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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">b8z9hgC7FpNqPYYC6LBgntH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000703001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">03001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo Prospectivo do Perfil Lip&#237;dico em Pacientes Incidentes em Di&#225;lise Peritoneal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5529-5841</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza K. R. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8687-4037</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Dayana B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7380-0696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Monique F. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7020-4573</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Benedito J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2102-4058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abensur</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7902-2127</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moyses</surname>
            <given-names>Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9249-4698</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passarelli</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2212-041X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Rosilene M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Nefrologia, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides (LIM10), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Luiza K. R. P. Araujo &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 255. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>luizza_araujo@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260013</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fal&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>fapesp</funding-source>
          <award-id>2023/10983-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo - FAPESP (2023/10983-3).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A dislipidemia &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica comum em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora os mecanismos subjacentes n&#227;o sejam totalmente compreendidos, acredita-se que o estresse oxidativo, a inflama&#231;&#227;o e a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina contribuam para a aterosclerose acelerada.</p>
      <p>A di&#225;lise peritoneal (DP) &#233; uma terapia domiciliar para pacientes com DRC avan&#231;ada. Nessa modalidade, a glicose &#233; o principal agente osm&#243;tico na solu&#231;&#227;o de di&#225;lise, levando a efeitos metab&#243;licos sist&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Pacientes submetidos &#224; DP tendem a apresentar um perfil lip&#237;dico mais aterog&#234;nico do que aqueles que recebem tratamento conservador ou hemodi&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esse perfil aterog&#234;nico &#233; gerado tanto pela perda de prote&#237;nas no solu&#231;&#227;o de di&#225;lise quanto pelo uso de solu&#231;&#245;es de di&#225;lise com alto teor de glicose, que estimulam citocinas que promovem inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Normalmente, pacientes em DP apresentam n&#237;veis elevados de triglicer&#237;deos, lipoprote&#237;na de densidade muito baixa (VLDL), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), colesterol total e lipoprote&#237;na(a) [Lp(a)], enquanto os n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) tendem a ser baixos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora a dislipidemia em pacientes em DP tenha sido descrita na literatura, os estudos prospectivos s&#227;o limitados e envolvem principalmente pacientes prevalentes nessa modalidade. Consequentemente, o verdadeiro impacto da DP nos perfis lip&#237;dicos permanece incerto. Al&#233;m disso, o uso disseminado de estatinas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o levanta questionamentos sobre se a DP ainda influencia negativamente o metabolismo lip&#237;dico na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual. Esclarecer essa quest&#227;o &#233; crucial, pois pode orientar estrat&#233;gias de tratamento, apoiar o planejamento de ensaios cl&#237;nicos e, potencialmente, aumentar a ado&#231;&#227;o da DP como modalidade de di&#225;lise. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever as altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais nos perfis lip&#237;dicos e identificar os fatores associados em uma coorte de pacientes incidentes em DP durante os primeiros seis meses de terapia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este foi um estudo de coorte prospectivo multic&#234;ntrico de pacientes incidentes em DP, realizado entre abril de 2019 e junho de 2024. Inclu&#237;mos pacientes adultos que iniciaram terapia de DP durante o per&#237;odo do estudo e os acompanhamos por 6 meses. Os pacientes foram recrutados em dois centros acad&#234;micos (Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, e Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu). Exclu&#237;mos pacientes que migraram da hemodi&#225;lise para a DP e aqueles com diabetes mellitus. Para reduzir o vi&#233;s de aferi&#231;&#227;o, garantimos que as dosagens de colesterol fossem realizadas utilizando os mesmos m&#233;todos em ambos os centros. A vari&#225;vel de interesse foi o colesterol total, avaliado no in&#237;cio do estudo e ap&#243;s 6 meses de terapia.</p>
      <p>O uso de estatinas foi tratado como uma vari&#225;vel de confus&#227;o. Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais foram avaliados durante as consultas m&#233;dicas. De acordo com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk, todas as vari&#225;veis, exceto idade e ureia, apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal e, portanto, foram apresentadas como mediana (percentis 25-75). As compara&#231;&#245;es entre o per&#237;odo basal e 6 meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da DP foram realizadas utilizando o teste de Wilcoxon para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste de McNemar para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, conforme apropriado.</p>
      <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o SPSS vers&#227;o 29.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA) e o GraphPad Prism<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 10 do software (GraphPad Software, Inc., CA, EUA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Ap&#243;s 6 meses de DP, os pacientes apresentaram um aumento de peso corporal, sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas em colesterol total, colesterol LDL ou colesterol HDL. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglicer&#237;deos diminu&#237;ram significativamente. N&#227;o foi aplicado nenhum ajuste formal para multiplicidade nas an&#225;lises secund&#225;rias, e os resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Valores basais e de 6 meses para peso e perfil lip&#237;dico</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Linha de base<break/> N=47</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">6 meses<break/> N=47</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">50,5 &#177; 19,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Sexo masculino (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">44,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Peso (kg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">64,1 (53,6-74,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">66,7 (58,4-75,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Etiologia da