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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">GT5MgjsMdGbdp65y6svmgVp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000703401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">03401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260030</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tomografia por Emiss&#227;o de Positr&#245;es na Identifica&#231;&#227;o de Infec&#231;&#227;o Associada a Dispositivos Cardiovasculares Implant&#225;veis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-1274-1937</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Montalv&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1905-383X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Matias</surname>
            <given-names>Margarida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1625-1459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trabulo</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Carnaxide</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Raquel Montalv&#227;o Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Cruz &#8211; Av. Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos, 2790-134, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>rcmontalvao99@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260030</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Tomografia por Emiss&#227;o de P&#243;sitrons combinada &#224; Tomografia Computadorizada</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Um homem de 84 anos com hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente e um marcapasso implantado devido &#224; s&#237;ndrome de bradicardia-taquicardia, com troca do gerador e dos eletrodos um ano antes, apresentou febre, mal-estar e fadiga por 15 dias. Ao exame f&#237;sico, foi detectado sopro holossist&#243;lico. A pele sobrejacente &#224; bolsa do marcapasso n&#227;o apresentava sinais de inflama&#231;&#227;o. Os exames laboratoriais mostraram leucocitose com neutrofilia, prote&#237;na C-reativa de 9,5 mg/dL e procalcitonina de 1,3 ng/mL. O painel viral respirat&#243;rio r&#225;pido foi negativo e a urin&#225;lise n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es. Duas hemoculturas revelaram a presen&#231;a de Staphylococcus aureus sens&#237;vel &#224; meticilina (MSSA). A tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons/tomografia computadorizada (PET/CT) com 18F-fluorodesoxiglicose demonstrou aumento da capta&#231;&#227;o ao longo do eletrodo e do gerador do marca-passo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1-3</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02"/> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03"/>), confirmando a infec&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo eletr&#244;nico card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel (DECI).Foi realizada a extra&#231;&#227;o completa do sistema e as culturas confirmaram a presen&#231;a de MSSA. Foram coletadas tr&#234;s hemoculturas de acompanhamento, duas antes da extra&#231;&#227;o e uma ap&#243;s, todas negativas. O paciente recebeu cefazolina intravenosa por tr&#234;s semanas antes da extra&#231;&#227;o e flucloxacilina intravenosa por tr&#234;s semanas ap&#243;s a extra&#231;&#227;o, totalizando seis semanas de antibioticoterapia direcionada. O monitoramento revelou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente sem pausas, e o reimplante do dispositivo n&#227;o foi necess&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Imagem PET/CT com fus&#227;o de 18F-FDG mostrando capta&#231;&#227;o focal ao longo do eletrodo e gerador do marca-passo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260030-60030-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Imagem PET/CT com fus&#227;o de 18F-FDG mostrando capta&#231;&#227;o focal ao longo do eletrodo do marca-passo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260030-60030-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Imagens coronais de corpo inteiro obtidas por PET/CT com 18F-FDG (PET, CT e fus&#227;o, da esquerda para a direita) mostram capta&#231;&#227;o focal ao longo do eletrodo e gerador do marca-passo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260030-60030-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero crescente e a complexidade dos DECIs t&#234;m sido acompanhados por um aumento paralelo no risco de infec&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em pacientes que apresentam doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica sem achados locais na bolsa do gerador, como neste caso, o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#245;es de DECIs &#233; desafiador.</p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia continua sendo o m&#233;todo de imagem inicial; sua precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica &#233; limitada. Tanto a abordagem transtor&#225;cica quanto a transesof&#225;gica podem n&#227;o diferenciar ecogenicidades infecciosas de n&#227;o infecciosas relacionadas a eletrodos, reduzindo a especificidade e levando a potenciais resultados falso-positivos. Al&#233;m disso, a infec&#231;&#227;o por eletrodo pode ocorrer na aus&#234;ncia de massas vis&#237;veis no eletrodo, diminuindo ainda mais a sensibilidade.</p>
    <p>A PET/CT &#233; cada vez mais utilizada para detectar infec&#231;&#245;es de DECIs n&#227;o identificadas por m&#233;todos de imagem convencionais. Ao integrar a atividade metab&#243;lica e inflamat&#243;ria com dados anat&#244;micos, a PET/CT melhora a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, atingindo uma especificidade relatada de aproximadamente 89-93% e sensibilidade de 83-98% em casos de infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica com envolvimento do gerador e do eletrodo proximal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, ao avaliar infec&#231;&#245;es isoladas do eletrodo distal, a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica &#233; menor, com sensibilidade em torno de 39-65% e especificidade de 88-98%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A capta&#231;&#227;o falso-positiva pode ocorrer ap&#243;s implante recente do dispositivo (&lt;6 semanas),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> o que n&#227;o se aplicava a este caso.</p>
    <p>Documentos de consenso recentes da EHRA e da AHA agora enfatizam o papel da PET/CT em infec&#231;&#245;es duvidosas de DECIs. &#201; particularmente &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com bacteremia persistente ou achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos inconclusivos, onde essa modalidade pode detectar infec&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas dos eletrodos e orientar a extra&#231;&#227;o precoce do dispositivo, associada a melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar do seu uso crescente, ainda faltam ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e controlados para definir os regimes antibi&#243;ticos ideais em infec&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a DECIs, o que refor&#231;a a necessidade de mais pesquisas nessa &#225;rea.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
