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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bk537MzGXfzWkjnkkLxzvst</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000701802</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01802</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250888</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca em Cardio-Oncologia: Evid&#234;ncias do Benef&#237;cio no Mundo Real em Doentes com C&#226;ncer e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-3039-1749</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Greg&#243;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4638-990X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela</surname>
            <given-names>Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Nobre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8034-4529</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7742-6195</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fiuza</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital de Santa Maria</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Lisboa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <email>CCUL@RISE</email>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Maria (ULSSM), CAML, CCUL@RISE, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Lus&#237;adas Lisboa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Lus&#237;adas Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label>Catarina Greg&#243;rio Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Maria (ULSSM), CAML, <email>CCUL@RISE</email> - Av. Prof. Egas Moniz MB, 1649-028, Lisboa - Portugal E-mail: <email>catarina.s.gregorio@ulssm.min-saude.pt</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250888</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardio-Oncologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma importante causa de morbilidade e mortalidade entre doentes com c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A incid&#234;ncia de IC nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco tem vindo a aumentar, em parte devido aos efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos associados &#224;s terapias oncol&#243;gicas contempor&#226;neas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar dos avan&#231;os substanciais no tratamento oncol&#243;gico e do crescente n&#250;mero de sobreviventes de c&#226;ncer, a IC permanece como um importante determinante de desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) &#233; um tratamento estabelecido que melhora os sintomas e reduz a mortalidade em doentes com IC cr&#243;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Contudo, os doentes com antecedentes de c&#226;ncer foram frequentemente exclu&#237;dos ou sub-representados nos principais ensaios cl&#237;nicos de TRC, criando uma lacuna significativa na evid&#234;ncia sobre a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a da TRC nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Preocupa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com as comorbilidades, o progn&#243;stico oncol&#243;gico e o risco associado ao procedimento podem contribuir adicionalmente para a subutiliza&#231;&#227;o da TRC na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Deste modo, a evid&#234;ncia proveniente do mundo real &#233; essencial para apoiar a tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica e otimizar estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas em doentes com IC relacionada ao c&#226;ncer ou coexistente com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (VE). Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica &#224; TRC em pacientes com IC e c&#226;ncer ativo ou hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de neoplasia maligna.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, incluiu doentes adultos com c&#226;ncer ativo ou hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de neoplasia maligna submetidos a implante de TRC entre 2011 e 2025 no Hospital de Santa Maria em Lisboa, Portugal. C&#226;ncer ativo foi definido como terap&#234;utica oncol&#243;gica em curso ou diagn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer nos 12 meses anteriores. Sobreviventes de c&#226;ncer foram definidos como doentes com antecedentes de neoplasia maligna em remiss&#227;o h&#225; pelo menos 12 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Todos os doentes tinham recebido previamente pelo menos uma modalidade de tratamento oncol&#243;gico (p.ex., quimioterapia, radioterapia, imunoterapia ou hormonoterapia) antes do implante da TRC. Nenhum doente foi submetido ao implante de TRC antes do diagn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer ou do in&#237;cio do tratamento oncol&#243;gico.</p>
      <p>O implante de TRC foi realizado de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es mais recentes da European Society of Cardiology para o tratamento da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Todos os doentes cumpriam os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade padr&#227;o para TRC, incluindo fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8804; 35%, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &#8805; 130 ms e IC sintom&#225;tica correspondente &#224; classe funcional II-IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA), apesar do tratamento m&#233;dico otimizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A escolha do dispositivo, TRC com fun&#231;&#227;o de pacing (TRC-P) ou TRC com desfibrilhador (TRC-D), baseou-se nas indica&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas pelas recomenda&#231;&#245;es e foi independente do status oncol&#243;gico, embora as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas individuais e as doentes tenham sido consideradas.</p>
      <p>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos foram obtidos dos registos cl&#237;nicos. Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, incluindo FEVE, volume telediast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VTDVE) e volume telesist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VTSVE), foram recolhidos no momento basal (antes do implante da TRC) e na &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o de seguimento dispon&#237;vel.</p>
