsartana com doses equivalentes de IECA ou BRA n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos em pacientes com FEVE preservada ou reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No ensaio LIFE, entre pacientes com ICFEr avan&#231;ada, sacubitril/valsartana n&#227;o demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o adicional de NT-proBNP em compara&#231;&#227;o com a valsartana (&#225;rea sob a curva 0,95, IC 95% 0,84&#8211;1,08, p = 0,45).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, o estudo PARADISE-MI, que incluiu pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, n&#227;o demonstrou superioridade de sacubitril/valsartana sobre ramipril na preven&#231;&#227;o de morte cardiovascular ou eventos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> 0,90, IC 95% 0,78&#8211;1,04, p = 0,17).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, uma metan&#225;lise recente comparou sacubitril/valsartana com IECA e BRA em doses equivalentes e n&#227;o encontrou redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na mortalidade por todas as causas (<italic>risk ratio</italic> 0,90, IC 95% 0,76&#8211;1,07, p = 0,38, I&#178; = 0%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Esses estudos tamb&#233;m apoiam a hip&#243;tese de que os resultados favor&#225;veis observados com sacubitril/valsartana no estudo PARADIGM-HF podem ter sido influenciados, pelo menos parcialmente, pelo uso de um regime de controle sub&#243;timo.</p>
      <p>Sacubitril/valsartana foi fortemente associado &#224; melhora da classe funcional da NYHA (OR 3,902, IC 95% 1,745&#8211;8,726, p = 0,001), mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou mortalidade. Esse achado pode estar relacionado ao aumento dos efeitos natriur&#233;ticos e hemodin&#226;micos da inibi&#231;&#227;o da neprilisina. &#201; importante ressaltar que n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas no uso de diur&#233;ticos entre os grupos e que o PSM alcan&#231;ou um equil&#237;brio quase perfeito em rela&#231;&#227;o aos inibidores de SGLT2 (72,1% vs. 70,0%) e ARM (90,4% vs. 91,1%). Embora o equil&#237;brio das covari&#225;veis tenha melhorado ap&#243;s o pareamento, n&#227;o pode ser totalmente exclu&#237;da a presen&#231;a de fatores de confus&#227;o residuais. Essa hip&#243;tese foi posteriormente avaliada por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada (considerando idade, sexo, FEVE, TFG, medicamentos para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e diur&#233;ticos), que mostrou resultados semelhantes (sacubitril/valsartana com OR de 2,805, IC 95% 1,275&#8211;6,172, p = 0,010) (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">Tabela Suplementar 3</xref>). Isso est&#225; de acordo com outros estudos que mostram melhora da classe NYHA e nos escores de qualidade de vida, apesar de n&#227;o haver redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No entanto, esse achado n&#227;o foi observado na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, possivelmente refletindo maior heterogeneidade na exposi&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento, bem como a natureza subjetiva da classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA.</p>
      <p>Um &#250;ltimo aspecto que merece considera&#231;&#227;o &#233; o contexto econ&#244;mico que envolve o uso de sacubitril/valsartana. Considerando as doses m&#225;ximas recomendadas pelas diretrizes e os pre&#231;os de varejo encontrados online em farm&#225;cias dos Estados Unidos, sacubitril/valsartana custa aproximadamente US$ 600 por m&#234;s, enquanto enalapril e losartana est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis por aproximadamente US$ 25 e US$ 10 por m&#234;s, respectivamente. No contexto do estudo, apesar da pol&#237;tica de medicamentos gen&#233;ricos, que permite a produ&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos a baixo custo, sacubitril/valsartana permanece consideravelmente mais caro, custando aproximadamente US$ 55 por m&#234;s, em compara&#231;&#227;o com enalapril e losartana, dispon&#237;veis por aproximadamente US$ 2 e US$ 3 por m&#234;s, respectivamente. O presente estudo n&#227;o realizou an&#225;lise farmacoecon&#244;mica ou de custo-efetividade formal. Portanto, essas diferen&#231;as de pre&#231;o devem ser interpretadas apenas como informa&#231;&#245;es contextuais. Mais estudos farmacoecon&#244;micos espec&#237;ficos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar a custo-efetividade de sacubitril/valsartana em diversos contextos de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>Os achados do presente estudo ressaltam a import&#226;ncia de incorporar evid&#234;ncias de mundo real na avalia&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas. Em cen&#225;rios cada vez mais complexos, marcados por m&#250;ltiplas op&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas, &#233; essencial compreender o desempenho de novas terapias fora do ambiente controlado dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos. Sacubitril/valsartana deve ser avaliado n&#227;o apenas quanto &#224; efic&#225;cia, mas tamb&#233;m em termos de aplicabilidade, custo-benef&#237;cio e implementa&#231;&#227;o em diferentes contextos de sa&#250;de, particularmente em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda com recursos de sa&#250;de limitados. Embora nossos achados forne&#231;am informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes de mundo real, compara&#231;&#245;es diretas com resultados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados devem ser interpretadas com cautela, dada a natureza observacional do presente estudo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo &#233; o tamanho relativamente pequeno da amostra. A redu&#231;&#227;o nominal no desfecho prim&#225;rio observada no grupo sacubitril/valsartana levanta a quest&#227;o de se essa diferen&#231;a atingiria signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em uma coorte maior. Usando o GPower 3.1.9.7, o poder estat&#237;stico (1 &#8722; erro &#946;) para os desfechos medidos foi excelente (0,893). Isso sugere que o tamanho da nossa amostra foi suficiente para detectar o efeito observado, embora a redu&#231;&#227;o no tamanho efetivo da amostra ap&#243;s o PSM possa ter limitado a detec&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;as menores entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>O desenho observacional e parcialmente retrospectivo representa outra limita&#231;&#227;o. Para levar em considera&#231;&#227;o as diferen&#231;as basais entre os grupos de tratamento, realizamos o PSM. Sem esse ajuste, a maior preval&#234;ncia de inibidores de SGLT2 (72,2% vs. 33,1%, p &lt; 0,001) e de ARM (90,4% vs. 77,7%, p = 0,011) no grupo sacubitril/valsartana poderia ter influenciado substancialmente os desfechos. Embora o equil&#237;brio das covari&#225;veis tenha melhorado ap&#243;s o pareamento, n&#227;o pode ser totalmente exclu&#237;da a presen&#231;a de fatores de confus&#227;o residuais. Ademais, a exclus&#227;o de pacientes devido a dados faltantes e o PSM podem ter introduzido vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o e devem ser considerados na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos achados.</p>
        <p>A coleta de dados tamb&#233;m apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao desenho do estudo. A ades&#227;o ao tratamento n&#227;o foi avaliada sistematicamente, particularmente na parte retrospectiva da coorte, o que pode ter influenciado os desfechos observados. Da mesma forma, a determina&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos foi baseada principalmente em prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, com seguimento prospectivo parcial, o que pode ter introduzido variabilidade na coleta de dados.</p>
        <p>Algumas considera&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas tamb&#233;m devem ser levadas em conta. A combina&#231;&#227;o de enalapril e losartana em um &#250;nico grupo comparador pode ter introduzido heterogeneidade farmacol&#243;gica, embora essa abordagem tenha sido planejada para refletir as estrat&#233;gias convencionais de bloqueio do sistema renina&#8211;angiotensina na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina. Al&#233;m disso, os modelos de regress&#227;o utilizados avaliaram a ocorr&#234;ncia cumulativa de eventos e n&#227;o levaram em considera&#231;&#227;o as diferen&#231;as no tempo at&#233; o evento, o que pode limitar a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es temporais dos desfechos.</p>
        <p>O longo per&#237;odo de seguimento foi geralmente positivo na medida em que permitiu a ocorr&#234;ncia de mais eventos de desfecho. No entanto, o in&#237;cio do per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o em agosto de 2010 cria um potencial vi&#233;s, visto que o grupo sacubitril/valsartana seria mais recente, com melhor acesso a terapias modernas para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ou seja, inibidores de SGLT2) e outras doen&#231;as. Esse problema foi parcialmente mitigado pelo PSM. Para isolar ainda mais o impacto do sacubitril/valsartana, tamb&#233;m estimamos o ATET. Embora essas abordagens reduzam os fatores de confus&#227;o, o vi&#233;s temporal residual n&#227;o pode ser totalmente descartado.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo de mundo real em pacientes com ICFEr, o tratamento com sacubitril/valsartana n&#227;o foi associado a redu&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas no desfecho combinado de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou morte, quando comparado &#224;s doses m&#225;ximas de enalapril ou losartana recomendadas pelas diretrizes. Da mesma forma, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas para os desfechos individuais de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, mortalidade por todas as causas ou eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (3p-MACE).</p>
      <p>Apesar de n&#227;o ter havido impacto nesses eventos cl&#237;nicos importantes, o tratamento com sacubitril/valsartana foi fortemente associado a uma melhora no estado funcional dos pacientes, conforme avaliado pela classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA.</p>
