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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">n48b8dsJ5Xfrd48xBVSkwVB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000701801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250569</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de Dispositivos Venosos Centrais Totalmente Implant&#225;veis pela T&#233;cnica PISA: Uma Pequena S&#233;rie de Casos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1878-9367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Margarida G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5785-0124</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lder</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valente</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8371-8354</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Santa Marta</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Arritmologia, Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca e Eletrofisiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Marta &#8211; Unidade de Arritmologia, Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca e Eletrofisiologia, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Lisboa</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Comprehensive Health Research Center</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Margarida G. Figueiredo</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Santa Marta &#8211; Rua de Santa Marta, 50, <postal-code>1169-024</postal-code>, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>margarida.figueiredo@ulssjose.min-saude.pt</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250569</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Equipamentos e Suprimentos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateteres Venosos Centrais</kwd>
        <kwd>Relatos de Casos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O progresso tecnol&#243;gico levou ao uso generalizado de dispositivos m&#233;dicos implant&#225;veis em diversas condi&#231;&#245;es, melhorando significativamente os resultados para os pacientes. Em oncologia, os cateteres venosos centrais totalmente implant&#225;veis (CVCTI) s&#227;o comumente usados para facilitar a administra&#231;&#227;o prolongada de quimioterapia. O t&#233;rmino da terapia &#233; a indica&#231;&#227;o mais comum para a remo&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, diferentes complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao uso desses dispositivos foram descritas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e algumas delas podem justificar sua remo&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora historicamente realizada por cirurgi&#245;es, a remo&#231;&#227;o de CVCTI por radiologia intervencionista tornou-se muito mais frequente nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. A remo&#231;&#227;o desses dispositivos pode se tornar tecnicamente desafiadora quando se desenvolve uma ader&#234;ncia fibr&#243;tica significativa ao redor da ponta do cateter ou ao longo de seu trajeto intravascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A t&#233;cnica PISA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> originalmente desenvolvida para extrair eletrodos de dispositivos eletr&#244;nicos card&#237;acos implant&#225;veis, pode ser adaptada para a remo&#231;&#227;o de cateteres venosos centrais implant&#225;veis. Ela envolve a identifica&#231;&#227;o e exposi&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o proximal do cateter, seguida de dissec&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o ponto de entrada vascular. Uma bainha de polipropileno &#233; ent&#227;o avan&#231;ada sobre o cateter usando movimento rotacional e tra&#231;&#227;o leve para liberar ader&#234;ncias e obter a extra&#231;&#227;o completa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando a seguran&#231;a e a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio associadas &#224; t&#233;cnica de extra&#231;&#227;o PISA, esta Carta de Pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever seus princ&#237;pios subjacentes e aplica&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica, destacando seu potencial como m&#233;todo alternativo para a remo&#231;&#227;o desses dispositivos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Paciente 1</title>
      <p>Um homem de 60 anos com hist&#243;rico de cardiomiopatia dilatada teve um desfibrilador de terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC-D) implantado em 2009. Recentemente, no contexto de um c&#226;ncer colorretal rec&#233;m-diagnosticado, ele foi submetido a uma ileostomia de deriva&#231;&#227;o, que levou ao desenvolvimento de s&#237;ndrome do intestino curto, exigindo m&#250;ltiplas interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas e interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares. Para a administra&#231;&#227;o de quimioterapia, foi inserido um CVCTI. Em um ano, a suspeita de infec&#231;&#227;o do CVCTI levou &#224; sua remo&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, mas o dispositivo fraturou durante o procedimento, permitindo a remo&#231;&#227;o apenas do reservat&#243;rio do Port-a-Cath, deixando o cateter distal irrecuper&#225;vel apesar de m&#250;ltiplas tentativas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>); um novo CVCTI femoral direito foi implantado posteriormente. Seis meses depois, o paciente desenvolveu uma s&#237;ndrome de emagrecimento acompanhada de febre. As hemoculturas foram positivas para <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> resistente &#224; meticilina. Um ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) revelou endocardite infecciosa associada ao eletrodo do TRC-D. Al&#233;m de iniciar antibioticoterapia com rifampicina e daptomicina, foi realizada a extra&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de todos os dispositivos intravasculares. A extra&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos foi realizada utilizando a abordagem PISA via veia axilar esquerda, e a remo&#231;&#227;o completa dos tr&#234;s eletrodos foi alcan&#231;ada. Como o acesso femoral direito era necess&#225;rio para a remo&#231;&#227;o do cateter retido &#8212; e considerando o risco infeccioso associado &#8212; o CVCTI femoral direito foi removido. Por fim, utilizando um la&#231;o introduzido pela veia femoral direita, o fragmento retido do cateter subcl&#225;vio direito foi removido com sucesso. O procedimento transcorreu sem intercorr&#234;ncias, sem complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias imediatas. O paciente foi transferido de volta ao hospital de origem no dia seguinte para completar o ciclo planejado de seis semanas de antibi&#243;ticos intravenosos para infec&#231;&#227;o ativa relacionada ao dispositivo.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiografia tor&#225;cica da por&#231;&#227;o distal do cateter venoso central abandonado (seta amarela) e do TRC-D com eletrodo de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o de bobina dupla.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250569-50569-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Paciente 2</title>
      <p>Uma mulher de 58 anos com hist&#243;rico de c&#226;ncer de mama direito diagnosticado em 2009 foi submetida a quimioterapia neoadjuvante e adjuvante, para a qual foi inserido um CVCTI na veia subcl&#225;via esquerda em 2010. A paciente permaneceu em acompanhamento oncol&#243;gico por mais de dez anos, sem evid&#234;ncia de recidiva. Durante esse per&#237;odo, foi detectada uma falha no dispositivo, e n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar a lavagem adequada do l&#250;men do cateter, o que implica um aumento exponencial de fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos, secund&#225;rios ao ambiente pr&#243;-coagulante relacionado &#224; ades&#227;o da fibrina ao cateter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Por esse motivo, a radiologia intervencionista tentou remover o CVCTI) n&#227;o funcional, sem sucesso. A paciente foi ent&#227;o encaminhada ao departamento de cardiologia para extra&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea eletiva do dispositivo venoso central (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Durante o procedimento, a por&#231;&#227;o proximal do cateter foi exposta cirurgicamente e dissecada na loja do gerador, no lado esquerdo. Um fio-guia foi ent&#227;o introduzido atrav&#233;s do l&#250;men p&#233;rvio do dispositivo e, utilizando a abordagem PISA, a extra&#231;&#227;o completa do cateter foi realizada com sucesso, tanto cl&#237;nico quanto radiol&#243;gico. A interna&#231;&#227;o da paciente transcorreu sem intercorr&#234;ncias, e ela recebeu alta no dia seguinte.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiografia tor&#225;cica do CVCTI (seta azul).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250569-50569-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Paciente 3</title>
      <p>Uma mulher de 63 anos com hist&#243;rico de hipotireoidismo, depress&#227;o e c&#226;ncer de mama, submetida a mastectomia direita seis anos antes, seguida de seis ciclos de quimioterapia e terapia hormonal, e que, nesse contexto, tinha um CVCTI. Nos anos seguintes, foi documentada remiss&#227;o total da patologia, deixando o dispositivo sem uso, apesar da necessidade de manuten&#231;&#227;o repetida para evitar complica&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto, durante esse per&#237;odo, foi constatada uma disfun&#231;&#227;o do CVCTI. Diante da aus&#234;ncia de qualquer indica&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua para seu uso, foi realizada uma simples tentativa de tra&#231;&#227;o para extrair completamente o dispositivo. Contudo, apenas o reservat&#243;rio do Port-a-Cath p&#244;de ser removido, enquanto o cateter permaneceu no mesmo local. Por esse motivo, a paciente foi encaminhada para extra&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o distal do cateter abandonado em nosso centro. Atrav&#233;s da por&#231;&#227;o proximal do cateter, localizada no Port-a-Cath previamente removido, e utilizando bainhas de dilata&#231;&#227;o com a t&#233;cnica PISA, o cateter foi completamente removido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>). N&#227;o foram registradas complica&#231;&#245;es e a paciente recebeu alta no dia seguinte ao procedimento.</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiografia tor&#225;cica de um CVCTI com fio-guia em seu interior, para remo&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo utilizando a t&#233;cnica PISA.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250569-50569-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Imagens do procedimento de extra&#231;&#227;o do CVCTI utilizando a t&#233;cnica PISA.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250569-50569-gf04.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Paciente 4</title>
      <p>Um homem de 75 anos com hist&#243;rico de adenocarcinoma do c&#243;lon transverso foi submetido a ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica um ano antes, seguida de oito ciclos de quimioterapia adjuvante, para os quais foi inserido um CVCTI.</p>