      <p>Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos inclu&#237;ram altera&#231;&#245;es na classe funcional NYHA, nos n&#237;veis da por&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP), mortalidade por todas as causas e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC durante o seguimento. A resposta &#224; TRC foi classificada de acordo com a redu&#231;&#227;o relativa do VTSVE da seguinte forma: super-respondedores (redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 30%), respondedores (redu&#231;&#227;o de 15%-29%), n&#227;o respondedores (redu&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 14%) e progressores (aumento do VTSVE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Embora o estudo MADIT-CRT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> tenha definido resposta por meio de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios volum&#233;tricos e sintom&#225;ticos, a presente an&#225;lise baseou-se exclusivamente na redu&#231;&#227;o do VTSVE, reconhecendo a heterogeneidade das defini&#231;&#245;es de resposta &#224; TRC entre os estudos.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil [IIQ]), conforme apropriado, enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n (%). As altera&#231;&#245;es entre o momento basal e o seguimento foram avaliadas por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras emparelhadas ou do teste dos postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e dos testes de McNemar ou qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni foi aplicada para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas envolvendo os principais desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Um valor de p bicaudal &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      <p>O estudo foi conduzido em conformidade com os padr&#245;es &#233;ticos institucionais e com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>Um total de 51 pacientes foi submetido a implanta&#231;&#227;o de TRC (idade m&#233;dia de 72,3 &#177; 10,2 anos; 63% do sexo masculino). As caracter&#237;sticas basais est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A coorte apresentava uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular, destacando-se a hipertens&#227;o arterial (84%), a dislipidemia (63%) e a diabetes (51%). Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial estavam presentes em 53% e 41% dos doentes, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th>Overall (n = 51)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (63)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (37)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade, anos, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Condi&#231;&#245;es coexistentes, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (84)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (51)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (63)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (TFGe &lt; 60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (53)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo ativo</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (41)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Neoplasia prim&#225;ria, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C&#226;ncer de mama</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (29)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C&#226;ncer de pr&#243;stata</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (24)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Linfoma n&#227;o Hodgkin</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (14)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C&#226;ncer colorretal</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (18)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Doen&#231;a metast&#225;tica, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tratamento oncol&#243;gico pr&#233;vio, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quimioterapia</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (43)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Radioterapia</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quimioterapia e radioterapia combinadas</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (24)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hormonoterapia</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Imunoterapia</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Etiologia da IC, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CI</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (31)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CIQ</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MCD</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (29)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CV</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Classe funcional NYHA basal, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (69)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (29)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>NT-proBNP, pg/ml, mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.148 (1.603-8.365)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BRE, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>35 (69)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tipo de dispositivo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TRC-P</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (47)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TRC-D</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (53)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>BRE: bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo; CIQ: cardiomiopatia induzida pela quimioterapia; MCD: Miocardiopatia Dilatada; CI: Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; NT-proBNP: por&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; NYHA: New York Heart Association; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; TRC-D: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com desfibrilador; TRC-P: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com fun&#231;&#227;o de pacing; CV: cardiopatia valvular.