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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tZ45FsbJZdrbkw6HbJc4nsR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000700601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250450</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rigidez Arterial, Desfechos Cl&#237;nico-Funcionais e Qualidade de Vida em Pacientes P&#243;s-Covid-19: Um Estudo Transversal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7964-1323</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Cavon</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-9530-6358</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lamezon</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica;</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6887-9387</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Emilton</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8733-0755</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>L&#234;da Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7295-2439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Valderramas</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Interna e Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Interna e Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Silvia Valderramas &#8226; Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR) - Rua General Carneiro, 181, 11&#186; andar. CEP 80060-150, Pr&#233;dio Central, Alto da Gl&#243;ria, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>silviavalderramas@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250450</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O remodelamento arterial que culmina no aumento da rigidez arterial envolve mecanismos como estresse oxidativo, produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio, altera&#231;&#245;es neuroend&#243;crinas e predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica. Esses processos tamb&#233;m est&#227;o presentes na fisiopatologia da covid-19. Entretanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez arterial, par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e desfechos cl&#237;nico-funcionais em pacientes p&#243;s-covid-19 ainda n&#227;o foi adequadamente investigada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Investigar a rigidez arterial, os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos centrais e perif&#233;ricos, o desempenho funcional, a qualidade de vida, a fadiga, a dispneia e a qualidade do sono em pacientes p&#243;s-covid-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal conduzido com indiv&#237;duos do grupo p&#243;s-covid-19 (GpC) e indiv&#237;duos pareados do grupo controle (n = 32). A rigidez arterial foi avaliada por meio da velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) e do &#237;ndice de aumenta&#231;&#227;o corrigido para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 bpm (AIx@75). Foram avaliados o desempenho funcional pelo teste de sentar e levantar cinco vezes, a for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual, a qualidade de vida (avaliada pelo 12-Item Short Form Survey), a fadiga (avaliada pela Fatigue Severity Scale &#8211; vers&#227;o brasileira), a dispneia (avaliada pela escala modificada do Medical Research Council) e a qualidade do sono.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O GpC apresentou valores mais elevados de VOP (&#916; = 0,80 m/s; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC95%], 0,08 a 1,52; p = 0,03) e AIx@75 (&#916; = 8,34; IC95%, 2,02 a 14,66; p = 0,01), al&#233;m de n&#237;veis mais elevados de press&#227;o arterial central e perif&#233;rica. Observou-se pior desempenho funcional (&#916; = 4,39 s; IC95%, 2,70 a 6,08; p &lt; 0,01) e pior qualidade de vida no componente f&#237;sico (&#916; = &#8722;9,35; IC95%, &#8722;12,45 a &#8722;6,25; p &lt; 0,01). Fadiga, dispneia e qualidade do sono tamb&#233;m apresentaram resultados significativamente piores no GpC. Na an&#225;lise ajustada, a VOP associou-se independentemente &#224; idade e &#224; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, mas n&#227;o &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-covid-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Pacientes p&#243;s-covid-19 apresentam maior rigidez arterial, altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e pior desempenho cl&#237;nico-funcional. Contudo, a rigidez arterial parece ser predominantemente determinada por fatores hemodin&#226;micos e pelo envelhecimento, e n&#227;o pela condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-covid-19 de forma independente, sugerindo que o comprometimento funcional observado decorra de mecanismos multifatoriais.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Rigidez Arterial, Desfechos Cl&#237;nico-Funcionais e Qualidade de Vida em Pacientes P&#243;s-Covid-19: Um Estudo Transversal</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>AIx@75: &#237;ndice de aumenta&#231;&#227;o corrigido para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 bpm; VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso.</attrib>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodin&#226;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Desempenho F&#237;sico Funcional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES/Brasil</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela CAPES/Brasil.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A covid-19 &#233; uma doen&#231;a multissist&#234;mica, e a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos acometidos apresenta recupera&#231;&#227;o completa ap&#243;s a fase aguda da infec&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, aproximadamente 10%-20% dos pacientes persistem com sintomas e altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de m&#233;dio e longo prazo, condi&#231;&#227;o atualmente reconhecida como condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-covid-19 ou covid longa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A rigidez arterial, reconhecida como um importante marcador de risco cardiovascular, ocorre naturalmente como consequ&#234;ncia do envelhecimento biol&#243;gico. Entretanto, evid&#234;ncias recentes indicam que n&#237;veis elevados de rigidez arterial podem estar associados a diversos desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos, especialmente em popula&#231;&#245;es com estados inflamat&#243;rios persistentes, como sobreviventes da covid-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O aumento da rigidez arterial compromete a perfus&#227;o tecidual e est&#225; associado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, fatores que podem contribuir para fadiga persistente, redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional e piora da qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, altera&#231;&#245;es da hemodin&#226;mica central podem interferir no controle ventilat&#243;rio e na oxigena&#231;&#227;o tecidual, exacerbando sintomas como dispneia e dist&#250;rbios do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Por isso, &#233; relevante investigar a poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o entre a rigidez arterial e esses desfechos multidimensionais em pacientes p&#243;s-covid-19, visando ampliar a compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos e subsidiar o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas mais eficazes.</p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial persistente e a inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular decorrentes da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2 t&#234;m sido apontadas como mecanismos centrais na associa&#231;&#227;o entre a covid-19 e complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares de longo prazo, incluindo o aumento da rigidez arterial.</p>
      <p>Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que pacientes p&#243;s-covid-19 apresentam maior rigidez arterial, altera&#231;&#245;es dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos centrais e perif&#233;ricos, pior desempenho funcional e qualidade de vida, al&#233;m de maiores n&#237;veis de fadiga e dispneia, quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis pareados. Para testar essa hip&#243;tese, foi conduzido um estudo com delineamento transversal.</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a rigidez arterial, os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos centrais e perif&#233;ricos, o desempenho funcional, a qualidade de vida, a fadiga, a dispneia e a qualidade do sono em pacientes p&#243;s-covid-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo e aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal elaborado de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa com seres humanos da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>A triagem dos participantes e a coleta de dados foram realizadas em um ambulat&#243;rio de pneumologia. Foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 40 e 75 anos, diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de covid-19 confirmado por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase com transcri&#231;&#227;o reversa e condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-covid-19 estabelecida ap&#243;s pelo menos 12 semanas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas agudos. Os participantes deveriam ter apresentado quadros classificados como moderados, graves ou cr&#237;ticos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e estar em acompanhamento no referido ambulat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>O grupo controle (GC) foi composto por indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis da comunidade. Caso tivessem hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de covid-19, a infec&#231;&#227;o deveria ter sido assintom&#225;tica ou leve, sem necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, al&#233;m da aus&#234;ncia de sintomas gripais nos 30 dias anteriores &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o. Os participantes foram pareados por sexo, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), comorbidades e &#205;ndice de Comorbidade de Charlson (ICC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O ICC &#233; um instrumento utilizado para quantificar a gravidade das comorbidades por meio dos diagn&#243;sticos secund&#225;rios e estimar seu impacto progn&#243;stico, incluindo o risco de mortalidade.</p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, todos os participantes deveriam apresentar escore no Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> &#8805; 18 para indiv&#237;duos alfabetizados e &#8805; 13 para indiv&#237;duos analfabetos, bem como independ&#234;ncia para a realiza&#231;&#227;o das atividades instrumentais da vida di&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, asma, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca previamente diagnosticada, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) n&#227;o controlada, diabetes melito, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (definida como taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada &lt; 60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> por per&#237;odo superior a 3 meses), acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;as neuromusculares ou degenerativas, uso de pr&#243;teses ou &#243;rteses em membros inferiores que pudessem comprometer a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes funcionais, bem como indiv&#237;duos que estivessem participando ou tivessem participado de programas de condicionamento f&#237;sico nos 3 meses anteriores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recrutamento e coleta de dados</title>
        <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos participantes foi realizada com base nos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o previamente estabelecidos. O recrutamento do GC ocorreu por meio de ampla divulga&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa em ambiente hospitalar, incluindo funcion&#225;rios e familiares, redes sociais e contatos pessoais das pesquisadoras.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s esclarecimentos sobre os objetivos, procedimentos, riscos e benef&#237;cios do estudo, todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Em seguida, foi realizada a coleta de dados por meio de ficha de avalia&#231;&#227;o elaborada pelos pesquisadores, contemplando informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial</title>
