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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YpwQhvxH7KrNC35nDSNv7rC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000600602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250891</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Fluxo e das Dimens&#245;es do Seio Coron&#225;rio por Ecocardiografia Transtor&#225;cica em Pacientes com Taquicardia por Reentrada Nodal Atrioventricular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6849-8894</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duygu</surname>
            <given-names>Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akg&#252;m&#252;&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Alkame</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balun</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Er</surname>
            <given-names>Fahri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Bandirma Onyedi Eylul Universitesi</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bandirma</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Bandirma Onyedi Eylul Universitesi &#8211; Department of Cardiology, Bandirma &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Ali Duygu</bold> &#8226; Bandirma Onyedi Eylul Universitesi &#8211; Department of Cardiology &#8211; Band&#305;rma/Bal&#305;kesir, 10200 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>aduygu@bandirma.edu.tr</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250891</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O seio coron&#225;rio (SC) desempenha um papel fundamental na drenagem venosa card&#237;aca e est&#225; anatomicamente adjacente &#224; regi&#227;o nodal atrioventricular. Embora o aumento estrutural do SC j&#225; tenha sido descrito em pacientes com taquicardia por reentrada nodal atrioventricular (TRNAV), o fluxo do seio coron&#225;rio (FSC) avaliado por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) ainda n&#227;o havia sido investigado nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre TRNAV e FSC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo retrospectivo, de centro &#250;nico, incluiu 35 pacientes com TRNAV submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida da via lenta e 34 controles saud&#225;veis pareados por idade e sexo. Todos os participantes realizaram ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica abrangente. O di&#226;metro do &#243;stio do SC, o di&#226;metro do SC e o FSC foram medidos por Doppler pulsado. O FSC foi calculado utilizando par&#226;metros geom&#233;tricos e derivados do Doppler. Valores de p &lt; 0.05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os par&#226;metros globais de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Pacientes com TRNAV apresentaram di&#226;metros significativamente maiores do &#243;stio do SC e do SC em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles (ambos p&lt;0.001). Apesar desse aumento, o FSC foi significativamente reduzido no grupo TRNAV (460.8 &#177; 83.3 vs. 523.8 &#177; 90.1 mL/min, p=0.004), acompanhado por um menor integral velocidade-tempo do SC. Notavelmente, o FSC indexado &#224; massa ventricular esquerda tamb&#233;m permaneceu significativamente menor nos pacientes com TRNAV, indicando que a redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo foi independente da massa mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com TRNAV apresentam um perfil hemodin&#226;mico distinto do SC, caracterizado por aumento estrutural do SC e redu&#231;&#227;o do FSC avaliado por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica. Esses achados sugerem altera&#231;&#245;es na hemodin&#226;mica venosa coron&#225;ria na TRNAV e fornecem novos insights fisiopatol&#243;gicos por meio de uma modalidade de imagem n&#227;o invasiva.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Fluxo e das Dimens&#245;es do Seio Coron&#225;rio por Ecocardiografia Transtor&#225;cica em Pacientes com Taquicardia por Reentrada Nodal Atrioventricular</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>SC: seio coron&#225;rio; TRNAV: taquicardia por reentrada nodal atrioventricular.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/YpwQhvxH7KrNC35nDSNv7rC/2b787259dd7cebb139960bb3373fc46c5ce0ca62.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/YpwQhvxH7KrNC35nDSNv7rC/4272d7fcd7db1b47036210bd7c67b9324500c537.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/YpwQhvxH7KrNC35nDSNv7rC/1d1af2be44f24c2703eeb919ed1909d894fcb644.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Taquicardia por Reentrada no N&#243; Atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Seio Coron&#225;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O seio coronariano (SC) &#233; uma estrutura fundamental para a drenagem venosa card&#237;aca, conduzindo o sangue das veias card&#237;acas para o &#225;trio direito. Devido &#224; sua proximidade com o n&#243; atrioventricular (AV), desempenha um papel crucial em procedimentos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos e terapias de abla&#231;&#227;o. A taquicardia por reentrada nodal atrioventricular (TRNAV) &#233; a forma mais comum de taquicardia supraventricular (TSV) parox&#237;stica. Ela &#233; causada por um circuito de reentrada envolvendo vias duplas localizadas ao redor do n&#243; AV, particularmente dentro do tri&#226;ngulo de Koch &#8212; uma &#225;rea anat&#244;mica definida pelo &#243;stio do SC (O-SC), pelo tend&#227;o de Todaro e pelo anel da valva tric&#250;spide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora o mecanismo exato ainda n&#227;o esteja totalmente esclarecido, estudos sugerem que a TRNAV est&#225; relacionada a um circuito de reentrada entre vias lenta e r&#225;pida situadas na regi&#227;o peri-O-SC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A abla&#231;&#227;o da TRNAV tamb&#233;m &#233; realizada pr&#243;xima ao O-SC, dentro do tri&#226;ngulo de Koch. Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que o di&#226;metro do O-SC &#233; maior em pacientes com TRNAV, possivelmente alterando vias de condu&#231;&#227;o e contribuindo para a arritmog&#234;nese. No entanto, o papel do fluxo no seio coronariano (FSC), um &#237;ndice mensur&#225;vel de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, ainda n&#227;o foi investigado no contexto da TRNAV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, buscamos explorar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre TRNAV e o fluxo no seio coronariano utilizando ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <p>O estudo foi conduzido com a aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa N&#227;o Intervencional em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Band&#305;rma Onyedi Eyl&#252;l (Data: 06.02.2025, N&#250;mero: E-67961857-050.04-2500011721). Todos os procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com as diretrizes &#233;ticas e os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, que incluiu 35 pacientes consecutivos diagnosticados com TRNAV e 34 controles saud&#225;veis pareados por idade e sexo. Todos os pacientes do grupo TRNAV foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida da via lenta.