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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gNgk5nGFsbxgk7L3CrfDWhM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000600601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250786</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Progn&#243;stico da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Angiogr&#225;fica de Hata para Desfechos em Longo Prazo na Arterite de Takayasu: Um Estudo Retrospectivo de Centro &#218;nico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Anisio Uchoa Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3682-4517</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shinjo</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Katsuyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Reumatologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Reumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo &#8226; Divis&#227;o de Reumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP) &#8211; Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 3&#186; andar, sala 3184. CEP 01246-903, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>samuel.shinjo@usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250786</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A utilidade progn&#243;stica da classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica de Hata para desfechos em longo prazo na arterite de Takayasu (AT) permanece incerta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM) e da necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es vasculares em pacientes com AT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo de coorte retrospectivo, de centro &#250;nico, incluiu pacientes diagnosticados com AT entre 2000 e 2025. An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foram realizadas para identificar preditores independentes, considerando-se signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Dos 203 pacientes inicialmente identificados, 18 foram exclu&#237;dos. A coorte final foi composta por 185 pacientes, dos quais 80,0% eram do sexo feminino, com mediana de idade ao diagn&#243;stico de 29 anos. O Tipo V foi o padr&#227;o angiogr&#225;fico predominante (64,9%). Durante um seguimento mediano de 10,8 anos, ECAM ocorreram em 35,7% dos pacientes, enquanto 37,3% necessitaram de interven&#231;&#227;o vascular. A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de ECAM. Os preditores independentes de ECAM inclu&#237;ram sexo feminino, associado a efeito protetor (<italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR], 0,38; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%], 0,17-0,86; p = 0,021), e maior intervalo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o diagn&#243;stico, associado a aumento do risco (OR, 1,10; IC 95%, 1,03-1,18; p = 0,006). Em contraste, a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata foi preditora independente da necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o vascular. O Tipo I de Hata apresentou forte associa&#231;&#227;o protetora em compara&#231;&#227;o ao Tipo V (OR, 0,10; IC 95%, 0,01-0,53; p = 0,029). Al&#233;m disso, insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica basal associou-se independentemente a maior probabilidade de interven&#231;&#227;o (OR, 2,54; IC 95%, 1,18-5,60; p = 0,018) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata demonstrou ser um preditor robusto de necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o vascular, mas n&#227;o de ECAM, em pacientes com AT. Maior extens&#227;o anat&#244;mica da doen&#231;a (Tipo V) e insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica basal associaram-se a maior risco de procedimentos vasculares, enquanto o risco de ECAM esteve relacionado a atraso diagn&#243;stico e sexo masculino. A dissocia&#231;&#227;o observada em longo prazo entre elevadas taxas de remiss&#227;o cl&#237;nica (92,4%) e progress&#227;o cont&#237;nua da doen&#231;a refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia do acompanhamento baseado em m&#233;todos de imagem e destaca a necessidade de estudos prospectivos multic&#234;ntricos para valida&#231;&#227;o desses achados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valor Progn&#243;stico da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Angiogr&#225;fica de Hata para Desfechos em Longo Prazo na Arterite de Takayasu: Um Estudo Retrospectivo de Centro &#218;nico</title>
              <p>
                <italic>AT: arterite de Takayasu; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; DRA: dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta; ECAM: eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
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        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Arterite de Takayasu</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasculite Sist&#234;mica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2025/00238-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>301500/2022-3</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Faculdade de Medicina da USP</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESP #2025/00238-4 para AULS, CNPq #301500/2022-3 para SKS, Faculdade de Medicina da USP para SKS.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
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        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A arterite de Takayasu (AT) &#233; uma vasculite granulomatosa cr&#244;nica rara que afeta predominantemente art&#233;rias de grande calibre, particularmente a aorta e seus principais ramos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A doen&#231;a ocorre principalmente em mulheres jovens, geralmente durante a segunda e a terceira d&#233;cadas de vida. O processo inflamat&#243;rio subjacente promove espessamento e fibrose da parede arterial, levando, em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia, ao desenvolvimento de les&#245;es esten&#243;ticas, oclusivas ou aneurism&#225;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais representam importantes determinantes de morbidade e mortalidade e frequentemente culminam em complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas graves, incluindo acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), hipertens&#227;o renovascular (HRV) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A expressiva heterogeneidade cl&#237;nica e a variabilidade da evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a tornam a predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos em longo prazo na AT um desafio importante na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, diferentes sistemas de classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica foram desenvolvidos com o objetivo de padronizar a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica do acometimento arterial. Entre eles, a classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta por Hata et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> consolidou-se como o m&#233;todo mais amplamente utilizado, organizando a AT em seis padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos distintos (Tipos I, IIa, IIb, III, IV e V), definidos de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica do acometimento vascular. Essa classifica&#231;&#227;o tornou-se um importante referencial para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes e compara&#231;&#227;o de resultados em estudos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias anteriores demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre os padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos de Hata e diferentes manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a. Uma metan&#225;lise recente identificou o Tipo V, caracterizado pela forma angiogr&#225;fica mais extensa de acometimento vascular, como o subtipo mais prevalente e tamb&#233;m aquele associado &#224; maior carga global de sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Estudos adicionais demonstraram rela&#231;&#245;es entre padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos espec&#237;ficos e complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas distintas, incluindo maior risco de eventos cerebrovasculares em pacientes classificados como Tipo IIa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entretanto, a determina&#231;&#227;o do perfil progn&#243;stico da AT permanece complexa. Estudos de coorte de grande porte identificaram m&#250;ltiplos fatores independentes associados a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis, incluindo progress&#227;o cont&#237;nua da doen&#231;a, acometimento da aorta tor&#225;cica, retinopatia e eleva&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Apesar desses avan&#231;os, o papel progn&#243;stico espec&#237;fico da classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica de Hata ainda permanece incompletamente estabelecido.</p>
      <p>Embora amplamente empregada para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da AT, permanece uma importante lacuna de conhecimento quanto &#224;s implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas diretas da classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica de Hata sobre desfechos cl&#237;nicos em longo prazo. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata por meio da an&#225;lise das associa&#231;&#245;es entre padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos e desfechos cl&#237;nicos em longo prazo em uma grande coorte retrospectiva de centro &#250;nico composta por pacientes com AT. Adicionalmente, buscou-se investigar se subtipos espec&#237;ficos da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata podem contribuir para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM) e necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es vasculares.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo de coorte retrospectivo, de centro &#250;nico, incluiu pacientes com AT acompanhados na unidade de vasculites de nosso centro terci&#225;rio entre janeiro de 2000 e outubro de 2025. O estudo foi conduzido em conformidade com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os participantes eleg&#237;veis deveriam apresentar diagn&#243;stico confirmado de AT de acordo com os crit&#233;rios classificat&#243;rios do American College of Rheumatology (ACR) de 1990<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e os crit&#233;rios classificat&#243;rios da European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/ACR de 2022.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Pacientes com dados incompletos ou indispon&#237;veis referentes &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>O relato do estudo seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da diretriz STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational Studies in Epidemiology.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados foram extra&#237;dos sistematicamente dos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos por meio de protocolo padronizado. As vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;ram caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e basais, como idade ao diagn&#243;stico, sexo, etnia e dura&#231;&#227;o do seguimento; classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica segundo Hata et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (Tipos I, IIa, IIb, III, IV e V); e vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao tratamento, incluindo medicamentos utilizados durante o acompanhamento, como glicocorticoides, agentes imunossupressores, agentes imunomoduladores, terapias biol&#243;gicas, antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios e estatinas.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m foram avaliados desfechos e complica&#231;&#245;es em longo prazo, incluindo mortalidade, eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM) (IAM, IC, eventos cerebrovasculares e dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta) e necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es vasculares. Al&#233;m disso, foram registradas comorbidades e complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, incluindo hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), HRV, insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, diabetes melito, dislipidemia e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
        <p>Foram definidos dois desfechos progn&#243;sticos compostos prim&#225;rios: i) ECAM, composto por AVE, IAM, IC e dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta; e ii) interven&#231;&#227;o vascular, definida pela necessidade de implanta&#231;&#227;o de endopr&#243;tese, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, cirurgia valvar ou corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma de aorta.</p>
