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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9nXJBGGbC6dMzVkgSKJtkSJ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000700603</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00603</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250566</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos dos Marca-passos nas Fun&#231;&#245;es Ventriculares e Vari&#225;veis Precoces Associadas &#224; Cardiomiopatia Induzida</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-0154-2109</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kumar</surname>
            <given-names>Sanjeev</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2988-4618</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Meena</surname>
            <given-names>Chandra Bhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2443-4474</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Babbar</surname>
            <given-names>Navida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7650-9802</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bhandari</surname>
            <given-names>Anil</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shekhawat</surname>
            <given-names>Dhananjay Singh</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meel</surname>
            <given-names>Ankita</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">SMS Medical College</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jaipur</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IN">&#205;ndia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">SMS Medical College, Jaipur &#8211; &#205;ndia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Sanjeev Kumar &#8226; SMS Medical College, Jaipur, 302004 &#8211; &#205;ndia E-mail: <email>chaudhary072@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250566</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito pode alterar a mec&#226;nica ventricular e levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, mesmo em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) basal preservada e cora&#231;&#245;es estruturalmente normais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Este estudo examina os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos da estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o e o volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e identifica vari&#225;veis precoces associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda induzida por marca-passo e &#224; cardiomiopatia em pacientes com marca-passos de dupla c&#226;mara no ventr&#237;culo direito (VD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O estudo incluiu pacientes submetidos a implante de marca-passo de dupla c&#226;mara no VD sem qualquer anormalidade estrutural do cora&#231;&#227;o. Dados sobre as fun&#231;&#245;es biventriculares, volumes do VE e <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) foram coletados por meio de ecocardiografia bidimensional, com rastreamento de <italic>speckle</italic> e ecocardiografia tridimensional. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas pareadas foram comparadas utilizando testes bicaudais com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultado</title>
          <p> Dos 75 pacientes, 20 apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, 15 desenvolveram disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular induzida por marca-passo (PIVD) e cinco desenvolveram cardiomiopatia induzida por marca-passo (PICM). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, os pacientes com PICM apresentaram SLG mais baixo (17,02 vs. 19,27; p&lt;0,05), maior dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS (139,57 vs. 102,75; p &lt; 0,05) e maior porcentagem de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular (EV%; 94,32 vs. 84,03; p = 0,06).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD resultou em um decl&#237;nio substancial da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE a curto e longo prazo. Concomitantemente, as fun&#231;&#245;es do VD declinaram no longo prazo (seis meses). A diminui&#231;&#227;o do SLG aos sete dias, um complexo QRS pr&#233;-implante mais amplo e uma eleva&#231;&#227;o de EV% s&#227;o indicadores precoces de PIVD e PICM. O monitoramento rotineiro desses indicadores pode ser ben&#233;fico para a interven&#231;&#227;o oportuna, caso a caso.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Efeitos dos Marca-passos nas Fun&#231;&#245;es Ventriculares e Vari&#225;veis Precoces Associadas &#224; Cardiomiopatia Induzida</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Ilustrando o protocolo do estudo, as altera&#231;&#245;es temporais na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e as vari&#225;veis associadas a desfechos adversos (explorat&#243;rios) com estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita bicameral.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/9nXJBGGbC6dMzVkgSKJtkSJ/a741f818883d73cf518663f465b3c485fefe3804.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/9nXJBGGbC6dMzVkgSKJtkSJ/dc09362fb7cc418a662ac887c929cd791a71b4cd.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/9nXJBGGbC6dMzVkgSKJtkSJ/30159b4ac2f5bcf4840b365ab9b607d7b04c9813.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) basal preservada e cora&#231;&#245;es estruturalmente normais representam uma popula&#231;&#227;o crescente que necessita de implante de marca-passo permanente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-3</sup> A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, uma terapia bem estabelecida para o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e arritmias, desempenha um papel crucial em pacientes com bradicardia ou bloqueio atrioventricular, nos quais os marca-passos s&#227;o essenciais para a manuten&#231;&#227;o de um ritmo card&#237;aco adequado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">4</xref></sup> Ao longo das d&#233;cadas, a tecnologia de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca evoluiu de marca-passos de c&#226;mara &#250;nica para dispositivos de c&#226;mara dupla e, posteriormente, para marca-passos biventriculares na terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC), que melhora o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o do VE reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">6</xref></sup> No entanto, a TRC n&#227;o &#233; indicada rotineiramente em indiv&#237;duos com FEVE preservada, e seu alto custo e complexidades t&#233;cnicas limitam sua aplica&#231;&#227;o mais ampla.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em pacientes que necessitam de implante de marca-passo permanente, que apresentam FE basal preservada e cora&#231;&#245;es estruturalmente normais, a estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) permanece sendo a estrat&#233;gia mais comumente empregada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">8</xref></sup> A estimula&#231;&#227;o prolongada do VD induz dissincronia ventricular, que interrompe a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal, levando &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular induzida por marca-passo (PIVD) e cardiomiopatia induzida por marca-passo (PCIM), piorando a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e aumentando a mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">10</xref></sup> A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de pacientes em risco &#233; crucial para prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos da estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD sobre os volumes e fun&#231;&#245;es do VE, avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e identificar vari&#225;veis precoces associadas &#224;s PIVD e PCIM em pacientes com marca-passo bicameral no VD. Al&#233;m disso, este estudo visa fornecer insights que possam orientar a tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, melhorar o manejo do paciente e, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, reduzir o impacto da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes dependentes de estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Pacientes e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho e aprova&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo nosso comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional em 04/04/2023, e todos os pacientes participantes deram seu consentimento livre e esclarecido por escrito. O recrutamento ocorreu entre mar&#231;o de 2022 e mar&#231;o de 2023, quando 200 pacientes consecutivos procuraram nosso hospital para implante de marca-passo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
        <p>Pacientes com FE &lt; 50%, valvopatia significativa, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, janelas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas inadequadas, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente com resposta ventricular tardia, outras arritmias que potencialmente afetem a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, qualquer condi&#231;&#227;o debilitante ou c&#226;ncer (com expectativa de sobrevida inferior a um ano), implante pr&#233;vio de dispositivos e cirurgia card&#237;aca recente (nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses) foram exclu&#237;dos. Do grupo inicial, apenas 75 pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios e, portanto, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta por pacientes com FEVE basal preservada (&#8805; 50%) e cora&#231;&#245;es estruturalmente normais, conforme confirmado por ecocardiografia. Os pacientes n&#227;o foram avaliados quanto ao diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e nenhuma classifica&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi utilizada como crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Implanta&#231;&#227;o e programa&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes deste estudo foram submetidos a implante de marca-passo ventricular direito de dupla c&#226;mara. Os procedimentos de implante foram realizados de acordo com a prefer&#234;ncia do operador. Em 65 pacientes, o septo interventricular (SVD) foi escolhido como local de implante do eletrodo VD. Os dez pacientes restantes foram submetidos a estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD (AVD). O local de estimula&#231;&#227;o foi confirmado por avalia&#231;&#227;o do eixo eletrocardiogr&#225;fico (ECG) ap&#243;s o implante. Um modo de modula&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia de dupla c&#226;mara foi configurado para todos os pacientes. O modo responsivo &#224; frequ&#234;ncia foi empregado para melhorar a qualidade de vida e a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio dos pacientes. Os limites inferiores de frequ&#234;ncia foram definidos em 60 batimentos por minuto e os limites superiores em 130 batimentos por minuto. O atraso atrioventricular em repouso para os sinais estimulados/detectados foi definido em 200/150 ms, com otimiza&#231;&#227;o do atraso atrioventricular din&#226;mico visando maximizar a contribui&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial ao volume sist&#243;lico. Estrat&#233;gias para reduzir a estimula&#231;&#227;o foram implementadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados tr&#234;s vezes: antes do implante do marca-passo, sete dias e seis meses ap&#243;s o implante. As altera&#231;&#245;es nas configura&#231;&#245;es de estimula&#231;&#227;o foram verificadas e a EV% foi obtida por meio da an&#225;lise do dispositivo. Durante as consultas de acompanhamento, as avalia&#231;&#245;es inclu&#237;ram ecocardiografia 2D e 3D, bem como avalia&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG). A FE% foi utilizada para classificar os pacientes com PIVD ou PCIM. Uma redu&#231;&#227;o superior a 10%, mantendo a FE &gt; 50%, &#233; definida como PIVD, enquanto a PCIM &#233; caracterizada por uma redu&#231;&#227;o superior a 10%, resultando em FE &#8804; 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eletrocardiograma</title>