DRC, %</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Glomerulonefrite</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">42,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nefrosclerose</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">42,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Outro/desconhecido</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, %</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10.6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, %</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, %</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2.1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Tabagismo, %</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o em uso (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Estatina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">74,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">74,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Fibrato</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2.1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2.1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hidroclorotiazida</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21.3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21.3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Furosemida</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">78,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">78,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Ureia, mg/dL</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">123&#177;39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Creatinina, mg/dL</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5,5 (4,5-7,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Colesterol total (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">178 (140-227)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">160 (139-220)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,449</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">LDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">97 (77-129)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">88,5 (76-139)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,698</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">HDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">43 (34-58)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">42 (38-54)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,957</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">169 (101-218)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">127 (101-162)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,005</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como mediana (percentil 25 - percentil 75). CT: colesterol total; LDL-c: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL-c: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O comportamento de peso corporal da linha de base at&#233; os 6 meses &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>. A varia&#231;&#227;o mediana em colesterol total (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>) foi de &#8722;7 mg/dl, com um aumento observado em 22 pacientes (46,8%). Os pacientes que apresentaram aumento no colesterol total tinham prescri&#231;&#245;es de estatinas semelhantes &#224;s daqueles que apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o ou nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o significativa (63,6% vs. 84,0%, p = 0,110), mas eram mais propensos a receber hidroclorotiazida (36,8% vs. 8,0%, p = 0,018). Uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear sobre os fatores associados &#224; mudan&#231;a em colesterol total (vari&#225;vel dependente) mostrou que o uso de estatinas (coeficiente beta padronizado &#8722;0,336, IC 95% -69,90 a -8,33, correla&#231;&#227;o parcial 0,368, p=0,014) e o uso de hidroclorotiazida (coeficiente beta padronizado 0,285, IC 95% 0,94 a 67,86, correla&#231;&#227;o parcial 0,305, p=0,044), mas n&#227;o o ganho de peso (coeficiente beta padronizado 0,193, IC 95% -1,39 a 7,79, correla&#231;&#227;o parcial 0,212, p=0,167), estiveram associados &#224; varia&#231;&#227;o do colesterol total em 6 meses. Juntas, essas vari&#225;veis explicaram 23,4% da varia&#231;&#227;o do colesterol (R&#178; total do modelo = 0,534, p=0,003). A inclus&#227;o de idade e sexo no modelo n&#227;o alterou os resultados.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comportamento do peso corporal (A) e varia&#231;&#227;o mediana do colesterol total (B).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260013-60013-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo sugere que os n&#237;veis de colesterol total n&#227;o aumentam em pacientes incidentes em DP durante os primeiros 6 meses de terapia, apesar do aumento de peso corporal. Notavelmente, as prescri&#231;&#245;es de estatinas permaneceram inalteradas durante todo o per&#237;odo do estudo, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do para esse achado.</p>
      <p>A dislipidemia &#233; um fator de risco cardiovascular bem estabelecido tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> quanto em pacientes com DRC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em pacientes em DP, a dislipidemia tende a ser mais aterog&#234;nica, principalmente devido ao aumento dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Poder-se-ia esperar, devido ao conte&#250;do de glicose do dialisato e ao ganho de peso que tipicamente ocorre durante a terapia de DP, que os n&#237;veis de colesterol aumentassem nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. De fato, um estudo anterior demonstrou uma melhora no perfil lip&#237;dico quando um regime de DP com redu&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; glicose foi utilizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em contraste, outro estudo apontou o ganho de peso, em vez de produtos &#224; base de glicose, como o principal contribuinte para a piora dos perfis lip&#237;dicos em pacientes em DP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Estudos retrospectivos que avaliaram as tend&#234;ncias do colesterol em pacientes em DP mostraram estabilidade ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Embora diversos estudos tenham investigado a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de colesterol e a mortalidade em pacientes prevalentes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e incidentes em DP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> os dados sobre altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais no perfil lip&#237;dico permanecem limitados. Um estudo prospectivo que incluiu 39 pacientes incidentes em DP n&#227;o relatou nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis de colesterol durante os primeiros seis meses de terapia, o que est&#225; de acordo com nossos achados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Resultados semelhantes foram observados em uma suban&#225;lise do estudo balANZ.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, a aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de colesterol n&#227;o implica necessariamente uma melhora no risco ateroscler&#243;tico, visto que outros biomarcadores ainda podem ser afetados negativamente.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, metade dos pacientes apresentou aumento do colesterol total ap&#243;s seis meses de DP, o que foi associado ao uso de hidroclorotiazida. Essa descoberta n&#227;o contradiz o desfecho prim&#225;rio, mas representa uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria adicional. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar essa associa&#231;&#227;o em pacientes em DP, semelhante aos achados relatados em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o observada nos n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos, apesar do ganho de peso, pode ser explicada por mudan&#231;as na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal (massa muscular versus condi&#231;&#227;o hipervol&#234;mica), modifica&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da di&#225;lise ou melhor controle metab&#243;lico devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o e &#224; melhora da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, incluindo um tamanho amostral pequeno, um curto per&#237;odo de acompanhamento e a aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle. No entanto, dada a escassez de dados prospectivos em pacientes submetidos &#224; DP, acreditamos que este estudo adiciona evid&#234;ncias significativas &#224; literatura existente. Se a estabilidade dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total em pacientes em DP se traduz em redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade cardiovascular justifica uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo - FAPESP (2023/10983-3).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Luiza Karla Ramos Pereira de Ara&#250;jo pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica para An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3.440.084. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conjuntos de dados gerados e/ou analisados durante o presente estudo n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis publicamente devido a restri&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas e de confidencialidade dos participantes. Entretanto, poder&#227;o ser disponibilizados pelo autor correspondente mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o razo&#225;vel e ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa.</p>
