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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">GHW8YvpMhqnxMx6FYq8QKnk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000600605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250865</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Tratamento com Capsinoides Promove Redu&#231;&#227;o da Contratilidade dos Cardiomi&#243;citos na Obesidade sem Modular Positivamente Par&#226;metros Metab&#243;licos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Kiany</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>K&#233;ssia Cristina Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Janete Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Domingos</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Furtado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiane Merigueti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simmer</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Sesana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3993-8277</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bocalini</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Sales</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4049-4418</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima-Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5999-2671</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Andre Leopoldo</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo &#8211; Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514. CEP <postal-code>29075-910</postal-code>, Campus Goibaieras, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>andresoaresleopoldo@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250865</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os capsinoides (Cap) s&#227;o compostos bioativos com propriedades termog&#234;nicas capazes de promover altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e auxiliar na digest&#227;o, podendo influenciar a perda de gordura na obesidade. No entanto, seus efeitos sobre o tecido card&#237;aco permanecem pouco esclarecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo investigou os efeitos da administra&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de Cap sobre a contratilidade e a morfologia card&#237;aca em ratos obesos (Ob) induzidos por uma dieta hiperlip&#237;dica (DHL) saturada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos foram distribu&#237;dos em grupos alimentados com dieta padr&#227;o (DP) ou DHL por 19 semanas. Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, os animais foram redistribu&#237;dos em Controle (C), Obeso (Ob) e Obeso suplementado com capsinoides (ObCap). O grupo ObCap recebeu Cap por gavagem orog&#225;strica (10 mg/kg). Foram realizadas avalia&#231;&#245;es nutricionais, perfil diet&#233;tico, an&#225;lises histol&#243;gicas, comorbidades e avalia&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% para todos os testes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os dep&#243;sitos de gordura e a adiposidade total foram maiores nos animais Ob em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C, sem diferen&#231;as entre Ob e ObCap. Altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, hormonais e lip&#237;dicas foram observadas entre Ob e ObCap. N&#227;o foram detectadas diferen&#231;as na morfometria card&#237;aca entre os grupos. O grupo ObCap apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o na fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento em compara&#231;&#227;o ao Ob. Quanto ao tempo de encurtamento, os animais Ob apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao C, enquanto o grupo ObCap apresentou aumento em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Ob.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O tratamento com Cap n&#227;o preveniu o ac&#250;mulo excessivo de gordura nem melhorou os par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos na obesidade. Al&#233;m disso, prejudicou a contratilidade dos cardiomi&#243;citos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta Hiperlip&#237;dica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o do Esp&#237;rito Santo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2026-Z7R9N</award-id>
          <award-id>2025-HV8WR</award-id>
          <award-id>2023-MHRH6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo foi financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o do Esp&#237;rito Santo, grants (2026-Z7R9N, 2025-HV8WR and 2023-MHRH6).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <p>O tratamento com capsinoides compromete a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til dos cardiomi&#243;citos na presen&#231;a de obesidade.</p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250865-50865-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O sobrepeso e a obesidade s&#227;o caracterizados pelo ac&#250;mulo excessivo de gordura e est&#227;o associados a diversas complica&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em particular, a obesidade pode levar a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, diabetes, c&#226;ncer e hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a obesidade est&#225; relacionada a altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais no cora&#231;&#227;o, tanto em humanos quanto em modelos animais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es incluem hipertrofia dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo, aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, que podem evoluir para formas mais graves de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos tamb&#233;m relataram que a obesidade pode causar disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til no cora&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e esse dano pode ocorrer j&#225; no in&#237;cio da obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Um aspecto interessante &#233; o crescente uso de suplementos alimentares para fins est&#233;ticos, impulsionado principalmente pelas redes sociais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A busca pelo "corpo perfeito" tem estimulado a oferta desses produtos, incentivando a ind&#250;stria a desenvolver cada vez mais "p&#237;lulas milagrosas", suplementos alimentares, termog&#234;nicos e compostos bioativos. Entre esses compostos bioativos, os capsinoides (Cap) t&#234;m sido sugeridos como uma estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica para manter um corpo magro com baixa massa de gordura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dentro da fam&#237;lia dos Cap, o extrato seco de <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> &#233; um an&#225;logo n&#227;o picante da capsaicina, derivado de pimentas doces do g&#234;nero Capsicum, pertencente &#224; fam&#237;lia Solanaceae. Esse extrato cont&#233;m tr&#234;s tipos de Cap: capsiato, dihidrocapsiato e nordihidrocapsiato. Os Cap exercem efeitos semelhantes aos da capsaicina, ativando o receptor vaniloide do tipo 1 (TRPV1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os efeitos antiobesidade dos Cap foram demonstrados em popula&#231;&#245;es humanas, com dados epidemiol&#243;gicos indicando que o consumo de alimentos contendo esses compostos pode reduzir a preval&#234;ncia da obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Alguns estudos sugerem que os Cap podem aumentar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e contribuir para a preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que esses compostos exercem efeitos ben&#233;ficos sobre o sistema cardiovascular, ajudando a prevenir condi&#231;&#245;es como hipertens&#227;o e aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses achados ressaltam a necessidade de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais abrangente das respostas metab&#243;licas e card&#237;acas &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de Cap e suas implica&#231;&#245;es para estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas no contexto da obesidade. Assim, o presente estudo foi desenvolvido para testar a hip&#243;tese de que a administra&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de Cap modula positivamente a contratilidade dos cardiomi&#243;citos e os par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Cuidados com os animais e delineamento experimental</title>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos experimentais foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais (CEUA) da UFES, sob o protocolo n&#186; 08/2022. Ratos Wistar (n = 41), com 30 dias de idade, foram mantidos em ambiente controlado, com ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas, umidade relativa de 55 &#177; 5% e temperatura de 24 &#177; 2 &#176;C. Um grupo recebeu dieta padr&#227;o (DP, n = 16; AIN-93, fornecendo 9,4% das calorias provenientes de gordura e densidade energ&#233;tica de 3,81 kcal/g), enquanto o outro grupo foi alimentado com dieta hiperlip&#237;dica (DHL, n = 25; fornecendo 45,3% das calorias provenientes de gordura e densidade energ&#233;tica de 4,82 kcal/g) (Pragsolu&#231;&#245;es Bioci&#234;ncias<sup>&#174;</sup>, Brasil). A composi&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica das dietas &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Durante todo o estudo, os animais tiveram acesso irrestrito &#224; &#225;gua purificada e &#224; ra&#231;&#227;o (40 g/dia).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o e valores de macronutrientes das dietas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Componentes (g/kg)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Dietas</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Dieta padr&#227;o (AIN - 93)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Dieta hiperlipidica</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Amido de milho</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">465</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">271</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Case&#237;na</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">140</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">170</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Amido dextrinizado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">155</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">155</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sacarose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#211;leo de soja</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Celulose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">L-Ciste&#237;na</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mineral mix*</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Vitamina mix*</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Bitartarato de colina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Banha</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hidroxitolueno butilado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,016</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>1000</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>1000</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Macronutrientes (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prote&#237;na</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Carboidrato</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lip&#237;dios</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45,4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Mistura de vitaminas e minerais: vitamina A, vitamina D<sub>3</sub><italic>, vitaina K</italic><sub>3</sub><italic>, complexo B, &#225;cido pantot&#234;nico, &#225;cido f&#243;lico, biotina, colina, vit. C, sel&#234;nio, ferro, cobre, mangan&#234;s, iodo, zinco, cobalto, c&#225;lcio e f&#243;sforo.</italic></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O protocolo experimental (esquematizado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>) teve dura&#231;&#227;o total de 27 semanas, dividido em duas fases: (i) uma fase de indu&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o da obesidade, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 19 semanas, seguida por (ii) um per&#237;odo de 8 semanas de tratamento com Cap. Ao final da 19&#170; semana, os ratos foram estratificados de acordo com o peso corporal, distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente e alocados em tr&#234;s grupos com base na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de tratamento com Cap: Controle (C, n = 10), Obeso (Ob, n = 12) e Obeso tratado com Cap (ObCap, n = 13).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica do protocolo experimental (27 semanas). DP: dieta padr&#227;o (n = 16); DHL: dieta hiperlip&#237;dica (n = 25); Controle (C, n = 10), Obeso (Ob, n = 12) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 13).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250865-50865-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Administra&#231;&#227;o de Capsinoides</title>