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>As neoplasias prim&#225;rias mais comuns foram c&#226;ncer de mama (29%), c&#226;ncer de pr&#243;stata (24%) e o linfoma n&#227;o Hodgkin (14%), enquanto 6% dos pacientes apresentavam doen&#231;a metast&#225;tica. Todos os doentes tinham recebido tratamento oncol&#243;gico previamente, incluindo quimioterapia (n = 22, dos quais 18 receberam antraciclinas), radioterapia (n = 10) ou tratamento combinado com quimioterapia e radioterapia (n = 12).</p>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia induzida pela quimioterapia (CIQ) foi respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos casos. Os restantes doentes apresentavam cardiopatia isqu&#233;mica (31%), miocardiopatia dilatada n&#227;o relacionada com a quimioterapia (29%) ou cardiopatia valvular (6%).</p>
        <p>No momento basal, a maioria dos doentes encontrava-se em classe funcional II (61%) ou III (29%) da NYHA sob terap&#234;utica m&#233;dica otimizada de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es, incluindo inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina, bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina ou inibidores do receptor da angiotensina-neprilisina (78%), betabloqueadores (47%), antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticoides (28%) e inibidores do cotransportador s&#243;dio-glicose tipo 2 (10%). A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do QRS foi de 151,1 &#177; 26,8 ms (mediana de 152,0 ms; IIQ 130,5-168,5), e o bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo (BRE) estava presente em 69% dos doentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento</title>
        <p>Um total de 25 pacientes (53%) recebeu TRC-D, incluindo seis implantes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, enquanto 24 pacientes (47%) receberam TRC-P. As complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com o procedimento foram incomuns e ocorreram em apenas um doente (1,9%), que desenvolveu um pequeno pneumot&#243;rax.</p>
        <p>Os doentes com CIQ n&#227;o diferiam significativamente dos doentes com outras etiologias de IC em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, comorbilidades ou terap&#234;utica modificadora de progn&#243;stico da IC (todos os valores de p &gt; 0,05).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 45,3 &#177; 29,6 meses (IIQ 18-68), observou-se melhora significativa do estado funcional, com evolu&#231;&#227;o para classes funcionais NYHA mais baixas (basal: NYHA II, 35 pacientes [68,6%]; NYHA III, 15 doentes [29,4%]; seguimento: NYHA I, 15 doentes[29,4%]; NYHA II, 23 doentes [45,1%]; NYHA III, 13 doentes [25,5%]; p = 0,005).</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis medianos de NT-proBNP diminu&#237;ram de 4.148 pg/ml (IIQ 1.603-8.365) para 1.810 pg/ml (IIQ 370-6.149), correspondendo a uma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de 56% (p = 0,02) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ap&#243;s a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                  <th>Basal</th>
                  <th>Seguimento</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE, % (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) (n = 43)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,7 &#177; 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">37,4 &#177; 11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VTDVE, ml (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) (n = 31)</td>
                  <td align="center">180,0 &#177; 60,9</td>
                  <td align="center">142,4 &#177; 57,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VTSVE, ml (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) (n = 31)</td>
                  <td align="center">128,7 &#177; 52,3</td>
                  <td align="center">92,5 &#177; 51,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe funcional NYHA, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (29)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (69)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (45)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (26)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP, pg/ml, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.148 (1.603-8.365)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.810 (370-6.149)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; NT-proBNP: por&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; NYHA: New York Heart Association; VTDVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VTSVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e resposta &#224; terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Foram tamb&#233;m observadas melhorias significativas nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o de TRC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Entre os 43 doentes com avalia&#231;&#245;es emparelhadas dispon&#237;veis, a FEVE aumentou de 29,7 &#177; 5,4% para 37,4 &#177; 11,7% (t[43] = &#8722;4,46; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>Entre os 31 doentes com dados volum&#233;tricos emparelhados dispon&#237;veis, o VTDVE diminuiu de 180,0 &#177; 60,9 ml para 142,4 &#177; 57,4 ml (p &lt; 0,001), enquanto o VTSVE diminuiu de 128,7 &#177; 52,3 ml para 92,5 &#177; 51,6 ml (p &lt; 0,001). Todas as compara&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas permaneceram estatisticamente significativas ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni.</p>
        <p>Com base na redu&#231;&#227;o relativa do VTSVE entre os doentes com dados volum&#233;tricos dispon&#237;veis (n = 31), 18 doentes (58%) foram classificados como super-respondedores, cinco (16%) como respondedores, quatro (13%) como n&#227;o respondedores e quatro (13%) como progressores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eventos cl&#237;nicos durante o seguimento</title>