    </sec>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260013i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Prospective Study of Lipid Profile in Incident Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5529-5841</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza K. R. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8687-4037</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Dayana B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7380-0696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Monique F. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7020-4573</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Benedito J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2102-4058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abensur</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7902-2127</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moyses</surname>
            <given-names>Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9249-4698</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passarelli</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2212-041X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Rosilene M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Nefrologia, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
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            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
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        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides (LIM10), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
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        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Luiza K. R. P. Araujo &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 255. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>luizza_araujo@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Chronic Kidney Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2023/10983-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo - FAPESP (2023/10983-3).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Dyslipidemia is a common metabolic complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance are thought to contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis.</p>
        <p>Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a home-based therapy for patients with advanced CKD. In this modality, glucose is the predominant osmotic agent in the dialysate, leading to systemic metabolic effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Patients undergoing PD tend to have a more atherogenic lipid profile than those receiving conservative treatment or hemodialysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This atherogenic profile is generated both by protein loss in the dialysate and by the use of high-glucose dialysis solutions that stimulate cytokines promoting chronic inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Typically, patients on PD have elevated levels of triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol, and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], whereas high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels tend to be low.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although dyslipidemia in patients on PD has been described in the literature, prospective studies are limited and mostly involve prevalent patients on this modality. As a result, the true impact of PD on lipid profiles remains unclear. In addition, the widespread use of statins in this population raises questions about whether PD still negatively influences lipid metabolism in contemporary practice. Clarifying this issue is crucial, as it may inform treatment strategies, support the design of clinical trials, and potentially increase the adoption of PD as a dialysis modality. The objective of the present study was to describe longitudinal changes in lipid profiles and identify associated factors in a cohort of incident PD patients during the first six months of therapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was a prospective multicenter cohort study of incident patients on PD conducted between April 2019 and June 2024. We included adult patients who initiated PD therapy during the study period and followed them for 6 months. Patients were recruited from two academic centers (Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, and Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu). We excluded patients who switched from hemodialysis to PD and those with diabetes mellitus. To reduce measurement bias, we ensured that cholesterol measurements were performed using the same methods in both centers. The variable of interest was total cholesterol, evaluated at baseline and after 6 months of therapy.</p>
        <p>Statin use was treated as a confounding variable. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were assessed during physician consultations. According to the Shapiro-Wilk test, all variables, except age and urea, showed a non-normal distribution and were therefore presented as median (25<sup>th</sup>-75<sup>th</sup> percentile). Comparisons between baseline and 6 months after PD initiation were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for continuous variables and the McNemar test for categorical variables, as appropriate.</p>
        <p>The significance level adopted was 5%. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 29.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and GraphPad Prism<sup>&#174;</sup> software version 10 (GraphPad Software, Inc., CA, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Characteristics of patients are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>. After 6 months on PD, patients experienced an increase in body weight, with no significant changes in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, or HDL-cholesterol. Serum triglyceride levels significantly decreased. No formal multiplicity adjustment was applied to secondary analyses, and the findings should be interpreted cautiously.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline and 6-month values for weight and lipid profile</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Baseline<break/> N=47</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">6-month<break/> N=47</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50.5 &#177; 19.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Male sex (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">44.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Weight (kg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64.1 (53.6-74.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">66.7 (58.4-75.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Etiology of the CKD, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Glomerulonephritis</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">42.