        <p>O grupo ObCap recebeu Cap (CAP; Infinity Pharma, Brasil) diariamente por gavagem orog&#225;strica, na dosagem de 10 mg de Cap por kg de peso corporal, dilu&#237;dos em 1 ml de &#225;gua por kg de peso corporal, durante um per&#237;odo de 8 semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A dose de Cap foi recalculada semanalmente para acompanhar as varia&#231;&#245;es de peso corporal, garantindo administra&#231;&#227;o consistente ao longo do estudo. Os grupos C e Ob receberam gavagem com ve&#237;culo em volumes equivalentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional foi realizada por meio de medidas semanais de peso corporal, da soma da gordura epididimal e visceral, e do c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de adiposidade (gordura total/peso final &#215; 100).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfis bioqu&#237;mico e hormonal</title>
        <p>Os perfis glic&#234;micos dos animais foram avaliados ap&#243;s jejum de 6 horas na &#250;ltima semana do protocolo. Os n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos foram medidos no basal e aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de solu&#231;&#227;o de glicose a 50%. A toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose foi avaliada pelo c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) da glicose. A resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina foi analisada pelo &#237;ndice HOMA-IR (<italic>homeostatic model assessment</italic>), calculado como [concentra&#231;&#227;o de insulina em jejum (&#956;U/mL) &#215; glicemia em jejum (mmol/L)/22,5], com base nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de glicose e insulina em jejum.</p>
        <p>O perfil hormonal (leptina e insulina) foi determinado com kits espec&#237;ficos (Anti-Insulin Merck<sup>&#174;</sup> EZRMI-13K). O perfil lip&#237;dico foi avaliado pela dosagem de triglicer&#237;deos (TG) e colesterol total plasm&#225;tico utilizando kits espec&#237;ficos (Bioclin Bioqu&#237;mica, Brasil).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento card&#237;aco &#8211; An&#225;lise macrosc&#243;pica</title>
        <p>O remodelamento macrosc&#243;pico, indicativo de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, foi avaliado pela massa card&#237;aca total e normalizado pelo comprimento da t&#237;bia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise histol&#243;gica</title>
        <p>A &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dos animais de cada grupo foi fixada em paraformalde&#237;do a 4% e inclu&#237;da em parafina. Foram obtidos cortes de 6 &#956;m, corados com hematoxilina-eosina (HE) para determina&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversal dos mi&#243;citos. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas de forma cega.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolamento de cardiomi&#243;citos</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise funcional card&#237;aca <italic>in vitro</italic> foi realizada utilizando a t&#233;cnica de isolamento de cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A contratilidade celular foi avaliada pela t&#233;cnica de varia&#231;&#227;o do comprimento dos cardiomi&#243;citos, com aux&#237;lio de microsc&#243;pio invertido equipado com sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o de borda. As c&#233;lulas, mantidas em solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode e estimuladas a 1 Hz, tiveram suas respostas contr&#225;teis registradas e analisadas quanto a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento (%), taxas m&#225;ximas de encurtamento e relaxamento, e tempo para 50% do pico de encurtamento e relaxamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas de forma cega.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos DP e DHL foram realizadas pelo teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos C, Ob e ObCap foi utilizada ANOVA de uma via, seguida do teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Tukey. Para avaliar altera&#231;&#245;es no peso corporal durante o per&#237;odo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224;s dietas experimentais, foi utilizada ANOVA de duas vias, seguida do teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Bonferroni. Durante o per&#237;odo de tratamento com Cap, a massa corporal e os testes de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose (GTT) foram avaliados por ANOVA de duas vias, com an&#225;lise subsequente pelo teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Bonferroni. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de contratilidade, foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Dunn. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para todos os testes foi de 5%. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas e representa&#231;&#245;es gr&#225;ficas foram realizadas utilizando o software GraphPad Prism 9.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da obesidade</title>
        <p>Inicialmente, os animais apresentaram pesos corporais semelhantes durante as primeiras 15 semanas do protocolo experimental (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2</xref>). A partir da 16&#170; semana, entretanto, o grupo DHL (465 &#177; 143 g) apresentou peso corporal significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo DP (438 &#177; 128 g), marcando o in&#237;cio da obesidade. O per&#237;odo entre a 16&#170; e a 19&#170; semanas foi designado como fase de manuten&#231;&#227;o da obesidade, durante a qual os grupos foram reclassificados como Controle (C) e Obesidade (Ob).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal no grupo alimentado com dieta padr&#227;o (DP, n = 16), submetido a uma dieta normocal&#243;rica, e no grupo alimentado com dieta hiperlip&#237;dica (DHL, n = 25) durante o per&#237;odo de indu&#231;&#227;o da obesidade. Ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio e a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da obesidade, os grupos foram reclassificados como Controle (C, n = 16) e Obeso (Ob, n = 25). Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. ANOVA de duas vias seguida do teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Bonferroni. Os dados foram considerados significativos quando p &lt; 0.05 para Ob vs. C.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250865-50865-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Administra&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de capsinoides</title>
        <p>Considerando o perfil nutricional, durante a administra&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de Cap foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na ingest&#227;o alimentar no grupo Ob (15,2 &#177; 1,7 g/dia) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C (17,6 &#177; 1,5 g/dia). No entanto, o consumo cal&#243;rico e a efici&#234;ncia alimentar n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os grupos (dados n&#227;o mostrados). Assim, o tratamento com Cap n&#227;o promoveu melhorias no perfil nutricional em condi&#231;&#245;es de obesidade.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos com base nos par&#226;metros biom&#233;tricos dos grupos ap&#243;s 8 semanas de administra&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de Cap. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso corporal, o peso corporal inicial (PCI) do grupo Ob foi maior em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Perfil nutricional e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal ap&#243;s o tratamento com Cap</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Grupos</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">C (n=10)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Ob (n=12)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ObCap (n=13)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ingest&#227;o alimentar (g/dia)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17,6 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15,2 &#177; 1,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16,5 &#177; 7,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Consumo cal&#243;rico (Kcal/day)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70 &#177; 10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Efici&#234;ncia alimentar (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,3 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,7 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,4 &#177; 0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Peso corporal inicial (g)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">539 &#177; 50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">593 &#177; 53<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">600 &#177; 48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Peso corporal final (g)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">541 &#177; 45</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">583 &#177; 54</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">608 &#177; 44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gordura epididimal (g)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8,3 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,6 &#177; 1,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13,0 &#177; 2,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gordura visceral (g)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7,0 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11,7 &#177; 2,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">****</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13,0 &#177; 2,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Soma dos dep&#243;sitos de gordura (g)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28,6 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43,6 &#177; 8,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52,4 &#177; 12,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#205;ndice de adiposidade (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,3 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7,5 &#177; 1,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8,6 &#177; 1,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Controle (C), Obeso (Ob) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap). ANOVA de uma via seguida do teste post hoc de Tukey.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,01; *p &lt; 0,001;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>****</label>