      <p>Aos 10 meses de acompanhamento, foram identificadas met&#225;stases hep&#225;ticas e o paciente foi submetido a uma hepatectomia direita. O per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi complicado por diversos eventos, incluindo endocardite infecciosa, com isolamento de <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> sens&#237;vel &#224; meticilina em hemoculturas. O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico confirmou a presen&#231;a de vegeta&#231;&#227;o e o paciente foi tratado com flucloxacilina intravenosa por quatro semanas, com melhora cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Um m&#234;s depois, o paciente foi readmitido com choque s&#233;ptico secund&#225;rio &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> e tratado com antibioticoterapia direcionada. Dois dias ap&#243;s a alta, apresentou um novo epis&#243;dio febril. Um novo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) foi realizado, n&#227;o evidenciando vegeta&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Considerando os epis&#243;dios infecciosos recorrentes e a suspeita de foco infeccioso no CVCTI, o paciente foi encaminhado para extra&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo. O procedimento foi realizado utilizando a t&#233;cnica PISA sem complica&#231;&#245;es. Durante o acompanhamento de seis meses, n&#227;o foram relatados novos epis&#243;dios infecciosos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A remo&#231;&#227;o CVCTIs de longa perman&#234;ncia &#233; indicada quando esses dispositivos n&#227;o s&#227;o mais necess&#225;rios ou quando ocorrem complica&#231;&#245;es ou mau funcionamento. Em casos de suspeita de infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, a infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao CVCTI deve sempre ser considerada e, se confirmada, a remo&#231;&#227;o completa do dispositivo &#233; essencial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica padr&#227;o para remo&#231;&#227;o de CVCTI envolve uma incis&#227;o sobre o reservat&#243;rio, desprendimento do cateter, tra&#231;&#227;o suave para extra&#231;&#227;o e fechamento final da ferida. Embora as complica&#231;&#245;es durante a remo&#231;&#227;o sejam incomuns, o tempo de perman&#234;ncia prolongado est&#225; associado a maior dificuldade t&#233;cnica devido ao desenvolvimento de uma bainha de fibrina ao redor do cateter, levando &#224; ader&#234;ncia &#224; t&#250;nica &#237;ntima venosa. Isso ocorre em aproximadamente 0,3&#8211;7,4% dos casos e est&#225; associado a uma maior probabilidade de necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es adicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A radiologia intervencionista oferece uma estrat&#233;gia passo a passo para a remo&#231;&#227;o de cateteres aderentes, consistindo em tr&#234;s t&#233;cnicas de complexidade crescente: suporte com fio-guia, separa&#231;&#227;o coaxial anter&#243;grada e separa&#231;&#227;o coaxial retr&#243;grada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre a perman&#234;ncia do cateter por mais de 40 meses e a dificuldade de remo&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Com base nas evid&#234;ncias atuais, diversas recomenda&#231;&#245;es foram propostas para o manejo seguro de CVCTIs: idealmente, esses dispositivos devem ser removidos logo ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do tratamento e, no m&#225;ximo, cinco anos ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o, o que pode reduzir o risco de ader&#234;ncias intravasculares e encapsulamento fibr&#243;tico. Caso haja resist&#234;ncia durante a tentativa de extra&#231;&#227;o, o procedimento deve ser interrompido imediatamente. A tra&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada aumenta o risco de fratura do cateter, avuls&#227;o vascular, tamponamento card&#237;aco, hemot&#243;rax e choque hemorr&#225;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dentre as diversas abordagens para extra&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos, a t&#233;cnica PISA oferece uma alternativa segura e eficaz, particularmente em casos onde os m&#233;todos convencionais de extra&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o bem-sucedidos. Em nosso centro, a t&#233;cnica PISA &#233; o m&#233;todo preferido para remo&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos por diversos motivos, incluindo a experi&#234;ncia consolidada do operador, maior controle e feedback t&#225;til durante a manipula&#231;&#227;o do cateter, seguran&#231;a do procedimento e custo-benef&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras t&#233;cnicas de extra&#231;&#227;o. &#201; importante ressaltar que essa abordagem tamb&#233;m permite a interrup&#231;&#227;o segura do procedimento em qualquer etapa, caso os riscos superem os benef&#237;cios potenciais &#8212; uma considera&#231;&#227;o fundamental em indica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o infecciosas selecionadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Essa abordagem utiliza bainhas de polipropileno (Cook Medical<sup>&#174;</sup>) e bainhas de poliamida (FIAB<sup>&#174;</sup>), selecionando-se a bainha cujo di&#226;metro interno seja o mais pr&#243;ximo poss&#237;vel do di&#226;metro do cateter para promover a dilata&#231;&#227;o e a ruptura de ader&#234;ncias fibr&#243;ticas. Aplica-se torque controlado utilizando uma al&#231;a de