      <p>Os achados sugerem que, em um contexto de mundo real, onde as terapias de base s&#227;o otimizadas, a magnitude do benef&#237;cio do sacubitril/valsartana na mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o pode diferir daquela observada em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados. Os resultados destacam a necessidade de mais pesquisas para esclarecer o papel de sacubitril/valsartana em subgrupos espec&#237;ficos de pacientes, incluindo estudos dedicados &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade em diversos contextos de sa&#250;de.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Renato de Carvalho Barros pela Universidade de Bras&#237;lia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Gest&#227;o Estrat&#233;gica de Sa&#250;de do Distrito Federal (IGESDF) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 35543020.1.1001.8153 e 35543020.1.0000.8153) e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (FEPECS; approval number 72838823.5.0000.5553). Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
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    <sec id="sec1" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>*Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl1">
        <label>Material suplementar</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/rRnVTSJ9CMLFLWQ8FfH7F4w/8ae7b1db9a326cfe01934e908cc881440a370e29.pdf"/>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12307/2026-0069_sados_suplementares_cego.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260069i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sacubitril/Valsartan versus Enalapril or Losartan at Maximum Doses in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: Real-World Data</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7950-1443</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Renato de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-0122-7692</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fiusa</surname>
            <given-names>Vin&#237;cius C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-5641-8581</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tim</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-7965-1128</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Victoria T. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2518-9597</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Henrique M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1458-0099</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo T. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2784-820X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana J. B. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8444-2655</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramalho</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Henrique Rodolpho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5592-816X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jreige</surname>
            <given-names>Armindo</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8017-1675</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6465-356X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz S&#233;rgio Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Dados para Qualidade do Cuidado e Pesquisa de Desfechos (LaDaQCOR), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares de Bras&#237;lia &#8211; Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (ESCS), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (ESCS), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto S&#237;rio-liban&#234;s de Ensino e Pesquisa, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff15">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal (ICDF), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff16">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">New Haven</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">EUA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <institution content-type="original">Yale School of Medicine - Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff17">
          <label>8</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">West Haven</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff18">
          <label>9</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Taguatinga</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia &#8211; Gerontologia, Taguatinga, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Luiz S&#233;rgio Fernandes de Carvalho &#8226; Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia &#8211; Gerontologia - QS 7. Postal Code <postal-code>71966-700</postal-code>, Pist&#227;o Sul, Taguatinga, DF &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>luiz.carvalho@p.ucb.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nadine Clausell</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Sacubitril/valsartan reduced mortality and hospitalizations in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) compared to enalapril in pivotal clinical trials. However, real-world data under optimized dosing remain limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare the outcomes of HFrEF patients treated with sacubitril/valsartan versus either enalapril or losartan at guideline-recommended maximum dosages.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We analyzed data from an observational heart failure cohort (n = 2,314) including patients receiving care between August 2010 and September 2024 at six public hospitals in a large metropolitan area. The primary analysis included 254 HFrEF patients receiving the guideline-recommended maximum dosages of the investigated drugs. A sensitivity analysis included 452 patients receiving any submaximal dosages. The primary outcome was combined hospitalization or death. Baseline differences were adjusted using propensity score matching. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Among 254 HFrEF patients (mean age 63.6 &#177; 12.3 years, 61.4% male), 115 received sacubitril/valsartan 97/103mg twice daily, 33 enalapril 20 mg twice daily, and 106 losartan 100 mg daily. Over the median follow-up of 23.9 months (interquartile range 11.9&#8211;41.1), there were 70 primary endpoint events (56 first hospitalizations, 32 deaths). Compared to equivalent dosages of enalapril or losartan, sacubitril/valsartan was not associated with significant reductions in combined hospitalization or death (odds ratio 0.650, 95% confidence interval 0.354&#8211;1.195, p = 0.165), but it was associated with functional status improvement (odds ratio 3.902, 95% confidence interval 1.745&#8211;8.726, p = 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>This real-world study did not demonstrate significant reductions in hospitalization or mortality for sacubitril/valsartan compared with enalapril or losartan at guideline-recommended maximum dosages; however, sacubitril/valsartan was associated with improved functional status.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Systolic Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Valsartan</kwd>
        <kwd>Enalapril</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In the past decade, angiotensin receptor&#8211;neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) have emerged as a cornerstone treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The combination of sacubitril with valsartan promotes vasodilation and natriuresis while counteracting the cardiotoxic effects of angiotensin II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Current heart failure (HF) guidelines recommend ARNIs over angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) for patients with HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This recommendation was initially supported by the PARADIGM-HF trial, which demonstrated a significant reduction in mortality and hospitalizations with sacubitril/valsartan compared to enalapril.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Subsequently, a pooled analysis of data from the PIONEER-HF and PARAGLIDE-HF trials provided further evidence supporting the use of ARNIs in acute settings, addressing a key gap left by the run-in period of the PARADIGM-HF trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, a common criticism of these studies lies in the use of a suboptimal dosage of enalapril (10 mg twice daily, rather than the titratable maximum of 20 mg twice daily, generally recommended by HF guidelines), compared to a full dosage of sacubitril/valsartan (97/103 mg twice daily).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <caption>
            <title>MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260069-60069-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>To address this controversy and provide a more equitable comparison, the present study aimed to compare clinical outcomes of patients with HFrEF treated with the guideline-recommended maximum dosages of sacubitril/valsartan (97/103 mg twice daily) versus either enalapril (20 mg twice daily) or losartan (100 mg daily). The study design, comparison groups, and primary outcomes are summarized in the Central Illustration.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design, population, and ethics</title>
          <p>This study analyzed data from an ongoing observational cohort of 2,314 patients with HF who received care between August 1, 2010 and September 30, 2024 at six public tertiary-care hospitals in a large metropolitan region. Based on the most recent national demographic census and on prior epidemiological studies, the cohort encompassed approximately 8.4% of individuals with HF in the study region.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The cohort enrolled patients aged 18 years and older who met the Framingham criteria for HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> From January 2, 2021 until January 31, 2024, a total of 931 patients with HF were enrolled prospectively through structured clinical interview during outpatient follow-up, hospital visits for cardiac imaging studies, and hospitalizations. From October 1, 2023 to September 30, 2024, an additional 1,383 patients with HF registered at the local referral center were enrolled retrospectively through electronic health record review. Patients had their medical history assessed since the diagnosis of HF, which was considered the participants&#8217; baseline, with follow-up data from August 1, 2010 to September 30, 2024. During data extraction and review, we had access to information that could identify individual participants. Data were accessed for research purposes between January 1, 2021 and September 1, 2024, in accordance with the approvals granted by the Institutional Review Boards.</p>