        <p>O estado da doen&#231;a na &#250;ltima consulta de seguimento foi categorizado como doen&#231;a ativa ou remiss&#227;o. A atividade da doen&#231;a foi avaliada pelo Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score (ITAS2010),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> sendo considerados indicativos de doen&#231;a ativa escores &#8805; 2.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Estat&#237;sticas descritivas foram utilizadas para caracterizar a coorte do estudo. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal segundo o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e, portanto, foram apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ; percentis 25-75). Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e porcentagens.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais entre os grupos da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata foram comparadas utilizando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, sem realiza&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lises <italic>post hoc</italic> pareadas.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata, an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada foram inicialmente conduzidas para investigar associa&#231;&#245;es entre preditores basais e os dois desfechos compostos (ECAM e interven&#231;&#227;o vascular). Posteriormente, foram constru&#237;dos dois modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para estimar <italic>odds ratios</italic> (OR) ajustadas e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%) da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata, utilizando o Tipo V como categoria de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>As covari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das nos modelos multivariados foram selecionadas segundo estrat&#233;gia previamente definida. Idade ao diagn&#243;stico e sexo foram inclu&#237;dos <italic>a priori</italic> devido &#224; sua reconhecida relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. Vari&#225;veis com associa&#231;&#227;o univariada de p &lt; 0,10 tamb&#233;m foram incorporadas aos modelos finais, adotando-se um limiar mais inclusivo para reduzir a probabilidade de exclus&#227;o de preditores clinicamente relevantes durante o ajuste multivariado.</p>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no software R, vers&#227;o 4.5.0. Nos modelos multivariados finais, foi adotado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica bilateral de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da coorte e dados basais</title>
        <p>Um total de 203 pacientes com AT foi inicialmente identificado. Ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de 18 pacientes devido &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica incompleta ou aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es de seguimento, 185 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise final (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). A coorte foi estratificada de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica de Hata, sendo o Tipo V o padr&#227;o predominante (64,9%), seguido pelos Tipos IV, IIa, IIb e III (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais da coorte do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Geral (n = 185)</th>
                  <th>Hata I (n = 16)</th>
                  <th>Hata IIa (n = 14)</th>
                  <th>Hata IIb (n = 10)</th>
                  <th>Hata III (n = 9)</th>
                  <th>Hata IV (n = 16)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Hata V (n = 120)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade ao diagn&#243;stico, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">29,0 (20,0-36,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,0 (26,0-40,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,0 (19,0-32,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,0 (18,0-33,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,0 23,0-45,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,0 (19,5-39,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,0 (20,0-35,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,716</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intervalo entre in&#237;cio dos sintomas e diagn&#243;stico, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (0,0-4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (0,0-7,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0 (0,0-1,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 (0,0-5,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (0,0-1,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 (0,0-6,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 (0,0-4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,561</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (80,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (93,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (78,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (77,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (62,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (80,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,369</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etnia branca</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (82,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (78,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (77,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (87,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (79,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,341</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etnia parda</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,672</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etnia negra</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (11,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,392</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (74,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (56,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (64,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (70,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (87,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (75,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,133</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o renovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (30,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (55,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (56,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (30,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (21,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (28,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,047</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes melito</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (15,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,509</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (58,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (44,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (56,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (63,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,497</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico de malignidade</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,253</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou n (%).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A coorte total foi composta predominantemente por mulheres (80,0%) e indiv&#237;duos brancos (82,2%), com mediana de idade ao diagn&#243;stico de 29,0 anos (IIQ, 20,0-36,0). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as relevantes entre os grupos da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo ou tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o diagn&#243;stico. Em contrapartida, as comorbidades basais variaram de acordo com o padr&#227;o angiogr&#225;fico. A HRV foi observada com maior frequ&#234;ncia entre pacientes classificados nos Tipos II-IV de Hata, enquanto insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica foi mais comum entre pacientes com doen&#231;a Tipo V (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguimento, estado cl&#237;nico e manejo terap&#234;utico</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas do seguimento e os perfis terap&#234;uticos est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. A dura&#231;&#227;o mediana do seguimento foi de 10,8 anos (IIQ, 4,5-15,8), com tempos de acompanhamento amplamente semelhantes entre os grupos da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o final, mais de 90% dos pacientes encontravam-se em remiss&#227;o cl&#237;nica (ITAS2010 &lt; 2). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes ao t&#233;rmino do estudo, aproximadamente metade da coorte permanecia em acompanhamento ativo, enquanto propor&#231;&#245;es menores haviam recebido alta ou perdido o seguimento.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas do seguimento, estado da doen&#231;a e manejo terap&#234;utico segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Geral (n = 185)</th>
                  <th>Hata I (n = 16)</th>
                  <th>Hata IIa (n = 14)</th>
                  <th>Hata IIb (n = 10)</th>
                  <th>Hata III (n = 9)</th>
                  <th>Hata IV (n = 16)</th>
                  <th>Hata V (n = 120)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Estado da doen&#231;a no &#250;ltimo seguimento</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a ativa</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,363</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Remiss&#227;o cl&#237;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (93,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (85,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (93,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (94,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,363</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o do seguimento, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">10,8 (4,5-15,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8 (4,3-14,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8 (3,0-13,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,5 (4,5-15,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,7 (3,4-15,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,7 (7,7-16,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,0 (5,0-15,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,444</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica inicial</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (17,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (15,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,702</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicocorticoides</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (68,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (75,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (71,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (62,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,731</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Metotrexato</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (71,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (68,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (64,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (80,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (77,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (81,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (70,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,918</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Azatioprina</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (37,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (35,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (44,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (40,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,132</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Micofenolato de mofetila</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (19,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (28,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leflunomida</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (20,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (19,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,680</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infliximabe</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (16,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (15,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tocilizumabe</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (7,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,101</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="9">
                    <bold>Regime terap&#234;utico atual</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (62,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (62,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (78,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (77,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (75,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (58,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,532</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicocorticoides</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (21,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,186</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Metotrexato</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (14,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (17,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,375</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Azatioprina</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (13,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (15,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,764</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Micofenolato de mofetila</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (5,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,817</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leflunomida</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (5,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,240</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infliximabe</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (8,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,638</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tocilizumabe</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,161</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (81,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (93,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (85,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (90,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (81,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (77,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,465</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatinas</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (63,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (62,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (44,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (56,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (69,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,216</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou n (%).