dispositivo de torque (PIN VISE &#8211; Cook Medical<sup>&#174;</sup> ou MGB &#8211; FIAB<sup>&#174;</sup>) para avan&#231;ar a bainha mec&#226;nica, girando-a alternadamente no sentido hor&#225;rio e anti-hor&#225;rio, mantendo uma tra&#231;&#227;o constante nas fitas de seda, liberando assim o eletrodo das ader&#234;ncias fibr&#243;ticas circundantes. Este avan&#231;o rotacional facilita o deslocamento da ponta do eletrodo, permitindo a extra&#231;&#227;o sem a necessidade de t&#233;cnicas adicionais de extra&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um pr&#233;-requisito fundamental para esta t&#233;cnica &#233; que a extremidade proximal do cateter esteja acess&#237;vel no local de entrada vascular; caso contr&#225;rio, o procedimento n&#227;o pode ser realizado. Este foi o caso do paciente 1, em quem o acesso &#224; extremidade proximal n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel, sendo necess&#225;rio o uso de um la&#231;o para extra&#231;&#227;o. Em nossa s&#233;rie de casos, o uso da t&#233;cnica PISA para extra&#231;&#227;o de CVCTI foi clinicamente e radiologicamente bem-sucedido, mesmo ap&#243;s tentativas cir&#250;rgicas pr&#233;vias sem sucesso.</p>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro relato que descreve o uso da t&#233;cnica PISA especificamente para a extra&#231;&#227;o de CVCTI. A aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es e a alta taxa de sucesso observada sugerem que esse m&#233;todo pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o valiosa em pacientes selecionados, particularmente aqueles com alto risco de infec&#231;&#227;o ou eventos emb&#243;licos. &#192; medida que o uso de dispositivos de acesso venoso de longa dura&#231;&#227;o continua a crescer, a adapta&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas de extra&#231;&#227;o j&#225; estabelecidas &#8211; como a abordagem PISA &#8211; a esses cateteres pode contribuir para melhores resultados em casos complexos. No entanto, estudos maiores ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar esses achados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250569i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Extraction of Totally Implantable Venous Access Devices Using the PISA Technique: A Small Case Series</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1878-9367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Margarida G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5785-0124</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lder</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valente</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8371-8354</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Marta &#8211; Unidade de Arritmologia, Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca e Eletrofisiologia, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Margarida G. Figueiredo</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Santa Marta &#8211; Rua de Santa Marta, 50, <postal-code>1169-024</postal-code>, Lisboa &#8211;Portugal E-mail: <email>margarida.figueiredo@ulssjose.min-saude.pt</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Equipment and Supplies</kwd>
        <kwd>Central Venous Catheters</kwd>
        <kwd>Case Reports</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Technological progress has led to the widespread use of implantable medical devices across various conditions, significantly improving patient outcomes. In oncology, totally implantable central venous catheters (TICVCs) are commonly used to facilitate prolonged chemotherapy administration. The end of the therapy is the most common indication for removal. However, different complications associated with the use of these devices have been described,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and some of them can justify their removal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although historically performed by surgeons, removal of TICVC by interventional radiology has become much more frequent in recent decades. The removal of these devices can become technically challenging when significant fibrotic adhesion develops around the catheter tip or along its intravascular course.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The PISA technique,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> originally developed for extracting leads from cardiac implantable electronic devices, can be adapted for TICVC removal. It involves identification and exposure of the catheter's proximal portion, followed by dissection to the vascular entry point. A polypropylene sheath is then advanced over the catheter using rotational motion and light traction to release adhesions and achieve complete extraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given the safety and cost-effectiveness associated with the PISA extraction technique, this Research Letter aims to describe its underlying principles and practical application, while highlighting its potential role as an alternative method for the removal of these devices.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient 1</title>