          <p>From the 2,314 patients in the cohort, the current study only analyzed those with reduced ejection fraction (&#8804; 40%) (n = 903). Moreover, individuals were excluded due to the following reasons: unavailable or incomplete prescription data (n = 180); use of another type of ACE inhibitor or ARB (n = 17); and use of submaximal dosages of the investigated drugs (n = 452). The final cohort for the primary analysis encompassed 254 eligible patients, as outlined in the STROBE flowchart (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>). A sensitivity analysis, including the 452 patients on any submaximal dosages of the investigated drugs, was also performed.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>STROBE flowchart. ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; EF: ejection fraction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260069-60069-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The study methodology was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the participating institutions (approval numbers: 35543020.1.0000.8153 and 72838823.5.0000.5553). Informed consent was obtained from all participants by physical or digital means, except for retrospectively enrolled participants who either died during follow-up or were deemed unreachable after two telephone contact attempts on different days, for whom a waiver was granted by the Institutional Review Boards.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and definitions</title>
          <p>The REDCap platform was used for data capture. The following data categories were collected: demographics, comorbidities, pharmacotherapy, laboratory parameters, and clinical outcomes. The primary outcome was combined all-cause hospitalization or death. Secondary outcomes included three-point major adverse cardiovascular events (3p-MACE; defined as combined non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or cardiovascular death), and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class progression (no change, improvement, or worsening).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were conducted using RStudio version 4.4.2 for Windows. Categorical variables were expressed as counts and percentages and compared using continuity-corrected Pearson's chi-squared test (Yates correction) or Fisher's exact test. Given the relatively small number of events in some subgroups, a pragmatic threshold based on observed frequencies (&#8805; 10 vs. &lt; 10 occurrences) was adopted to guide test selection, with Yates correction applied to mitigate the risk of overestimating statistical significance in small samples. Continuous variables with &lt; 50 cases had their normality evaluated by the Shapiro&#8211;Wilk test, and those with &#8805; 50 cases by graphical inspection (histogram, Q&#8211;Q plot, and box plot). Normal continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and compared using variance-adjusted independent Student's t test. Non-normal continuous variables were expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR) and compared using the Mann&#8211;Whitney test.</p>
          <p>To account for baseline differences between treatment groups, inherent to observational studies, we performed propensity score matching (PSM). To evaluate the impact of sacubitril/valsartan on specific outcomes, we estimated the average treatment effect on the treated (ATET). To minimize bias due to missing covariates, multiple imputation was performed prior to propensity score estimation.</p>
          <p>Multivariate imputation was conducted using the mice package. Continuous and binary variables with up to 20% missing data were imputed, as a pragmatic and data-driven threshold to balance bias reduction and estimate stability, except for: sex, age, outcomes, and the inclusion criteria (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], sacubitril/valsartan use, enalapril use, and losartan use). Logistic regression was used for the imputation of binary variables, and predictive mean matching for continuous variables. Categorical variables with more than 2 categories were not imputed due to the extreme distribution in most of them (e.g., very few Asian and Indigenous participants for the race variable). This process reduced the already low percentage of missing cells in imputed variables from 3.53% to 0.42%. Propensity scores were estimated after imputation, and matching was performed within the imputed datasets. Rubin's rules were applied to pool p-values across imputations in subsequent analyses. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
          <p>Given the large number of variables in our dataset, LASSO regression (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) was employed to guide covariate selection for PSM. The MatchIt package was used to perform PSM through the genetic method, chosen for its robustness and efficiency. ATET was estimated by weighted logistic regression and was restricted to events with more than 10 occurrences.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Between August 2010 and September 2024, 254 patients with HFrEF received care across six public hospitals in the study region. A total of 115 patients (45.3%) were prescribed sacubitril/valsartan 97/103 mg twice daily, 33 (13.0%) enalapril 20 mg twice daily, and 106 (41.7%) losartan 100 mg daily. The median follow-up of this cohort was 23.9 months (IQR 11.9&#8211;41.1).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Population characteristics</title>
          <p>The population was 61.4% male, with a mean age of 63.6 &#177; 12.3 years. When stratified by treatment, no significant differences were observed for sex, age, body composition, or race (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). Comorbidities were also largely similar between groups. Individuals on sacubitril/valsartan had a lower LVEF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Population characteristics for sacubitril/valsartan compared to either enalapril or losartan</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Main analyses</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Sensitivity analyses</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Enalapril 20 mg twice daily or losartan 100 mg daily (n = 139)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Sacubitril/valsartan 97/103 mg twice daily (n = 115)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Submaximal enalapril or losartan (n = 297)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Submaximal sacubitril/valsartan (n = 155)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                    <bold>Male sex, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">85 (61.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">71 (61.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">183 (61.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">95 (61.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                    <bold>Age (years), M &#177; SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">64.6 &#177; 13.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">62.3 &#177; 11.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.130<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">61.3 &#177; 13.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">61.6 &#177; 13.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.816<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">&lt; 65 years, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">65 (46.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">68 (59.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.066<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">186 (62.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">85 (54.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.133<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">65&#8211;85 years, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">68 (48.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">46 (40.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.195<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">101 (34%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">65 (41.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.119<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">&#8805; 85 years, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6 (4.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.132<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10 (3.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5 (3.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                    <bold>BMI (kg/m2), M &#177; SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">28.62 &#177; 6.21</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">28.82 &#177; 5.68</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.827<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26.36 &#177; 5.64</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26.95 &#177; 5.34</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.382<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                    <bold>Race</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Mixed, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">24 (30.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">17 (25.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.627<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">24 (19.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">28 (30.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.100<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">White, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10 (12.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5 (7.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.414<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15 (12.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5 (5.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.101<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Black, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">44 (55.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45 (67.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.213<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">82 (66.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">59 (63.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.727<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Others, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (1.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (1.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                    <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">44 (31.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">39 (33.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.835<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">66 (22.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">34 (21.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">108 (77.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">78 (67.