        <p>A velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP), considerada o principal marcador de rigidez arterial, e o &#237;ndice de aumenta&#231;&#227;o corrigido para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de 75 bpm (AIx@75), indicador da reflex&#227;o da onda de pulso influenciada pela rigidez arterial, foram avaliados de forma n&#227;o invasiva utilizando o dispositivo Mobil-O-Graph<sup>&#174;</sup> (I.E.M. GmbH, Stolberg, Alemanha), previamente validado por Weiss et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O equipamento utiliza um m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico baseado na aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial braquial para estimar par&#226;metros centrais da circula&#231;&#227;o. A onda de press&#227;o a&#243;rtica &#233; reconstru&#237;da a partir da soma da onda incidente gerada pela eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular e da onda refletida proveniente da periferia arterial.</p>
        <p>A press&#227;o de aumenta&#231;&#227;o corresponde ao incremento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) central decorrente da reflex&#227;o da onda de pulso. Quando expressa como porcentagem da press&#227;o de pulso central, origina o &#237;ndice de aumenta&#231;&#227;o. O AIx@75 &#233; obtido mediante corre&#231;&#227;o para FC de 75 bpm, realizada automaticamente pelo equipamento por meio de algoritmo previamente validado.</p>
        <p>Foram obtidas tr&#234;s medidas consecutivas da onda de pulso a&#243;rtica, sendo utilizada a m&#233;dia dos valores para as an&#225;lises.</p>
        <p>A rigidez arterial aumentada foi definida como VOP &gt; 8,2 m/s, de acordo com valores de refer&#234;ncia estabelecidos em estudos que utilizaram o mesmo dispositivo empregado neste estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho funcional</title>
        <p>O desempenho funcional foi avaliado por meio do teste de sentar e levantar cinco vezes (TSL5x)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e da for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual (FPM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos e de qualidade de vida</title>
        <p>A fadiga foi avaliada pela Fatigue Severity Scale &#8211; vers&#227;o brasileira (FSS-BR),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> a dispneia pela escala modificada do Medical Research Council,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> a qualidade de vida pelo question&#225;rio 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e a qualidade do sono pelo &#205;ndice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos</title>
        <p>Os testes funcionais seguiram uma sequ&#234;ncia padronizada, incluindo uma tentativa de familiariza&#231;&#227;o para cada procedimento e intervalo de repouso de 5 minutos entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Como medida de seguran&#231;a e para registro de poss&#237;veis eventos adversos, a FC, a frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e a SpO<sub>2</sub> foram monitoradas continuamente durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes.</p>
        <p>Com o objetivo de garantir a padroniza&#231;&#227;o das avalia&#231;&#245;es e minimizar potenciais vieses de mensura&#231;&#227;o, todos os procedimentos foram conduzidos por uma &#250;nica pesquisadora previamente treinada e capacitada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos do estudo</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo foi a rigidez arterial, avaliada pela VOP. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos centrais e perif&#233;ricos, o desempenho funcional, a qualidade de vida, a fadiga, a dispneia e a qualidade do sono.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C&#225;lculo amostral</title>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo amostral foi baseado na VOP, considerada o desfecho principal do estudo. Para essa estimativa, foram utilizados os resultados de Jud et al., que observaram valores de VOP de 10,75 &#177; 8,10 m/s em pacientes com covid-19 e de 5,30 &#177; 5,38 m/s nos respectivos controles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considerando poder estat&#237;stico de 80%, erro tipo I (&#945; = 0,05) e erro tipo II (&#946; = 0,20), estimou-se a necessidade de 25 participantes por grupo para detectar diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos. Com o objetivo de compensar poss&#237;veis perdas, foi acrescido 22% ao tamanho amostral inicialmente calculado, resultando em uma amostra final de 64 participantes, distribu&#237;dos igualmente entre os grupos (32 participantes por grupo).</p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo amostral foi realizado utilizando o <italic>software</italic> G*Power vers&#227;o 3.1<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no <italic>software</italic> IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, vers&#227;o 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., EUA).</p>
        <p>A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk e a homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias pelo teste de Levene. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil), conforme sua distribui&#231;&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
        <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es entre o grupo p&#243;s-covid-19 (GpC) e o GC foram realizadas por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes, para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, do teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas e dos testes do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
        <p>Para investigar os fatores associados &#224; VOP, foi realizada regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla, considerando a VOP como vari&#225;vel dependente e ajustando-se para sexo, idade, PAS e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD).</p>
        <p>Os tamanhos de efeito foram expressos por meio da diferen&#231;a padronizada de m&#233;dias (d de Cohen) e da diferen&#231;a absoluta entre m&#233;dias, acompanhadas dos respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em 5% (p &lt; 0,05) para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de coleta, 124 pacientes potencialmente eleg&#237;veis foram recrutados para o estudo, dos quais 32 atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e foram alocados no GpC. Para o GC, 66 volunt&#225;rios manifestaram interesse em participar da pesquisa, sendo 32 selecionados ap&#243;s pareamento por sexo, idade, IMC e comorbidades (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de recrutamento, sele&#231;&#227;o e inclus&#227;o dos participantes do estudo. CHC: Complexo Hospital de Clinicas; GC: grupo controle; GpC: grupo p&#243;s-covid-19.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250450-50450-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Foram avaliados 64 participantes, distribu&#237;dos igualmente entre o GpC (n = 32) e o GC (n = 32). Os grupos apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes quanto &#224; idade, sexo, IMC e preval&#234;ncia de HAS. Entretanto, o GpC apresentou pior desempenho cognitivo avaliado pelo MEEM em compara&#231;&#227;o ao GC (p &lt; 0,01). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto &#224; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica e ao ICC. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das principais classes de medicamentos em uso tamb&#233;m foi semelhante entre os grupos. As demais caracter&#237;sticas da amostra est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>GpC (n = 32)</th>
                <th>GC (n = 32)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade, anos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">58,80 &#177; 10,20</td>
                <td align="center">59,18 &#177; 9,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo, M/F</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">17/15</td>
                <td align="center">17/15</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC, kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">31,40 &#177; 5,10</td>
                <td align="center">29,20 &#177; 4,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Obesidade, IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19 (59,40)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (46,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HAS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">28 (87,50)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (87,50)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estado cognitivo, MEEM</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">25,84 &#177; 4,11</td>
                <td align="center">28,71 &#177; 1,25</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, &#8805; 150 min/semana</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">15 (46,90)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (40,60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo total de interna&#231;&#227;o, dias</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">25,50 &#177; 6,23</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso de oxigenioterapia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26 (81,30)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">14 (43,80)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ICC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,00 [1,64 a 3,04]</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 [1,20 a 2,47]</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medica&#231;&#245;es em uso</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRAs</td>
                <td align="center">18 (56,30)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (37,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCCs</td>
                <td align="center">14 (43,80)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (46,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>F&#225;rmacos adren&#233;rgicos</td>
                <td align="center">9 (28,10)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (31,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">19 (59,40)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (56,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">10 (31,30)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (28,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Corticoides</td>
                <td align="center">12 (37,50)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (18,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">20 (62,50)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (68,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anticoagulantes</td>
                <td align="center">16 (50,00)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (31,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antidepressivos e ansiol&#237;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">10 (31,30)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (28,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipoglicemiantes</td>
                <td align="center">10 (31,30)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (31,30)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, n (%) ou mediana (intervalo interquartil [percentis 25 a 75]), conforme apropriado. BCCs: bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio; BRAs: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II; GC: grupo controle; GpC: grupo p&#243;s-covid-19; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; ICC: &#205;ndice de Comorbidade de Charlson; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; MEEM: Mini Exame do Estado Mental.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os par&#226;metros de rigidez arterial e hemodin&#226;micos avaliados. Os participantes do GpC apresentaram valores significativamente mais elevados de VOP, AIx@75, PAS perif&#233;rica, PAS central, PAD central e PAD perif&#233;rica em compara&#231;&#227;o ao GC.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; VOP, AIx@75 e vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>GpC (n = 32)</th>
                <th>GC (n = 32)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
                <th>d de Cohen</th>
                <th>Diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dias (IC95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>VOP, m/s</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">8,65 &#177; 1,56</td>