        <p>Durante o seguimento, quatro doentes apresentaram terapias apropriadas do dispositivo, e 15 foram hospitalizados por IC. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas na terap&#234;utica m&#233;dica otimizada durante o seguimento entre respondedores e n&#227;o respondedores (todos os valores de p &gt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>A mortalidade por todas as causas foi de 43,1% (n = 22), correspondendo a uma taxa anual de mortalidade de aproximadamente 11,4%, sendo as causas cardiovasculares respons&#225;veis pela maioria dos &#243;bitos (59%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiomiopatia induzida por antraciclinas</title>
        <p>Entre os 17 doentes com cardiomiopatia induzida pelas antraciclinas (CIA), observou-se uma melhoria significativa da classe funcional NYHA durante o seguimento (basal: NYHA II, 11 doentes [64,7%]; NYHA III, cinco doentes [29,4%]; NYHA IV, um doente [5,9%]; seguimento: NYHA I, oito doentes [33%]; NYHA II, oito doentes [60%]; NYHA III, um doente [7%]; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>Melhorias ecocardiogr&#225;ficas significativas tamb&#233;m foram documentadas entre os 12 doentes com medidas volum&#233;tricas emparelhadas. O VTDVE diminuiu de uma mediana de 153,0 ml (IIQ 129,0-178,0) para 107,0 ml (IIQ 97,0-139,0; p = 0,013), enquanto o VTSVE diminuiu de 97,3 ml (IIQ 94,1-123,0) para 53,7 ml (IIQ 52,3-73,8; p = 0,006).</p>
        <p>Com base na redu&#231;&#227;o relativa do VTSVE, sete doentes foram classificados como super-respondedores, dois como respondedores, dois como n&#227;o respondedores e um como progressor. Os doentes classificados como respondedores ou super-respondedores (n = 9) apresentaram uma melhoria mais acentuada da FEVE, com aumento mediano de 18,5% (IIQ 12%-25%), em compara&#231;&#227;o com 7,5% (IIQ 0%-16%) observado nos n&#227;o respondedores e progressores (n = 3).</p>
        <p>Todos os super-respondedores apresentavam perturba&#231;&#227;o de condu&#231;&#227;o no momento basal, designadamente BRE, enquanto esse padr&#227;o foi observado em apenas dois dos tr&#234;s pacientes classificados como n&#227;o respondedores/progressores.</p>
        <p>Quando comparados com os doentes com outras etiologias de IC, aqueles com CIA apresentaram probabilidade semelhante de alcan&#231;ar resposta &#224; TRC (n = 30; p = 0,672). No entanto, a melhoria do estado funcional foi significativamente maior no subgrupo com CIA, com maior redu&#231;&#227;o mediana da classe funcional NYHA (&#916;NYHA 2,0 vs. 1,0; p = 0,008).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta coorte do mundo real de pacientes com c&#226;ncer e IC, a TRC associou-se a melhorias significativas da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, <italic>remodeling</italic> reverso e estado funcional. Os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP diminu&#237;ram substancialmente, e a maioria dos doentes apresentou melhoria na classe funcional da NYHA, destacando os potenciais benef&#237;cios da TRC nesta popula&#231;&#227;o historicamente sub-representada. Adicionalmente, quando os crit&#233;rios baseados nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es para implanta&#231;&#227;o de TRC em doentes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER) foram aplicados, indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico atual ou pr&#233;vio de c&#226;ncer demonstraram resposta favor&#225;vel, corroborando a aplicabilidade das indica&#231;&#245;es convencionais de TRC nesse contexto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora estudos pr&#233;vios sugiram que apenas aproximadamente 21% dos doentes oncol&#243;gicos eleg&#237;veis recebem TRC, estes resultados sugerem que o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de neoplasia n&#227;o deve ser considerado uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o &#224; terap&#234;utica com dispositivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o de nossa coorte apresentava CIQ, predominantemente relacionada &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o a antraciclinas. Nesse subgrupo, a TRC associou-se a uma melhoria sintom&#225;tica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica significativa, em conson&#226;ncia com os resultados do estudo MADIT-CHIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, todos os super-respondedores e respondedores apresentavam perturba&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo basal, refor&#231;ando o conceito de que a dessincronia el&#233;trica, mais do que a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isoladamente, constitui um importante determinante da resposta &#224; TRC.</p>
      <p>A TRC pode promover a recupera&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em doentes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda associada &#224; cardiotoxicidade atrav&#233;s da corre&#231;&#227;o da dissincronia mec&#226;nica, da melhoria da efici&#234;ncia contr&#225;til ventricular e da promo&#231;&#227;o do remodeling reverso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a TRC provavelmente atua de forma sin&#233;rgica com a terap&#234;utica modificadora de progn&#243;stico da IC, mitigando a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular persistente e favorecendo a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Estas observa&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o em conson&#226;ncia com o recente posicionamento da Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) em cardio-oncologia, que enfatiza o papel das terapias baseadas em dispositivos em pacientes selecionados com CIQ.