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.104<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">167 (56.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">92 (59.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.591<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">67 (48.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">54 (47.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.943<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">108 (36.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">50 (32.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.444<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">79 (56.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">70 (60.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.602<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">137 (46.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">90 (58.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.021<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Smoking history, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">58 (41.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">37 (32.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.151<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">111 (37.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">59 (38.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.967<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hypothyroidism, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13 (9.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">20 (17.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.087<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40 (17.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">20 (12.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.303<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18 (13.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14 (12.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.951<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">60 (20.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">34 (22.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.759<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Obstructive sleep apnea, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.688<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Asthma, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7 (5.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5 (4.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10 (4.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9 (5.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.632<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">COPD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12 (8.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6 (5.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.334<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">19 (6.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8 (5.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.680<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Alcohol use, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27 (19.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">30 (26.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.306<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">70 (23.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">42 (27.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.479<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Cancer history, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8 (5.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.354<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18 (7.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5 (3.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.079<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                    <bold>End-organ damage</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">LVEF (%), Mdn (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">33.0 (27.0&#8211;37.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">29.0 (24.0&#8211;35.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">31.0 (24.0&#8211;36.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27.0 (22.0&#8211;31.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Heart failure etiology</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Ischemic, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">55 (39.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">51 (44.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.521<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">83 (27.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">55 (35.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.112<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Hypertensive, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">47 (33.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">34 (29.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.557<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">61 (26.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">39 (25.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.906<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Chagas cardiomyopathy, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26 (18.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18 (15.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.636<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">63 (27.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">46 (29.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.661<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Dilated cardiomyopathy, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">25 (18.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">24 (20.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.674<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">42 (18.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">24 (15.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.600<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Valvular, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5 (3.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4 (3.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">16 (6.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11 (7.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Chronic kidney disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">49 (35.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">29 (25.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.112<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">78 (26.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">44 (28.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.711<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">End-stage, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5 (1.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.669<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Coronary arterial disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">51 (36.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">48 (41.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.489<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">93 (31.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">49 (31.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Prior MI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">43 (31.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45 (39.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.267<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">77 (26.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">41 (26.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.980<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Prior stroke, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">19 (13.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11 (9.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.416<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">46 (15.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">19 (12.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.431<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                    <bold>Pharmacotherapy</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Beta-blockers, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">130 (93.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">108 (93.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">282 (94.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">146 (94.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.905<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">SGLT2 inhibitors, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">46 (33.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">83 (72.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">94 (40.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">111 (71.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">MRAs, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">108 (77.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">104 (90.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.011<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">241 (81.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">143 (92.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Furosemide, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">81 (58.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">62 (53.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.568<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">127 (55.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">95 (61.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.261<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Thiazides, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">17 (12.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7 (6.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.131</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13 (5.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7 (4.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.815<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Calcium channel blockers, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">22 (15.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13 (4.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.440<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hydralazine, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12 (8.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5 (4.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.212<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6 (2.