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono, hist&#243;rico de uso de medicamentos ou subst&#226;ncias, insufici&#234;ncia renal ou hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, hist&#243;rico de pr&#243;teses valvares, di&#226;metro da raiz a&#243;rtica maior que 40 mm, valva a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide ou janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica inadequada. Pacientes com hist&#243;rico de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM), s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, hipertens&#227;o portal, idade inferior a 18 anos, doen&#231;a do tecido conjuntivo, insufici&#234;ncia ou estenose valvar avan&#231;ada, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita, diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar ou hist&#243;rico de embolia pulmonar tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais foram obtidos dos prontu&#225;rios hospitalares.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento eletrofisiol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>Cateteres foram utilizados como dispositivos de acesso percut&#226;neo e posicionados pela t&#233;cnica de Seldinger, com fluoroscopia empregada para visualizar o avan&#231;o dos cateteres. Para a canula&#231;&#227;o do SC, foi utilizada abordagem inferior ou superior (cateter decapolar dirig&#237;vel 6F, 2,52 mm, 110 cm, Boston Scientific, Massachusetts, EUA). Dois cateteres quadripolares foram posicionados no ventr&#237;culo direito e na regi&#227;o do feixe de His. Um sistema multicanal de registro eletrofisiol&#243;gico foi utilizado para obter ECG de superf&#237;cie de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e eletrogramas intracard&#237;acos.</p>
        <p>Cada paciente com TSV foi submetido a um estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico padr&#227;o, incluindo testes de extraest&#237;mulos atriais e ventriculares, bem como <italic>overdrive pacing</italic>, para induzir a taquicardia e determinar seu mecanismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico de TRNAV foi estabelecido de acordo com crit&#233;rios padr&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o da TRNAV, realizou-se a modifica&#231;&#227;o da via lenta sob orienta&#231;&#227;o fluorosc&#243;pica e/ou mapeamento tridimensional. O tri&#226;ngulo inferior de Koch foi identificado como a regi&#227;o-alvo para a abla&#231;&#227;o da via lenta.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>A ETT bidimensional (Vivid T8, GE Vingmed, EUA) foi utilizada para todas as medi&#231;&#245;es. As avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas com os pacientes em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado. A espessura do septo interventricular (SIV), a espessura da parede posterior (PP), o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE), o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSFVE) e as medidas do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) foram obtidos a partir da janela paraesternal em eixo longo (PLAX).</p>
        <p>O O-SC foi visualizado modificando-se as janelas PLAX e apical de quatro c&#226;maras. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas verticalmente a partir do ponto onde o O-SC se abre no &#225;trio direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). As ondas E, A, E&#8242; e A&#8242; do fluxo mitral foram medidas por meio do Doppler tecidual (TDI), e a excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) foi obtida com M-modo na janela apical de quatro c&#226;maras.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vis&#227;o do &#243;stio do seio coron&#225;rio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250891-50891-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>As janelas apicais de quatro c&#226;maras e PLAX foram ajustadas para visualizar o SC. O d-SC foi medido em seu ponto mais amplo durante a s&#237;stole ventricular, mantendo-se uma dist&#226;ncia de 1 cm do &#243;stio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2</xref>). Para avaliar o FSC, o O-SC foi inicialmente identificado modificando-se a janela PLAX. O cursor do Doppler foi alinhado com o O-SC de modo que o &#226;ngulo entre o eixo do cursor e o eixo do SC fosse inferior a 30&#176;. O volume de amostragem do Doppler pulsado (PW) foi ent&#227;o posicionado 3 mm dentro do &#243;stio, em uma regi&#227;o minimamente afetada pelas contra&#231;&#245;es atriais. O integral velocidade-tempo (VTI) ventricular foi calculado tra&#231;ando-se as ondas sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do fluxo no SC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3</xref>). A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi registrada a partir do ECG no momento da aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do seio coron&#225;rio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250891-50891-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o do integral velocidade-tempo do seio coron&#225;rio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250891-50891-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>O fluxo no seio coronariano (mL/min) foi calculado pela seguinte f&#243;rmula: <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="m1"><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo><mml:mi>&#960;</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">&#234;</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">&#237;</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>. Aqui, <italic>D</italic> representa o di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo do seio coronariano, e &#960; &#233; a raz&#227;o entre a circunfer&#234;ncia de um c&#237;rculo e seu di&#226;metro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi determinado por conveni&#234;ncia, incluindo todos os pacientes consecutivos que realizaram abla&#231;&#227;o de TRNAV durante o per&#237;odo do estudo e que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Um n&#250;mero igual de indiv&#237;duos controle foi inclu&#237;do. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o IBM SPSS Statistics vers&#227;o 26. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, enquanto vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IQR) para dados sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal.</p>