                <td align="center">7,85 &#177; 1,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,08 a 1,52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>AIx@75</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">24,87 &#177; 13,20</td>
                <td align="center">16,53 &#177; 11,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
                <td align="center">8,34 (2,02 a 14,66)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS perif&#233;rica, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">132,00 &#177; 15,57</td>
                <td align="center">122,00 &#177; 10,41</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
                <td align="center">10,00 (3,90 a 16,10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD perif&#233;rica, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">86,00 &#177; 10,90</td>
                <td align="center">81,00 &#177; 10,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
                <td align="center">5,00 (&#8722;0,80 a 10,80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS central, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">122,00 &#177; 13,15</td>
                <td align="center">113,00 &#177; 9,36</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">9,00 (3,80 a 14,20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD central, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">86,00 &#177; 11,31</td>
                <td align="center">81,00 &#177; 10,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
                <td align="center">5,00 (0,20 a 9,80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FC, bpm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">80,00 &#177; 13,09</td>
                <td align="center">73,00 &#177; 9,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
                <td align="center">7,00 (2,00 a 12,00)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. <email>AIx@75:</email> &#237;ndice de aumenta&#231;&#227;o corrigido para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 bpm; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; GC: grupo controle; GpC: grupo p&#243;s-covid-19; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial; VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Observou-se aumento significativo da VOP no GpC, com diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de 0,80 m/s (IC95%, 0,08 a 1,52; d = 0,55). Resultados semelhantes foram observados para o AIx@75 e para os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, com tamanhos de efeito variando de moderados a elevados.</p>
      <p>Os desfechos cl&#237;nico-funcionais est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. O GpC apresentou pior desempenho funcional no TSL5x) (&#916; = 4,39 s; IC95%, 2,70 a 6,08; d = 1,28) e menor qualidade de vida no componente f&#237;sico do SF-12 (&#916; = &#8722;9,35; IC95%, &#8722;12,45 a &#8722;6,25; d = &#8722;1,31). Al&#233;m disso, foram observados maiores n&#237;veis de fadiga, dispneia e pior qualidade do sono no GpC, com tamanhos de efeito moderados a elevados.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desempenho funcional, qualidade de vida, fadiga, dispneia e qualidade do sono dos grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>GpC (n = 32)</th>
                <th>GC (n = 32)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
                <th>d de Cohen</th>
                <th>Diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dias (IC95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Desempenho funcional</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TSL5x, s</td>
                <td align="center">15,09 &#177; 4,66</td>
                <td align="center">10,70 &#177; 1,38</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,28</td>
                <td align="center">4,39 (2,70 a 6,08)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FPM, kgf</td>
                <td align="center">30,93 &#177; 9,41</td>
                <td align="center">35,54 &#177; 9,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;4,61 (&#8211;2,80 a 5,80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Qualidade de vida, SF-12</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Componente f&#237;sico</td>
                <td align="center">38,91 &#177; 8,74</td>
                <td align="center">48,26 &#177; 4,73</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;1,31</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;9,35 (&#8211;12,45 a &#8211;6,25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Componente mental</td>
                <td align="center">44,49 &#177; 11,04</td>
                <td align="center">49,90 &#177; 6,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;0,60</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;5,41 (&#8211;10,40 a &#8211;0,42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fadiga, FSS-BR</td>
                <td align="center">4,65 [3,40 a 5,67]</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 [1,00 a 1,15]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">2,45</td>
                <td align="center">3,65 (2,95 a 4,35)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia, mMRC</td>
                <td align="center">3,00 [2,00 a 3,00]</td>
                <td align="center">2,00 [1,00 a 2,00]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,45 a 1,55)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Qualidade do sono, PSQI</td>
                <td align="center">7,50 [5,00 a 12,00]</td>
                <td align="center">5,00 [3,25 a 6,00]</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,02</td>
                <td align="center">2,50 (1,30 a 3,70)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil [percentis 25-75]), conforme apropriado. FPM: for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual; FSS-BR: Fatigue Severity Scale &#8211; vers&#227;o brasileira; GC: grupo controle; GpC: grupo p&#243;s-covid-19; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PSQI: &#205;ndice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh; SF-12: 12-Item Short Form Health Survey; TSL5x: teste de sentar e levantar cinco vezes.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla, considerando a VOP como vari&#225;vel dependente e ajustando-se para sexo, idade, PAD e PAD, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre VOP e condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-covid-19 n&#227;o permaneceu significativa (&#946; = 0,24; IC95%, &#8722;0,03 a 0,51; p = 0,08). Por outro lado, a idade (&#946; = 0,117; IC95%, 0,104 a 0,130; p &lt; 0,001) e a PAS (&#946; = 0,032; IC95%, 0,026 a 0,039; p &lt; 0,001) permaneceram independentemente associadas ao aumento da VOP.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de subgrupo, indiv&#237;duos com rigidez arterial (n = 18) apresentaram idade significativamente mais elevada e maiores n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica e central, com tamanhos de efeito moderados a elevados. Em contrapartida, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos desfechos cl&#237;nico-funcionais, incluindo desempenho funcional, fadiga, dispneia e qualidade de vida, cujos tamanhos de efeito foram pequenos e os IC95% inclu&#237;ram o valor nulo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). O sexo e a PAD n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a VOP.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas, hemodin&#226;micas e desfechos cl&#237;nico-funcionais em pacientes p&#243;s-covid-19 com e sem rigidez arterial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Com rigidez arterial (n = 18)</th>
                <th>Sem rigidez arterial (n = 14)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
                <th>d de Cohen</th>
                <th>Diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dias (IC95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade, anos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">67,30 &#177; 5,10</td>
                <td align="center">49,60 &#177; 6,50</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">3,03</td>
                <td align="center">17,70 (13,50 a 21,90)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo, M/F</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5/13</td>
                <td align="center">4/10</td>
                <td align="center">0,910</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC, kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">29,90 &#177; 4,30</td>
                <td align="center">33,50 &#177; 5,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,70</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;3,60 (&#8211;7,80 a 0,60)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>VOP, m/s</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9,84 &#177; 0,85</td>
                <td align="center">7,12 &#177; 0,64</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">3,60</td>
                <td align="center">2,72 (2,20 a 3,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS perif&#233;rica, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">140,30 &#177; 15,20</td>
                <td align="center">126,40 &#177; 11,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">13,90 (4,20 a 23,60)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD perif&#233;rica, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">89,50 &#177; 10,80</td>
                <td align="center">83,60 &#177; 8,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,040</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
                <td align="center">5,90 (0,40 a 11,40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS central, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">128,90 &#177; 14,10</td>
                <td align="center">116,80 &#177; 12,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">12,10 (3,00 a 21,20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD central, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">90,20 &#177; 11,50</td>
                <td align="center">84,70 &#177; 9,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,040</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
                <td align="center">5,50 (0,30 a 10,70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">Desempenho funcional</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TSL5x, s</td>
                <td align="center">14,90 &#177; 4,20</td>
                <td align="center">16,30 &#177; 5,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,070</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-0,05 (&#8211;3,50 a 3,39)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FPM, kgf</td>
                <td align="center">32,60 &#177; 9,80</td>
                <td align="center">31,10 &#177; 8,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,220</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,30</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;1,40 (&#8211;4,80 a 2,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">Qualidade de vida, SF-12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Componente f&#237;sico</td>
                <td align="center">39,70 &#177; 8,90</td>
                <td align="center">38,80 &#177; 9,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,330</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">1,50 (&#8211;5,30 a 8,30)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Componente mental</td>
                <td align="center">41,20 &#177; 10,50</td>
                <td align="center">44,50 &#177; 11,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,290</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 (&#8211;5,80 a 7,60)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fadiga, FSS-BR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,60 [3,30 a 5,30]</td>
                <td align="center">4,90 [4,20 a 5,70]</td>
                <td align="center">0,310</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,30</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,30 (&#8211;1,20 a 0,60)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dispneia, mMRC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,00 [2,00 a 3,00]</td>
                <td align="center">2,00 [2,00 a 3,00]</td>
                <td align="center">0,410</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,20</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,62 (&#8211;1,71 a 0,46)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Qualidade do sono, PSQI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7,00 [5,00 a 10,00]</td>