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          <article-title>FDG PET/CT in Cardiac Infection: Does it Matter? A Narrative Review</article-title>
          <source>Infect Dis Ther</source>
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        <mixed-citation>3. Baddour LM, Garrigos ZE, Sohail MR, Havers-Borgersen E, Krahn AD, Chu VH, et al. Update on Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infections and Their Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association: Endorsed by the International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases. Circulation. 2024;149(2):e201-16. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001187.</mixed-citation>
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              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garrigos</surname>
              <given-names>ZE</given-names>
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              <surname>Sohail</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Havers-Borgersen</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260030i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Positron Emission Tomography Identification of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infection</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-1274-1937</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Montalv&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1905-383X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Matias</surname>
            <given-names>Margarida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1625-1459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trabulo</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Raquel Montalv&#227;o Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz &#8211; Av. Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos, 2790-134, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal E-mail: rcmontalvao99@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>Implantable Defibrillators</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>An 84-year-old man with hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, permanent atrial fibrillation, and a pacemaker implanted for brady-tachy syndrome, with generator and lead replacement one year prior, presented with a 15-day fever, malaise, and fatigue. Physical examination revealed a holosystolic murmur. The skin overlying the pacemaker pocket showed no signs of inflammation. Laboratory testing showed leukocytosis with neutrophilia, C-reactive protein of 9.5 mg/dL, and procalcitonin of 1.3 ng/mL. The rapid respiratory viral panel was negative, and urinalysis was unremarkable. A pair of blood cultures yielded methicillin-susceptible <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MSSA). Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography showed no valvular or lead involvement. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography /computed tomography (PET/CT) demonstrated increased uptake along the pacemaker lead and generator (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1-3</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001"/> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001"/>), confirming cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection. Complete system extraction was performed, and lead cultures confirmed MSSA. Three follow-up blood cultures were obtained, two before extraction and one after extraction, all of which were negative. He received 3 weeks of IV cefazolin pre-extraction and 3 weeks of IV flucloxacillin post-extraction, completing a total of 6 weeks of directed antibiotic therapy. Monitoring revealed permanent atrial fibrillation without pauses, and device reimplantation was not required.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fused 18F-FDG PET/CT image showing focal uptake along the pacemaker lead and generator.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260030-60030-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02001">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fused 18F-FDG PET/CT image showing focal uptake along the pacemaker lead.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260030-60030-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03001">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Coronal whole-body views of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging (PET, CT, and fused, from left to right) showing focal uptake along the pacemaker lead and generator.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260030-60030-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The increasing number and complexity of CIED implantations have been accompanied by a parallel rise in infection risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In patients presenting with systemic disease without local generator-pocket findings, as in this case, the diagnosis of CIED infections is challenging.</p>
      <p>Echocardiography remains the initial imaging modality; its diagnostic accuracy is limited. Both transthoracic and transesophageal approaches may fail to differentiate infectious from noninfectious lead-related echodensities, reducing specificity and leading to potential false-positive results. In addition, lead infection can occur in the absence of visible lead masses, further lowering sensitivity.</p>
      <p>PET/CT is increasingly used to uncover CIED infections not detected by conventional imaging methods. By integrating metabolic and inflammatory activity with anatomical data, PET/CT improves diagnostic accuracy, achieving a reported specificity of approximately 89-93% and sensitivity of 83-98% in cases of systemic infection with generator and proximal lead involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, when assessing isolated distal lead infections, diagnostic accuracy is lower, with a sensitivity of around 39-65% and specificity of 88-98%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>False-positive uptake may occur after recent device implantation (&lt;6 weeks),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> which was not applicable in this case.</p>
      <p>Recent EHRA and AHA consensus documents now emphasize the role of PET/CT in equivocal CIED infections. It is particularly useful for the evaluation of patients with persistent bacteremia or inconclusive echocardiographic findings, where this modality can detect subclinical lead infections and guide early device extraction, associated with improved clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite its growing use, randomized controlled trials to define optimal antibiotic regimens in CIED infections remain lacking, underscoring the need for further research in this area.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