        <p>A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada por m&#233;todos visuais (histogramas e gr&#225;ficos de probabilidade) e por testes anal&#237;ticos (teste de Shapiro&#8211;Wilk). As compara&#231;&#245;es entre dois grupos independentes foram realizadas utilizando o teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste de Mann&#8211;Whitney U para vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 69 participantes foi inclu&#237;do (35 pacientes com TRNAV e 34 controles). A idade m&#233;dia do grupo TRNAV foi de 32,00 &#177; 6,01 anos, enquanto a idade m&#233;dia do grupo controle foi de 29,35 &#177; 5,73 anos. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram semelhantes entre os grupos, sem diferen&#231;as significativas na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, dimens&#245;es das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas ou valores de TAPSE.</p>
      <p>Tanto o O-SC quanto o d-SC foram significativamente maiores no grupo TRNAV em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles. O FSC e o VTI do SC foram significativamente menores no grupo TRNAV, e essas diferen&#231;as permaneceram significativas ap&#243;s indexa&#231;&#227;o pela massa ventricular esquerda.</p>
      <p>Todas as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#ADC9EA">
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">TRNAV</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Controle</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32,00 &#177; 6,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29,35 5,73</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,066<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E1ECF8">
              <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                <bold>G&#234;nero, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E1ECF8">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (48%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (41%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0,779<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E1ECF8">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Feminino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (52%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (59%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Altura (cm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">169,14 9,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">170,47 &#177; 8,70</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,536<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E1ECF8">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Peso (kg)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">75,49 &#177; 10,74</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,53 &#177; 7,77</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,085<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,60 &#177; 4,73</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24,68 &#177; 2,70</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,043<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E1ECF8">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>FC (beat/min)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64,03 8,18</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">67,71 &#177; 8,39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,070<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; TRNAV: taquicardia por reentrada nodal atrioventricular</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>teste t de Student</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#ADC9EA">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">TRNAV</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Controle</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>FEVE %</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60,97 &#177; 4,91</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61,15 &#177; 4,45</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,877<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E1ECF8">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>TAPSE (mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24,89 &#177; 3,11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,26 &#177; 3,17</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,073<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>DDFVE (mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47,14 &#177; 4,65</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45,24 &#177; 4,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,080<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E1ECF8">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>DSFVE (mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,69 &#177; 4,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29,79 &#177; 4,40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,074<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>SIV (mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,20 &#177; 1,18</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,79 &#177; 0,67</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,087<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E1ECF8">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>PP (mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,51 &#177; 1,06</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,18 &#177; 0,67</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,122<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Mit E (m/s)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,91 &#177; 0,06</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,91 &#177; 0,14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,858<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E1ECF8">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>e&#8217; (m/s)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,15 &#177; 0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,14 &#177; 0,02</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,107<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Mit A (m/s)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,68 &#177; 0,07</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,67 &#177; 0,10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,502<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E1ECF8">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>a&#8217; (m/s)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,08 &#177; 0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,10 &#177; 0,03</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,336<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>E/e&#8217;</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,98 &#177; 0,95</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,26 &#177; 1,26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,298<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E1ECF8">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Massa do VE (g)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">189,78 &#177; 46,20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">144,41 &#177; 39,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,000</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>VTI (cm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12,33 &#177; 