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento foram raras e limitadas a eventos de menor gravidade, sustentando e a seguran&#231;a do implante de TRC em pacientes com c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As causas cardiovasculares foram respons&#225;veis pela maioria dos &#243;bitos, superando a mortalidade atribu&#237;da &#224; progress&#227;o do c&#226;ncer. Este achado refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento da IC atrav&#233;s da terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica orientada por recomenda&#231;&#245;es e de interven&#231;&#245;es apropriadas baseadas em dispositivos nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Diversas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser reconhecidas. O desenho retrospectivo e unic&#234;ntrico, o tamanho relativamente reduzido da amostra e o acompanhamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico incompleto limitam a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos nossos resultados. Ainda assim, este estudo fornece evid&#234;ncia valiosa do mundo real que apoia o uso da TRC em doentes com ICFER e diagn&#243;stico atual ou pr&#233;vio de c&#226;ncer. As an&#225;lises de subgrupos, particularmente as que envolveram CIA, devem ser consideradas explorat&#243;rias devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de doentes. Al&#233;m disso, uma pequena propor&#231;&#227;o de doentes recebeu terap&#234;utica oncol&#243;gica adicional ap&#243;s o implante da TRC, refletindo a presen&#231;a de neoplasia ativa durante o seguimento. Consequentemente, n&#227;o se pode excluir a poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia de tratamentos oncol&#243;gicos subsequentes sobre o <italic>remodeling</italic> ventricular e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Por fim, as estimativas de mortalidade anualizada devem ser interpretadas com cautela devido &#224; variabilidade no tempo de seguimento.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, estes resultados sugerem que o diagn&#243;stico atual ou pr&#233;vio de c&#226;ncer n&#227;o deve constituir, por si s&#243;, um fator limitante &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em doentes com ICFER que cumpram os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelas recomenda&#231;&#245;es. Estes dados sublinham a necessidade de uma abordagem multidisciplinar integrada, envolvendo cardiologistas, incluindo especialistas em dispositivos card&#237;acos, em estreita colabora&#231;&#227;o com oncologistas, de forma a individualizar a sele&#231;&#227;o dos doentes. A TRC pode proporcionar melhoria sintom&#225;tica significativa, <italic>remodeling</italic> reverso e melhoria da qualidade de vida em doentes com neoplasias potencialmente trat&#225;veis e expectativa de vida razo&#225;vel. Estudos prospectivos multic&#234;ntricos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar essas observa&#231;&#245;es e aperfei&#231;oar a sele&#231;&#227;o dos doentes candidatos a esta terapia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250888i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Cardio-Oncology: Real-World Evidence of Benefit in Cancer Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-3039-1749</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Greg&#243;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4638-990X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela</surname>
            <given-names>Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Nobre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8034-4529</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7742-6195</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fiuza</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Maria (ULSSM), CAML, CCUL@RISE, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Lus&#237;adas Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Catarina Greg&#243;rio Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Maria (ULSSM), CAML, CCUL@RISE - Av. Prof. Egas Moniz MB, 1649-028, Lisboa - Portugal E-mail: catarina.s.gregorio@ulssm.min-saude.pt </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardio-Oncology</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The incidence of HF in this high-risk population is increasing, partly due to the cardiotoxic effects associated with contemporary cancer therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Despite substantial advances in oncological treatments and the growing number of cancer survivors, HF remains a major determinant of adverse clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established treatment that improves symptoms and reduces mortality in patients with chronic HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, patients with a history of cancer have been frequently excluded or underrepresented in pivotal CRT trials, resulting in a significant evidence gap regarding the efficacy and safety of CRT in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Concerns related to comorbidities, cancer prognosis, and procedural risk may further contribute to the underutilization of CRT in clinical practice.</p>
        <p>Real-world evidence is therefore essential to support clinical decision-making and optimize treatment strategies for patients with cancer-related or coexisting HF and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and echocardiographic response to CRT in patients with HF and either active cancer or a prior history of malignancy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This retrospective, single-center study included adult patients with either active cancer or a prior history of malignancy who underwent CRT implantation between 2011 and 2025 at Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal. Active cancer was defined as ongoing anticancer treatment or a cancer diagnosis within the preceding 12 months. Cancer survivors were defined as patients with a history of malignancy in remission for at least 12 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> All patients had received at least one form of cancer therapy (e.g., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, or hormone therapy) before CRT implantation. No patient underwent CRT implantation before cancer diagnosis or the initiation of oncological treatment.</p>
        <p>CRT implantation was performed in accordance with the most recent European Society of Cardiology guidelines for HF management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> All patients met standard eligibility criteria for CRT, including a LV ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804; 35%, QRS duration &#8805; 130 ms, and symptomatic HF corresponding to New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II-IV despite optimal medical therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Device selection, CRT pacemaker (CRT-P) or CRT defibrillator (CRT-D), was based on established guideline indications and was independent of cancer status, although individual clinical characteristics and comorbidities were taken into consideration.</p>