              <p>&#8211; vs. C.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Como esperado, os ratos do grupo Ob apresentaram valores elevados para todos os par&#226;metros de adiposidade em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C, confirmando a efic&#225;cia da DHL na indu&#231;&#227;o da obesidade. Entretanto, o tratamento com Cap n&#227;o reduziu nem preveniu o ac&#250;mulo de gordura associado &#224; obesidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3</xref> ilustra as comorbidades relacionadas &#224; obesidade nos grupos ap&#243;s o tratamento cr&#244;nico com Cap. No basal, o grupo ObCap apresentou n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos elevados em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Ob. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos demais pontos de avalia&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3A</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) da glicose ou nos n&#237;veis de TG entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 3B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">3G</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Perfil lip&#237;dico, glic&#234;mico e hormonal ap&#243;s o tratamento com Cap. A) Teste de Toler&#226;ncia &#224; Glicose (GTT), **p &lt; 0,01 ObCap vs. Ob; Controle (C, n = 6), Obeso (Ob, n = 7) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 10). B) &#193;rea sob a curva (AUC) da glicose; Controle (C, n = 6), Obeso (Ob, n = 7) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 10). C) Insulina; Controle (C, n = 5), Obeso (Ob, n = 7) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 5). D) HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment &#8211; Insulin Resistance); Controle (C, n = 5), Obeso (Ob, n = 6) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 5). E) HOMA-&#946; (Homeostatic Model Assessment &#8211; Beta); Controle (C, n = 5), Obeso (Ob, n = 6) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 5). F) Leptina; Controle (C, n = 7), Obeso (Ob, n = 7) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 7). G) Triglicer&#237;deos; Controle (C, n = 10), Obeso (Ob, n = 10) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 10). H) Colesterol; Controle (C, n = 9), Obeso (Ob, n = 9) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 9). Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP e valores individuais. As compara&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas por ANOVA de duas vias seguida do teste de Bonferroni para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas (A) ou por ANOVA de uma via seguida do teste de Tukey para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas (B&#8211;H). Os dados foram considerados significativos quando p &lt; 0,05; p &lt; 0,01; p &lt; 0,001.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250865-50865-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de insulina foram significativamente elevados no grupo Ob em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos Ob e ObCap (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3C</xref>). Um padr&#227;o semelhante foi observado para o &#237;ndice HOMA-IR, com o grupo Ob apresentando valores mais altos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C. Para o &#237;ndice HOMA-&#946;, o grupo Ob mostrou aumento em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 3D</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3E</xref>). &#201; importante destacar que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nesses &#237;ndices entre Ob e ObCap, sugerindo aus&#234;ncia de efeito do tratamento com Cap.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de leptina, o grupo Ob apresentou aumento significativo em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos Ob e ObCap (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3F</xref>). O grupo Ob tamb&#233;m apresentou n&#237;veis mais elevados de colesterol em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3H</xref>).</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; morfologia card&#237;aca, os resultados mostraram que o grupo Ob apresentou aumento no peso do cora&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 4A</xref>); entretanto, quando o peso do cora&#231;&#227;o foi normalizado pelo comprimento da t&#237;bia, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 4B</xref>). A morfometria celular foi avaliada por meio do comprimento do sarc&#244;mero e da &#225;rea seccional transversa dos cardiomi&#243;citos. Nem o tratamento com Cap nem a obesidade foram capazes de induzir altera&#231;&#245;es nesses par&#226;metros (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 4C-E</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas card&#237;acas ap&#243;s o tratamento com Cap. A) Peso do cora&#231;&#227;o; Controle (C, n = 5), Obeso (Ob, n = 7) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 7). B) Rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/comprimento da t&#237;bia; Controle (C, n = 5), Obeso (Ob, n = 7) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 7). C) Comprimento do sarc&#244;mero; Controle (C, n = 5), Obeso (Ob, n = 5) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 5). D) Imagens representativas de cortes transversais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (&#215;40) corados com H&amp;E; barra de escala = 50 &#181;m. E) Gr&#225;fico de barras da &#225;rea seccional transversa (CSA); Obeso (Ob, n = 7) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 7). Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP e valores individuais. As compara&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas por ANOVA de uma via seguida do teste de Tukey para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas (A&#8211;C, E). Os dados foram considerados significativos quando p &lt; 0,05 vs. C.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250865-50865-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Para melhor compreender os efeitos celulares do tratamento com Cap na presen&#231;a de obesidade, foram realizados experimentos com cardiomi&#243;citos isolados para an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til. Surpreendentemente, o tratamento com Cap promoveu uma modula&#231;&#227;o significativa da contratilidade dos cardiomi&#243;citos, evidenciada pela redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento (%) no grupo ObCap em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Ob (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 5A</xref>). Par&#226;metros como as taxas m&#225;ximas de encurtamento e relaxamento permaneceram inalterados nos grupos Ob e ObCap (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figuras 5B-C</xref>). A obesidade reduziu o tempo para 50% do encurtamento em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C, enquanto o grupo ObCap apresentou aumento nesse par&#226;metro em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Ob (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5D</xref>). O tempo para 50% do relaxamento n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 5E</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito dos capsinoides sobre os par&#226;metros funcionais de cardiomi&#243;citos isolados. A) Encurtamento fracionado expresso como % do comprimento celular em repouso; Controle (C, n = 65 c&#233;lulas), Obeso (Ob, n = 61 c&#233;lulas) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 60 c&#233;lulas). B) Taxa m&#225;xima de encurtamento; Controle (C, n = 65 c&#233;lulas), Obeso (Ob, n = 61 c&#233;lulas) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 60 c&#233;lulas). C) Taxa m&#225;xima de relaxamento; Controle (C, n = 65 c&#233;lulas), Obeso (Ob, n = 60 c&#233;lulas) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 60 c&#233;lulas). D) Tempo para 50% do encurtamento; Controle (C, n = 64 c&#233;lulas), Obeso (Ob, n = 60 c&#233;lulas) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 60 c&#233;lulas). E) Tempo para 50% da relaxa&#231;&#227;o; Controle (C, n = 65 c&#233;lulas), Obeso (Ob, n = 61 c&#233;lulas) e Obeso tratado com capsinoides (ObCap, n = 59 c&#233;lulas). Os dados s&#227;o expressos como mediana &#177; intervalos interquartis. As compara&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido do teste de Dunn para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas (A&#8211;E). Os dados foram considerados significativos quando p &lt; 0,05; p &lt; 0,01; p &lt; 0,001.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250865-50865-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais resultados demonstraram que a administra&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de Cap, como abordagem farmacol&#243;gica para o tratamento da obesidade, n&#227;o foi eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o da adiposidade. Al&#233;m disso, a administra&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de Cap n&#227;o melhorou os perfis glic&#234;mico, lip&#237;dico ou hormonal e n&#227;o conseguiu prevenir a hipercolesterolemia isolada e a hiperinsulinemia associadas &#224; obesidade. No entanto, especificamente no cora&#231;&#227;o, o tratamento com Cap comprometeu a contratilidade celular, evidenciada pela redu&#231;&#227;o do encurtamento fracionado e pelo aumento do tempo para 50% de encurtamento, destacando sua capacidade de modular a contratilidade dos cardiomi&#243;citos.</p>