1,75</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19,24 &#177; 2,60</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,000</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E1ECF8">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>O-SC (mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,19 &#177; 0,12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,94 &#177; ,13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,000</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>d-SC (mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,87 &#177; 0,08</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,72 &#177; 0,07</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,000</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E1ECF8">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>FSC (ml/min)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">460,75 &#177; 83,26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">523,78 &#177; 90,06</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,004</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>&#205;ndice do FSC (mL/min/gram)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,371(0,277-0,539)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,278(0,226-0,357)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,000</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSFVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SIV: septo interventricular; PP: parede posterior; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VTI: integral velocidade-tempo ventricular; O-SC: &#243;stio do seio coron&#225;rio; d-SC: di&#226;metro do seio coron&#225;rio; FSC: Fluxo do seio coron&#225;rio</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>Teste t de Student</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Teste U de Mann-Whitney.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo &#233; o primeiro a investigar o FSC em pacientes com TRNAV utilizando ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica. Demonstramos que o FSC &#233; significativamente menor e que o d-SC &#233; significativamente maior em pacientes com TRNAV em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo ocorre apesar da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica global preservada e &#233; acompanhada por um aumento acentuado tanto do O-SC quanto do d-SC. Em conjunto, esses achados descrevem um fen&#243;tipo hemodin&#226;mico venoso coronariano distinto em pacientes com TRNAV.</p>
      <p>A TRNAV &#233; a arritmia regular mais comum em humanos. Diversos modelos foram propostos para explicar seu mecanismo, considerando a anatomia complexa e as propriedades eletrofisiol&#243;gicas do n&#243; AV e das estruturas atriais adjacentes; no entanto, o circuito exato da TRNAV permanece incompletamente compreendido. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, v&#225;rios estudos buscaram esclarecer seu mecanismo subjacente. Um estudo examinou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o SC e a TRNAV e demonstrou que a abla&#231;&#227;o direcionada ao ponto de ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial retr&#243;grada mais precoce dentro do SC, em pacientes com ativa&#231;&#227;o exc&#234;ntrica do SC, resultou em desfechos altamente bem-sucedidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro estudo comparou pacientes com TRNAV t&#237;pica e at&#237;pica e encontrou um O-SC mais amplo nos pacientes com TRNAV t&#237;pica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em um estudo de Ezhumalai et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> os di&#226;metros proximal e m&#233;dio do SC foram avaliados em pacientes com TRNAV e TRAV utilizando ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, e observou-se que o SC era mais largo no grupo TRNAV. No entanto, Weiss et al.&#185;&#185; mostraram que, embora o d-SC fosse maior em pacientes com TRNAV, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos TRNAV e controle.</p>
      <p>O aumento do O-SC estira o tecido periostial, aumentando a dist&#226;ncia entre as vias lenta e r&#225;pida e levando a condu&#231;&#227;o em dire&#231;&#245;es diferentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, um SC mais amplo pode predispor a diferentes padr&#245;es de fisiologia nodal ao separar as entradas atriais para o n&#243; AV ou aumentar a condu&#231;&#227;o anisotr&#243;pica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma observa&#231;&#227;o fundamental do presente estudo &#233; que o aumento do seio coronariano em pacientes com TRNAV n&#227;o est&#225; associado a um aumento do fluxo no seio coronariano. Pelo contr&#225;rio, o FSC e o integral velocidade-tempo do seio coronariano foram significativamente menores no grupo TRNAV. Essa combina&#231;&#227;o de maior di&#226;metro venoso e menor fluxo efetivo sugere um padr&#227;o de remodelamento venoso coronariano, e n&#227;o simplesmente um aumento de fluxo. Tal remodelamento pode refletir altera&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas na anatomia atrial perinodal, na complac&#234;ncia venosa local ou no acoplamento &#225;trio-venoso adjacente &#224; regi&#227;o da via lenta, conforme previamente proposto em estudos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos e anat&#244;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; importante destacar que a estrutura e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas globais estavam amplamente preservadas nos pacientes com TRNAV. A FEVE, os &#237;ndices de enchimento diast&#243;lico e os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito foram semelhantes entre os grupos, indicando que a redu&#231;&#227;o do FSC n&#227;o se deveu a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular evidente. Embora a massa ventricular esquerda tenha sido maior no grupo TRNAV, a indexa&#231;&#227;o do FSC pela massa mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o eliminou a diferen&#231;a observada, refor&#231;ando a ideia de que o FSC reduzido representa uma caracter&#237;stica hemodin&#226;mica distinta, e n&#227;o um efeito secund&#225;rio da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      <p>O FSC j&#225; foi demonstrado como um marcador de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana global em diversas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, incluindo doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, miocardite, cardiomiopatias e ap&#243;s procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a redu&#231;&#227;o do FSC tem sido associada a condi&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o coronarianas, como les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica relacionada ao uso de subst&#226;ncias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No entanto, seu papel em substratos arr&#237;tmicos n&#227;o havia sido investigado. Os achados do presente estudo sugerem que altera&#231;&#245;es na hemodin&#226;mica venosa coronariana podem coexistir com o substrato anat&#244;mico e eletrofisiol&#243;gico da TRNAV. Embora n&#227;o seja poss&#237;vel inferir causalidade a partir deste estudo observacional, o FSC reduzido pode refletir adapta&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas na regi&#227;o perinodal que contribuem para, ou resultam do, substrato da TRNAV.