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6 (3.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.555<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Nitrates, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">17 (12.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6 (5.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.077<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11 (3.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6 (3.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Amiodarone, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15 (10.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">24 (20.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.041<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">52 (17.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45 (29.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Ivabradine, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6 (4.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13 (11.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.054<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4 (1.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12 (7.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Digoxin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8 (5.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7 (6.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">32 (10.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">19 (12.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.752<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Aspirin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">72 (51.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">46 (40.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.080<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">93 (31.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">47 (30.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.895<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">P2Y12 antagonists, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">19 (13.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13 (11.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.707<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">24 (8.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7 (4.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.174<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Anticoagulants, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">28 (20.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">35 (30.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.081<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">105 (35.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">52 (33.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.798<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Statins, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">101 (72.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">85 (73.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.935<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">193 (65.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">94 (60.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.420<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Ezetimibe, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7 (5.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10 (8.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.318<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13 (5.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11 (7.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.719<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Fibrates, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4 (3.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.182<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5 (2.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.408<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Metformin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">47 (33.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">38 (33.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">49 (16.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">21 (13.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.493<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Sulfonylureas, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15 (10.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8 (7.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.381<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14 (6.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.074<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Insulin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">25 (18.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15 (13.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.366<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">35 (11.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14 (9.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.456<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                    <bold>Laboratory parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Creatinine (mg/dL), Mdn (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.19 (0.98&#8211;1.51)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.19 (0.98&#8211;1.51)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.948<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.13 (0.90&#8211;1.39)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.12 (0.92&#8211;1.46)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.447<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">GFR (mL/min), M &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">68.3 &#177; 20.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">71.8 &#177; 21.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.178<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">74.1 &#177; 22.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">73.1 &#177; 21.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.675<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Sodium (mEq/L), M &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">139.2 &#177; 5.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">140.4 &#177; 3.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.037<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">138.4 &#177; 4.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">139.6 &#177; 3.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Potassium (mEq/L), M &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4.62 &#177; 0.54</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4.64 &#177; 0.48</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.847<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4.61 &#177; 0.60</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4.55 &#177; 0.54</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.232<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Blood glucose (mg/dL), Mdn (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">101.0 (89.0&#8211;118.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">101.0 (89.5&#8211;129.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.629<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">98.5 (85.0&#8211;123.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">95.0 (85.0&#8211;114.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.256<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hemoglobin A1c (%), Mdn (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6.10 (5.62&#8211;7.15)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6.10 (5.60&#8211;7.20)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.925<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6.0 (5.6&#8211;6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5.90 (5.6&#8211;6.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.374<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Total cholesterol (mg/dL), M &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">166.7 &#177; 56.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">164.8 &#177; 51.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.781<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">168.5 &#177; 47.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">171.7 &#177; 50.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.509<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), M &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">96.0 &#177; 53.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">100.2 &#177; 39.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.480<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">104.3 &#177; 49.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">102.3 &#177; 42.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.650<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">LDL cholesterol (mg/dL), M &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">43.9 &#177; 15.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">41.3 &#177; 12.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.141<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45.2 &#177; 13.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45.1 &#177; 15.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.985<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Triglycerides (mg/dL), Mdn (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">133.0 (89.0&#8211;179.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">129.0 (87.0&#8211;182.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.993<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">116.0 (78.0&#8211;175.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">119.0 (81.0&#8211;165.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.897<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">BNP (pg/mL), Mdn (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">426.0 (258.0&#8211;680.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">334.0 (143.5&#8211;1.771.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">242.7 (68.5&#8211;953.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">199.0 (105.0&#8211;1.670.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.579<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">AST (U/L), Mdn (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">22.0 (18.0&#8211;29.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">23.0 (17.0&#8211;29.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.915<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">25.0 (19.0&#8211;34.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">24.0 (19.0&#8211;30.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.337<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">ALT (U/L), Mdn (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">21.0 (16.0&#8211;29.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">22.0 (16.0&#8211;32.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.706<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">22.0 (15.0&#8211;34.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">22.0 (16.0&#8211;31.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.942<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#167;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Continuity-corrected Pearson's chi-squared test</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Fisher's exact test</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>variance-adjusted independent Student t test</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>&#167;</label>