        <p>Antes da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, foi realizado um ECG padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Os dados do ECG, incluindo frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, dura&#231;&#227;o e eixo do complexo QRS nativo, grau de bloqueio card&#237;aco e presen&#231;a de morfologia semelhante a bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) ou bloqueio de ramo direito (BRD), foram coletados e documentados. A determina&#231;&#227;o de BRE e BRD seguiu crit&#233;rios estabelecidos. Posteriormente, todos os par&#226;metros do ECG foram reavaliados e documentados sete dias e seis meses ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia bidimensional</title>
        <p>Para excluir indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular significativa, ou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, foi realizado um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico bidimensional completo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros do Ventr&#237;culo Direito</title>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito foi avaliada utilizando a varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea (FAC), a excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) e a velocidade sist&#243;lica derivada do Doppler tecidual (S&#8217;) obtida na vista apical de quatro c&#226;maras, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas atuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">15</xref></sup> A varia&#231;&#227;o fracional da &#225;rea foi calculada como [(&#225;rea diast&#243;lica final do VD &#8722; &#225;rea sist&#243;lica final do VD) / &#225;rea diast&#243;lica final do VD] &#215; 100. A imagem Doppler tecidual foi realizada posicionando o volume de amostra no anel tric&#250;spide lateral para obter a velocidade sist&#243;lica de pico (S&#8217;).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o SLG</title>
          <p>As imagens apicais (apicais quatro, dois e tr&#234;s) foram adquiridas em 2D com sincroniza&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria para o c&#225;lculo do GLS utilizando m&#233;todos padr&#227;o da ind&#250;stria. Para garantir imagens n&#237;tidas e minimizar a extra&#231;&#227;o de imagens, os pacientes foram instru&#237;dos a prender a respira&#231;&#227;o durante a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens. De acordo com os c&#225;lculos do GLS, o GLS central foi determinado automaticamente para cada uma das tr&#234;s vistas apicais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Imagens representativas para medi&#231;&#245;es de SLG. O SLG foi calculado a partir de tr&#234;s vistas apicais padr&#227;o no conjunto de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos 2D.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250566-50566-gf01.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia 3D</title>
          <p>Para a ecocardiografia 3D, utilizamos o sistema de ecocardiografia Philips Medical IE33 com uma sonda transdutora X5-1. Obtivemos uma pir&#226;mide de 30&#176; x 30&#176; com mais de 4 a 6 ciclos card&#237;acos alternados e sincronizados no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Garantimos tamanho de pacote ideal, taxa de quadros adequada e registro completo do ciclo cardiovascular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Esta figura apresenta cortes bidimensionais de um conjunto de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos 3D do mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, usados para calcular par&#226;metros card&#237;acos importantes: VDF, VSF, VS, DC e FE.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250566-50566-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Par&#226;metros do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
      <p>O programa delimitou as bordas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, permitindo que os usu&#225;rios fizessem ajustes para maior precis&#227;o, conforme necess&#225;rio. Os par&#226;metros do VE: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC), volume sist&#243;lico (VS), volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF), volume sist&#243;lico final (VSF) e FE foram calculados automaticamente ap&#243;s o desenho das bordas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>Um grupo independente de gerenciamento de dados foi encarregado de manter e analisar o banco de dados. Para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foram calculados a assimetria e a curtose padronizadas. Os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram representados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e percentagens. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos com p &lt; 0,05. Compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas bicaudais entre os pontos de tempo foram realizadas utilizando o teste-t de Student pareado. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os tr&#234;s grupos de desfecho funcional do VE (sem decl&#237;nio, PIVD e PICM) foram realizadas utilizando an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de uma via para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste &#967;<sup>2</sup> ou o teste exato de Fisher para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, conforme apropriado. Quando a ANOVA geral foi estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,05), as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas utilizando o teste post-hoc de Tukey (HSD) para identificar quais grupos espec&#237;ficos diferiram significativamente, controlando a taxa de erro familiar. Foram calculadas estimativas de efeito com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% para par&#226;metros funcionais chave.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais e fatores de risco dos participantes do estudo</title>
        <p>Um total de 75 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos e completaram as observa&#231;&#245;es definidas 6 meses ap&#243;s os testes subsequentes. A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes era de 65 anos, variando entre 12 e 97 anos. Vinte pacientes (26,7%) tinham diabetes e 32 pacientes (42,7%) tinham hipertens&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, 22 pacientes (29,3%) apresentavam BRE ou BRD pr&#233;-existente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). O ecocardiograma confirmou a normalidade estrutural do cora&#231;&#227;o em todos os pacientes. Uma <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">ilustra&#231;&#227;o central</xref> resume o desenho do estudo, a cronologia das altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao marca-passo e as principais vari&#225;veis associadas aos desfechos da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com marca-passos ventriculares de dupla c&#226;mara no VD.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resumo das caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Fatores</th>
                  <th>N&#250;mero</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (M&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">65,30 &#177; 10,09</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masc.</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">53,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fem.</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">46,67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DM</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">26,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HAS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">42,67</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>DM: diabetes mellitus; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resposta ventricular &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Observamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos volumes e fun&#231;&#245;es do VE ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Especificamente, o VDF e o VS apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o not&#225;vel j&#225; sete dias ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, o VSF aumentou seis meses ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores basais. A FE e o SLG demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada no s&#233;timo dia, com essas redu&#231;&#245;es continuando progressivamente at&#233; o per&#237;odo de seis meses ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com as medidas basais.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de diferentes par&#226;metros em grupos de estimula&#231;&#227;o bicameral, incluindo todos os par&#226;metros medidos nos tr&#234;s intervalos de tempo (pr&#233;-estimula&#231;&#227;o, 1 semana e 6 meses p&#243;s-estimula&#231;&#227;o)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th>Pr&#233;-estimula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>P&#243;s-estimula&#231;&#227;o no 7&#186; dia</th>
                  <th>P&#243;s-estimula&#231;&#227;o aos 6 meses</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p (Linha de base vs. 6 meses)</th>
                  <th>Varia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia (Linha de base at&#233; 6 meses): IC de 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDF (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">108,25 &#177; 12,49</td>
                  <td align="center">91,65 &#177; 7,93*</td>
                  <td align="center">94,26 &#177; 12,36<sup>$</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;14,0 (IC 95% &#8211;16,5 a &#8211;11,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VSF (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,38 &#177; 6,43</td>
                  <td align="center">34,92 &#177; 6,18</td>
                  <td align="center">45,32 &#177; 6,20<sup>$#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">+10,9 (IC 95% +10,5 a +11,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VS (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,28 &#177; 10,20</td>
                  <td align="center">58,48 &#177; 8,32*</td>
                  <td align="center">53,01 &#177; 5,11<sup>$#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19,3 (IC 95% &#8211;21,1 a &#8211;17,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,44 &#177; 5,90</td>
                  <td align="center">75,75 &#177; 5,69*</td>