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise das estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas demonstrou diferen&#231;as significativas na prescri&#231;&#227;o de terapias imunomoduladoras espec&#237;ficas conforme o padr&#227;o angiogr&#225;fico. Pacientes com Hata Tipo V receberam micofenolato de mofetila como terapia inicial com maior frequ&#234;ncia, enquanto o uso de infliximabe foi mais comum entre pacientes com doen&#231;a Tipo IIb. Em contraste, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de glicocorticoides e metotrexato foi semelhante entre os subgrupos da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Incid&#234;ncia de desfechos em longo prazo e interven&#231;&#245;es vasculares</title>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de desfechos cl&#237;nicos e procedimentos vasculares durante o seguimento est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. ECAM ocorreram em 35,7% dos pacientes, sendo predominantemente atribu&#237;dos a AVE (17,0%) e IC (15,7%). IAM (9,2%) e dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta (3,2%) ocorreram com menor frequ&#234;ncia. A incid&#234;ncia global de ECAM, bem como a incid&#234;ncia de seus componentes individuais, foi amplamente semelhante entre os padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos de Hata, sem evid&#234;ncia de gradiente progressivo de risco conforme a distribui&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da doen&#231;a. N&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as significativas na ocorr&#234;ncia de ECAM (p = 0,261) nem em seus componentes individuais entre os grupos da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Incid&#234;ncia de desfechos cl&#237;nicos e interven&#231;&#245;es vasculares de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica de Hata</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Geral (n = 185)</th>
                  <th>Hata I (n = 16)</th>
                  <th>Hata IIa (n = 14)</th>
                  <th>Hata IIb (n = 10)</th>
                  <th>Hata III (n = 9)</th>
                  <th>Hata IV (n = 16)</th>
                  <th>Hata V (n = 120)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ECAM</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">66 (35,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (31,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (39,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,261</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVE</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (16,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (17,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,765</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (9,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,372</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (15,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (19,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,262</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,415</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HP</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,727</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TEV (TVP/EP)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (8,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,341</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos anormais*</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (45,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (31,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (35,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (31,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (53,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,061</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o vascular</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">69 (37,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (33,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (31,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (45,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Implanta&#231;&#227;o de endopr&#243;tese</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (18,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (20,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,571</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (7,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,343</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia valvar</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (7,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,691</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma de aorta</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (5,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,475</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade por todas as causas</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,415</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como n (%). *Presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas estruturais ou funcionais, incluindo DSVE, DVC, DRA ou HP. AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; DRA: dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta; DSVE: disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DVC: doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca; ECAM: eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores; EP: embolia pulmonar; HP: hipertens&#227;o pulmonar; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; TEV: tromboembolismo venoso; TVP: trombose venosa profunda.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O desfecho composto de interven&#231;&#227;o vascular ocorreu em 37,3% dos pacientes e incluiu implanta&#231;&#227;o de endopr&#243;tese (18,0%), cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (7,6%), cirurgia valvar (7,6%) e corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma de aorta (4,3%). Diferentemente dos ECAM, a necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o vascular variou conforme a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata, com maior frequ&#234;ncia de procedimentos observada em pacientes Tipo V e menor frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes Tipo I. Entretanto, quando analisados individualmente, os procedimentos vasculares espec&#237;ficos n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os subgrupos angiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise progn&#243;stica de fatores basais</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada, utilizando Hata Tipo V como categoria de refer&#234;ncia, identificaram preditores basais de desfechos em longo prazo. Para ECAM (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl">Tabela Suplementar 1</xref>), maior tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o diagn&#243;stico e sexo masculino estiveram associados a maior risco, enquanto HRV apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o lim&#237;trofe. A classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica de Hata n&#227;o demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com ECAM nas an&#225;lises univariadas.