        <p>Demographic and clinical data were obtained from medical records. Echocardiographic parameters, including LVEF, LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), and LV end-systolic volume (LVESV), were collected at baseline (before CRT implantation) and at the most recent follow-up evaluation.</p>
        <p>Clinical outcomes included changes in NYHA functional class, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels, all-cause mortality, and HF-related hospitalizations during follow-up. CRT response was classified according to the relative reduction in LVESV as follows: super-responders (&#8805; 30% reduction), responders (15%-29% reduction), non-responders (&#8804; 14% reduction), and progressors (increase in LVESV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although the MADIT-CRT trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> defined response using a combination of volumetric and symptomatic criteria, the present analysis was based exclusively on LVESV reduction, recognizing the heterogeneity of CRT response definitions across studies.</p>
        <p>Continuous variables are presented as mean &#177; SD or median (IQR) as appropriate, whereas categorical variables are reported as n (%). Changes between baseline and follow-up were assessed using paired <italic>t</italic> tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for continuous variables and McNemar or chi-square tests for categorical variables. Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons involving the primary echocardiographic endpoints. A two-sided p-value &lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        <p>The study was conducted in accordance with institutional ethical standards and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>A total of 51 patients underwent CRT implantation (mean age 72.3 &#177; 10.2 years; 63% male). Baseline characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. The cohort exhibited a high burden of cardiovascular risk factors, with hypertension (84%), dyslipidemia (63%), and diabetes mellitus (51%) being the most prevalent. Chronic kidney disease and atrial fibrillation were present in 53% and 41% of patients, respectively.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>Overall (n = 51)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sex, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (63)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (37)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age, years, mean &#177; SD</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">72 &#177; 10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Coexisting conditions, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (84)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (51)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (63)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic kidney disease (eGFR &lt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m2)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (53)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current smoker</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (33)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (41)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Primary malignancy, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Breast cancer</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (29)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prostate cancer</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (24)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-Hodgkin lymphoma</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (14)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Colorectal cancer</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lung cancer</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Other</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (18)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Metastatic disease, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Previous cancer therapy, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chemotherapy</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (43)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Radiotherapy</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (20)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (24)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hormone therapy</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (12)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Immunotherapy</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HF etiology, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ICM</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (31)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CICM</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (33)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DCM</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (29)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VHD</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Baseline NYHA functional class, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (69)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (29)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>NT-proBNP, pg/mL, median (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">4,148 (1,603-8,365)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LBBB, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">35 (69)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Device type, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRT-P</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (47)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRT-D</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (53)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>CICM: chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy; CRT-D: cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator; CRT-P: cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker; DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF: heart failure; ICM: ischemic cardiomyopathy; LBBB: left bundle branch block; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA: New York Heart Association; VHD: valvular heart disease.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The most common primary malignancies were breast cancer (29%), prostate cancer (24%), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (14%), while 6% of patients had metastatic disease. All patients had previously received oncological treatment, including chemotherapy (n = 22, of whom 18 received anthracyclines), radiotherapy (n = 10), or combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy (n = 12).</p>