                  <td align="center">73,89 &#177; 4,86<sup>$</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">+31,5 (IC 95% +29,8 a +33,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DC (L/m)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,02 &#177; 0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">4,42 &#177; 0,52*</td>
                  <td align="center">3,90 &#177; 0,52<sup>$#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">+0,88 (IC 95% +0,80 a +0,96)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66,84 &#177; 12,19</td>
                  <td align="center">58,84 &#177; 17,18*</td>
                  <td align="center">52,04 &#177; 14,18<sup>$#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;14,80 (&#8211;19,07 a &#8211;10,53)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SLG absoluto (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,54 &#177; 1,98</td>
                  <td align="center">15,22 &#177; 1,97*</td>
                  <td align="center">14,33 &#177; 1,93<sup>$</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;5,20 (IC 95% &#8211;5,84 a &#8211;4,58)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Os valores de p representam compara&#231;&#245;es do teste-t de Student pareado entre as medidas basais e as medidas ap&#243;s seis meses. *p &lt; 0,001 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o valor basal (valor basal em compara&#231;&#227;o com o dia 7); p &lt; 0,001 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o valor basal (valor basal em compara&#231;&#227;o com 6 meses); <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. dia 7 (dia 7 vs. 6 meses). VDF: volume diast&#243;lico final; VSF: volume sist&#243;lico final; VS: volume sist&#243;lico; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DC: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; SLG: strain longitudinal global.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>As fun&#231;&#245;es do VD, AF, TAPSE e velocidade S&#8217; foram inicialmente mantidas sete dias ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, esses par&#226;metros apresentaram um decl&#237;nio significativo seis meses ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus respectivos valores basais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Esses dados destacam os impactos da estimula&#231;&#227;o nas fun&#231;&#245;es do VE e do VD ao longo do tempo.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de diferentes par&#226;metros em grupos de estimula&#231;&#227;o bicameral, incluindo todos os par&#226;metros medidos do ventr&#237;culo direito nos tr&#234;s intervalos de tempo (pr&#233;-estimula&#231;&#227;o, 1 semana e 6 meses p&#243;s-estimula&#231;&#227;o)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th>Pr&#233;-estimula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>P&#243;s-estimula&#231;&#227;o no 7&#186; dia</th>
                  <th>P&#243;s-estimula&#231;&#227;o aos 6 meses</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p (Linha de base vs. 6 meses)</th>
                  <th>Varia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia (Linha de base at&#233; 6 meses): IC de 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,28 &#177;2,16</td>
                  <td align="center">41,82 &#177; 2,39</td>
                  <td align="center">39,55 &#177; 3,28<sup>$#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;1,95 (&#8211;3,85 a &#8211;0,06)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,39 &#177; 2,20</td>
                  <td align="center">17,77 &#177; 2,31</td>
                  <td align="center">15,91 &#177; 2,98<sup>$#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;3,21 (&#8211;5,13 a &#8211;1,30)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Velocidade S (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,43 &#177; 1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">13,51 &#177; 1,30</td>
                  <td align="center">10,61 &#177; 1,44<sup>$#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;2,38 (&#8211;3,23 a &#8211;1,53)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Os valores de p representam compara&#231;&#245;es do teste t de Student pareado entre as medidas basais e as medidas ap&#243;s seis meses. *p &lt; 0,001 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o valor basal (valor basal em compara&#231;&#227;o com o dia 7); p &lt; 0,001 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o valor basal (valor basal em compara&#231;&#227;o com 6 meses); <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. dia 7 (dia 7 vs. 6 meses). AF: &#225;rea fracional; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para cardiomiopatia induzida por marca-passo</title>
        <p>Sete dias ap&#243;s o implante do marca-passo, 55 pacientes apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da FE inferior a 10% (grupo controle), enquanto 20 apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da FE &#8805; 10% em compara&#231;&#227;o com a FE pr&#233;-implante (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo desses 20 pacientes identificou 15 pacientes com PIVD (FE &#8805; 50%) e cinco pacientes com PICM (FE &lt; 50%). Aos seis meses, a FE m&#233;dia nos grupos PIVD e PICM diminuiu 23,7% e 41,2%, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco nos grupos de estudo: (SVD - estimula&#231;&#227;o septal do VD, AVD - estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Fator predisponente</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Sem decl&#237;nio na FEVE (55)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Diminui&#231;&#227;o da FEVE (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo)</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>PIVD (15)</th>
                  <th>PICMP (5)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">65,30 &#177; 10,09</td>
                  <td align="center">57,6 &#177; 11,72</td>
                  <td align="center">66,4 &#177; 11,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masc</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (54,55)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (46,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fem</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (45,55)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (53,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DM</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14 (25,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HAS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">24 (43,63)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (33,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Site principal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVD (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (12,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SVD (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (87,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (87,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Bloqueio pr&#233;-existente</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sem bloqueio</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRD</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14,55)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (26,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRE</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Eixo QRS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (69,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (73,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (9.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Direita</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (21,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Largura do complexo QRS nativo pr&#233;-implante (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#233;-estimula&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">102,75 &#177; 15,37</td>
                  <td align="center">115,61 &#177; 19,48</td>
                  <td align="center">139,57 &#177; 19,77</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#243;s-estimula&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">147,24 &#177; 13,25</td>
                  <td align="center">153,11 &#177; 12,83</td>
                  <td align="center">157,57 &#177; 17,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>EV%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">84,03 &#177; 14,64</td>
                  <td align="center">82,53 &#177; 9,67</td>
                  <td align="center">94,32 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">87,68 &#177; 11,34</td>
                  <td align="center">89,79 &#177; 8,79</td>
                  <td align="center">100,00 &#177; 0,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Limiar de estimula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84 &#177; 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87 &#177; 0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82 &#177; 0,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PIVD: disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular induzida por marca-passo; PICM: cardiomiopatia induzida por marca-passo. AVD: apical do ventr&#237;culo direito; SVD: septo interventricular; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; EV: estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Os grupos PIVD e PICM apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o no SLG sete dias ap&#243;s o implante em compara&#231;&#227;o com o SLG pr&#233;-implante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3a</xref>) e apresentaram intervalos QRS pr&#233;-implante mais amplos do que o grupo controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3b</xref>). O grupo PICM tamb&#233;m apresentou um SLG pr&#233;-implante baixo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3a</xref>) e um EV% mais elevado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>) em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos PIVD e controle. Quando a ANOVA de uma via foi estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,05), o teste post-hoc de Tukey (HSD) foi aplicado para identificar diferen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas entre os grupos. Os resultados completos das compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>. A dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS pr&#233;-implante diferiu significativamente entre os tr&#234;s grupos (p &lt; 0,05), com o teste HSD de Tukey confirmando um aumento gradual em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas: Sem Decl&#237;nio vs. PIVD (p = 0,025), Sem Decl&#237;nio vs. PICM (p &lt; 0,001) e PIVD vs. PICM (p = 0,017). A EV% aos seis meses diferiu significativamente entre os grupos (p = 0,021), impulsionada principalmente por uma EV% maior no grupo PICM em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo Sem Decl&#237;nio (p = 0,039). A idade apresentou uma diferen&#231;a geral significativa (p = 0,030), com uma m&#233;dia de idade menor no grupo PIVD em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo Sem Decl&#237;nio (p = 0,038). Para todas as demais vari&#225;veis, a ANOVA geral n&#227;o foi significativa (p &#8805; 0,05) e, portanto, os testes post-hoc n&#227;o foram realizados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis precoces associadas &#224; PIVD e PICM (a) Um complexo QRS pr&#233;-implante mais amplo e (b) um SLG p&#243;s-implante baixo sugerem um risco maior de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250566-50566-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas post-hoc de Tukey (HSD) ap&#243;s ANOVA de uma via para vari&#225;veis de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco (Tabela 4)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Sem decl&#237;nio vs PIVD</th>