        <p>A 60-year-old man with a history of dilated cardiomyopathy had a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D) implanted in 2009. Recently, in the context of a newly diagnosed colorectal cancer, he underwent a diverting ileostomy, which led to the development of short bowel syndrome, requiring multiple surgical interventions and hospital admissions. For the administration of chemotherapy, TICVC was placed. Within a year, suspected TICVC infection prompted surgical removal, but the device fractured during the procedure, allowing for removal of only the port-a-Cath reservoir, leaving the distal catheter unretrievable despite multiple attempts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>); a new right femoral TICVC was subsequently implanted. Six months later, the patient developed a wasting syndrome accompanied by fever. Blood cultures were positive for methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>. A transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) revealed CRT-D lead-associated infective endocarditis. In addition to initiating antibiotic therapy with rifampicin and daptomycin, percutaneous extraction of all the intravascular devices was performed. Lead extraction was carried out using the PISA approach via the left axillary vein, and complete removal of the three leads was achieved. As the right femoral access was required for removal of the retained catheter&#8212;and considering the associated infectious risk&#8212;the right femoral TICVC was removed. Finally, using a snare introduced through the right femoral vein, the retained right subclavian catheter fragment was successfully retrieved. The procedure was uneventful, with no immediate post-procedural complications. The patient was transferred back to the referring hospital the following day to complete the planned six-week course of intravenous antibiotics for active device-related infection.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Chest radiography of the distal portion of the abandoned central venous catheter (yellow arrow) and the CRT-D with a double-coil defibrillation lead.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250569-50569-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient 2</title>
        <p>A 58-year-old woman with a medical history of right breast cancer diagnosed in 2009 underwent neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy, for which a left subclavian TICVC was placed in 2010. The patient remained under oncologic follow-up for more than ten years, with no evidence of recurrence. During this period, a malfunction of the device was detected, and it was not possible to carry out the correct lumen catheter washing, which implies an exponential increase of embolic phenomena, secondary to the pro-coagulant environment related to the catheter fibrin adhesion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> For this reason, an attempt was made by interventional radiology to remove the non-functional TICVC, without success. She was then referred to the cardiology department for elective percutaneous extraction of the central venous device (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>). During the procedure, the proximal portion of the catheter was surgically exposed and dissected at the generator pocket on the left side. A guidewire was then introduced through the patent lumen of the device, and using the PISA approach, complete extraction of the catheter was successfully achieved, with clinical and complete radiological success. The patient's hospitalization was uneventful, and she was discharged home the following day.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Chest radiography of the TICVC (blue arrow).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250569-50569-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient 3</title>
        <p>A 63-year-old woman with a history of hypothyroidism, depression, and breast cancer, who had been submitted to right mastectomy six years before, followed by six chemotherapy cycles and hormone therapy, and, in this context, had a TICVC. In the following years, total remission of the pathology was documented, leaving the device unused, despite requiring repeated maintenance to avoid complications. However, during this period, a malfunction of the TICVC was noted. Given the absence of any ongoing indication for its use, a simple traction attempt was made to achieve full device extraction. However, only the Port-a-Cath reservoir could be removed, while the catheter remained in the same place. For this reason, the patient was referred for the extraction of the distal portion of the abandoned catheter in our centre. Through the proximal portion of the catheter, localized in the previously removed Port-a-Cath, and using the dilation sheaths with the PISA technique, the catheter was completely removed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">4</xref>). No complications were registered, and the patient was discharged the day after the procedure.</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Chest radiography of a TICVC with a guidewire inside, for the removal of the device using the PISA technique.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250569-50569-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Images of the extraction procedure of the TICVC using the PISA technique.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250569-50569-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient 4</title>
        <p>A 75-year-old man with a history of transverse colon adenocarcinoma underwent surgical resection one-year prior, followed by eight cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy, for which a TICVC had been placed.</p>
        <p>At the 10<sup>th</sup> month of follow-up, hepatic metastases were identified, and the patient subsequently underwent a right hepatectomy. The postoperative period was complicated by several events, including infectious endocarditis, with methicillin-sensitive <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> isolated in blood cultures. TEE confirmed the presence of vegetation, and the patient was treated with intravenous flucloxacillin for four weeks, with clinical improvement.</p>