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Seu delineamento retrospectivo e o tamanho amostral relativamente pequeno limitam a capacidade de estabelecer rela&#231;&#245;es causais. O FSC foi avaliado em repouso e em um &#250;nico momento, e medidas hemodin&#226;micas invasivas n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis para valida&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, embora tenha sido realizado um alinhamento meticuloso do Doppler, a mensura&#231;&#227;o do FSC por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica permanece tecnicamente desafiadora. Ainda assim, a consist&#234;ncia dos achados entre m&#250;ltiplos par&#226;metros relacionados ao seio coronariano refor&#231;a a validade das nossas observa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pacientes com TRNAV apresentam um perfil hemodin&#226;mico distinto do seio coronariano, caracterizado por aumento do seu di&#226;metro e redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo, conforme avaliado pela ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica. Esses achados fornecem uma nova perspectiva n&#227;o invasiva sobre a hemodin&#226;mica venosa coronariana na TRNAV e sugerem que a avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo no seio coronariano pode servir como um par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico complementar para a compreens&#227;o da fisiopatologia dessa arritmia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Noninterventional Research, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul Univ. sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo E-67961857-050.04-2500011721. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT para prepara&#231;&#227;o da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura central</xref>. Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente.</p>
    </sec>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos / Declara&#231;&#227;o de uso de IA</title>
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        <mixed-citation>16 Wei GL, Zheng XZ, Chen KQ, Shi YY, Wang LY, Tan XY. Coronary Sinus Flow is Reduced in Methamphetamine Abusers: A Transthoracic Echocardiographic Study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;34(12):1889-94. doi: 10.1007/s10554-018-1417-y.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250891i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of Coronary Sinus Flow and Dimensions by Transthoracic Echocardiography in Patients with Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6849-8894</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duygu</surname>
            <given-names>Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akg&#252;m&#252;&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Alkame</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balun</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Er</surname>
            <given-names>Fahri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bandirma</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Bandirma Onyedi Eylul Universitesi &#8211; Department of Cardiology, Bandirma &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Ali Duygu</bold> &#8226; Bandirma Onyedi Eylul Universitesi &#8211; Department of Cardiology &#8211; Band&#305;rma/Bal&#305;kesir, 10200 &#8211; T&#252;rkiye E-mail: <email>aduygu@bandirma.edu.tr</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The coronary sinus (CS) plays a pivotal role in cardiac venous drainage and is anatomically adjacent to the atrioventricular nodal region. Although structural enlargement of the CS has been described in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), coronary sinus flow (CSF) assessed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has not previously been investigated in this population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the relationship between AVNRT and CSF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This retrospective single-center study included 35 patients with AVNRT who underwent successful slow-pathway ablation and 34 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All participants underwent comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography. CS ostial diameter, CS diameter, and CSF were measured using pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography. CSF was calculated using standard geometric and Doppler-derived parameters. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Global left and right ventricular systolic and diastolic function parameters were similar between groups. Patients with AVNRT exhibited significantly larger CS ostial and CS diameters compared with controls (both p&lt;0.001). Despite this enlargement, CSF was significantly reduced in the AVNRT group (460.8 &#177; 83.3 vs. 523.8 &#177; 90.1 mL/min, p=0.004), accompanied by a lower CS velocity&#8211;time integral. Notably, CSF indexed to left ventricular mass also remained significantly lower in AVNRT patients, indicating that reduced flow was independent of myocardial mass.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Patients with AVNRT demonstrate a distinct coronary sinus hemodynamic profile characterized by CS enlargement and reduced CSF as assessed by transthoracic echocardiography. These findings suggest altered coronary venous hemodynamics in AVNRT and provide novel pathophysiological insights using a non-invasive imaging modality.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Assessment of Coronary Sinus Flow and Dimensions by Transthoracic Echocardiography in Patients with Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>CS: coronary sinus; AVNRT: atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250891-50891-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Sinus</kwd>