      <p>Diversas interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas t&#234;m sido empregadas para tratar a obesidade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> e, entre essas abordagens, Cap tem sido investigado como uma ferramenta n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica com efeitos promissores na redu&#231;&#227;o da massa corporal e da adiposidade em camundongos obesos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os resultados indicam que, a partir da 16&#170; semana, os grupos Ob apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas no peso corporal, mantendo essa diferen&#231;a at&#233; o final do protocolo de indu&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o da obesidade (19&#170; semana). No contexto do presente estudo, os dados mostram que a interven&#231;&#227;o com Cap n&#227;o foi eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros corporais ou da adiposidade. De modo geral, nossos resultados demonstram que o tratamento cr&#244;nico com Cap n&#227;o teve impacto no ac&#250;mulo de gordura corporal, revelando uma intera&#231;&#227;o at&#233; ent&#227;o pouco explorada. Esse achado &#233; relevante porque Cap tem emergido como um composto com potencial para o controle e a redu&#231;&#227;o da obesidade, dada sua capacidade relatada de aumentar a express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas relacionadas ao metabolismo lip&#237;dico, elevar o consumo de oxig&#234;nio e reduzir a massa corporal e os dep&#243;sitos de gordura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a aus&#234;ncia de efeito de Cap sobre o peso corporal e a adiposidade pode estar relacionada &#224; dose utilizada. Al&#233;m disso, diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas &#8212; como varia&#231;&#245;es na composi&#231;&#227;o da dieta (com ou sem banha) e diferen&#231;as na dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento &#8212; podem gerar efeitos de curto prazo que n&#227;o se mant&#234;m no longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Outro ponto relevante &#233; que alguns estudos que relataram resultados positivos com capsaicina ou Capsicum annuum administraram o composto misturado diretamente &#224; ra&#231;&#227;o, o que pode influenciar a quantidade total ingerida por cada animal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora a literatura dispon&#237;vel sobre o mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o de Cap seja limitada, este estudo n&#227;o avaliou diretamente a express&#227;o, atividade ou modula&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis alvos mecan&#237;sticos. No entanto, evid&#234;ncias relacionadas aos seus an&#225;logos s&#227;o relevantes, pois alguns desses compostos podem produzir efeitos semelhantes aos capsaicin&#243;ides, como promover termog&#234;nese, estimular o metabolismo energ&#233;tico e lip&#237;dico e reduzir a massa corporal e o tecido adiposo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, esses compostos podem melhorar a toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, apresentar atividade anti-hiperlipid&#234;mica e demonstrar propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias e antioxidantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A capsaicina se destaca nesse contexto porque ativa o TRPV1 e pode exercer efeitos ben&#233;ficos na obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Esses mecanismos foram considerados na discuss&#227;o como poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para os efeitos observados. No entanto, permanecem lacunas importantes quanto &#224; a&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de Cap e &#224; possibilidade de que seus efeitos sejam semelhantes aos descritos para a capsaicina. Portanto, estudos adicionais e direcionados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar o papel de Cap e os mecanismos envolvidos em sua a&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, o estudo de Kang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> que utilizou um modelo de obesidade induzida por DHL em camundongos, demonstrou que a capsaicina diet&#233;tica pode reduzir a intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose induzida pela obesidade <italic>in vivo</italic>. Al&#233;m disso, os benef&#237;cios da capsaicina est&#227;o associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de fen&#243;tipos inflamat&#243;rios no tecido adiposo e no f&#237;gado, dois tecidos perif&#233;ricos que desempenham pap&#233;is cruciais na resposta &#224; insulina. Esses achados sugerem que a capsaicina diet&#233;tica pode combater o desenvolvimento de intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose associada &#224; obesidade e, possivelmente, a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. De acordo com Kwon et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> esse efeito pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do TRPV1 no p&#226;ncreas, que pode induzir a libera&#231;&#227;o do pept&#237;deo relacionado ao gene da calcitonina (CGRP) e estimular a secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina. Al&#233;m disso, agonistas de TRPV1 podem aumentar os n&#237;veis intracelulares de Ca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>+</sup> em c&#233;lulas &#946;, expandir a massa dessas c&#233;lulas e promover maior secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina. No entanto, para compreender melhor os mecanismos que levam a esses efeitos, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos futuros que investiguem especificamente a a&#231;&#227;o dos Cap.</p>
      <p>Em contraste com essa ideia, nossos dados mostram claramente que a administra&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de Cap n&#227;o conseguiu prevenir a hiperinsulinemia e a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina induzidas pela obesidade. Nossos achados s&#227;o corroborados por evid&#234;ncias anteriores demonstrando que o tratamento com Cap n&#227;o melhorou os n&#237;veis de insulina, a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina ou as concentra&#231;&#245;es de leptina em ratos obesos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Da mesma forma, nossos achados mostram que o tratamento com Cap n&#227;o foi eficaz em reverter a hipercolesterolemia isolada. Nesse contexto, Cansian<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m investigou os efeitos do extrato seco de Capsicum annuum L. (40%) sobre o perfil lip&#237;dico de ratos obesos tratados por 6 semanas. No entanto, n&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total, HDL e TG. Por outro lado, um estudo com capsiato e dihidrocapsiato sintetizados enzimaticamente encontrou que o tratamento resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol e lip&#237;dios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre dieta e aumento da gordura corporal tem sido relacionada ao surgimento de diversas comorbidades, elevando o risco de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A literatura frequentemente relata que a obesidade promove remodelamento card&#237;aco, caracterizado por altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas, moleculares e funcionais decorrentes de mudan&#231;as no volume, massa e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em resposta a agress&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos resultados n&#227;o mostraram altera&#231;&#245;es na morfologia card&#237;aca entre os diferentes grupos do experimento. O aumento do peso absoluto do cora&#231;&#227;o observado nos animais obesos n&#227;o persistiu ap&#243;s a normaliza&#231;&#227;o pelo comprimento da t&#237;bia, indicando que o crescimento card&#237;aco ocorreu de forma proporcional ao aumento do peso corporal. Al&#233;m disso, as an&#225;lises n&#227;o mostraram aumento da &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversal (CSA) ou do comprimento do sarc&#244;mero, sugerindo que as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas refletem uma adapta&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica ao aumento da massa corporal, sem evid&#234;ncias de hipertrofia card&#237;aca patol&#243;gica.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, demonstramos pela primeira vez que o tratamento cr&#244;nico com Cap reduziu a contratilidade dos cardiomi&#243;citos na obesidade. Essa descoberta &#233; importante, pois h&#225; pouca informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel sobre os efeitos de Cap no cora&#231;&#227;o e na contratilidade celular no contexto da obesidade. Estudos que investigam a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til card&#237;aca em modelos experimentais de obesidade revelam deteriora&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de contra&#231;&#227;o, evidenciada pela diminui&#231;&#227;o do percentual e da velocidade de encurtamento dos cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos resultados mostram que a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento dos cardiomi&#243;citos de animais obesos est&#225; preservada, com redu&#231;&#227;o no tempo necess&#225;rio para atingir 50% do encurtamento m&#225;ximo. Esse achado pode estar associado a altera&#231;&#245;es no manejo intracelular de c&#225;lcio ou a mudan&#231;as na sensibilidade das prote&#237;nas contr&#225;teis; no entanto, os mecanismos subjacentes ainda n&#227;o foram avaliados diretamente. Portanto, apesar da preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til, a altera&#231;&#227;o na velocidade de contra&#231;&#227;o sugere modifica&#231;&#245;es na mec&#226;nica dos cardiomi&#243;citos relacionadas &#224; obesidade. Embora a literatura descreva consistentemente preju&#237;zos na contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica associados &#224; obesidade, nossos resultados n&#227;o demonstram tal disfun&#231;&#227;o. Essa discrep&#226;ncia pode ser explicada por varia&#231;&#245;es no modelo experimental, como esp&#233;cie, linhagem ou protocolo diet&#233;tico, que podem influenciar a suscetibilidade dos cardiomi&#243;citos &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m &#233; poss&#237;vel que ocorram adapta&#231;&#245;es celulares, como aumento da sensibilidade das miofibrilas ao c&#225;lcio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quando comparamos os cardiomi&#243;citos de animais obesos tratados com Cap com aqueles do grupo obeso n&#227;o tratado, observamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o na fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento e um aumento no tempo necess&#225;rio para atingir 50% do encurtamento m&#225;ximo (ver ilustra&#231;&#227;o central). Esses resultados indicam preju&#237;zo da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til celular tanto em magnitude quanto em velocidade. Enquanto o grupo obeso manteve a amplitude de contra&#231;&#227;o, o tratamento com Cap reduziu a capacidade de encurtamento e desacelerou a contra&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo menor efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica. Esse efeito pode estar relacionado a altera&#231;&#245;es no manejo intracelular de c&#225;lcio, possivelmente por meio da modula&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas reguladoras como SERCA2a e RYR2, o que poderia reduzir a disponibilidade de c&#225;lcio para a contra&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para elucidar os mecanismos envolvidos na a&#231;&#227;o de Cap no sistema card&#237;aco. Uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca in vivo, o que restringe nossa compreens&#227;o sobre at&#233; que ponto as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas em n&#237;vel celular se refletem na fun&#231;&#227;o do &#243;rg&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Embora n&#227;o exista literatura descrevendo o mecanismo pelo qual o tratamento com Cap afeta a contratilidade dos cardiomi&#243;citos, evid&#234;ncias sobre seu an&#225;logo, a capsaicina, fornecem um contexto relevante. A capsaicina &#233; conhecida por atuar no sistema card&#237;aco por meio do receptor TRPV1, exercendo efeitos cardioprotetores ao reduzir o tamanho do infarto e estimular a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> No entanto, permanecem lacunas significativas na compreens&#227;o de como Cap atua no sistema card&#237;aco e se seus efeitos se assemelham aos atribu&#237;dos &#224; capsaicina. Portanto, estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar o papel de Cap na fun&#231;&#227;o e na contratilidade card&#237;aca, bem como os mecanismos envolvidos.