        <p>One month later, the patient was readmitted with septic shock secondary to <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> infection and was treated with targeted antibiotic therapy. Two days after discharge, he developed a new febrile episode. A new TEE was performed, showing no evidence of vegetations.</p>
        <p>Considering the recurrent infectious episodes and the suspected infectious focus at the TICVC, the patient was referred for device extraction. The procedure was performed using the PISA technique without complications. During the six-month follow-up, no further infectious episodes were reported.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The removal of long-term TICVCs is indicated when these devices are no longer needed, or when complications or malfunctions occur. In cases of suspected systemic infection, TICVC-related infection must always be considered, and if confirmed, complete device removal is essential.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The standard surgical technique for TICVC removal involves an incision over the reservoir, detachment of the catheter, gentle traction for extraction, and final wound closure. Although complications during removal are uncommon, prolonged indwelling time is associated with increased technical difficulty due to the development of a fibrin sheath around the catheter, leading to adhesion to the venous tunica intima. This occurs in approximately 0.3&#8211;7.4% of cases and is associated with a higher likelihood of requiring additional interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Interventional radiology offers a stepwise strategy for the removal of adherent port catheters, consisting of three increasingly complex techniques: guidewire support, antegrade coaxial separation, and retrograde coaxial separation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previous studies have shown a statistically significant association between indwelling durations exceeding 40 months and difficult removals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Based on current evidence, several recommendations have been proposed for the safe management of TICVCs: ideally, these devices should be removed promptly after completion of treatment and no later than five years post-implantation, which may reduce the risk of intravascular adhesion and fibrotic encapsulation. If resistance is encountered during attempted extraction, the procedure must be stopped immediately. Forceful traction increases the risk of catheter fracture, vascular avulsion, cardiac tamponade, haemothorax, and haemorrhagic shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among the various approaches for device extraction, the PISA technique provides a safe and effective alternative, particularly in cases where conventional extraction methods are unsuccessful. At our centre, the PISA technique is the preferred method for device removal due to several reasons, including established operator expertise, enhanced control and tactile feedback during catheter manipulation, procedural safety, and cost-effectiveness compared with other extraction techniques. Importantly, this approach also allows the procedure to be safely interrupted at any stage if the risks outweigh the potential benefits&#8212;a key consideration in selected non-infectious indications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This approach employs polypropylene sheaths (Cook Medical<sup>&#174;</sup>) and polyamide sheaths (FIAB<sup>&#174;</sup>), selecting the sheath whose inner diameter most closely matches that of the catheter to promote dilation and disruption of fibrotic adhesions. Controlled torque is applied using a torque device handle (PIN VISE &#8211; Cook Medical<sup>&#174;</sup> or MGB &#8211; FIAB<sup>&#174;</sup>) to advance the mechanical sheath by alternately rotating it clockwise and counterclockwise while maintaining steady traction on the silk ties, thereby releasing the lead from the surrounding fibrotic adhesions. This rotational advancement facilitates dislodgement of the lead tip, allowing extraction without the need for additional extraction techniques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A fundamental prerequisite for this technique is that the proximal end of the catheter must be accessible at the vascular entry site; otherwise, it cannot be performed. This was the case for patient 1, in whom access to the proximal end was not possible, necessitating the use of a snare for extraction. In our case series, the use of the PISA technique for TICVC extraction was both clinically and radiologically successful, even following previous unsuccessful surgical attempts.</p>
        <p>To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the use of the PISA technique specifically for TICVC extraction. The absence of complications and the high success rate observed suggest this method may be a valuable option in selected patients, particularly those with a high risk of infection or embolic events. As the use of long-term venous access devices continues to grow, adapting established extraction techniques - like the PISA approach - to these catheters may contribute to improved outcomes in complex cases. However, larger studies will be required to confirm these findings.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