                <td align="center">8,00 [6,00 a 12,00]</td>
                <td align="center">0,380</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;1,00 (&#8211;0,50 a 2,50)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil [percentis 25-75]), conforme apropriado. FPM: for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual; FSS-BR: Fatigue Severity Scale &#8211; vers&#227;o brasileira; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PSQI: &#205;ndice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh; SF-12: 12-Item Short Form Health Survey; TSL5x: teste de sentar e levantar cinco vezes; VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> resume os principais achados do estudo, ilustrando o aumento da rigidez arterial e das altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, bem como a piora do desempenho funcional, da fadiga, da dispneia, da qualidade de vida e da qualidade do sono observadas no GpC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que indiv&#237;duos p&#243;s-covid-19 apresentam aumento significativo da rigidez arterial, evidenciado por valores mais elevados de VOP e AIx@75, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas centrais e perif&#233;ricas. Adicionalmente, esses indiv&#237;duos apresentaram pior desempenho funcional, maiores n&#237;veis de fadiga e dispneia e comprometimento da qualidade de vida quando comparados a controles pareados por idade, sexo, IMC e comorbidades. Em conjunto, esses achados sugerem a persist&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e cl&#237;nico-funcionais ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2, com potenciais implica&#231;&#245;es a m&#233;dio e longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Embora a faixa et&#225;ria tenha sido definida por representar o perfil assistencial do servi&#231;o de pneumologia onde o estudo foi conduzido, a maioria dos participantes apresentava idade superior a 60 anos e excesso de peso ou obesidade. Esse achado &#233; consistente com a literatura, que identifica idade avan&#231;ada e obesidade como importantes fatores de risco para infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 e para o desenvolvimento de formas graves da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora n&#227;o tenha sido objeto de avalia&#231;&#227;o direta, o impacto psicol&#243;gico associado &#224; covid-19 mostrou-se relevante durante o recrutamento. Dos 103 pacientes eleg&#237;veis, 71 recusaram participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo, relatando n&#227;o desejar reviver experi&#234;ncias traum&#225;ticas relacionadas &#224; doen&#231;a ou &#224;s perdas familiares decorrentes da pandemia. Esse achado corrobora evid&#234;ncias que demonstram elevada frequ&#234;ncia de sofrimento emocional, transtornos psicol&#243;gicos e manifesta&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao trauma em sobreviventes da covid-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es em uso, observou-se predom&#237;nio de f&#225;rmacos empregados no manejo de condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas est&#225;veis, incluindo anti-hipertensivos para HAS controlada (p.ex., inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina, bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio e diur&#233;ticos), estatinas e psicof&#225;rmacos (p.ex., inibidores seletivos da recapta&#231;&#227;o de serotonina e ansiol&#237;ticos), sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos. Dessa forma, a influ&#234;ncia medicamentosa sobre os par&#226;metros de rigidez arterial e hemodin&#226;micos avaliados provavelmente foi limitada, reduzindo a possibilidade de vi&#233;s de confus&#227;o relevante.</p>
      <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares observadas podem estar relacionadas a mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos descritos na covid-19, incluindo disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial persistente, inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, ativa&#231;&#227;o da coagula&#231;&#227;o e desregula&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Quando associadas a comorbidades pr&#233;-existentes, como HAS e obesidade, essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem potencializar o risco cardiovascular em m&#233;dio e longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento da rigidez arterial e o pior desempenho funcional observada neste estudo sugere um poss&#237;vel papel da disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular na limita&#231;&#227;o funcional desses pacientes. A redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia arterial pode comprometer a perfus&#227;o tecidual durante o esfor&#231;o, contribuindo para maior percep&#231;&#227;o de fadiga e dispneia, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular estabelecida.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, os indiv&#237;duos do GpC apresentaram aumento da rigidez arterial, acompanhado de n&#237;veis mais elevados de PAS perif&#233;rica e central. Considerando a estreita rela&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica entre press&#227;o arterial e rigidez arterial, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel determinar se a eleva&#231;&#227;o da VOP contribuiu para os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos mais elevados, se a press&#227;o arterial influenciou os valores da VOP ou se ambas compartilham determinantes fisiopatol&#243;gicos comuns. Essa limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; inerente ao delineamento transversal e refor&#231;a a necessidade de estudos longitudinais capazes de esclarecer a dire&#231;&#227;o temporal dessas associa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla ajustada para idade, sexo e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-covid-19 e os valores de VOP n&#227;o permaneceu estatisticamente significativa. Em contrapartida, a idade e a PAS mantiveram associa&#231;&#227;o independente com o aumento da VOP. Esses achados sugerem que a maior rigidez arterial observada no GpC pode ser explicada predominantemente por fatores hemodin&#226;micos e pelo envelhecimento vascular, mais do que por um efeito independente da condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-covid-19.</p>
      <p>Esse resultado refor&#231;a a natureza multifatorial da rigidez arterial e est&#225; em conson&#226;ncia com a literatura, que reconhece a idade e a press&#227;o arterial como seus principais determinantes fisiol&#243;gicos. No contexto da covid-19, embora mecanismos como disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e inflama&#231;&#227;o persistente tenham sido amplamente descritos, os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem atuar como fatores potencializadores sobre um substrato vascular previamente vulner&#225;vel, e n&#227;o necessariamente como determinantes independentes da rigidez arterial.</p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, a aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o independente ap&#243;s o ajuste refor&#231;a a necessidade de cautela na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lises baseadas na categoriza&#231;&#227;o da VOP, uma vez que a pr&#243;pria defini&#231;&#227;o de rigidez arterial foi estabelecida a partir desse par&#226;metro. Nesse contexto, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da VOP como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua pode representar uma abordagem metodologicamente mais robusta em estudos futuros.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, a an&#225;lise de subgrupo comparando pacientes p&#243;s-covid-19 com e sem rigidez arterial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>) mostrou-se particularmente esclarecedora: apesar da idade significativamente mais elevada e dos maiores n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos centrais e perif&#233;ricos observados no subgrupo com rigidez arterial, n&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos desfechos cl&#237;nico-funcionais &#8212; incluindo desempenho funcional, fadiga, dispneia e qualidade de vida &#8212; entre os subgrupos, com tamanhos de efeito pequenos e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% incluindo o valor nulo. Esses resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela, dado o tamanho amostral reduzido da an&#225;lise de subgrupo, que pode ter limitado o poder estat&#237;stico para detectar diferen&#231;as reais.</p>
      <p>Essa aparente dissocia&#231;&#227;o sugere que, embora a VOP esteja fortemente associada ao envelhecimento vascular e a determinantes hemodin&#226;micos, sua presen&#231;a isolada n&#227;o explica integralmente o comprometimento funcional observado na condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-covid-19. De fato, os pacientes do GpC apresentaram pior desempenho funcional, maiores n&#237;veis de fadiga e dispneia e pior qualidade de vida em compara&#231;&#227;o ao GC; esses achados podem ser mais bem explicados por mecanismos adicionais &#8212; incluindo inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica persistente, interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada, inatividade f&#237;sica, perda de massa muscular e altera&#231;&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas &#8212; atuando de forma independente ou sin&#233;rgica &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares observadas, e n&#227;o necessariamente pela rigidez arterial isoladamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os pacientes do GpC apresentaram pior desempenho funcional, maiores n&#237;veis de fadiga e dispneia e pior qualidade de vida em compara&#231;&#227;o ao GC. Esses achados podem ser explicados por fatores como inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica persistente, interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada, inatividade f&#237;sica, perda de massa muscular e falta de condicionamento cardiorrespirat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos resultados s&#227;o consistentes com estudos pr&#233;vios que demonstram comprometimento funcional persistente ap&#243;s a fase aguda da covid-19. Em uma coorte previamente publicada, os participantes foram classificados em quatro grupos de acordo com o grau de comprometimento f&#237;sico e mental, sendo observada preval&#234;ncia de comprometimento grave em 21% dos indiv&#237;duos e muito grave em 17%. Al&#233;m disso, 46,2% apresentavam comprometimento funcional persistente, mesmo quando avaliados por instrumentos distintos daqueles utilizados neste estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De forma semelhante, Huang et al. acompanharam pacientes por 12 meses ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o e observaram maior preval&#234;ncia de sintomas persistentes em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles, incluindo dispneia, limita&#231;&#245;es de mobilidade, ansiedade, depress&#227;o e fadiga, especialmente entre as mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Resultados semelhantes foram descritos por See&#223;le et al., que identificaram redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, fadiga persistente e dist&#250;rbios do sono em mais da metade dos pacientes avaliados 12 meses ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Outros estudos tamb&#233;m apontam para comprometimentos f&#237;sicos e mentais prolongados, associados &#224; maior gravidade da doen&#231;a durante a fase aguda da covid-19.</p>