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, o tratamento com capsaicina demonstrou melhorar o controle auton&#244;mico cardiovascular em ratos rec&#233;m-nascidos, restaurando a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Em doses elevadas, a capsaicina tamb&#233;m foi capaz de aumentar a modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica do t&#244;nus vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Estudos demonstraram que o efeito agudo da capsaicina em culturas de cardiomi&#243;citos aumenta a concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>+</sup> e atenua o encurtamento fracionado por meio da estimula&#231;&#227;o do TRPV1, evidenciado pelo uso de um bloqueador espec&#237;fico de TRPV1 que impediu o aumento de Ca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>+</sup> intracelular induzido pela capsaicina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, Isaev et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> investigaram os efeitos da capsaicina sobre correntes i&#244;nicas dependentes de voltagem em cardiomi&#243;citos ventriculares de coelho. A capsaicina inibiu as correntes de K+ ativadas rapidamente (IKr) e lentamente (IKs), bem como a corrente transit&#243;ria de sa&#237;da de K+ (Ito). Em concentra&#231;&#245;es mais altas, a capsaicina tamb&#233;m suprimiu as correntes de Na<sup>+</sup> e Ca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>+</sup> dependentes de voltagem e a corrente retificadora interna IK1. No conjunto, esses achados sugerem que a capsaicina influencia a eletrofisiologia card&#237;aca ao interagir com m&#250;ltiplos canais i&#244;nicos. Portanto, recomenda-se cautela ao administrar capsaicina a indiv&#237;duos com canalopatias card&#237;acas ou predisposi&#231;&#227;o a arritmias, como aqueles com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>Em conjunto, nossos resultados fornecem evid&#234;ncias de que Cap induz preju&#237;zo na contratilidade dos cardiomi&#243;citos no contexto da obesidade. Esses achados sugerem que, apesar da preserva&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica, o tratamento com Cap pode afetar negativamente a mec&#226;nica celular dos cardiomi&#243;citos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O tratamento com Cap modula a contratilidade dos cardiomi&#243;citos na presen&#231;a de obesidade. Nossos achados fornecem novos <italic>insights</italic> sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o tratamento com Cap e a contra&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos, mas seu potencial terap&#234;utico ainda precisa ser mais bem esclarecido. Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento com Cap n&#227;o melhorou o fen&#243;tipo de ac&#250;mulo de gordura causado pela indu&#231;&#227;o da obesidade, nem promoveu melhorias nos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o do Esp&#237;rito Santo, grants (2026-Z7R9N, 2025-HV8WR and 2023-MHRH6).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Lucas Furtado Domingos pela Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 08/2022. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos &#224; Raissa Corr&#234;a de Andrade, ao Laborat&#243;rio de RedOx e Inflama&#231;&#227;o, e aos laborat&#243;rios LECTA, LHT e LHMI pelo apoio t&#233;cnico.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250865i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treatment with Capsinoids Promotes Impaired Cardiomyocyte Contractility in Obesity without Positively Modulating Metabolic Parameters</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Kiany</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>K&#233;ssia Cristina Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Janete Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Domingos</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Furtado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiane Merigueti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simmer</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Sesana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3993-8277</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bocalini</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Sales</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4049-4418</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima-Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5999-2671</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Andre Leopoldo</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo - Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514. Postal Code <postal-code>29075-910</postal-code>, Campus Goibaieras, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil E-mail: <email>andresoaresleopoldo@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Capsinoids (Cap) are bioactive compounds with thermogenic properties capable of promoting physiological changes and aiding digestion, potentially influencing fat loss in obesity. However, their effects on cardiac tissue remain unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study investigated the effects of chronic Cap administration on cardiac contractility and morphology in obese (Ob) rats induced by a saturated high-fat diet (HFD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats were assigned to standard diet (SD) or HFD groups for 19 weeks. After this period, animals were redistributed into Control (C), Obese (Ob), and Obese supplemented with capsinoids (ObCap). The ObCap group received Cap via orogastric gavage (10 mg/kg). Nutritional assessments, dietary profile, histological analyses, comorbidities, and cardiac evaluations were performed. A significance level of 5% was adopted for all tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Fat deposits and total adiposity were higher in Ob animals compared with the C group, with no differences between Ob and ObCap. Metabolic, hormonal, and lipid alterations were observed between Ob and ObCap. No differences in cardiac morphometry were detected among groups. The ObCap group exhibited reduced fractional shortening compared with Ob. Regarding shortening time, Ob animals showed a decrease compared with C, whereas ObCap showed an increase compared with Ob.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Treatment with Cap did not prevent excessive fat accumulation nor improve metabolic parameters in obesity. Moreover, it impaired cardiomyocyte contractility.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>High-Fat Diet</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>This study was funded by Research and Innovation Support Foundation of Esp&#237;rito Santo (FAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>2026-Z7R9N</award-id>
          <award-id>2025-HV8WR</award-id>
          <award-id>2023-MHRH6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> This study was funded by Research and Innovation Support Foundation of Esp&#237;rito Santo (FAPES), grants (2026-Z7R9N, 2025-HV8WR and 2023-MHRH6).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Overweight and obesity are characterized by excessive fat accumulation and are associated with several health complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In particular, obesity can lead to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> There is evidence that obesity is linked to structural and functional changes in the heart in both humans and animal models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> These changes include hypertrophy of the right and left ventricles, enlargement of the left atrium, and systolic and diastolic dysfunction, which may progress to more severe forms of heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies have also reported that obesity can cause contractile dysfunction in the heart,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and this damage may occur as early as the onset of obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> An interesting aspect is the increasing use of dietary supplements for aesthetic purposes, largely driven by social networks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The pursuit of the "perfect" body has fueled the supply of such products, encouraging the industry to develop more and more "miracle pills," dietary supplements, thermogenics, and bioactive compounds. Among these bioactive compounds, capsinoids (Cap) have been suggested as a non-pharmacological strategy to maintain a lean body with low fat mass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Within the Cap family, <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> dry extract is a non-pungent analog of capsaicin derived from sweet peppers of the genus Capsicum in the family Solanaceae. This extract contains three types of Cap: capsiate, dihydrocapsiate, and nordihydrocapsiate. Cap exert effects similar to capsaicin by activating transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The anti-obesity effects of Cap have been demonstrated in human populations, with epidemiological data indicating that consumption of foods containing these compounds may reduce the prevalence of obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Some studies suggest that Cap can increase heart rate<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and may contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Furthermore, there is evidence that these compounds exert beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, helping to prevent conditions such as hypertension and atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These findings underscore the need for a more comprehensive evaluation of the metabolic and cardiac responses to chronic Cap administration and their implications for therapeutic strategies in the context of obesity. Accordingly, the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that chronic administration of Cap positively modulates cardiomyocyte contractility and metabolic parameters.</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <p>Treatment with capsinoids compromises the contractile function of cardiomyocytes in the presence of obesity.</p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250865-50865-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animal care and experimental design</title>