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o vascular, Hata Tipo I associou-se a probabilidade substancialmente menor de interven&#231;&#227;o quando comparado &#224; doen&#231;a Tipo V. Al&#233;m disso, HAS e insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica estiveram associadas a maior risco de necessidade de procedimentos vasculares (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl">Tabela Suplementar 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise multivariada de fatores progn&#243;sticos</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, ajustadas de acordo com a estrat&#233;gia de modelagem previamente definida (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl">Tabela Suplementar 3</xref>), demonstraram que a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata n&#227;o predisse independentemente a ocorr&#234;ncia de ECAM. O sexo feminino permaneceu como fator protetor independente, enquanto maior intervalo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o diagn&#243;stico persistiu como preditor independente de aumento de risco. A HRV perdeu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica ap&#243;s o ajuste multivariado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o vascular, Hata Tipo I permaneceu como forte fator protetor independente em compara&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a Tipo V, enquanto insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica basal permaneceu independentemente associada a maior risco de procedimentos. A HAS apresentou apenas tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o significativa de aumento de risco ap&#243;s o ajuste multivariado.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo de coorte de centro &#250;nico, com seguimento mediano superior a 1 d&#233;cada, avaliamos o valor progn&#243;stico da classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica de Hata para desfechos em longo prazo em 185 pacientes com AT. Os principais achados foram os seguintes: i) a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata n&#227;o se mostrou preditora independente de ECAM; ii) demonstrou ser um forte preditor independente da necessidade futura de interven&#231;&#245;es vasculares; iii) o Hata Tipo I apresentou efeito protetor independente contra interven&#231;&#245;es vasculares quando comparado ao padr&#227;o mais extenso Hata Tipo V; iv) insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica basal predisse independentemente a necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o vascular; e v) sexo feminino e menor atraso diagn&#243;stico exerceram efeito protetor independente sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia de ECAM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>Nossos achados indicam que a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata n&#227;o prediz ECAM, desafiando a premissa de que essa estrutura anat&#244;mica amplamente utilizada se traduz diretamente em estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica cardiovascular. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; particularmente relevante considerando que o Tipo V foi o padr&#227;o angiogr&#225;fico predominante em nossa coorte (64,9%), em concord&#226;ncia com evid&#234;ncias pr&#233;vias oriundas de metan&#225;lises,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> al&#233;m de previamente associado a maior atividade da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; que, embora a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata identifique de forma eficiente a extens&#227;o do acometimento arterial, ela pode n&#227;o capturar adequadamente os mecanismos envolvidos nas principais complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas. O risco de ECAM provavelmente depende mais fortemente de manifesta&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas de alto risco do que exclusivamente da distribui&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da doen&#231;a. Essa interpreta&#231;&#227;o &#233; sustentada por grandes estudos de coorte que identificaram determinantes progn&#243;sticos independentes da classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica, incluindo curso progressivo da doen&#231;a, acometimento da aorta tor&#225;cica, retinopatia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> atraso diagn&#243;stico e insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica basal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> fatores mais diretamente relacionados &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular desfavor&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Um achado importante de nosso modelo progn&#243;stico foi o efeito protetor independente do sexo feminino sobre ECAM (OR, 0,38). Esse resultado est&#225; alinhado a evid&#234;ncias emergentes que demonstram diferen&#231;as fenot&#237;picas relacionadas ao sexo na AT. Grandes coortes provenientes da China e do Jap&#227;o demonstraram que pacientes do sexo masculino desenvolvem com maior frequ&#234;ncia complica&#231;&#245;es graves, incluindo aneurismas de aorta, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> De forma semelhante, um estudo multic&#234;ntrico franc&#234;s identificou o sexo masculino como preditor independente de reca&#237;da.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Embora alguns estudos tenham demonstrado achados divergentes, incluindo maior preval&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica entre mulheres,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> a maior parte das evid&#234;ncias aponta para maior carga de manifesta&#231;&#245;es graves entre homens, refor&#231;ando nosso achado de menor risco cardiovascular em mulheres.</p>