      <p>Estudos intervencionistas tamb&#233;m t&#234;m demonstrado benef&#237;cios terap&#234;uticos relevantes nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Em ensaio cl&#237;nico conduzido por Jimeno-Almaz&#225;n et al., 82% dos participantes relataram fadiga, 59% dispneia e 51,3% dist&#250;rbios do sono. Ap&#243;s oito semanas de treinamento supervisionado, observou-se melhora significativa da fadiga avaliada pela FSS-BR, da qualidade de vida avaliada pelo SF-12, da percep&#231;&#227;o de dispneia, da FPM e do desempenho funcional avaliado pelo TSL5x.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De forma consistente, programas estruturados de reabilita&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m demonstrado benef&#237;cios sobre capacidade funcional, for&#231;a muscular, fadiga, qualidade do sono e dispneia, refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia de abordagens terap&#234;uticas multidisciplinares para indiv&#237;duos com sintomas persistentes ap&#243;s a covid-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando os resultados observados e o reconhecimento crescente da relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da rigidez arterial como marcador cardiovascular, refor&#231;a-se a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente e precoce de pacientes p&#243;s-covid-19, especialmente daqueles com fatores de risco cardiovascular. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares, hemodin&#226;micas, funcionais e psicossociais pode contribuir para o direcionamento de estrat&#233;gias de monitoramento e reabilita&#231;&#227;o. Embora a avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial ainda seja relativamente pouco utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica brasileira, trata-se de um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo, reprodut&#237;vel e de baixo custo, com potencial aplica&#231;&#227;o nesse contexto.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estuo</title>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. O delineamento transversal impede a infer&#234;ncia de causalidade entre a infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 e as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel estabelecer a dire&#231;&#227;o temporal dessas associa&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, vari&#225;veis potencialmente relevantes para a rigidez arterial, como perfil lip&#237;dico, padr&#227;o alimentar e hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, n&#227;o foram avaliadas. A elevada taxa de recusa durante o recrutamento pode ter introduzido vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que indiv&#237;duos com maior impacto psicol&#243;gico podem ter sido menos propensos a participar do estudo. Por fim, embora validado, o dispositivo oscilom&#233;trico utilizado n&#227;o corresponde ao m&#233;todo tonom&#233;trico considerado padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, segundo o conhecimento dos autores, poucos estudos avaliaram simultaneamente a rigidez arterial, os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e os desfechos cl&#237;nico-funcionais em pacientes p&#243;s-covid-19, o que confere originalidade e relev&#226;ncia aos achados apresentados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os pacientes p&#243;s-covid-19 avaliados neste estudo apresentaram aumento da rigidez arterial, altera&#231;&#245;es significativas do AIx@75 e das PAS central e perif&#233;rica, al&#233;m de pior desempenho funcional, pior qualidade de vida, maiores n&#237;veis de fadiga e dispneia e pior qualidade do sono. Esses achados refor&#231;am a complexidade da condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-covid-19 e destacam a necessidade de estudos longitudinais para melhor compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos envolvidos. Adicionalmente, ressaltam a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e funcional desses pacientes, bem como da implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas multidisciplinares voltadas ao seu acompanhamento e reabilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Bruna Cavon Luna pela Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Setor de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 20227019.0.0000.0102. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT para cria&#231;&#227;o da imagem. Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela CAPES/Brasil.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250450i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Arterial Stiffness, Clinical-Functional Outcomes, and Quality of Life in Post-COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7964-1323</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Cavon</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-9530-6358</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lamezon</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6887-9387</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Emilton</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8733-0755</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>L&#234;da Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7295-2439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Valderramas</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Interna e Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Silvia Valderramas &#8226; Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR) - Rua General Carneiro, 181, 11&#186; andar. Postal Code 80060-150, Pr&#233;dio Central, Alto da Gl&#243;ria, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: silviavalderramas@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Arterial remodeling leading to increased arterial stiffness involves mechanisms such as oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species production, neuroendocrine alterations, and genetic predisposition. These processes are also involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. However, the relationship between arterial stiffness, hemodynamic parameters, and clinical-functional outcomes in post-COVID-19 patients has not yet been adequately investigated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To investigate arterial stiffness, central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters, functional performance, quality of life, fatigue, dyspnea, and sleep quality in post-COVID-19 patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This cross-sectional study was conducted with individuals in the post-COVID-19 group (PCG) and matched individuals in the control group (n = 32). Arterial stiffness was assessed using pulse wave velocity (PWV) and the augmentation index corrected to a heart rate of 75 bpm (AIx@75). Functional performance was evaluated using the five-times sit-to-stand test, handgrip strength, quality of life (assessed with the 12-Item Short Form Survey), fatigue (assessed with the Brazilian version of the Fatigue Severity Scale), dyspnea (assessed with the modified Medical Research Council scale), and sleep quality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The PCG showed higher PWV values (&#916; = 0.80 m/s; 95%CI, 0.08 to 1.52; p = 0.03) and AIx@75 (&#916; = 8.34; 95%CI, 2.02 to 14.66; p = 0.01) as well as higher levels of central and peripheral blood pressure. Worse functional performance was observed (&#916; = 4.39 s; 95%CI, 2.70 to 6.08; p &lt; 0.01), along with poorer quality of life in the physical component (&#916; = &#8722;9.35; 95%CI, &#8722;12.45 to &#8722;6.25; p &lt; 0.01). Fatigue, dyspnea, and sleep quality outcomes were also significantly worse in the PCG. In the adjusted analysis, PWV was independently associated with age and systolic blood pressure, but not with post-COVID-19 status.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Post-COVID-19 patients exhibit greater arterial stiffness, hemodynamic alterations, and poorer clinical-functional performance. However, arterial stiffness appears to be predominantly determined by hemodynamic factors and aging rather than by post-COVID-19 status independently, suggesting that the observed functional impairment results from multifactorial mechanisms.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Arterial Stiffness, Clinical-Functional Outcomes, and Quality of Life in Post-COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>AIx@75: &#237;ndice de aumenta&#231;&#227;o corrigido para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 bpm; VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250450-50450-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodynamics</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Functional Performance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES/Brasil</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold>This study was partially funded by CAPES/Brasil.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>COVID-19 is a multisystem disease, and most affected individuals experience complete recovery after the acute phase of infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, approximately 10%-20% of patients continue to experience persistent symptoms and medium- to long-term clinical alterations, a condition currently recognized as post-COVID-19 condition or long COVID.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Arterial stiffness, recognized as an important marker of cardiovascular risk, occurs naturally as a consequence of biological aging. However, recent evidence indicates that increased levels of arterial stiffness may be associated with several adverse clinical outcomes, particularly in populations with persistent inflammatory states, such as COVID-19 survivors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Increased arterial stiffness impairs tissue perfusion and is associated with endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation, factors that may contribute to persistent fatigue, decreased functional capacity, and poorer quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Furthermore, alterations in central hemodynamics may interfere with ventilatory control and tissue oxygenation, exacerbating symptoms such as dyspnea and sleep disturbances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Therefore, investigating the potential relationship between arterial stiffness and these multidimensional outcomes in post-COVID-19 patients is relevant to improving the understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and supporting the development of more effective therapeutic strategies.</p>
        <p>Persistent endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection have been identified as central mechanisms linking COVID-19 to long-term cardiovascular complications, including increased arterial stiffness.</p>
        <p>We hypothesized that post-COVID-19 patients would exhibit greater arterial stiffness, alterations in central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters, poorer functional performance and quality of life, and higher levels of fatigue and dyspnea compared with matched healthy individuals. To test this hypothesis, a cross-sectional study was conducted.</p>
        <p>Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate arterial stiffness, central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters, functional performance, quality of life, fatigue, dyspnea, and sleep quality in post-COVID-19 patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and ethical considerations</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in accordance with the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology recommendations<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and approved by the institution&#8217;s human research ethics committee.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>Participant screening and data collection were conducted at a pulmonology outpatient clinic. Eligible participants included men and women aged 40 to 75 years with a previous diagnosis of COVID-19 confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and a diagnosis of post-COVID-19 condition established at least 12 weeks after the onset of acute symptoms. Participants were required to have experienced moderate, severe, or critical disease<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and to be under follow-up at the outpatient clinic.</p>
          <p>The control group (CG) consisted of healthy community-dwelling individuals. If they had a previous history of COVID-19, the infection must have been asymptomatic or mild, without requiring hospitalization, and they must have reported no flu-like symptoms within 30 days before the assessment. Participants were matched for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The CCI is a tool used to quantify the severity of comorbidities based on secondary diagnoses and to estimate their prognostic impact, including mortality risk.</p>
          <p>Additionally, all participants were required to have a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> &#8805; 18 for literate individuals and &#8805; 13 for illiterate individuals, as well as independence in performing instrumental activities of daily living.</p>