          <p>All experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (CEUA) of UFES under protocol number 08/2022. Wistar rats (n = 41), 30 days old, were housed in a controlled environment with a 12-hour light/dark cycle, relative humidity of 55 &#177; 5%, and temperature of 24 &#177; 2 &#176;C. One group received a standard diet (SD, n = 16; AIN-93, providing 9.4% of calories from fat and an energy density of 3.81 kcal/g), while the other group was fed a high-fat diet (HFD, n = 25; providing 45.3% of calories from fat and an energy density of 4.82 kcal/g) (Pragsolu&#231;&#245;es Bioci&#234;ncias<sup>&#174;</sup>, Brazil). The specific composition of the diets is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>. Throughout the study, all rats had unrestricted access to purified water and feed (40 g/day).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Composition and macronutrient values of diets</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Components (g/kg)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Diets</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">SD (AIN - 93)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HFD</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Corn starch</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">465</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">271</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Casein</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">140</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">170</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Dextrinized starch</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">155</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">155</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Sucrose</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">100</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Soy oil</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Cellulose</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">L-Cysteine</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1,8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Mineral mix<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">35</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Vitamin mix<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Bitarate choline</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Lard</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">21.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">BHT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.016</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top">
                    <bold>1000</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="top">
                    <bold>1000</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>Macronutrient (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Protein</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Carbohydrate</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">75.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Lipids</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9.47</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45.4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Vitamin and Mineral Mix: vit. A, vit. D3, vit., K3, vit. B Complex, Pantothenic Acid, Folic Acid, Biotin, Choline, Vit. C, selenium, iron, copper, manganese, iodine, zinc, cobalt, calcium and phosphorus.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>butylated hydroxytoluene.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The experimental protocol (schematized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 1</xref>) lasted 27 weeks and was divided into two phases: (i) an obesity induction and maintenance phase of 19 weeks, followed by (ii) an 8-week treatment period with Cap. At the end of the 19th week, rats were stratified according to body weight, randomly assigned, and distributed into three groups based on the presence or absence of capsinoid treatment: Control (C, n = 10), Obese (Ob, n = 12), and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n = 13).</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Schematic representation of experimental protocol (27 weeks). "SD": standard diet (n = 16); "HFD": high-fat diet (n = 25); Control (C, n= 10), Obese (Ob, n= 12) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 13).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250865-50865-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Administration of Capsinoids</title>
          <p>The ObCap group received capsinoids (CAP; Infinity Pharma, Brazil) daily via orogastric gavage at a dosage of 10 mg of Cap per kg of body weight, diluted in 1 mL of water per kg of body weight, for an 8-week period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The Cap dose was recalculated weekly to account for changes in body weight, ensuring consistent administration throughout the study. The C and Ob groups received vehicle gavage in equivalent volumes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Nutritional assessment</title>
          <p>Nutritional assessment was performed using weekly body weight measurements, the sum of epididymal and visceral fat, and calculation of the adiposity index (total fat/final body weight &#215; 100).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biochemical and hormonal profiles</title>
          <p>The animals&#8217; glycemic profiles were assessed after a 6-hour fast in the final week of the protocol. Glycemic levels were measured at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes following an intraperitoneal injection of 50% glucose solution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Glucose tolerance was evaluated by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) for glucose. Insulin resistance was analyzed using the HOMA-IR index (homeostatic model assessment), calculated as [fasting insulin concentration (&#956;U/mL) &#215; fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)/22.5], based on plasma glucose and fasting insulin concentrations.</p>
          <p>Hormonal profiles (leptin and insulin) were determined using specific kits (Anti-Insulin Merck<sup>&#174;</sup> EZRMI-13K). The lipid profile was assessed by measuring plasma triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol levels with specific kits (Bioclin Bioqu&#237;mica, Brazil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac remodeling assessment &#8211; Macroscopic Analysis</title>
          <p>Macroscopic remodeling, indicative of myocardial hypertrophy, was assessed by total heart mass and normalized by tibial length.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histological Analysis</title>
          <p>The transverse sectional area of the left ventricle from animals in each group was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Sections of 6 &#956;m were obtained and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) to determine the myocyte cross-sectional area. All analyses were performed blind.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolation of cardiac myocytes</title>
          <p>The cardiac functional analysis <italic>in vitro</italic> was performed using the isolated cardiomyocyte technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Cellular contractility was assessed using the cardiomyocyte length variation technique with an inverted microscope with an edge detection system. Cells, maintained in Tyrode's solution and stimulated at 1Hz, had their contractile responses recorded and analyzed for percentage shortening, maximum shortening and relaxation rates, and the time to 50% of peak shortening and relaxation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> All analyses were performed blind.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Results are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). Comparisons between SD and HFD were conducted using Student's t-test for independent samples. For comparison between C, Ob, and Obcap groups one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's <italic>post-hoc</italic> test was used. To assess changes in body weight over the period of exposure to the experimental diets, two-way ANOVA was used, followed by Bonferroni's <italic>post hoc</italic> test. During the Cap treatment period, body mass and GTT assessments were performed using two-way ANOVA, with Bonferroni's post hoc test for subsequent analysis. To assess contractility parameters, Kruskal-Wallis was used, followed by Dunn's <italic>post hoc</italic> test. A significance level of 5% was set for all tests. Statistical analyses and graphical representations were performed using GraphPad Prism 9.0 software.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Characterization of obesity</title>
          <p>Initially, the animals exhibited similar body weights during the first 15 weeks of the experimental protocol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 2</xref>). From the 16th week onward, however, the HFD group (465 &#177; 143 g) showed a significantly higher body weight compared to the SD group (438 &#177; 128 g), marking the onset of obesity. The period between the 16th and 19th weeks was designated as the obesity maintenance phase, during which the groups were reclassified as Control (C) and Obesity (Ob).</p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evolution of body weight in the standard diet group (SD, n = 16), fed a normocaloric diet, and in the high-fat diet group (HFD, n = 25), fed a high-fat diet during the obesity-induction period. After the onset and characterization of obesity, the groups were reclassified as Control (C, n = 16) and Obese (Ob, n = 25). Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD. Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. Data were considered significant when p &lt; 0.05 for Ob vs. C.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250865-50865-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chronic administration of capsinoids</title>
          <p>Considering the nutritional profile, during chronic Cap administration a significant reduction in food consumption was observed in the Ob group (15.2 &#177; 1.7 g/day) compared to the C group (17.6 &#177; 1.5 g/day). However, caloric intake and feed efficiency did not differ significantly between groups (data not shown). Thus, Cap treatment did not promote improvements in the nutritional profile under obesity conditions.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> presents the cardiometabolic risk factors based on biometric parameters of the groups after 8 weeks of chronic Cap administration. Regarding body weight, the initial body weight (IBW) of the Ob group was higher compared to the C group.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Nutritional profile and body composition after treatment with Cap</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Groups</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">C (n=10)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Ob (n=12)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">ObCap (n=13)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Food consumption (g/day)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">17.6 &#177; 1.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15.2 &#177; 1.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">16.5 &#177; 7.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Caloric intake (Kcal/day)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">67 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">73 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">70 &#177; 10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Feed efficiency (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.3 &#177; 1.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.7 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.4 &#177; 0.