                  <th>Sem decl&#237;nio vs. PICM</th>
                  <th>PIVD vs PICM</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,038*</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,973 (ns)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,245 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Largura do complexo QRS nativo pr&#233;-implante (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,025*</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001***</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,017*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EV% aos 6 meses (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,772 (ns)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,039*</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,154 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Vari&#225;veis com ANOVA n&#227;o significativa (p &#8805; 0,05): p&#243;s-teste n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel. ND: sem decl&#237;nio; PIVD: disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular induzida por marca-passo; PICM: cardiomiopatia induzida por marca-passo; ns: n&#227;o significativo; N/A, n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel (teste post-hoc n&#227;o realizado quando ANOVA geral p &#8805; 0,05). Signific&#226;ncia: * p &lt; 0,05; ** p &lt; 0,01; *** p &lt; 0,001.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo explorat&#243;rio, a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE induzida por estimula&#231;&#227;o foi mais prevalente, manifestando-se em at&#233; seis meses ap&#243;s o implante. Um complexo QRS pr&#233;-implante mais amplo, um SLG p&#243;s-implante mais baixo (uma altera&#231;&#227;o precoce observada em sete dias) e uma maior porcentagem de estimula&#231;&#227;o foram associados ao desenvolvimento de PICM e PIVD.</p>
      <p>Observamos impactos adversos de curto e longo prazo no volume e nas fun&#231;&#245;es do VE. Em sete dias, o VS foi significativamente reduzido em associa&#231;&#227;o com uma queda no VDF. Isso pode estar relacionado &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o em frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas mais elevadas, encurtando a dura&#231;&#227;o do cLiclo card&#237;aco, particularmente a di&#225;stole, e reduzindo o tempo para o enchimento ventricular. Essa diminui&#231;&#227;o no VDF reduz o estiramento mioc&#225;rdico, consistente com uma queda no VS (lei de Frank-Starling).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">16</xref></sup> Yu et al. investigaram os efeitos agudos da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita em 35 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome do n&#243; sinusal, observando uma redu&#231;&#227;o no VDF e na FE do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">17</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o da FE pode estar associada &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o da estrutura do VE induzida pela estimula&#231;&#227;o, que alterou os volumes do VE, principalmente aumentando o VSF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">18</xref></sup> No segundo acompanhamento, tamb&#233;m observamos uma queda adicional na FE e um aumento no VSF, o que pode estar relacionado &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o da estrutura do VE induzida pela estimula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Identificamos 20 (27%) pacientes com redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805;10% na FE, posteriormente categorizados em pacientes com PIVD (20%) ou PICM (7%). &#201; importante notar que o n&#250;mero de casos de PICM foi pequeno (n=5), o que limita conclus&#245;es definitivas e impede o ajuste multivari&#225;vel. A incid&#234;ncia de PICM em nosso estudo est&#225; de acordo com relatos anteriores de 5-27%, com a varia&#231;&#227;o dependendo dos crit&#233;rios de defini&#231;&#227;o de PICM e da dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">14</xref></sup> Lee et al. encontraram uma incid&#234;ncia de PICM de 20,5% ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 15,6 anos, enquanto Dawood et al. relataram uma taxa de incid&#234;ncia de 12% com um acompanhamento de seis meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Observou-se um SLG pr&#233;-implante absoluto mais baixo em pacientes que posteriormente desenvolveram PICM. Uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no SLG absoluto foi observada em sete dias em pacientes com PIVD ou PICM. Um n&#250;mero crescente de pesquisas destaca a associa&#231;&#227;o negativa entre estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e contra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Delgado et al. relataram os efeitos da estimula&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio direito (AVD) em 25 indiv&#237;duos com cora&#231;&#245;es estruturalmente normais, encontrando maior contra&#231;&#227;o dissincr&#244;nica do VE e comprometimento do encurtamento longitudinal e da tor&#231;&#227;o do VE durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o do AVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">21</xref></sup> Babu et al. acompanharam 36 pacientes com FE acima de 45% por seis meses ap&#243;s o implante de marca-passo permanente, observando uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no SLG em 63,9% dos pacientes em seis meses, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o not&#225;vel na deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal geral em sete pacientes 24 horas ap&#243;s o implante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">22</xref></sup> Estudos recentes indicam que pacientes com SLG mais baixo podem estar em risco de desenvolver PICM, identificando o pico de SLG do VE mais baixo como um indicador independente de dissincronia do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O grupo PICM apresentou um complexo QRS pr&#233;-implante mais amplo e uma EV% mais alta em ambos os acompanhamentos. Outro estudo constatou que sexo masculino, FE basal mais baixa e um complexo QRS nativo amplo foram vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; PICM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">24</xref></sup> Kim et al. tamb&#233;m associaram a PICM a um eixo QRS p&#243;s-estimula&#231;&#227;o anormal, o que nosso estudo n&#227;o p&#244;de corroborar devido ao pequeno tamanho da amostra.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Observamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no TAPSE, na velocidade S&#8217; e na AF no segundo acompanhamento, indicando disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD. Sinkar et al. avaliaram as dimens&#245;es e a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD em 60 pacientes seis meses ap&#243;s o implante de marca-passo, constatando um decl&#237;nio nos par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">26</xref></sup> Porapakkham et al. analisaram os fatores que afetam a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD em 96 pacientes, observando que os fatores que afetam a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, como o local do eletrodo de estimula&#231;&#227;o, o modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o e a EV%, n&#227;o impactaram significativamente a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo foi limitado devido ao pequeno tamanho da amostra e ao curto per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, embora tenha sido estatisticamente significativo. Um acompanhamento mais longo permitiria prever uma maior incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o induzida por estimula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, 87% dos pacientes em nosso estudo foram submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o do SVD, com apenas 10 (13%) pacientes submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o do AVD. Devido a isso, nosso estudo &#233; limitado na an&#225;lise do papel do local de implante do eletrodo no VD sobre as fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares e a cardiomiopatia. Alguns estudos mostraram que a estimula&#231;&#227;o do SVD apresenta melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos a curto e longo prazo. Karpawich et al. compararam locais de estimula&#231;&#227;o apical e m&#233;dio-septal em c&#227;es, constatando que a estimula&#231;&#227;o septal preveniu a remodela&#231;&#227;o durante um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de quatro meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">28</xref></sup> Eles encontraram morfologia mitocondrial preservada, sem calcifica&#231;&#227;o ou altera&#231;&#245;es degenerativas no grupo com estimula&#231;&#227;o septal.</p>
      <p>Tse et al. relataram que pacientes com estimula&#231;&#227;o do AVD apresentaram dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do QRS significativamente maior, FE mais baixa e maior incid&#234;ncia de defeitos de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e anormalidades regionais do que pacientes com estimula&#231;&#227;o do SVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">29</xref></sup> Eles conclu&#237;ram ainda que a preserva&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular s&#237;ncrona durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o do SVD atenua os efeitos delet&#233;rios a longo prazo da estimula&#231;&#227;o do AVD sobre a perfus&#227;o e a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">16</xref></sup> Entretanto, Ng et al. demonstraram, em um estudo de longo prazo, que a estimula&#231;&#227;o septal resultou em pior dissincronia do VE e em uma deforma&#231;&#227;o circunferencial mais comprometida do que a estimula&#231;&#227;o apical.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diversas fontes potenciais de vi&#233;s devem ser consideradas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. As medidas de deforma&#231;&#227;o e da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito s&#227;o inerentemente dependentes do operador e influenciadas pela qualidade da imagem e pelos algoritmos de rastreamento. Embora tenham sido utilizados protocolos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o padronizados e operadores experientes, a variabilidade interobservador n&#227;o pode ser completamente exclu&#237;da e pode ter afetado a precis&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de <italic>strain</italic> e da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD. Apesar de suas contribui&#231;&#245;es in&#233;ditas, o estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Embora nenhum c&#225;lculo a priori do tamanho da amostra tenha sido realizado, uma an&#225;lise de poder post-hoc baseada na redu&#231;&#227;o observada da FE de 14,8 pontos percentuais (DP ~13,0) em 75 pacientes demonstrou poder &gt;99% com &#945; = 0,05, e a redu&#231;&#227;o observada do SLG de 5,2% (DP ~2,0) tamb&#233;m apresentou poder &gt;99%. Esses achados sugerem poder estat&#237;stico adequado para os desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos prim&#225;rios; no entanto, o pequeno n&#250;mero de casos de PICM limitou as an&#225;lises de subgrupos e a modelagem multivari&#225;vel. Devido &#224; baixa contagem de eventos de PICM, o ajuste multivari&#225;vel n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel e a presen&#231;a de fatores de confus&#227;o residuais n&#227;o pode ser descartada. As medi&#231;&#245;es de <italic>strain</italic> e ecocardiografia 3D dependem do operador e s&#227;o suscet&#237;veis a varia&#231;&#245;es na qualidade da imagem.</p>