          <p>Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, coronary artery disease (previous history of acute myocardial infarction or revascularization), previously diagnosed heart failure, uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> for more than 3 months), previous stroke, neuromuscular or degenerative diseases, use of lower-limb prostheses or orthoses that could interfere with functional testing, or participation in physical conditioning programs within the previous 3 months were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Recruitment and data collection</title>
          <p>Participants were selected according to the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Recruitment of the CG was conducted through broad dissemination of the study within the hospital environment, including employees and family members, social media platforms, and the researchers&#8217; personal contacts.</p>
          <p>After receiving detailed information regarding the objectives, procedures, risks, and benefits of the study, all participants provided written informed consent. Subsequently, data were collected using an assessment form developed by the researchers, including demographic, anthropometric, and clinical information.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of arterial stiffness</title>
          <p>Pulse wave velocity (PWV), considered the primary marker of arterial stiffness, and the augmentation index corrected to a heart rate (HR) of 75 bpm (AIx@75), an indicator of pulse wave reflection influenced by arterial stiffness, were assessed noninvasively using the Mobil-O-Graph<sup>&#174;</sup> device (I.E.M. GmbH, Stolberg, Germany), previously validated by Weiss et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The device uses an oscillometric method based on brachial blood pressure measurements to estimate central circulatory parameters. The aortic pressure waveform is reconstructed from the sum of the forward wave generated by ventricular ejection and the reflected wave originating from the peripheral arterial system.</p>
          <p>Augmentation pressure corresponds to the increase in central systolic blood pressure (SBP) resulting from pulse wave reflection. When expressed as a percentage of central pulse pressure, it yields the augmentation index. AIx@75 is obtained through automatic correction to an HR of 75 bpm using a previously validated algorithm incorporated into the device.</p>
          <p>Three consecutive measurements of the aortic pulse waveform were obtained, and the mean value was used for analysis.</p>
          <p>Increased arterial stiffness was defined as PWV &gt; 8.2 m/s according to reference values established in studies using the same device employed in the present study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of functional performance</title>
          <p>Functional performance was assessed using the five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and handgrip strength (HGS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of clinical outcomes and quality of life</title>
          <p>Fatigue was assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale &#8211; Brazilian version (FSS-BR),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> dyspnea using the modified Medical Research Council scale,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> quality of life using the 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Standardization of procedures</title>
          <p>Functional tests followed a standardized sequence, including one familiarization trial for each procedure and a 5-minute rest interval between assessments.</p>
          <p>As a safety measure and to document potential adverse events, HR, respiratory rate, and SpO<sub>2</sub> were continuously monitored throughout testing.</p>
          <p>To ensure standardized assessments and minimize potential measurement bias, all procedures were conducted by a single trained and qualified researcher.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study outcomes</title>
          <p>The primary outcome was arterial stiffness, assessed by PWV. Secondary outcomes included central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters, functional performance, quality of life, fatigue, dyspnea, and sleep quality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size calculation</title>
          <p>Sample size calculation was based on PWV, which was considered the primary outcome of the study. For this estimation, data from Jud et al. were used, who reported PWV values of 10.75 &#177; 8.10 m/s in patients with COVID-19 and 5.30 &#177; 5.38 m/s in their respective controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Assuming 80% statistical power, a type I error (&#945; = 0.05), and a type II error (&#946; = 0.20), a minimum of 25 participants per group was required to detect significant differences between groups. To account for potential attrition, 22% was added to the initially calculated sample size, resulting in a final sample of 64 participants equally distributed between the groups (32 participants per group).</p>
          <p>Sample size calculation was performed using G*Power software version 3.1<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA).</p>
          <p>Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and homogeneity of variances was evaluated using Levene test. Continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; SD or median (IQR), according to data distribution. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies.</p>
          <p>Comparisons between the post-COVID-19 group (PCG) and the CG were performed using the independent-samples Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test for normally distributed variables, the Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test for nonparametric variables, and the chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test for categorical variables.</p>
          <p>To investigate factors associated with PWV, multiple linear regression analysis was performed, with PWV as the dependent variable and adjustment for sex, age, SBP, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP).</p>
          <p>Effect sizes were expressed as standardized mean differences (Cohen&#8217;s d) and absolute mean differences, accompanied by their respective 95%CIs. Statistical significance was set at 5% (p &lt; 0.05) for all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>During the data collection period, 124 potentially eligible patients were recruited for the study, of whom 32 met the inclusion criteria and were allocated to the PCG. For the CG, 66 volunteers expressed interest in participating, and 32 were selected after matching for sex, age, BMI, and comorbidities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart of participant recruitment, screening, and inclusion in the study. CG: control group; CHC: Complexo Hospital de Clinicas; PCG: post-COVID-19 group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-07-e20250450-50450-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A total of 64 participants were evaluated, equally distributed between the PCG (n = 32) and the CG (n = 32). The groups were similar with respect to age, sex, BMI, and prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension. However, the PCG demonstrated poorer cognitive performance as assessed by the MMSE compared with the CG (p &lt; 0.01). No differences were observed between groups regarding physical activity levels or CCI scores. The distribution of the main medication classes in use was also similar between groups. The remaining sample characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics of the sample</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>PCG (n = 32)</th>
                  <th>CG (n = 32)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, years</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">58.80 &#177; 10.20</td>
                  <td align="center">59.18 &#177; 9.62</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex, M/F</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">17/15</td>
                  <td align="center">17/15</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI, kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">31.40 &#177; 5.10</td>
                  <td align="center">29.20 &#177; 4.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Obesity, BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19 (59.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (46.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28 (87.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (87.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cognitive status, MMSE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">25.84 &#177; 4.11</td>
                  <td align="center">28.71 &#177; 1.25</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Physical activity, &#8805; 150 min/week</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15 (46.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (40.60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total length of hospitalization, days</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">25.50 &#177; 6.23</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Use of oxygen therapy</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26 (81.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Use of mechanical ventilation</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14 (43.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CCI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.00 [1.64 to 3.04]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 [1.20 to 2.47]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medications in use</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARBs</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (56.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (37.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCBs</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (43.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (46.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adrenergic agents</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (28.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (31.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretics</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (59.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (56.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statins</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (31.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (28.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Corticosteroids</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (37.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (18.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirin</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (62.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (68.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagulants</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (50.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (31.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antidepressants and anxiolytics</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (31.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (28.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypoglycemic agents</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (31.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (31.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; SD, n (%), or median (IQR [25th-75th percentiles]), as appropriate. ARBs: angiotensin ii receptor blockers; BMI: body mass index; CCBs: calcium channel blockers; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; CG: control group; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; PCG: post-COVID-19 group.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> presents the arterial stiffness and hemodynamic parameters evaluated. Participants in the PCG exhibited significantly higher values of PWV, AIx@75, peripheral SBP, central SBP, central DBP, and peripheral DBP compared with the CG.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; PWV, AIx@75, and hemodynamic variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>PCG (n = 32)</th>
                  <th>CG (n = 32)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>Cohen&#8217;s d</th>
                  <th>Mean difference (95%CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PWV, m/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">8.65 &#177; 1.56</td>
                  <td align="center">7.85 &#177; 1.30</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80 (0.08 to 1.52)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>AIx@75</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">24.87 &#177; 13.20</td>