        <kwd>Doppler Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The coronary sinus (CS) is a key structure for cardiac venous drainage, channeling blood from the cardiac veins into the right atrium. Due to its proximity to the atrioventricular (AV) node, it plays a critical role in electrophysiological procedures and ablation therapies. Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common form of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). It is caused by a reentrant circuit involving dual pathways located around the AV node, particularly within the Koch triangle &#8211; an anatomical area defined by the CS ostium (CSo), the tendon of Todaro, and the tricuspid valve annulus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although the exact mechanism is unclear, studies suggest that AVNRT is related to a re-entrant circuit between slow and fast pathways located in the peri-CSo region.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> AVNRT ablation also occurs near the CSo within the Koch triangle. Previous studies have shown that the diameter of the CSo is larger in AVNRT patients, potentially altering conduction pathways and contributing to arrhythmogenesis. However, the role of coronary sinus flow (CSF), a measurable index of myocardial perfusion, has not been previously investigated in the context of AVNRT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this study, we sought to explore the association between AVNRT and coronary sinus flow using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <p>The study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee for Non-Interventional Research in Health Sciences at Band&#305;rma Onyedi Eyl&#252;l University (Date: 06.02.2025, Number: E-67961857-050.04-2500011721). All procedures were carried out in accordance with ethical guidelines and the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This was a retrospective, single-center study including 35 consecutive patients diagnosed with AVNRT and 34 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All patients in the AVNRT group underwent successful slow-pathway catheter ablation.</p>
          <p>Patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, a history of medication or substance use, chronic kidney or liver failure, atrial fibrillation, congenital heart disease, a history of prosthetic valves, an aortic root diameter greater than 40 mm, a bicuspid aortic valve or a poor echocardiographic window were excluded. Patients with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), ischemic stroke, portal hypertension, being under 18 years of age, connective tissue disease, advanced valve insufficiency or stenosis, right heart failure, a diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, or a history of pulmonary embolism were excluded from the study.</p>
          <p>Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were obtained from hospital records.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrophysiological procedure</title>
          <p>Catheters were used as percutaneous access devices and positioned using the Seldinger technique, with fluoroscopy employed to visualize catheter advancement. For CS cannulation, either an inferior or superior approach was used (6F steerable decapolar catheter, 2.52 mm, 110 cm, Boston Scientific, Massachusetts, USA). Two quadripolar catheters were placed in the right ventricle and in the His bundle region. A multichannel electrophysiology recorder was used to obtain a 12-lead surface ECG and intracardiac electrograms.</p>
          <p>Each patient with SVT underwent a standard electrophysiology study, which included atrial and ventricular extrastimulus testing as well as overdrive pacing to induce tachycardia and determine its mechanism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The diagnosis of AVNRT was established according to standard criteria. After confirming AVNRT, slow-pathway modification was performed under fluoroscopic and/or three-dimensional mapping guidance. The inferior Koch triangle was identified as the target region for slow-pathway ablation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Two-dimensional TTE (Vivid T8, GE Vingmed, USA) was used for all measurements. Echocardiographic assessments were performed with patients in the left lateral decubitus position. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated using the modified Simpson method. Interventricular septal thickness (IVS), posterior wall thickness (PWT), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD), and left atrial (LA) size were obtained from the parasternal long-axis (PLAX) view.</p>
          <p>The CSo was visualized by modifying the PLAX and apical four-chamber views. Measurements were taken vertically from the point where the CSo opens into the right atrium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>). Mitral inflow E, A, E&#8242;, and A&#8242; waves were measured using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) was obtained using M-mode in the apical four-chamber view.</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>View of coronary sinus ostium.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250891-50891-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The apical four-chamber and PLAX views were adjusted to visualize the CS. CS diameter (CSd) was measured at its widest point during ventricular systole, leaving a 1-cm distance from the ostium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>). To assess CSF, the CSo was first identified by modifying the PLAX view. The Doppler cursor was aligned with the CSo so that the angle between the cursor axis and the CS axis was less than 30&#176;. A pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler sample volume was then placed 3 mm inside the ostium, in a region minimally affected by atrial contractions. The ventricular velocity&#8211;time integral (VTI) was calculated by tracing the systolic and diastolic CS flow waves (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>). Heart rate was recorded from the ECG at the time of image acquisition.</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Measurement of coronary sinus diameter.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250891-50891-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Measurement of coronary sinus velocity-time integral.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250891-50891-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Coronary sinus flow (mL/min) was calculated using the following formula: [&#960; &#215; D<sup>2</sup> / 4 &#215; VTI &#215; heart rate]. Here, D represents the maximum diameter of the coronary sinus, and &#960; is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The sample size was determined by convenience, including all consecutive patients who underwent AVNRT ablation during the study period and met the inclusion criteria. An equal number of control subjects were enrolled. The IBM SPSS Statistics 26 package was used for the statistical analysis. Categorical variables are presented as absolute and relative frequencies and continuous variables are presented as the mean &#177; standard deviation if they are normally distributed, or the median and interquartile range (IQR) if they are not.</p>
          <p>Distribution normality of the variables was examined using visual (histogram and probability graphs) and analytic methods (Shapiro&#8211;Wilk test). Two independent groups with a normal distribution were compared using Student's t-test, while those without a normal distribution were compared using the Mann&#8211;Whitney U-test. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. Statistical significance is defined as p-values less than 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 69 participants were included (35 AVNRT patients and 34 controls). The mean age of the AVNRT group was 32.00 &#177; 6.01 years, and the mean age of the control group was 29.35 &#177; 5.73 years. Demographic and echocardiographic characteristics were similar between groups, with no significant differences in left ventricular ejection fraction, chamber dimensions, or TAPSE values.</p>