      <p>S&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos com acompanhamento prolongado para elucidar os efeitos a longo prazo da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, visto que uma observa&#231;&#227;o mais longa pode revelar mais casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o. Tamanhos de amostra maiores aumentar&#227;o o poder estat&#237;stico para conclus&#245;es definitivas e an&#225;lises de subgrupos, particularmente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos locais de estimula&#231;&#227;o. Considerando os diferentes resultados da estimula&#231;&#227;o do AVD e do SVD, estudos comparativos com avalia&#231;&#245;es padronizadas de dissincronia e perfus&#227;o s&#227;o essenciais. Investigar a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, as altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e as altera&#231;&#245;es de sincronia pode identificar alvos terap&#234;uticos. Examinar o SLG basal e a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS pode personalizar as estrat&#233;gias. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos sobre par&#226;metros de estimula&#231;&#227;o, estimula&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His ou do ramo esquerdo do feixe de His podem orientar a sele&#231;&#227;o, melhorando os resultados para os pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo investiga o impacto da estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD no desempenho card&#237;aco de pacientes com FEVE basal preservada e cora&#231;&#245;es estruturalmente normais. Os achados s&#227;o apresentados como associa&#231;&#245;es explorat&#243;rias. A estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD foi associada a altera&#231;&#245;es adversas significativas nas fun&#231;&#245;es do VE e do VD. Notavelmente, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE e o SLG absoluto diminu&#237;ram significativamente, com redu&#231;&#245;es observadas j&#225; sete dias ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o (altera&#231;&#245;es precoces) e persistindo at&#233; seis meses. Especificamente, a FEVE diminuiu 23,7 pontos percentuais absolutos em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o PIVD e 41,2 pontos percentuais absolutos naqueles com PCIM, ambos definidos no acompanhamento de 6 meses.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, como AF, TAPSE e velocidade da onda S, tamb&#233;m se deterioraram ao longo do tempo. O estudo identificou vari&#225;veis-chave associadas a desfechos adversos, incluindo comprometimento precoce do SLG absoluto em sete dias, um complexo QRS pr&#233;-implante mais amplo e maiores percentuais de estimula&#231;&#227;o. Esses resultados refor&#231;am a necessidade de identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce e monitoramento rigoroso de pacientes submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD para mitigar os riscos de PIVD) e PICM. Estrat&#233;gias de manejo eficazes e abordagens de estimula&#231;&#227;o personalizadas s&#227;o essenciais para melhorar os desfechos dos pacientes e reduzir as complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Sanjeev Kumar pelo SMS Medical College.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do SMS Medical College sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 63 MC/EC/2023. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250566i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Pacemakers on Ventricular Functions and Early Variables Associated with Induced Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-0154-2109</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kumar</surname>
            <given-names>Sanjeev</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2988-4618</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Meena</surname>
            <given-names>Chandra Bhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2443-4474</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Babbar</surname>
            <given-names>Navida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7650-9802</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bhandari</surname>
            <given-names>Anil</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shekhawat</surname>
            <given-names>Dhananjay Singh</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meel</surname>
            <given-names>Ankita</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="IN">India</country>
        <institution content-type="original">SMS Medical College, Jaipur &#8211; India</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Sanjeev Kumar</bold> SMS Medical College, Jaipur, 302004 &#8211; India E-mail: chaudhary072@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Right ventricular (RV) pacing can alter ventricular mechanics and may lead to ventricular dysfunction, even in patients with preserved baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and structurally normal hearts.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This study examines the hemodynamic effects of right ventricular pacing on left ventricular function and volume, and identifies early variables associated with pacemaker-induced left ventricular dysfunction and cardiomyopathy in patients with dual-chamber RV pacemakers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The study enrolled patients undergoing dual-chamber RV pacemaker implantation without any structural abnormality of the heart. Data on biventricular functions, LV volumes, and global longitudinal strain (GLS) were collected with 2D, speckle tracking, and 3D echocardiography. Paired continuous variables were compared using two-sided tests with a significance level of 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Result</title>
          <p> Out of 75 patients, 20 experienced LV systolic dysfunction, 15 developed PIVD, and five developed PICM. In comparison to the control group, patients with PICM had lower GLS (17.02 vs. 19.27; p&lt;0.05), wider QRS width (139.57 vs. 102.75; p &lt; 0.05), and greater ventricular pacing percentage (VP%; 94.32 vs. 84.03; p = 0.06).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> RV pacing resulted in a substantial decline in LV systolic function in the short and long term. Concurrently, RV functions declined over the long term (six months). Diminished GLS at seven days, a broader pre-implantation QRS complex, and an elevation in VP% are early indicators of PIVD and PICM. Routine patient monitoring for these indicators can be beneficial for timely intervention on a case-by-case basis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustra&#231;&#227;o:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of Pacemakers on Ventricular Functions and Early Variables Associated with Induced Cardiomyopathy</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Illustrating study protocol, temporal changes in ventricular function, and variables associated with adverse outcomes (exploratory) with dual-chamber RV pacing.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250566-50566-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Artificial Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Three-Dimensional Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Patients with preserved baseline left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) and structurally normal hearts represent a growing population requiring permanent pacemaker implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-3</sup> Cardiac pacing, a well-established therapy for managing heart failure and arrhythmias, plays a crucial role in patients with bradycardia or atrioventricular block, where pacemakers are essential for maintaining an adequate heart rhythm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">4</xref></sup> Over decades, pacing technology has evolved from single-chamber pacemakers to dual-chamber devices, and later to biventricular pacemakers in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), which improves cardiac output in patients with reduced LV function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">6</xref></sup> However, CRT is not routinely indicated in individuals with preserved EF, and its high cost and technical complexities limit its broader application.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In patients requiring permanent pacemaker implantation who have preserved baseline EF and structurally normal hearts, right ventricular (RV) pacing remains the most commonly employed strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">8</xref></sup> Prolonged RV pacing induces ventricular dyssynchrony, which disrupts normal heart function, leading to pacemaker-induced left ventricular dysfunction (PIVD) and cardiomyopathy (PICM), worsening heart failure, and increasing mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">10</xref></sup> Early identification of patients at risk is crucial to prevent severe complications. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aims to investigate the hemodynamic effects of RV pacing on LV volumes and functions, assess RV function, and identify early variables associated with PIVD and PICM in patients receiving dual-chamber RV pacemakers. Furthermore, this study aims to provide insights that could guide clinical decision-making, improve patient management, and ultimately reduce the burden of heart failure in patients reliant on RV pacing.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Patients and methodology</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and approval</title>
          <p>The study received approval from our institutional ethics committee on 04/04/2023, and all participating patients gave written informed consent. Recruitment occurred between March 2022 and March 2023, when 200 consecutive patients sought pacemaker implantation at our hospital.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient selection</title>