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Initial body mass (g)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">539 &#177; 50</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">593 &#177; 53<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">600 &#177; 48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Final body mass (g)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">541 &#177; 45</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">583 &#177; 54</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">608 &#177; 44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Epididimal fat (g)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8.3 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.6 &#177; 1.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13.0 &#177; 2.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Visceral fat (g)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7.0 &#177; 1.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11.7 &#177; 2.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">***</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13.0 &#177; 2.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Sum of fat pads (g)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">28.6 &#177; 3.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">43.6 &#177; 8.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">52.4 &#177; 12.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Adiposity index (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5.3 &#177; 0.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7.5 &#177; 1.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8.6 &#177; 1.9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>Data are shown as mean &#177; SD. Control (C), Obese (Ob) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap). One-way Anova followed by Tukey's pos hoc test.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p&lt;0,05,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>p&lt;0,01,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>***</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.001;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>****</label>
                <p>&#8211; vs. C.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As expected, rats in the Ob group exhibited elevated values for all adiposity parameters compared to the C group, confirming the effectiveness of the high-fat diet in inducing obesity. However, Cap treatment did not reduce or prevent the fat accumulation associated with obesity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3</xref> illustrates obesity-related comorbidities in the groups following chronic Cap treatment. At baseline, the ObCap group showed elevated glycemic levels compared to the Ob group. No significant differences were observed at other time points (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3A</xref>). Additionally, no differences were found in the area under the curve (AUC) for glucose or in triglyceride levels between groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">3G</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Lipid, glycemic and hormonal profiles after treatment with Cap. A) Glucose Tolerance Test, ** p &lt; 0.01 ObCap vs. Ob; Control (C, n= 6), Obese (Ob, n= 7) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 10). B) Area under the curve (AUC) for glucose; Control (C, n= 6), Obese (Ob, n= 7) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 10). C) Insulin; Control (C, n= 5), Obese (Ob, n= 7) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 5). D) HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance); Control (C, n= 5), Obese (Ob, n= 6) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 5). E) HOMA-&#946; (Homeostatic Model Assessment - Beta); Control (C, n= 5), Obese (Ob, n= 6) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 5). E) Leptin; Control (C, n= 7), Obese (Ob, n= 7) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n=v7). G) Triglycerides; Control (C, n= 10), Obese (Ob, n= 10) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 10) and; H) Cholesterol; Control (C, n= 9), Obese (Ob, n= 9) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 9). Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD and individual values. Statistical comparisons were performed using two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test for multiple comparison (A) or by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test for multiple comparison (B - H). Data were considered significant when * p &lt; 0.05; ** p &lt; 0.01; *** p &lt; 0.001.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250865-50865-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Insulin levels were significantly elevated in the Ob group compared to the C group, but there was no significant difference between the Ob and ObCap groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3C</xref>). A similar pattern was observed for the HOMA-IR index, with the Ob group showing a higher index compared to the C group. For the HOMA-&#946; index, the Ob group showed an increase compared to the C group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3D and E</xref>). It is important to note that there were no differences for these indices between Ob and ObCap, suggesting no effect of Cap treatment.</p>
          <p>Regarding leptin levels, the Ob group showed a significant increase compared to the C group, with no significant difference between the Ob and ObCap groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3F</xref>). The Ob group had higher cholesterol levels compared to the C group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3H</xref>).</p>
          <p>Regarding cardiac morphology, the results showed that the Ob group showed an elevation in heart weight compared to the C group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 4A</xref>); however, when heart weight was normalized by tibia length, there were no significant differences between groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 4B</xref>). Cellular morphometry was assessed by examining sarcomere length and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area. Neither Cap treatment nor obesity were able to induce changes in these parameters (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 4C-E</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac morphological characteristics after treatment with Cap. A) Heart weight; Control (C, n= 5), Obese (Ob, n= 7) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 7). B) Heart/tibia length; Control (C, n= 5), Obese (Ob, n= 7) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 7). C) Sarcomere length; Control (C, n= 5), Obese (Ob, n= 5) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 5). D) Representative images of left ventricular transverse sections (&#215;40) stained by H&amp;E, scale bar= 50 &#181;m. E) Bars graph of cross-sectional area (CSA); Obese (Ob, n= 7) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 7). Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD and individual values. Statistical comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test for multiple comparison (A &#8211; C, E). Data were considered significant when * p &lt; 0.05 vs. C.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250865-50865-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>To better understand the cellular effects of Cap treatment in the presence of obesity, experiments with isolated cardiomyocytes were performed to analyze the contractile function of the cells. Cap treatment surprisingly elicited a significant modulation in cardiomyocyte contractile, as evidenced by a reduction in fractional shortening in the ObCap group compared to Ob (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 5A</xref>). Parameters such as the maximum shortening and relaxation rates remained unchanged with both Ob and ObCap groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 5B-C</xref>). Ob decreased the time to 50% shortening compared to the C group, whereas the ObCap group showed an increase in this parameter relative to the Ob group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 5D</xref>). Time to 50% relaxation was not different among groups, (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 5E</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of Capsinoids on the functional parameters of isolated cardiomyocytes. A) Fractional shortening expressed as % of resting cell length; Control (C, n=65 cells), Obese (Ob, n= 61 cells) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 60 cells). B) Maximum rate of shortening; Control (C, n=65 cells), Obese (Ob, n= 61 cells) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 60 cells). C) Maximum rate of relaxation; Control (C, n=65 cells), Obese (Ob, n= 60 cells) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 60 cells). D) Time to 50% shortening; Control (C, n=64 cells), Obese (Ob, n= 60 cells) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 60 cells). E) Time to 50% relaxation; Control (C, n=65 cells), Obese (Ob, n= 61 cells) and Obese plus capsinoids (ObCap, n= 59 cells). Data are expressed as median &#177; interquartile ranges. Statistical comparisons were performed using Kriskal-Wallis followed by Dunn's test for multiple comparison (A &#8211; E). Data were considered significant when * p &lt; 0.05; ** p &lt; 0.01; *** p &lt; 0.001.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250865-50865-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main results demonstrated that chronic administration of Cap, as a pharmacological approach to obesity treatment, was not effective in reducing adiposity. Moreover, chronic Cap administration did not improve glycemic, lipid, or hormonal profiles and failed to prevent isolated hypercholesterolemia and hyperinsulinemia associated with obesity. However, specifically in the heart, Cap treatment compromised cellular contractility, as evidenced by reduced fractional shortening and increased time to 50% shortening, highlighting its ability to modulate cardiomyocyte contractility.</p>