          <p>Chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy (CICM) accounted for approximately one-third of cases. The remaining patients had ischemic cardiomyopathy (31%), non-chemotherapy-related dilated cardiomyopathy (29%), or valvular heart disease (6%).</p>
          <p>At baseline, most patients were in NYHA functional class II (61%) or III (29%) and were receiving guideline-directed medical therapy, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (78%), beta-blockers (47%), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (28%), and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (10%). Mean QRS duration was 151.1 &#177; 26.8 ms (median 152.0 ms; IQR 130.5-168.5), and left bundle branch block (LBBB) was present in 69% of patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedural characteristics</title>
          <p>A total of 25 patients (53%) received CRT-D, including six implanted for secondary prevention, whereas 24 patients (47%) received CRT-P. Procedural complications were uncommon and occurred in only one patient (1.9%), who developed a small pneumothorax.</p>
          <p>Patients with CICM did not differ significantly from those with other HF etiologies regarding age, comorbidities, or HF therapy (all p &gt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical outcomes</title>
          <p>During a mean follow-up of 45.3 &#177; 29.6 months (IQR 18-68), functional status improved significantly, with a shift toward lower NYHA classes (baseline: NYHA II, 35 patients [68.6%]; NYHA III, 15 patients [29.4%]; follow-up: NYHA I, 15 patients [29.4%]; NYHA II, 23 patients [45.1%]; NYHA III, 13 patients [25.5%]; p = 0.005).</p>
          <p>Median NT-proBNP levels decreased from 4,148 pg/mL (IQR 1,603-8,365) to 1,810 pg/mL (IQR 370-6,149), corresponding to a 56% relative reduction (p = 0.02) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Changes in clinical and echocardiographic parameters following cardiac resynchronization therapy</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                    <th>Baseline</th>
                    <th>Follow-up</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Echocardiographic parameters</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF, % (mean &#177; SD) (n = 43)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.7 &#177; 5.4</td>
                    <td align="center">37.4 &#177; 11.7</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEDV, mL (mean &#177; SD) (n = 31)</td>
                    <td align="center">180.0 &#177; 60.9</td>
                    <td align="center">142.4 &#177; 57.4</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVESV, mL (mean &#177; SD) (n = 31)</td>
                    <td align="center">128.7 &#177; 52.3</td>
                    <td align="center">92.5 &#177; 51.6</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Clinical characteristics and biomarkers</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA functional class, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>I</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (29)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (69)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (45)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (29)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (26)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NT-proBNP, pg/mL, median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">4,148 (1,603-8,365)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,810 (370-6,149)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.020</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic outcomes and response to cardiac resynchronization therapy</title>
          <p>Significant improvements in echocardiographic parameters were also observed following CRT implantation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Among the 43 patients with paired measurements, LVEF increased from 29.7 &#177; 5.4% to 37.4 &#177; 11.7% (t[43] = &#8722;4.46, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
          <p>Among the 31 patients with available paired volumetric data, LVEDV decreased from 180.0 &#177; 60.9 mL to 142.4 &#177; 57.4 mL (p &lt; 0.001), while LVESV decreased from 128.7 &#177; 52.3 mL to 92.5 &#177; 51.6 mL (p &lt; 0.001). All echocardiographic comparisons remained statistically significant after Bonferroni correction.</p>
          <p>Based on the relative reduction in LVESV among patients with available volumetric data (n = 31), 18 patients (58%) were classified as super-responders, five (16%) as responders, four (13%) as non-responders, and four (13%) as progressors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical events during follow-up</title>
          <p>During follow-up, four patients experienced appropriate device therapy, and 15 required hospitalization for HF. No significant differences in guideline-directed medical therapy at follow-up were observed between responders and non-responders (all p &gt; 0.05).</p>
          <p>All-cause mortality was 43.1% (n = 22), corresponding to an annualized mortality rate of approximately 11.4%, with cardiovascular causes accounting for the majority of deaths (59%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy</title>