          <p>Patients with EF&lt;50%, significant valvular heart disease, coronary heart disease, inadequate echo windows, persistent atrial fibrillation with delayed ventricular response, other arrhythmias potentially impacting LV function, any debilitating condition or cancer (with an anticipated survival of less than one year), prior implantation of devices, and recent cardiac surgery (within the past three months) were excluded. Of the initial pool, only 75 patients fulfilled the criteria and were thus enrolled. The study population comprised patients with preserved baseline LVEF (&#8805;50%) and structurally normal hearts, as confirmed by echocardiography. Patients were not assessed for a clinical diagnosis of heart failure, and no heart failure classification was used as an inclusion criterion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacemaker implantation and programming</title>
          <p>All patients in this study underwent dual-chamber RV pacemaker implantation. Implantation procedures were conducted based on the preference of the operator. In 65 patients, the RV septum (RVS) was chosen as the RV lead implantation site. The remaining ten patients underwent RV apical (RVA) pacing. The pacing site was confirmed by electrocardiogram (ECG) axis assessment post-pacing. A dual-chamber rate-modulated mode was set for all patients. The rate-responsive mode was employed to enhance patients&#8217; quality of life and exercise capacity. Lower rate limits were set at 60 beats per minute, and upper rate limits were set at 130 beats per minute. The resting atrioventricular time delay for paced/sensed signals was set at 200/150 ms, with optimization of the dynamic atrioventricular time delay aimed at maximizing the contribution of the atrial kick to stroke volume. Strategies aimed at reducing pacing were implemented.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>The data was collected three times: before pacemaker implantation, at seven days, and six months post-pacing. The altered pacing settings were verified, and the VP% was obtained by device interrogation. During follow-up visits, evaluations included 2D and 3D echocardiography, as well as global longitudinal strain (GLS) assessment. EF% was used to classify patients with PIVD or PICM. A reduction of more than 10% while maintaining EF &gt; 50% is defined as PIVD, while PICM is characterized by a more than 10% reduction leading to EF &#8804; 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiogram</title>
          <p>Before pacing, a standard 12-lead ECG was conducted. Data from the ECG, including heart rate, native QRS width and axis, degree of heart block, and presence of morphology similar to left bundle branch block (LBBB) or right bundle branch block (RBBB), were collected and documented. The determination of LBBB and RBBB followed established criteria. Subsequently, all ECG parameters were reassessed and documented at seven days and six months following pacing.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2D Echocardiography</title>
          <p>To rule out individuals with coronary heart disease, significant valvular heart disease, or diminished EF, a complete 2D Echocardiographic examination was conducted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Right Ventricular Parameters</title>
          <p>Right ventricular systolic function was assessed using fractional area change (FAC), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and tissue Doppler-derived systolic velocity (S&#8217;) obtained from the apical four-chamber view according to current echocardiographic recommendations. Fractional area change was calculated as [(RV end-diastolic area &#8722; RV end-systolic area) / RV end-diastolic area] &#215; 100. Tissue Doppler imaging was performed by placing the sample volume at the lateral tricuspid annulus to obtain the peak systolic (S&#8217;) velocity.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>GLS measurement</title>
            <p>The apical images (apical four, two, and three) were 2D gated acquired for GLS computation using industry-standard methods. To ensure clear imaging and minimize extraction, patients were instructed to stop breathing upon scanning. According to GLS calculations, the central GLS was automatically determined for each of the three apical views (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f02001">
                <label>Figure 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Representative images for GLS measurements. GLS was calculated from three standard apical views in the 2D Echocardiographic data set</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250566-50566-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3D Echocardiography</title>
            <p>For 3D echocardiography, we used Philips Medical&#8217;s IE33 echocardiography system using an X5-1 transducer probe. A 30&#176;x 30&#176; pyramid exceeding 4 to 6 alternate gated cardiac cycles obtained in the left ventricle. Optimal packet size, frame rate, and comprehensive recording of the cardiovascular cycle were ensured (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f03001">
                <label>Figure 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; This figure presents two-dimensional slices from a 3D echocardiographic dataset of the left ventricular myocardium, used to calculate key cardiac parameters: EDV, ESV, SV, COP, and EF.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250566-50566-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Left Ventricular parameters</title>
        <p>The program delineated the borders of the left ventricle, enabling users to make adjustments for enhanced precision as needed. LV parameters: Cardiac output (COP), Stroke volume (SV), end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), and EF were automatically computed once the boundaries were drawn.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>An independent data management group was tasked with maintaining and analyzing the database. To assess data distribution for continuous variables, standardized skewness and kurtosis were calculated. Normally distributed data were represented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). Categorical variables were expressed as absolute frequencies and percentages. Statistical significance was considered for all group comparisons with p &lt; 0.05. Two-sided paired comparisons between time points were conducted using the paired Student&#8217;s t-test. Comparisons among the three LV functional outcome groups (no decline, PIVD, and PICM) were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and the &#967;<sup>2</sup> test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test for categorical variables, as appropriate. When the overall ANOVA was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05), pairwise group comparisons were conducted using Tukey&#8217;s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) post-hoc test to identify which specific groups differed significantly while controlling for the familywise error rate. Effect estimates with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for key functional parameters.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics and risk factors for study participants</title>
          <p>A total of 75 patients were included and completed the defined observations 6 months after subsequent testing. The average patient was 65, between the ages of 12 and 97. Twenty patients (26.7%) had diabetes, and 32 patients (42.7%) had hypertension. In addition, 22 patients (29.3%) had pre-existing LBBB or RBBB (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Echocardiography confirmed a structurally normal heart in each patient. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">central illustration</xref> is provided summarizing the study design, timeline of pacemaker-related changes, and key variables associated with ventricular function outcomes in patients with dual-chamber RV pacemakers.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Summary of patients&#8217; characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Factors</th>
                    <th>Number</th>
                    <th>%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (Mean &#177; SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">65.30 &#177; 10.09</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sex</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td align="center">53.33</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">35</td>
                    <td align="center">46.67</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>DM</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">26.66</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HTN</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                    <td align="center">42.67</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ventricular response to pacing</title>
          <p>We observed a significant decline in LV volumes and functions after pacing (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Specifically, EDV and SV exhibited a noticeable reduction as early as seven days post-pacing. Additionally, ESV increased at the six-month mark following pacing compared to baseline values. EF and GLS demonstrated a marked decline at the seven-day point, with these decreases continuing progressively through to the six-month post-pacing period, compared to the baseline measurements.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of different parameters in dual-chamber pacing groups, including all the measured parameters at the three time intervals (pre-pacing, at 1 week, and 6 months post-pacing)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                    <th>Pre-pacing</th>
                    <th>Post- pacing at day 7</th>
                    <th>Post- pacing at 6 months</th>
                    <th>P-value (Baseline vs 6 months)</th>
                    <th>Mean change (Baseline to 6 months; 95% CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EDV (ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">108.25 &#177; 12.49</td>
                    <td align="center">91.65 &#177; 7.93*</td>
                    <td align="center">94.26 &#177; 12.36<sup>$</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;14.0 (IC 95% &#8211;16.5 a &#8211;11.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ESV (ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">34.38 &#177; 6.43</td>
                    <td align="center">34.92 &#177; 6.18</td>
                    <td align="center">45.32 &#177; 6.20<sup>$#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">+10.9 (IC 95% +10.5 a +11.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SV (ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.28 &#177; 10.20</td>
                    <td align="center">58.48 &#177; 8.32*</td>
                    <td align="center">53.01 &#177; 5.11<sup>$#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;19.3 (IC 95% &#8211;21.1 a &#8211;17.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.44 &#177; 5.90</td>
                    <td align="center">75.75 &#177; 5.69*</td>
                    <td align="center">73.89 &#177; 4.86<sup>$</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">+31.5 (IC 95% +29.8 a +33.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>COP (L/m)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.02 &#177; 0.52</td>