        <p>Both CSo and CSd were significantly larger in the AVNRT group compared with controls. CSF and CS VTI were significantly lower in the AVNRT group, and these differences remained significant after indexing to left ventricular mass.</p>
        <p>All echocardiographic measurements are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">AVNRT</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Control</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Age (year)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32.00 &#177; 6.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29.35 5.73</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.066<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Gender, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (41%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0.779<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Female</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (59%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Height (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">169.14 9.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">170.47 &#177; 8.70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.536<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Weight (kg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75.49 &#177; 10.74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.53 &#177; 7.77</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.085<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26.60 &#177; 4.73</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24.68 &#177; 2.70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.043<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>HR (beat/min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64.03 8.18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67.71 &#177; 8.39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.070<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>AVNRT: atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia BMI: Body mass index, HR: Heart rate.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Student's t test,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Chi-square test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">AVNRT</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Control</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>LVEF %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60.97 &#177; 4.91</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61.15 &#177; 4.45</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.877<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>TAPSE (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24.89 &#177; 3.11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26.26 &#177; 3.17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.073<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>LVEDD (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47.14 &#177; 4.65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45.24 &#177; 4.23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.080<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>LVESD (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.69 &#177; 4.23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29.79 &#177; 4.40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.074<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>IVS (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.20 &#177; 1.18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.79 &#177; 0.67</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.087<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>PW (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.51 &#177; 1.06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.18 &#177; 0.67</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.122<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Mit E (m/s)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.91 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.91 &#177; 0.14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.858<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>e&#8217; (m/s)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.15 &#177; 0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.14 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.107<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Mit A (m/s)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.68 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.67 &#177; 0.10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.502<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>a&#8217; (m/s)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.08 &#177; 0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.10 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.336<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>E/e&#8217;</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.98 &#177; 0.95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.26 &#177; 1.26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.298<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>LVMass (g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">189.78 &#177; 46.20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">144.41 &#177; 39.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.000</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>VTI (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12.33 &#177; 1.75</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19.24 &#177; 2.60</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.000</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>CSo (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.19 &#177; 0.12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.94 &#177; .13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.000</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>CSd (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.87 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.72 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.000</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>CSF (ml/min)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">460.75 &#177; 83.26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">523.78 &#177; 90.06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">a</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>CSF index (mL/min/gram)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.371 (0.277-0.539)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.278 (0.226-0.357)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.000</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">b</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; LVEDD: left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end systolic diameter; IVS: interventricular septum; PW: posterior wall; VTI: velocity-time integral; CSo: Coronary sinus ostium; CSd: Coronary sinus diameter; CSF: Coronary sinus flow.