                <p>Mann&#8211;Whitney test.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <p>ALT: alanine aminotransferase: AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; IQR: interquartile range; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; M: mean; Mdn: median; MI: myocardial infarction; MRAs: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; SD: standard deviation; SGLT2: sodium-glucose linked transporter 2.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Regarding HF pharmacotherapy, the sacubitril/valsartan group more often received sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). These individuals were also less likely to receive calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and more likely to receive amiodarone (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). No significant differences were observed for other drugs (beta-blockers, diuretics, vasodilators, other antiarrhythmics, antidiabetics, lipid-lowering, and antithrombotics). The only statistically significant difference regarding laboratory parameters was slightly higher natremia in the sacubitril/valsartan group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Propensity score matching</title>
          <p>Based on clinical knowledge and statistically significant differences in the descriptive analysis, the following covariate candidates were entered into LASSO regression: sex, age, body mass index (BMI), LVEF, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), classical cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking history), the major HF etiologies (ischemic, hypertensive, Chagas cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, valvular), other HF drugs (beta-blockers, SGLT2 inhibitors, and MRAs), antiarrhythmics, diuretics, antidiabetics, lipid-lowering agents, antithrombotic agents, and metabolic laboratory parameters (hemoglobin A1c, lipid profile). The treatment variable was set as sacubitril/valsartan use, and the outcome variable as combined hospitalization or death.</p>
          <p>LASSO cross-validation returned a minimum lambda of 0.052, with the following coefficients: LVEF, smoking history, SGLT2 inhibitor use, CCB use, and amiodarone use. Participants were matched based on their propensity score for the use of sacubitril/valsartan. The following covariates were used for the calculation of the propensity score: age, LVEF, smoking history, SGLT2 inhibitor use, MRA use, CCB use, and amiodarone use. The mean standardized difference for distance was 1.27 before matching, and 0.07 after matching (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">Supplementary table 1</xref>). The mean standardized difference for covariates ranged from &#8722;1.61 to 0.87 before matching, and from &#8722;0.07 to 0.07 after matching. Before matching, the population had 115 individuals treated with sacubitril/valsartan 97/103 mg twice daily and 139 controls (treated with either enalapril 20 mg twice daily or losartan 100 mg daily) free from missing data on covariates. The matching process led to a loss of 60 controls, but greatly increased comparability between groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>Over the median follow-up of 23.9 months (IQR 11.9&#8211;41.1), there were 70 primary endpoint events (56 first hospitalizations and 32 deaths). There was a nominal but not statistically significant reduction in combined hospitalization or death in the sacubitril/valsartan group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). Similar results were observed for hospitalization, all-cause mortality, and 3p-MACE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). The notable exception was in NYHA class progression, in which improvement was more frequent in the sacubitril/valsartan group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Outcomes after propensity score matching for sacubitril/valsartan compared to either enalapril or losartan</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Main analyses</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Sensitivity analyses</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Enalapril 20 mg twice daily or losartan 100 mg daily (n = 79)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Sacubitril/valsartan 97/103 mg twice daily (n = 115)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Submaximal enalapril or losartan (n=132)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Submaximal sacubitril/valsartan (n=155)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                    <bold>Hospitalization or death, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">31 (39.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">39 (33.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.500<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45 (34.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">55 (35.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.951<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">HF hospitalization or death, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12 (16.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">19 (16.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">24 (18.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26 (17.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.888<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">At least 1 hospitalization, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">24 (30.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">32 (27.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.779<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">38 (29.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">41 (26.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.748<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">At least 2 hospitalizations, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5 (6.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6 (5.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.759<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18 (13.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12 (7.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.150<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">At least 3 hospitalizations, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (2.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6 (4.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8 (5.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">At least 4 hospitalizations, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (1.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.649<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.627<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">HF hospitalization, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9 (12.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14 (12.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">19 (14.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18 (11.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.610<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                    <bold>All-cause death, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15 (19.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">17 (14.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.536<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">31 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">29 (19.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.373<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">CV death, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9 (12.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15 (13.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">23 (18%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">21 (14.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.490<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">MI death, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (2.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.647<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Stroke death, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.626<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">HF death, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6 (8.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9 (7.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18 (14.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15 (10.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.414<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Other CV cause death, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (1.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.666<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                    <bold>Non-CV death, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4 (5.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.436<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9 (7.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.152<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Infectious cause death, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (2.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.647<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5 (3.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.256<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">COVID-19 death, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (1.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.394<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.340<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                    <bold>3p-MACE, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12 (16.