                    <td align="center">4.42 &#177; 0.52*</td>
                    <td align="center">3.90 &#177; 0.52<sup>$#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">+0.88 (IC 95% +0.80 a +0.96)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">66.84 &#177; 12.19</td>
                    <td align="center">58.84 &#177; 17.18*</td>
                    <td align="center">52.04 &#177; 14.18<sup>$#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;14.80 (&#8211;19.07 a &#8211;10.53)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Absolute GLS (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19.54 &#177; 1.98</td>
                    <td align="center">15.22 &#177; 1.97*</td>
                    <td align="center">14.33 &#177; 1.93<sup>$</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;5.20 (IC 95% &#8211;5.84 a &#8211;4.58)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Values are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). P-values represent paired Student&#8217;s t-test comparisons between baseline and six-month measurements. *p &lt; 0.001 vs baseline (baseline vs day 7); $p &lt; 0.001 vs baseline (baseline vs 6 months); #p &lt; 0.001 vs day 7 (day 7 vs 6 months). EDV: end-diastolic volume; ESV: end-systolic volume; SV: stroke volume; COP: cardiac output; EF: ejection fraction; GLS: global longitudinal strain</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>RV functions, FAC, TAPSE, and S&#8217; velocity were initially maintained seven days post-pacing. However, these parameters showed a significant decline by the six months after pacing compared to their respective baseline values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). This data highlights the impacts of pacing on both LV and RV functions over time.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of different parameters in dual-chamber pacing groups, including all the measured parameters of the right ventricle at the three time intervals (pre-pacing, at 1 week, and 6 months post-pacing)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                    <th>Pre-pacing</th>
                    <th>Post- pacing at day 7</th>
                    <th>Post- pacing at 6 months</th>
                    <th>P-value (Baseline vs 6 months)</th>
                    <th>Mean change (Baseline to 6 months; 95% CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FAC (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.28 &#177;2.16</td>
                    <td align="center">41.82 &#177; 2.39</td>
                    <td align="center">39.55 &#177; 3.28<sup>$#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;1.95 (&#8211;3.85 a &#8211;0.06)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TAPSE (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">18.39 &#177; 2.20</td>
                    <td align="center">17.77 &#177; 2.31</td>
                    <td align="center">15.91 &#177; 2.98<sup>$#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;3.21 (&#8211;5.13 a &#8211;1.30)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S&#8217; Velocity (cm/sec)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.43 &#177; 1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">13.51 &#177; 1.30</td>
                    <td align="center">10.61 &#177; 1.44<sup>$#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;2.38 (&#8211;3.23 a &#8211;1.53)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>Values are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). P-values represent paired Student&#8217;s t-test comparisons between baseline and six-month measurements. *p &lt; 0.001 vs baseline (baseline vs day 7); $p &lt; 0.001 vs baseline (baseline vs 6 months); <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0.001 vs day 7 (day 7 vs 6 months). FAC: fractional area; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk stratification for pacing-induced cardiomyopathy</title>
          <p>At seven days post-pacing, 55 patients had less than 10% reduction in EF (termed as the control group), while 20 had a decline in EF&#8805;10% compared to pre-implantation EF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). A subgroup analysis of these 20 patients identified 15 patients with PIVD (EF&#8805;50%) and five patients with PICM (EF&lt;50%). At six months, the mean EF% in the PIVD and PICM groups fell by 23.7% and 41.2%, respectively.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of risk factors in study groups: (RVS- RV septal pacing, RVA- RV apical pacing)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Predisposing Factor</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">No decline in LVEF (55)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Decline in LVEF</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p- value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>PIVD (15)</th>
                    <th>PICM (5)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">65.30 &#177; 10.09</td>
                    <td align="center">57.6 &#177; 11.72</td>
                    <td align="center">66.4 &#177; 11.85</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sex</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.81</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (54.55)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (46.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (45.55)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (53.33)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (40)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>DM</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">14 (25.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (20)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HTN</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">24 (43.63)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (33.33)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Lead site</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.67</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RVA (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (12.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (13.33)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (20)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RVS (65)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (87.27)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (87.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Pre-existing BBB</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No BBB</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (80)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (60)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RBBB</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (14.55)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (26.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LBBB</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (5.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (13.33)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (20)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>QRS Axis</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.78</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>N</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (69.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (73.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (20)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (9.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (40)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (21.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (40)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Native pre-implant QRS width (ms)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pre-pacing</td>
                    <td align="center">102.75 &#177; 15.37</td>
                    <td align="center">115.61 &#177; 19.48</td>
                    <td align="center">139.57 &#177; 19.77</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Post-pacing</td>
                    <td align="center">147.24 &#177; 13.25</td>
                    <td align="center">153.11 &#177; 12.83</td>
                    <td align="center">157.57 &#177; 17.35</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>VP%</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>7 days</td>
                    <td align="center">84.03 &#177; 14.64</td>
                    <td align="center">82.53 &#177; 9.67</td>
                    <td align="center">94.32 &#177; 5.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">87.68 &#177; 11.34</td>
                    <td align="center">89.79 &#177; 8.79</td>
                    <td align="center">100.00 &#177; 0.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Pacing threshold</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>7 days</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56 &#177; 0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54 &#177; 0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49 &#177; 0.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84 &#177; 0.15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87 &#177; 0.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82 &#177; 0.32</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>PIVD: Pacemaker-Induced Ventricular Dysfunction; PICM: Pacemaker-Induced Cardiomyopathy LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RVA: right ventricular apical; RVS: right ventricular septum; LBBB: left bundle branch block; RBBB: right bundle branch block; VP%: ventricular pacing percentage.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The PIVD and PICM groups showed a decline in GLS at seven days post-pacing compared to pre-implantation GLS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3a</xref>) and had wider pre-implantation QRS widths than the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3b</xref>). The PICM group also had a low pre-implantation GLS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3a</xref>) and a higher VP% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>) compared to both PIVD and the control group. Where one-way ANOVA was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05), Tukey&#8217;s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) post-hoc test was applied to identify specific between-group differences; complete pairwise results are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>. Pre-implantation QRS width differed significantly across the three groups (p &lt; 0.05), with Tukey&#8217;s HSD confirming a stepwise increase across all pairwise comparisons: No Decline vs. PIVD (p = 0.025), No Decline vs. PICM (p &lt; 0.001), and PIVD vs. PICM (p = 0.017). VP% at six months differed significantly across groups (p = 0.021), driven primarily by a higher VP% in the PICM group compared to No Decline (p = 0.039). Age showed a significant overall difference (p = 0.030), with a younger mean age in the PIVD group compared to No Decline (p = 0.038). For all remaining variables, the omnibus ANOVA was non-significant (p &#8805; 0.05) and post-hoc testing was therefore not performed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Early variables associated with PIVD and PICM (a) A wider pre-implantation QRS complex and (b) Low post-implantation GLS suggest a higher risk of cardiac dysfunction.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250566-50566-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Tukey&#8217;s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) Post-hoc Pairwise Comparisons Following One-Way ANOVA for Risk Stratification Variables (Table 4)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>No Decline vs PIVD</th>