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Nephrosclerosis</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">42.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Other/unknown</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Previous myocardial infarction, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Congestive heart failure, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Previous stroke, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Smoking, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Medication in use (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Statin</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">74.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">74.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Fibrate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hydrochlorothiazide</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Furosemide</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">78.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">78.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Urea, mg/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">123 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Creatinine, mg/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5.5 (4.5-7.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">178 (140-227)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">160 (139-220)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.449</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">LDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">97 (77-129)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">88.5 (76-139)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.698</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">HDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">43 (34-58)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">42 (38-54)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.957</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Triglycerides (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">169 (101-218)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">127 (101-162)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.005</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>Data are expressed as median (25th percentile-75th percentile). TC: total cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</label>
              <p/>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The behavior of body weight from baseline to 6 months is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1A</xref>. The median change in total cholesterol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1B</xref>) was &#8722;7 mg/dl, with an increase observed in 22 patients (46.8%). Patients who experienced an increase in total cholesterol had similar statin prescriptions compared with those who had a decrease or no significant change (63.6% vs. 84.0%, p = 0.110), but were more likely to be receiving hydrochlorothiazide (36.8% vs. 8.0%, p = 0.018). A linear regression analysis on the factors associated with change in total cholesterol (dependent variable) showed that statin use (std beta coefficient &#8722;0.336, 95% CI -69.90- to -8.33, partial correlation 0.368, p=0.014) and hydrochlorotiazide use (std beta coefficient 0.285, 95% CI 0.94 to 67.86, partial correlation 0.305, p=0.044), but not weight gain (std beta coefficient 0.193, 95% CI -1.39 to 7.79, partial correlation 0.212, p=0.167) were associated with change in total cholesterol in 6 months. Together, these variables explained 23.4% of the change in cholesterol (total model R=0.534, p=0.003). Inclusion of age and sex in the model did not change the results.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Body weight behavior (A) and median change in total cholesterol (B).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20260013-60013-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study suggests that total cholesterol levels do not increase in incident patients undergoing PD during the first 6 months of therapy, despite an increase in body weight. Notably, statin prescriptions remained unchanged throughout the study period, which may have contributed to this finding.</p>
        <p>Dyslipidemia is a well-established cardiovascular risk factor in both the general population<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and patients with CKD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In patients on PD, dyslipidemia tends to be more atherogenic, mainly due to increased total cholesterol levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> One might expect, due to the glucose content of the dialysate and the weight gain that typically occurs during PD therapy, that cholesterol levels would increase in this population. Indeed, a previous study demonstrated an improvement in lipid profile when a glucose-sparing PD regimen was used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In contrast, another study implicated weight gain, rather than glucose-based products, as the main contributor to worsening lipid profiles in patients on PD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Retrospective studies evaluating cholesterol trends in patients on PD have shown stability over time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Although several studies have investigated the association between cholesterol levels and mortality in both prevalent<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and incident patients on PD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> data on longitudinal changes in lipid profile remain limited. One prospective study that included 39 incident patients on PD reported no significant change in cholesterol levels during the first six months of therapy, consistent with our findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Similar results were observed in a subanalysis of the balANZ trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, the absence of change in cholesterol levels does not necessarily imply an improvement in atherosclerotic risk, as other biomarkers may still be adversely affected.</p>
        <p>In the current study, half of the patients showed an increase in total cholesterol after six months of PD, which was associated with the use of hydrochlorothiazide. This finding does not contradict the primary outcome, but rather represents an additional exploratory analysis. Further studies are needed to confirm this association in patients on PD, similar to findings reported in patients with hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The observed reduction in triglyceride levels despite weight gain may be explained by changes in body composition (muscle mass vs. hypervolemic condition), dietary modifications after dialysis initiation, or improved metabolic control due to reduced inflammation and improved insulin resistance.</p>
        <p>This study has some limitations, including a small sample size, a short follow-up period, and the absence of a control group. Nevertheless, given the scarcity of prospective data in patients undergoing PD, we believe this study adds meaningful evidence to the existing literature. Whether the stability of total cholesterol levels in patients on PD translates into reduced cardiovascular mortality warrants further investigation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo - FAPESP (2023/10983-3).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Luiza Karla Ramos Pereira de Ara&#250;jo, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 3.440.084. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <title>Data Availability Statement</title>
        <p>The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to ethical and patient confidentiality restrictions but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request, subject to approval by the Institutional Review Board.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