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">17 (14.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.972<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">28 (21.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">23 (15.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.231<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Non-fatal MI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (2.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.567<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Non-fatal stroke, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (2.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.567<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6 (4.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.521<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">NYHA class progression</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">No change, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">44 (64.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">52 (48.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.046<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">65 (55.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">88 (60.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.469<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Improvement, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15 (22.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">46 (42.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">34 (28.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">43 (29.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Worsening, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9 (13.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10 (9.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.459<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">19 (16.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15 (10.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.222<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Continuity-corrected Pearson's chi-squared test</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Fisher's exact test.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <p>CV: cardiovascular; HF: heart failure; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular event; MI: myocardial infarction; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>ATET analysis confirmed these findings, showing no significant reductions for the primary outcome, or its components (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). It also revealed an even stronger association for NYHA class improvement (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Average treatment effect on the treated for sacubitril/valsartan compared to either enalapril or losartan (maximum dosages)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Main analyses</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Sensitivity analyses</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">SE</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946;</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">SE</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">OR (95% CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                    <bold>Hospitalization or death</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.431</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.311</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.165<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.650 (0.354&#8211;1.195)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.202</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.271</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.455<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.224 (0.702&#8211;2.081)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">HF hospitalization or death</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.236</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.391</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.546<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.790 (0.367&#8211;1.700)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.025</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.336</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.941<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.025 (0.531&#8211;1.980)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">At least 1 hospitalization</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.286</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.324</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.377<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.751 (0.398&#8211;1.418)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.290</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.998<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.001 (0.567&#8211;1.765)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">At least 2 hospitalizations</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.254</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.628</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.686<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.776 (0.227&#8211;2.657)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.667</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.399</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.094<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.513 (0.235&#8211;1.121)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">HF hospitalization</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.428</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.421</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.310<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.652 (0.286&#8211;1.488)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.230</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.367</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.531<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.795 (0.387&#8211;1.631)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                    <bold>All-cause death</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.214</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.410</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.602<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.808 (0.362&#8211;1.802)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.049</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.321</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.879<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.952 (0.508&#8211;1.786)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">CV death</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.057</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.465</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.902<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.059 (0.426&#8211;2.635)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.127</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.351</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.716<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.880 (0.443&#8211;1.751)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">HF death</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.523</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.660</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.428<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.688 (0.463&#8211;6.154)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.226</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.396</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.568<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.797 (0.367&#8211;1.733)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                    <bold>3p-MACE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.193</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.415</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.642<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.824 (0.365&#8211;1.861)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.268</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.328</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.415<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.765 (0.402&#8211;1.456)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                    <bold>NYHA class progression</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">No change</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.942</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.338</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.390 (0.201&#8211;0.757)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.153</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.266</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.564<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.165 (0.692&#8211;1.962)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Improvement</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.362</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.411</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3.902 (1.745&#8211;8.726)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.212</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.300</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.480<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.236 (0.687&#8211;2.223)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Worsening</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.427</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.491</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.385<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.653 (0.249&#8211;1.710)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8722;0.660</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.367</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.072<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.517 (0.252&#8211;1.061)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Weighted logistic regression and log odds (beta).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <p>CI: confidence interval; CV: cardiovascular; HF: heart failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error; 3p-MACE: 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analysis</title>