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Student's t test,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney U-test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study is the first to investigate CSF in patients with AVNRT using transthoracic echocardiography. We demonstrated that CSF is significantly lower and the CS diameter significantly larger in patients with AVNRT compared with healthy controls. This reduction in flow occurs despite preserved global ventricular systolic and diastolic function and is accompanied by marked enlargement of both the CSo and CSd. Together, these findings describe a distinct coronary venous hemodynamic phenotype in patients with AVNRT.</p>
        <p>AVNRT is the most common regular arrhythmia in humans. Several models have been proposed to explain its mechanism, considering the complex anatomy and electrophysiological properties of the AV node and surrounding atrial structures; however, the true AVNRT circuit remains incompletely understood. In recent years, multiple studies have sought to clarify its underlying mechanism. One study examined the relationship between the CS and AVNRT and found that ablation targeting the site of earliest retrograde atrial activation within the CS in patients with eccentric CS activation produced highly successful outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another study compared typical and atypical AVNRT patients and found that the CSo diameter was wider in patients with typical AVNRT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In a study by Ezhumalai et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> the proximal and mid diameters of the CS were examined in patients with AVNRT and AVRT using TOE. It was observed that the CS was wider in the AVNRT group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, Weiss et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> showed that, although the CS diameter was wider in AVNRT patients, there was no significant difference between the AVNRT and control groups.</p>
        <p>CSo enlargement stretches the periosteal tissue, increasing the distance between the slow and fast pathways and leading to conduction in different directions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Additionally, a larger CS may predispose to different AV node physiology by separating atrial entries to the AV node or increasing anisotropic conduction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A key observation of the present study is that coronary sinus enlargement in AVNRT patients is not associated with increased coronary sinus flow. On the contrary, CSF and coronary sinus velocity&#8211;time integral were significantly lower in the AVNRT group. This combination of increased venous diameter and reduced effective flow suggests a pattern of coronary venous remodeling rather than simple flow augmentation. Such remodeling may reflect chronic alterations in peri-nodal atrial anatomy, local venous compliance, or altered atrial&#8211;venous coupling adjacent to the slow-pathway region, as previously hypothesized in electrophysiological and anatomical studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Importantly, global cardiac structure and function were largely preserved in AVNRT patients. Left ventricular ejection fraction, diastolic filling indices, and right ventricular systolic function parameters were comparable between groups, indicating that reduced CSF was not attributable to overt ventricular dysfunction. Although left ventricular mass was higher in the AVNRT group, indexing coronary sinus flow to myocardial mass did not eliminate the observed difference, supporting the notion that reduced CSF represents a distinct hemodynamic feature rather than a secondary effect of myocardial hypertrophy.</p>
        <p>CSF has previously been shown to reflect myocardial perfusion and global coronary circulation in various clinical conditions, including ischemic heart disease, myocarditis, cardiomyopathies, and following revascularization procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In addition, reduced CSF has been associated with non-coronary conditions such as substance-related myocardial injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, its role in arrhythmic substrates has not been investigated. The present findings suggest that altered coronary venous hemodynamics may coexist with the anatomical and electrophysiological substrate of AVNRT. While causality cannot be inferred from this observational study, reduced CSF may reflect chronic adaptations in the peri-nodal region that contribute to, or result from, the AVNRT substrate.</p>
        <p>This study has several limitations. Its retrospective design and relatively small sample size limit causal inference. CSF was assessed at rest and at a single time point, and invasive hemodynamic measurements were not available for validation. Additionally, although meticulous Doppler alignment was performed, CSF measurement by transthoracic echocardiography remains technically challenging. Nevertheless, the consistency of findings across multiple coronary sinus&#8211;related parameters strengthens the validity of our observations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Patients with AVNRT exhibit a distinct coronary sinus hemodynamic profile characterized by coronary sinus enlargement and reduced coronary sinus flow as assessed by transthoracic echocardiography. These findings provide novel non-invasive insight into coronary venous hemodynamics in AVNRT and suggest that coronary sinus flow assessment may serve as a complementary echocardiographic parameter for understanding the pathophysiology of this arrhythmia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Noninterventional Research, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul Univ. under the protocol number E-67961857-050.04-2500011721. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT for preparation of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">central illustration</xref>. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
        <p>All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
      </sec>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements / AI statement</title>
        <p>Artificial intelligence-assisted tools were used for the creation and refinement of the graphical illustration. The authors reviewed, edited, and take full responsibility for the final content.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