          <p>Among the 17 patients with anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy (AIC), a significant improvement in NYHA functional class was observed during follow-up (baseline: NYHA II, 11 patients [64.7%]; NYHA III, five patients [29.4%]; NYHA IV, one patient [5.9%]; follow-up: NYHA I, eight patients [33%]; NYHA II, eight patients [60%]; NYHA III, one patient [7%]; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
          <p>Significant echocardiographic improvements were also documented among the 12 patients with paired volumetric measurements. LVEDV decreased from a median of 153.0 mL (IQR 129.0-178.0) to 107.0 mL (IQR 97.0-139.0; p = 0.013), while LVESV decreased from 97.3 mL (IQR 94.1-123.0) to 53.7 mL (IQR 52.3-73.8; p = 0.006).</p>
          <p>Based on the relative reduction in LVESV, seven patients were classified as super-responders, two as responders, two as non-responders, and one as a progressor. Patients classified as responders or super-responders (n = 9) demonstrated a greater improvement in LVEF, with a median increase of 18.5% (IQR 12%-25%), compared with 7.5% (IQR 0%-16%) among non-responders and progressors (n = 3).</p>
          <p>All super-responders presented with baseline conduction abnormalities, specifically LBBB, whereas this pattern was observed in only two of the three non-responders/progressors.</p>
          <p>When compared with patients with other HF etiologies, those with AIC showed a similar likelihood of achieving a CRT response (n = 30; p = 0.672). However, the improvement in functional status was significantly greater in the AIC subgroup, with a larger median reduction in NYHA class (&#916;NYHA 2.0 vs. 1.0; p = 0.008).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this real-world cohort of cancer patients and survivors with HF, CRT was associated with significant improvements in LV function, reverse remodeling, and functional status. NT-proBNP levels decreased substantially, and most patients experienced an improvement in NYHA functional class, highlighting the potential benefits of CRT in this historically underrepresented population. Notably, when guideline-based criteria for CRT implantation in HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) were applied, patients with a current or prior history of cancer demonstrated a favorable response, supporting the applicability of standard CRT indications in this setting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although previous studies suggest that only approximately 21% of eligible patients with cancer receive CRT, our findings indicate that a history of malignancy should not be viewed as a contraindication to device therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Approximately one-third of our cohort had CICM, predominantly related to anthracycline exposure. In this subgroup, CRT was associated with significant symptomatic and echocardiographic improvement, consistent with findings from the MADIT-CHIC study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Furthermore, all super-responders and responders exhibited baseline conduction abnormalities, supporting the concept that electrical dyssynchrony, rather than myocardial injury alone, is a major determinant of CRT responsiveness.</p>
        <p>CRT may facilitate myocardial recovery in patients with cardiotoxic injury by correcting mechanical dyssynchrony, improving ventricular contractile efficiency, and promoting reverse remodelling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In addition, CRT likely acts synergistically with contemporary guideline-directed HF therapies, mitigating ongoing ventricular dysfunction and supporting functional recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> These observations are consistent with the recent Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) cardio-oncology statement, which emphasizes the role of device-based therapies in selected patients with CICM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Procedural complications were rare and limited to minor events, supporting the feasibility and safety of CRT implantation in patients with cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiovascular causes accounted for most deaths, exceeding mortality attributable to cancer progression. This finding underscores the importance of optimizing HF management through guideline-directed pharmacological therapy and appropriate device-based interventions in this population.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of study</title>
          <p>Several limitations should be acknowledged. The retrospective, single-center design, relatively small sample size, and incomplete echocardiographic follow-up limit the generalizability of our findings. Nevertheless, the study provides valuable real-world evidence supporting the use of CRT in patients with HFrEF and a current or prior history of cancer. Subgroup analyses, particularly those involving AIC, should be considered exploratory because of the limited number of patients. In addition, a small proportion of patients received further anticancer therapy after CRT implantation, reflecting ongoing active malignancy during follow-up. Consequently, the potential influence of subsequent oncological treatment on ventricular remodeling and clinical outcomes cannot be excluded. Finally, annualized mortality estimates should be interpreted with caution given the variability in follow-up duration.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Overall, our findings support the use of CRT in patients with HFrEF regardless of a current or previous cancer diagnosis when standard guideline criteria are met. These results further highlight the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration between cardiologists, including device specialists, and oncologists in the management of this complex population. CRT may provide meaningful symptomatic improvement, reverse remodeling, and enhanced quality of life in patients with treatable malignancies and a reasonable life expectancy. Prospective multicenter studies are warranted to confirm these observations and further refine patient selection.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