          <p>We also examined data from the 452 patients receiving any non-maximal dosages of the investigated drugs. This population was 61.5% male, with a mean age of 61.4 years and a median follow-up of 19.3 (IQR 8.7&#8211;33.7) months. A total of 155 patients (34.2%) used sacubitril/valsartan, 201 (44.4%) enalapril, and 96 (21.2%) losartan. Differences in population characteristics stratified by drug were similar to those seen with optimal dosages, with a lower LVEF and more frequent use of SGLT2 inhibitors, MRAs, and amiodarone in the sacubitril/valsartan group. After PSM (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">Supplementary Table 2</xref>), no differences were observed for the primary or secondary outcomes, which was confirmed by ATET.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study used real-world data from an observational cohort to compare clinical outcomes of patients with HFrEF prescribed the guideline-recommended maximum dosages of sacubitril/valsartan (97/103 mg twice daily) versus either enalapril (20 mg twice daily) or losartan (100 mg daily). No significant reductions were observed in the primary outcome, combined hospitalization or death (odds ratio [OR] 0.650, 95% CI 0.354&#8211;1.195, p = 0.165), nor in its components, first hospitalization (OR 0.751, 95% CI 0.398&#8211;1.418, p = 0.377) and all-cause mortality (OR 0.808, 95% CI 0.362&#8211;1.802, p = 0.602). Our findings did not support reductions in hospitalization or mortality for sacubitril/valsartan compared to enalapril or losartan at guideline-recommended maximum dosages.</p>
        <p>Following the PARADIGM-HF trial, subsequent studies comparing sacubitril/valsartan with equivalent dosages of ACE inhibitors or ARBs found no statistically significant differences between groups in patients with either preserved or reduced LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In the LIFE trial, among patients with advanced HFrEF, sacubitril/valsartan failed to further reduce NT-proBNP compared to valsartan (area under the curve 0.95, 95% CI 0.84&#8211;1.08, p = 0.45).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Similarly, the PARADISE-MI trial, which enrolled patients with left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction, did not demonstrate superiority of sacubitril/valsartan over ramipril in preventing cardiovascular death or HF events (hazard ratio 0.90, 95% CI 0.78&#8211;1.04, p = 0.17).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, a recent meta-analysis compared sacubitril/valsartan with ACE inhibitors and ARBs at equivalent dosages and found no significant reductions in all-cause mortality (risk ratio 0.90, 95% CI 0.76&#8211;1.07, p = 0.38, I&#178; = 0%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> These studies also support the hypothesis that the favorable outcomes of sacubitril/valsartan in the PARADIGM-HF trial may have been influenced, at least partially, by the use of a suboptimal control regimen.</p>
        <p>Sacubitril/valsartan was strongly associated with improvement in NYHA functional class (OR 3.902, 95% CI 1.745&#8211;8.726, p = 0.001), even in the absence of statistically significant reductions in hospitalization or mortality. This finding may be related to the enhanced natriuretic and hemodynamic effects of neprilysin inhibition. It is noteworthy that no significant differences were observed in diuretic use between the groups, and that PSM achieved near-perfect balance for SGLT2 inhibitors (72.1% vs. 70.0%) and MRAs (90.4% vs. 91.1%). Although covariate balance improved after matching, residual confounding cannot be fully excluded. This hypothesis was further tested through multivariate logistic regression (accounting for age, sex, LVEF, GFR, HF drugs, and diuretics), which showed similar results (sacubitril/valsartan with an OR of 2.805, 95% CI 1.275&#8211;6.172, p = 0.010) (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">Supplementary Table 3</xref>). This is consistent with other studies showing improvement in NYHA class and quality of life scores, despite no significant reductions in hospitalization or mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, this finding was not observed in the sensitivity analysis, possibly reflecting greater heterogeneity in treatment exposure, as well as the subjective nature of NYHA classification.</p>
        <p>A final aspect worth mentioning is the economic context surrounding sacubitril/valsartan use. Considering guideline-recommended maximum dosages and retail prices identified online in United States pharmacies, sacubitril/valsartan costs approximately USD 600 per month, whereas enalapril and losartan are available at approximately USD 25 and 10 per month, respectively. In the study setting, despite the generic drug policy, which allows low-cost production of medications, sacubitril/valsartan remains considerably more expensive, costing approximately USD 55 per month, compared with enalapril and losartan, available for approximately USD 2 and 3 per month, respectively. No formal pharmacoeconomic or cost-effectiveness analyses were performed in this study. Therefore, these price differences should be interpreted only as contextual information. Further dedicated pharmacoeconomic studies are needed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of sacubitril/valsartan across different healthcare settings.</p>
        <p>The findings of this study underscore the importance of incorporating real-world evidence into the evaluation of therapeutic strategies. In an increasingly complex landscape marked by multiple pharmacological options, understanding how new therapies perform outside the controlled environment of clinical trials is essential. Sacubitril/valsartan should be assessed not only for efficacy, but also in terms of applicability, affordability, and implementation across different healthcare contexts, particularly in low- and middle-income countries with constrained healthcare resources. Although our findings provide relevant real-world insights, direct comparisons with randomized clinical trial outcomes should be interpreted cautiously given the observational nature of the present study.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The main limitation of our study is its relatively small sample size. The nominal reduction in the primary outcome observed in the sacubitril/valsartan group raises the question of whether this difference would reach statistical significance in a larger cohort. Using GPower 3.1.9.7, the statistical power (1 &#8722; &#946; error) for the measured outcomes was excellent (0.893). This suggests that our sample size was sufficient to detect the observed effect, although the reduction in effective sample size after PSM may have limited the detection of smaller differences between groups.</p>
          <p>The observational and partially retrospective design is another limitation. To account for baseline differences between treatment groups, we performed PSM. Without this adjustment, the higher prevalence of SGLT2 inhibitors (72.2% vs. 33.1%, p &lt; 0.001) and MRAs (90.4% vs. 77.7%, p = 0.011) in the sacubitril/valsartan group could have substantially influenced outcomes. Although covariate balance improved after matching, residual confounding cannot be fully excluded. Furthermore, the exclusion of patients due to missing data and PSM may have introduced selection bias and should be considered when interpreting the findings.</p>
          <p>Data collection also presents limitations inherent to the study design. Treatment adherence was not systematically assessed, particularly in the retrospective portion of the cohort, which may have influenced the observed outcomes. Likewise, outcome ascertainment was primarily based on medical records, with partial prospective follow-up, which may have introduced variability in data collection.</p>
          <p>Methodological considerations should also be acknowledged. Combining enalapril and losartan into a single comparator group may have introduced pharmacological heterogeneity, although this approach was intended to reflect conventional renin&#8211;angiotensin system blockade strategies in routine clinical practice. In addition, the regression models used evaluated cumulative event occurrence and did not account for time-to-event differences, which may limit assessment of temporal outcome patterns.</p>
          <p>The long follow-up period was overall positive as it allowed for more endpoint events to happen. However, the start of the observation period in August 2010 creates a potential bias, as the sacubitril/valsartan group would be more recent, having better access to modern therapies for HF (i.e., SGLT2 inhibitors) and other diseases. This problem was partially addressed by PSM. To further isolate the impact of sacubitril/valsartan, we also estimated the ATET. Although these approaches reduce confounding, residual temporal bias cannot be fully excluded.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this real-world study of patients with HFrEF, treatment with sacubitril/valsartan was not associated with statistically significant reductions in the combined outcome of hospitalization or death when compared with guideline-recommended maximum dosages of enalapril or losartan. Similarly, no statistically significant differences were observed for the individual outcomes of hospitalization, all-cause mortality, or major adverse cardiovascular events (3p-MACE).</p>
        <p>Despite the lack of impact on these key clinical events, treatment with sacubitril/valsartan was strongly associated with an improvement in patients&#8217; functional status, as assessed by the NYHA classification.</p>
        <p>These findings indicate that, in a real-world setting where background therapies are optimized, the magnitude of benefit of sacubitril/valsartan on mortality and hospitalization may differ from that observed in randomized clinical trials. The results highlight the need for further research to clarify the role of sacubitril/valsartan in specific patient subgroups, including dedicated studies designed to evaluate cost-effectiveness across different healthcare contexts.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Renato de Carvalho Barros, from Universidade de Bras&#237;lia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Gest&#227;o Estrat&#233;gica de Sa&#250;de do Distrito Federal (IGESDF) under the protocol number 35543020.1.1001.8153 e 35543020.1.0000.8153) and Funda&#231;&#227;o de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (FEPECS; approval number 72838823.5.0000.5553). All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl2">
          <label>Supplemental Materials</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/rRnVTSJ9CMLFLWQ8FfH7F4w/8ae7b1db9a326cfe01934e908cc881440a370e29.pdf"/>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12307/2026-0069_sados_suplementares_cego.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