                  <td align="center">16.53 &#177; 11.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  <td align="center">8.34 (2.02 to 14.66)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Peripheral SBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">132.00 &#177; 15.57</td>
                  <td align="center">122.00 &#177; 10.41</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  <td align="center">10.00 (3.90 to 16.10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Peripheral DBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">86.00 &#177; 10.90</td>
                  <td align="center">81.00 &#177; 10.70</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46</td>
                  <td align="center">5.00 (&#8722;0.80 to 10.80)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Central SBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">122.00 &#177; 13.15</td>
                  <td align="center">113.00 &#177; 9.36</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">9.00 (3.80 to 14.20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Central DBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">86.00 &#177; 11.31</td>
                  <td align="center">81.00 &#177; 10.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47</td>
                  <td align="center">5.00 (0.20 to 9.80)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HR, bpm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">80.00 &#177; 13.09</td>
                  <td align="center">73.00 &#177; 9.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62</td>
                  <td align="center">7.00 (2.00 to 12.00)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; SD. <email>AIx@75:</email> augmentation index corrected to a heart rate of 75 bpm; CG: control group; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; PCG: post-COVID-19 group; PWV: pulse wave velocity; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A significant increase in PWV was observed in the PCG, with a mean difference of 0.80 m/s (95%CI, 0.08 to 1.52; d = 0.55). Similar findings were observed for AIx@75 and the hemodynamic parameters, with effect sizes ranging from moderate to large.</p>
        <p>Clinical-functional outcomes are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>. The PCG showed poorer functional performance on the 5STS (&#916; = 4.39 s; 95%CI, 2.70 to 6.08; d = 1.28) and lower quality of life in the physical component of the SF-12 (&#916; = &#8722;9.35; 95%CI, &#8722;12.45 to &#8722;6.25; d = &#8722;1.31). In addition, higher levels of fatigue, dyspnea, and poorer sleep quality were observed in the PCG, with moderate-to-large effect sizes.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Functional performance, quality of life, fatigue, dyspnea, and sleep quality in the study groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>PCG (n = 32)</th>
                  <th>CG (n = 32)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>Cohen&#8217;s d</th>
                  <th>Mean difference (95%CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">Functional performance</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5STS, s</td>
                  <td align="center">15.09 &#177; 4.66</td>
                  <td align="center">10.70 &#177; 1.38</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">1.28</td>
                  <td align="center">4.39 (2.70 to 6.08)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HGS, kgf</td>
                  <td align="center">30.93 &#177; 9.41</td>
                  <td align="center">35.54 &#177; 9.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211; 4.61 (&#8722;2.80 to 5.80)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">Quality of life, SF-12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical component</td>
                  <td align="center">38.91 &#177; 8.74</td>
                  <td align="center">48.26 &#177; 4.73</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;1.31</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;9.35 (&#8722;12.45 to &#8722;6.25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mental component</td>
                  <td align="center">44.49 &#177; 11.04</td>
                  <td align="center">49.90 &#177; 6.20</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.60</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;5.41 (&#8722;10.40 to &#8722;0.42)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fatigue, FSS-BR</td>
                  <td align="center">4.65 [3.40 to 5.67]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 [1.00 to 1.15]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">2.45</td>
                  <td align="center">3.65 (2.95 to 4.35)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyspnea, mMRC</td>
                  <td align="center">3.00 [2.00 to 3.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">2.00 [1.00 to 2.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 (0.45 to 1.55)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sleep quality, PSQI</td>
                  <td align="center">7.50 [5.00 to 12.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">5.00 [3.25 to 6.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02</td>
                  <td align="center">2.50 (1.30 to 3.70)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; SD or median (IQR [25th-75th percentiles]), as appropriate. 5STS: five-times sit-to-stand test; CG: control group; FSS-BR: Fatigue Severity Scale &#8211; Brazilian version; HGS: handgrip strength; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council Scale; PCG: post-COVID-19 group; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SF-12: 12-Item Short Form Survey.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the multiple linear regression analysis, considering PWV as the dependent variable and adjusting for sex, age, SBP, and DBP, the association between PWV and post-COVID-19 status was no longer significant (&#946; = 0.24; 95%CI, &#8722;0.03 to 0.51; p = 0.08). In contrast, age (&#946; = 0.117; 95%CI, 0.104 to 0.130; p &lt; 0.001) and SBP (&#946; = 0.032; 95%CI, 0.026 to 0.039; p &lt; 0.001) remained independently associated with increased PWV.</p>
        <p>In the subgroup analysis, individuals with arterial stiffness (n = 18) were significantly older and exhibited higher peripheral and central blood pressure levels, with moderate-to-large effect sizes. Conversely, no significant differences were observed in clinical-functional outcomes, including functional performance, fatigue, dyspnea, and quality of life, for which effect sizes were small and the 95%CIs included the null value (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). Sex and DBP were not significantly associated with PWV.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic, anthropometric, hemodynamic, and clinical-functional characteristics of post-COVID-19 patients with and without arterial stiffness</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>With arterial stiffness (n = 18)</th>
                  <th>Without arterial stiffness (n = 14)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>Cohen&#8217;s d</th>
                  <th>Mean difference (95%CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, years</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">67.30 &#177; 5.10</td>
                  <td align="center">49.60 &#177; 6.50</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">3.03</td>
                  <td align="center">17.70 (13.50 to 21.90)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex, M/F</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5/13</td>
                  <td align="center">4/10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.910</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI, kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">29.90 &#177; 4.30</td>
                  <td align="center">33.50 &#177; 5.80</td>
                  <td align="center">0.080</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.70</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;3.60 (&#8722;7.80 to 0.60)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PWV, m/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9.84 &#177; 0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">7.12 &#177; 0.64</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">3.60</td>
                  <td align="center">2.72 (2.20 to 3.24)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Peripheral SBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">140.30 &#177; 15.20</td>
                  <td align="center">126.40 &#177; 11.90</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">13.90 (4.20 to 23.60)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Peripheral DBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">89.50 &#177; 10.80</td>
                  <td align="center">83.60 &#177; 8.90</td>
                  <td align="center">0.040</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59</td>
                  <td align="center">5.90 (0.40 to 11.40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Central SBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">128.90 &#177; 14.10</td>
                  <td align="center">116.80 &#177; 12.30</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">12.10 (3.00 to 21.20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Central DBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">90.20 &#177; 11.50</td>
                  <td align="center">84.70 &#177; 9.40</td>
                  <td align="center">0.040</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53</td>
                  <td align="center">5.50 (0.30 to 10.70)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">Functional performance</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5STS, s</td>
                  <td align="center">14.90 &#177; 4.20</td>
                  <td align="center">16.30 &#177; 5.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.070</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.05 (&#8722;3.50 to 3.39)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HGS, kgf</td>
                  <td align="center">32.60 &#177; 9.80</td>
                  <td align="center">31.10 &#177; 8.70</td>
                  <td align="center">0.220</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.30</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;1.40 (&#8722;4.80 to 2.00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">Quality of life, SF-12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical component</td>
                  <td align="center">39.70 &#177; 8.90</td>
                  <td align="center">38.80 &#177; 9.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.330</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">1.50 (&#8722;5.30 to 8.30)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mental component</td>
                  <td align="center">41.20 &#177; 10.50</td>
                  <td align="center">44.50 &#177; 11.20</td>
                  <td align="center">0.290</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90 (&#8722;5.80 to 7.60)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fatigue, FSS-BR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.60 [3.30 to 5.30]</td>