                    <th>No Decline vs PICM</th>
                    <th>PIVD vs PICM</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.038*</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.973 (ns)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.245 (ns)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Native Pre-implant QRS Width (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.025*</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001***</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.017*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VP% at 6 months (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.772 (ns)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.039*</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.154 (ns)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>Variables with non-significant ANOVA (p &#8805; 0.05): post-hoc not applicable. ND: No Decline; PIVD: Pacemaker-Induced Ventricular Dysfunction; PICM: Pacemaker-Induced Cardiomyopathy; ns: not significant; N/A, not applicable (post-hoc testing not performed when omnibus ANOVA p &#8805; 0.05). Significance: * p &lt; 0.05; ** p &lt; 0.01; *** p &lt; 0.001.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this exploratory study, pacing-induced LV systolic dysfunction was more prevalent, manifesting within six months post-implantation. A wider pre-implantation QRS complex, lower post-implantation GLS(an early change observed at seven days), and a greater pacing percentage were associated with PICM and PIVD development.</p>
        <p>We observed both short-term and long-term adverse impacts on LV volume and functions. Within seven days, SV was significantly reduced in association with a drop in EDV. This may be related to pacing at higher heart rates, shortening the cardiac cycle duration, particularly diastole, and reducing the time for ventricular filling. This decrease in EDV reduces the myocardial stretch, consistent with a drop in SV (Frank-Starling law).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">16</xref></sup> Yu et al. investigated the acute effects of RVA in 35 patients with sick sinus syndrome, observing a decline in LV EDV and EF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">17</xref></sup> Reduced EF may be associated with pacing-induced remodelling of the LV structure, which was observed to alter LV volumes, mainly increasing ESV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">18</xref></sup> At the second follow-up, we also observed a further drop in EF and increased ESV, which may be related to the pacing-induced remodelling of the LV structure.</p>
        <p>We identified 20 (27%) patients with &#8805;10% reduction in EF, further categorized into patients with PIVD (20%) or PICM (7%). It is important to note that the number of PICM cases was small (n=5), which limits definitive conclusions and precludes multivariable adjustment. The incidence of PICM in our study aligned with previous reports of 5-27%, with the variation being dependent on the PICM defining criteria and the length of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">14</xref></sup> Lee et al. found a 20.5% incidence of PICM after an average follow-up duration of 15.6 years, while Dawood et al. reported an incidence rate of 12% with a six-month follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A lower absolute pre-implantation GLS was observed in patients who subsequently developed PICM. A significant decline in absolute GLS was noted at seven days in patients with either PIVD or PICM. An increasing body of research highlights the negative association between pacing and myocardial contraction. Delgado et al. reported the effects of RVA pacing in 25 individuals with structurally normal hearts, finding greater dyssynchronous LV contraction and impaired LV longitudinal shortening and twisting during RVA pacing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">21</xref></sup> Babu et al. followed 36 patients with EF above 45% for six months after permanent pacemaker implantation, noting a significant reduction in GLS in 63.9% of patients by six months, with a notable reduction in overall longitudinal strain in seven patients 24 hours post-implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">22</xref></sup> Recent studies indicate that patients with lower GLS may be at risk for PICM, identifying lower LV peak GLS as an independent indicator of LV dyssynchrony.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The PICM group had a wider pre-implantation QRS complex and a higher VP% at both follow-ups. Another study found male gender, lower baseline EF, and a wide native QRS complex were variables associated with PICM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">24</xref></sup> Kim et al. also linked PICM with abnormal post-pacing QRS axis, which our study could not corroborate due to the small sample size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We found a significant reduction in TAPSE, S&#8217; velocity, and FAC at the second follow-up, indicating RV dysfunction. Sinkar et al. assessed RV dimensions and function in 60 patients six months after pacemaker implantation, finding a decline in RV function parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">26</xref></sup> Porapakkham et al. analyzed factors affecting RV dysfunction in 96 patients, noting that factors affecting LV function, such as pacing lead site, pacing mode, and VP%, did not significantly impact RV function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study was limited owing to the small sample size along with a short follow-up period, although it was statistically significant. An extended follow-up would allow one to predict a greater incidence of pacing-induced malfunction. Further, 87% of patients in our study underwent RVS pacing, with only 10 (13%) patients having RVA pacing. Due to this, our study is limited in analysing the role of the RV lead site on ventricular functions and cardiomyopathy. Some studies have shown that RVS pacing has better clinical outcomes over the short and long term. Karpawich et al. compared apical and mid-septal pacing sites in canines, finding that septal pacing prevented remodelling over a four-month follow-up period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">28</xref></sup> They found preserved mitochondrial morphology, no calcification, or degenerative changes in the septal-paced group.</p>
        <p>Tse et al. reported that patients with RVA pacing had significantly broader average QRS duration, lower EF, and a higher incidence of myocardial perfusion defects and regional abnormalities than patients with RVS pacing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">29</xref></sup> They further concluded that preserving synchronous ventricular activation during RVS pacing mitigates the long-term detrimental effects of RVA pacing on myocardial perfusion and function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">16</xref></sup> However, Ng et al. demonstrated in a long-term study that septal pacing resulted in worse LV dyssynchrony and a more impaired circumferential strain than apical pacing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several potential sources of bias should be considered when interpreting the findings. Strain-based and right ventricular functional measurements are inherently operator-dependent and influenced by image quality and tracking algorithms. Although standardized acquisition protocols and experienced operators were used, inter-observer variability cannot be completely excluded and may have affected the precision of strain and RV functional indices. Despite its novel contributions, the study has a few limitations. Although no a priori sample size calculation was performed, a post-hoc power analysis based on the observed EF reduction of 14.8 percentage points (SD ~13.0) in 75 patients demonstrated &gt;99% power at &#945; = 0.05, and the observed GLS reduction of 5.2% (SD ~2.0) similarly showed &gt;99% power. These findings suggest adequate statistical power for the primary echocardiographic outcomes; however, the small number of PICM cases limited subgroup analyses and multivariable modelling. Due to the low PICM event count, multivariable adjustment was not possible, and residual confounding cannot be excluded. Strain and 3D echocardiographic measurements are operator-dependent and susceptible to image-quality variation.</p>
        <p>Further studies with extended follow-up are needed to elucidate the long-term effects of pacing on LV function, as longer observation may reveal more incidences of dysfunction. Larger sample sizes will enhance statistical power for definitive conclusions and subgroup analyses, particularly regarding pacing sites. Given differential outcomes of RVA and RVS pacing, comparative studies with standardized assessments of dyssynchrony and perfusion are essential. Investigating myocardial fibrosis, metabolic changes, and synchrony alterations may identify therapeutic targets. Examining baseline GLS and QRS duration can personalize strategies. Trials on pacing parameters, His-bundle, or left-bundle branch pacing could guide selection, improving patient outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study investigates the impact of RV pacing on patient cardiac performance in patients with preserved baseline LVEF and structurally normal hearts. These findings are presented as exploratory associations. RV pacing was associated with significant adverse changes in both LV and RV functions. Notably, LV ejection fraction and absolute GLS declined significantly, with reductions observed as early as seven days post-pacing (early changes) and continuing through six months. Specifically, EF decreased by 23.7 absolute percentage points in patients with PIVD and 41.2 absolute percentage points in those with PICM, both defined at 6-month follow-up.</p>
        <p>Additionally, RV function parameters such as FAC, TAPSE, and S&#8217;s velocity also deteriorated over time. The study identified key variables associated with adverse outcomes, including early impairment of absolute GLS at seven days, a wider pre-implantation QRS complex, and higher pacing percentages. These results underscore the need for early identification and close monitoring of patients undergoing RV pacing to mitigate risks of PIVD and PICM. Effective management strategies and tailored pacing approaches are essential to improve patient outcomes and reduce heart failure-related complications.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Sanjeev Kumar, from SMS Medical College.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the SMS Medical College under the protocol number 63 MC/EC/2023. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