        <p>Various pharmacological interventions have been employed to treat obesity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> and among these approaches, Cap has been investigated as a non-pharmacological tool with promising effects in reducing body mass and adiposity in obese mice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The results indicate that from the 16th week onward, the Ob groups exhibited statistically significant differences in body weight, maintaining this difference until the end of the obesity induction and maintenance protocol (19th week). In the context of the present study, the data show that the intervention with Cap was not effective in reducing body parameters or adiposity. Overall, our results demonstrate that chronic Cap treatment had no impact on body fat accumulation, revealing a previously little-explored interaction. This finding is noteworthy because Cap has emerged as a compound with potential actions for controlling and reducing obesity, given its reported ability to increase the expression of proteins related to lipid metabolism, enhance oxygen consumption, and reduce body mass and fat deposits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A possible explanation for the lack of effect of Cap on body weight and adiposity may be related to the dose used. In addition, methodological differences, such as varied diets (with or without lard) and different treatment durations, can lead to varied results in the short term, but hich may not be sustained in the long term.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Another relevant point is that some studies that reported positive results with capsaicin and <italic>Capsicum annum</italic> used the substance mixed in the feed, which can influence the total amount ingested by each animal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although the available literature on the mechanism of action of Cap treatment is limited, this study did not directly evaluate the expression, activity or modulation of possible mechanistic targets. However, evidence relating to its analogues is relevant, as some of these can produce effects similar to capsaicinoids, such as promoting thermogenesis, stimulating energy and lipid metabolism, and reducing body mass and adipose tissue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Furthermore, these compounds can improve glucose tolerance, exhibit anti-hyperlipidaemic activity and demonstrate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Capsaicin stands out in this scenario, as it acts by activating TRPV1 and can exert beneficial effects in the context of obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> These mechanisms were considered in the discussion as possible explanations for the observed effects. However, important gaps remain regarding the specific action of Cap and the possibility that its effects are similar to those described for capsaicin. Thus, further targeted studies are needed to investigate the role of Cap and the mechanisms involved in its action.</p>
        <p>In this context, the study by Kang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> which used a high-fat diet-induced obesity model in mice, demonstrated that dietary capsaicin can reduce obesity-induced glucose intolerance <italic>in vivo</italic>. In addition, the benefits of capsaicin are associated with the reduction of inflammatory phenotypes in adipose tissue and the liver, two peripheral tissues that play crucial roles in insulin responsiveness. These findings suggest that dietary capsaicin may counteract the development of obesity-associated glucose intolerance and potentially insulin resistance. According to Kwon et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> this effect may be attributed to TRPV1 activation in the pancreas, which can induce the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and stimulate insulin secretion. Moreover, TRPV1 agonists can increase intracellular Ca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>+</sup> levels in &#946;-cells, expand &#946;-cell mass, and promote greater insulin secretion. However, to better understand the mechanisms underlying these effects, further studies specifically investigating the action of Cap are needed.</p>
        <p>In contrast to this idea, our data clearly show that chronic administration of Cap failed to prevent obesity-induced hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Our findings are supported by previous evidence showing that Cap treatment did not improve insulin levels, insulin resistance, or leptin concentrations in obese rats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Similarly, our findings show that treatment with Cap was not effective in reversing isolated hypercholesterolemia. In this context, Cansian<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> also investigated the effects of the dry extract of Capsicum annuum L (40%) on the lipid profile of obese rats treated for 6 weeks. However, no changes were observed in serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides. However, a study with enzymatically synthesized capsiate and dihydrocapsiate found that treatment resulted in a reduction in serum cholesterol levels and serum lipids.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The association between diet and increased body fat has been linked to the emergence of various comorbidities, increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The literature frequently reports that obesity promotes cardiac remodeling, which is characterized by morphological, molecular and functional alterations resulting from changes in cardiac volume, mass and function in response to pathophysiological aggressions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our results showed no changes in cardiac morphology between the different groups of the experiment. The increase in absolute heart weight observed in obese animals did not persist after normalization of tibia length, indicating that cardiac growth occurred proportionally to the increase in body weight. Furthermore, the analyses did not show an increase in cross-sectional area (CSA) or sarcomere length, suggesting that the observed changes reflect a physiological adaptation to increased body mass, without evidence of pathological cardiac hypertrophy.</p>
        <p>In the current study, we demonstrated for the first time that chronic Cap treatment reduced cardiomyocyte contractile in the obesity. This discovery is important because there is little information available on the effects on the heart and cellular contractility of Cap treatment in the context of obesity. Studies investigating cardiac contractile function in experimental models of obesity reveal a deterioration in contraction capacity, evidenced by a decrease in the percentage and speed of cardiomyocyte shortening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our results show that the shortening fraction of cardiomyocytes from obese animals is preserved, with a reduction in the time required to reach 50% of maximum shortening. This finding may be associated with alterations in intracellular calcium handling or changes in contractile protein sensitivity; however, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been directly evaluated. Therefore, despite the preservation of contractile function, the change in contraction speed suggests modifications in cardiomyocyte mechanics related to obesity. Although the literature consistently reports impairments in myocardial contractility associated with obesity, our results do not demonstrate such dysfunction. This discrepancy may be explained by variations in the experimental model, such as species, strain, or dietary protocol, which could influence cardiomyocyte susceptibility to functional alterations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> It is also possible that cellular adaptations occur, such as increased myofibrillar sensitivity to calcium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When we compared cardiomyocytes from obese animals treated with Cap to those from the untreated obese group, we observed a reduction in the shortening fraction and an increase in the time required to reach 50% of maximum shortening (see central illustration). These results indicate impaired cellular contractile function in terms of both magnitude and speed. While the obese group maintained contraction amplitude, Cap treatment reduced shortening capacity and slowed contraction, suggesting diminished mechanical efficiency. This effect may be related to alterations in intracellular calcium handling, possibly through modulation of regulatory proteins such as SERCA2a and RYR2, which could reduce calcium availability for contraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the action of Cap in the cardiac system. A limitation of this study is the absence of an evaluation of cardiac function <italic>in vivo</italic>, which restricts our understanding of the extent to which the observed cellular changes translate into organ-level functional outcomes.</p>
        <p>Although there is no literature describing the mechanism by which Cap treatment affects cardiomyocyte contractility, evidence from its analogue capsaicin provides relevant context. Capsaicin is known to act on the cardiac system through the TRPV1 receptor, exerting cardioprotective effects by reducing infarct size and stimulating vasodilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> However, significant gaps remain in our understanding of how Cap acts on the cardiac system and whether its effects resemble those attributed to capsaicin. Therefore, further studies are needed to investigate the role of Cap in cardiac function and contractility, as well as the mechanisms involved.</p>
        <p>In this context, capsaicin treatment has been shown to improve cardiovascular autonomic control in newborn rats, restoring heart rate. At high doses, capsaicin was also able to increase sympathetic modulation of vascular tone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Studies have demonstrated that the acute effect of capsaicin in cardiomyocyte cultures increases intracellular Ca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>+</sup> concentration and attenuates fractional shortening through TRPV1 stimulation, as evidenced by the use of a specific TRPV1 blocker that prevented the capsaicin-induced rise in intracellular Ca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>+</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>More recently, Isaev et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> investigated the effects of capsaicin on voltage-dependent ionic currents in rabbit ventricular myocytes. Capsaicin inhibited rapidly activated (IKr) and slowly activated (IKs) K+ currents, as well as the transient outward K+ current (Ito). At higher concentrations, capsaicin also suppressed voltage-gated Na<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>+</sup> currents and the inward rectifier IK1. Overall, these findings suggest that capsaicin influences cardiac electrophysiology by interacting with multiple ion channels. Therefore, caution is advised when administering capsaicin to individuals with cardiac channelopathies or those prone to arrhythmias, such as patients with ischemic heart disease.</p>
        <p>Taken together, our results provide evidence that Cap induces impaired cardiomyocyte contractility in the context of obesity. These findings suggest that, despite preserved cardiac morphology, Cap treatment may negatively affect the cellular mechanics of cardiac myocytes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Treatment with Cap modulates cardiomyocyte contractility in the presence of obesity. Our findings provide new insights into the relationship between Cap treatment and cardiomyocyte contraction, but the therapeutic potential needs further clarification. Furthermore, Cap treatment did not improve the fat accumulation phenotype caused by obesity induction, nor did it improve metabolic parameters.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>This study was funded by Research and Innovation Support Foundation of Esp&#237;rito Santo (FAPES), grants (2026-Z7R9N, 2025-HV8WR and 2023-MHRH6).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Lucas Furtado Domingos, from Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo under the protocol number 08/2022. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We are grateful to Raissa Corr&#234;a de Andrade, to RedOx and Inflammation Laboratory, and the LECTA, LHT and LHMI laboratories for technical assistance.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