                  <td align="center">4.90 [4.20 to 5.70]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.310</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.30</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.30 (&#8722;1.20 to 0.60)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dyspnea, mMRC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.00 [2.00 to 3.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">2.00 [2.00 to 3.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.410</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.20</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.62 (&#8722;1.71 to 0.46)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sleep quality, PSQI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7.00 [5.00 to 10.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">8.00 [6.00 to 12.00]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.380</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;1.00 (&#8722;0.50 to 2.50)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; SD or median (IQR [25th-75th percentiles]), as appropriate. 5STS: five-times sit-to-stand test; BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FSS-BR: Fatigue Severity Scale &#8211; Brazilian version; HGS: handgrip strength; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council Scale; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PWV: pulse wave velocity; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SF-12: 12-Item Short Form Survey.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> summarizes the main findings of the study, highlighting the increase in arterial stiffness and hemodynamic alterations, as well as the worsening of functional performance, fatigue, dyspnea, quality of life, and sleep quality observed in the PCG.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The findings of this study demonstrated that post-COVID-19 individuals exhibit significantly increased arterial stiffness, as evidenced by higher PWV and AIx@75 values, as well as alterations in central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters. Additionally, such individuals showed poorer functional performance, higher levels of fatigue and dyspnea, and impaired quality of life compared with controls matched for age, sex, BMI, and comorbidities. Collectively, these findings suggest the persistence of cardiovascular and clinical-functional alterations following SARS-CoV-2 infection, with potential medium- and long-term implications.</p>
        <p>Although the age range was defined to reflect the patient profile of the pulmonology service where the study was conducted, most participants were older than 60 years and had overweight or obesity. This finding is consistent with prior research identifying advanced age and obesity as important risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and for the development of severe forms of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although not directly assessed, the psychological impact associated with COVID-19 became evident during recruitment. Of the 103 eligible patients, 71 declined participation, reporting that they did not wish to revisit traumatic experiences related to the disease or family losses resulting from the pandemic. This finding is consistent with evidence demonstrating a high prevalence of emotional distress, psychological disorders, and trauma-related manifestations among COVID-19 survivors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding medication use, there was a predominance of drugs prescribed for the management of stable clinical conditions, including antihypertensive agents for controlled systemic arterial hypertension (e.g., angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics), statins, and psychotropic medications (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and anxiolytics), with no significant differences between groups. Therefore, the influence of medications on the arterial stiffness and hemodynamic parameters assessed was likely limited, reducing the possibility of substantial confounding bias.</p>
        <p>The vascular alterations observed may be related to pathophysiological mechanisms described in COVID-19, including persistent endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, coagulation activation, and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> When combined with preexisting comorbidities such as hypertension and obesity, these alterations may further increase medium- and long-term cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The association between increased arterial stiffness and poorer functional performance observed in this study suggests a potential role of vascular dysfunction in the functional limitations experienced by these patients. Reduced arterial compliance may impair tissue perfusion during exertion, contributing to greater perceptions of fatigue and dyspnea, even in the absence of established cardiovascular disease.</p>
        <p>In the current study, individuals in the PCG exhibited increased arterial stiffness accompanied by higher peripheral and central SBP levels. Given the close pathophysiological relationship between blood pressure and arterial stiffness, it is not possible to determine whether increased PWV contributed to higher blood pressure levels, whether blood pressure influenced PWV values, or whether both share common pathophysiological determinants. This limitation is inherent to the cross-sectional design and highlights the need for longitudinal studies capable of clarifying the temporal direction of these associations.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, in the multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and blood pressure levels, the association between post-COVID-19 status and PWV values was no longer statistically significant. In contrast, age and SBP remained independently associated with increased PWV. These findings suggest that the greater arterial stiffness observed in the PCG may be predominantly explained by hemodynamic factors and vascular aging rather than by an independent effect of post-COVID-19 condition.</p>
        <p>This finding reinforces the multifactorial nature of arterial stiffness and is consistent with the literature recognizing age and blood pressure as its primary physiological determinants. In the context of COVID-19, although mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction and persistent inflammation have been extensively described, the results of the present study suggest that these alterations may act as amplifying factors on a previously vulnerable vascular substrate rather than as independent determinants of arterial stiffness.</p>
        <p>Additionally, the absence of an independent association after adjustment highlights the need for caution when interpreting analyses based on PWV categorization, given that the definition of arterial stiffness itself was established using this parameter. In this context, the use of PWV as a continuous variable may represent a more methodologically robust approach in future studies.</p>
        <p>In this context, the subgroup analysis comparing post-COVID-19 patients with and without arterial stiffness (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>) proved particularly enlightening: despite the significantly higher age and elevated central and peripheral blood pressure levels observed in the subgroup with arterial stiffness, no significant differences in clinical-functional outcomes&#8212;including functional performance, fatigue, dyspnea, and quality of life&#8212;were identified between the subgroups; effect sizes were small, and 95% confidence intervals included the null value. These results should be interpreted with caution, given the small sample size of the subgroup analysis, which may have limited the statistical power to detect actual differences.</p>
        <p>This apparent dissociation suggests that, although VOP is strongly associated with vascular aging and hemodynamic determinants, its isolated presence does not fully explain the functional impairment observed in the post-COVID-19 condition. Indeed, patients in the GpC group exhibited poorer functional performance, higher levels of fatigue and dyspnea, and worse quality of life compared to the GC group; these findings may be better explained by additional mechanisms&#8212;including persistent systemic inflammation, prolonged hospitalization, physical inactivity, loss of muscle mass, and musculoskeletal alterations&#8212;acting independently or synergistically with the observed vascular changes, rather than necessarily by arterial stiffness alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our findings are consistent with previous studies demonstrating persistent functional impairment following the acute phase of COVID-19. In a previously published cohort, participants were classified into four groups according to the degree of physical and mental impairment, with severe impairment observed in 21% of individuals and very severe impairment in 17%. Furthermore, 46.2% presented persistent functional impairment, even when assessed using instruments different from those employed in the present study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Similarly, Huang et al. followed patients for 12 months after infection and observed a higher prevalence of persistent symptoms compared with controls, including dyspnea, mobility limitations, anxiety, depression, and fatigue, particularly among women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Comparable findings were reported by See&#223;le et al., who identified reduced exercise capacity, persistent fatigue, and sleep disturbances in more than half of the patients evaluated 12 months after infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Other studies have also reported prolonged physical and mental impairments associated with greater disease severity during the acute phase of COVID-19.</p>
        <p>Interventional studies have also demonstrated meaningful therapeutic benefits in this population. In a clinical trial conducted by Jimeno-Almaz&#225;n et al., 82% of participants reported fatigue, 59% reported dyspnea, and 51.3% reported sleep disturbances. After eight weeks of supervised exercise training, significant improvements were observed in fatigue assessed by the FSS-BR, quality of life assessed by the SF-12, perceived dyspnea, HGS, and functional performance assessed by the 5STS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Consistently, structured rehabilitation programs have demonstrated benefits in functional capacity, muscle strength, fatigue, sleep quality, and dyspnea, reinforcing the importance of multidisciplinary therapeutic approaches for individuals with persistent symptoms following COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considering the findings observed and the growing recognition of the clinical relevance of arterial stiffness as a cardiovascular marker, the importance of comprehensive and early assessment of post-COVID-19 patients, particularly those with cardiovascular risk factors, is reinforced. The identification of vascular, hemodynamic, functional, and psychosocial alterations may contribute to the development of targeted monitoring and rehabilitation strategies. Although arterial stiffness assessment remains relatively underutilized in Brazilian clinical practice, it is a noninvasive, reproducible, low-cost method with potential applicability in this setting.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>This study has several limitations. The cross-sectional design precludes causal inference between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the observed alterations, making it impossible to establish the temporal direction of these associations. In addition, potentially relevant variables related to arterial stiffness, such as lipid profile, dietary patterns, and family history of cardiovascular disease, were not assessed. The high refusal rate during recruitment may have introduced selection bias, as individuals with greater psychological burden may have been less likely to participate. Finally, although validated, the oscillometric device used does not correspond to the tonometric method considered the reference standard for arterial stiffness assessment.</p>
          <p>On the other hand, to the best of the authors&#8217; knowledge, few studies have simultaneously evaluated arterial stiffness, hemodynamic parameters, and clinical-functional outcomes in post-COVID-19 patients, which adds originality and relevance to the findings presented.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The post-COVID-19 patients evaluated in this study exhibited increased arterial stiffness, significant alterations in AIx@75 and central and peripheral SBP, poorer functional performance, lower quality of life, higher levels of fatigue and dyspnea, and poorer sleep quality. These findings underscore the complexity of post-COVID-19 condition and highlight the need for longitudinal studies to better understand the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, they emphasize the importance of cardiovascular and functional assessment in these patients, as well as the implementation of multidisciplinary therapeutic strategies aimed at their follow-up and rehabilitation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Bruna Cavon Luna, from Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; under the protocol number 20227019.0.0000.0102. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT for create image. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by CAPES/Brasil.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