      <p>Em contraste com os ECAM, nossos resultados demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o independente robusta entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata e a necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es vasculares em longo prazo. A taxa global de interven&#231;&#227;o de 37,3% observada em nossa coorte est&#225; em conson&#226;ncia com estudos longitudinais de grande porte que relatam taxas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o variando entre 41,8% e 59%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> destacando a contribui&#231;&#227;o substancial dos procedimentos vasculares para a carga da doen&#231;a em longo prazo. A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco segundo o padr&#227;o angiogr&#225;fico foi particularmente evidente. A doen&#231;a Tipo V apresentou a maior carga de interven&#231;&#245;es (45,0%), enquanto o Tipo I apresentou a menor taxa (6,3%). A an&#225;lise multivariada confirmou o Tipo I como forte fator protetor (OR, 0,10), independentemente de outras caracter&#237;sticas basais. A insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica basal tamb&#233;m se manteve como preditora independente de interven&#231;&#227;o vascular (OR, 2,54).</p>
      <p>Esses achados sugerem que o acometimento vascular difuso caracter&#237;stico da doen&#231;a Tipo V aumenta a necessidade de procedimentos por m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos. Embora o Tipo V tenha sido associado a maior preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica basal (28,3%), seu impacto progn&#243;stico parece ir al&#233;m do comprometimento valvar isolado, provavelmente refletindo a carga cumulativa de les&#245;es esten&#243;ticas, oclusivas e aneurism&#225;ticas que demandam abordagem cir&#250;rgica ou endovascular em m&#250;ltiplos territ&#243;rios vasculares. Em conjunto, essas observa&#231;&#245;es sustentam a utilidade cl&#237;nica da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata como ferramenta pr&#225;tica baseada em m&#233;todos de imagem para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco procedimental em longo prazo na AT. Pacientes classificados como Tipo V podem representar um fen&#243;tipo de maior risco, justificando monitoramento mais rigoroso e avalia&#231;&#227;o mais precoce pela cirurgia vascular, enquanto o Tipo I identifica um subgrupo comparativamente de menor risco.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da classifica&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, nossos achados tamb&#233;m enfatizam a carga de dano vascular j&#225; estabelecida no momento do diagn&#243;stico. HAS estava presente em 75% dos pacientes, enquanto aproximadamente um ter&#231;o apresentava HRV. Essa elevada carga de les&#227;o vascular provavelmente reflete o atraso diagn&#243;stico frequentemente observado na AT, uma doen&#231;a caracterizada por apresenta&#231;&#227;o insidiosa e reconhecimento tardio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nossa an&#225;lise refor&#231;a ainda a relev&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica do atraso diagn&#243;stico, uma vez que maior tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o diagn&#243;stico aumentou independentemente o risco de ECAM (OR, 1,10), em concord&#226;ncia com evid&#234;ncias prospectivas pr&#233;vias que identificaram atrasos diagn&#243;sticos superiores a 3-4 anos como preditores independentes de ECAM e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro achado relevante foi a dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre remiss&#227;o cl&#237;nica e progress&#227;o vascular em longo prazo. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o final do seguimento, 92,4% dos pacientes foram classificados em remiss&#227;o cl&#237;nica (ITAS2010 &lt; 2), por&#233;m as taxas cumulativas de interven&#231;&#227;o vascular (37,3%) e ECAM (35,7%) permaneceram substanciais. Esses resultados sugerem que medidas convencionais de atividade da doen&#231;a e biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos podem refletir de forma incompleta o dano vascular persistente. Observa&#231;&#245;es semelhantes j&#225; foram descritas anteriormente, incluindo evid&#234;ncias de arterite ativa em 44% de esp&#233;cimes cir&#250;rgicos obtidos de pacientes considerados clinicamente inativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses achados refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o vascular avan&#231;ada para al&#233;m da an&#225;lise de sintomas e biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios isoladamente. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, esses resultados sustentam estrat&#233;gias estruturadas de acompanhamento baseadas em m&#233;todos de imagem, incorporando angiotomografia computadorizada seriada ou angiorresson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e, em casos selecionados, tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons/tomografia computadorizada, com o objetivo de aprimorar o monitoramento da progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e otimizar tanto o tratamento cl&#237;nico quanto o momento ideal para interven&#231;&#245;es de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m identificamos diferen&#231;as nas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas iniciais entre os grupos da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata, particularmente maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o de micofenolato de mofetila entre pacientes com doen&#231;a Tipo V e maior uso de infliximabe entre aqueles com doen&#231;a Tipo IIb. Esses padr&#245;es terap&#234;uticos provavelmente refletem vi&#233;s de indica&#231;&#227;o, e n&#227;o algoritmos terap&#234;uticos fundamentados em evid&#234;ncia, uma vez que m&#233;dicos assistentes podem optar preferencialmente por tratamentos mais intensivos em fen&#243;tipos percebidos como de maior risco vascular. Embora a efetividade terap&#234;utica n&#227;o tenha sido avaliada no presente estudo, esses resultados ilustram como fen&#243;tipos angiogr&#225;ficos podem influenciar a tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica rotineira.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Seu delineamento retrospectivo introduz possibilidade de vi&#233;s de informa&#231;&#227;o, embora procedimentos padronizados de coleta de dados tenham sido adotados para minimizar essa limita&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, 24,3% dos pacientes perderam seguimento, o que pode ter introduzido vi&#233;s de atrito. Entretanto, o longo per&#237;odo mediano de seguimento de 10,8 anos confere robustez &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de desfechos em longo prazo. Finalmente, o desenho de centro &#250;nico pode limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos achados para popula&#231;&#245;es com diferentes caracter&#237;sticas &#233;tnicas ou gen&#233;ticas. Considerando essas limita&#231;&#245;es, especialmente o delineamento retrospectivo e o seguimento incompleto, nossos achados devem ser interpretados com cautela e predominantemente como geradores de hip&#243;tese. Estudos prospectivos multic&#234;ntricos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar essas observa&#231;&#245;es e esclarecer de forma mais robusta as rela&#231;&#245;es causais entre os padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos de Hata, a ocorr&#234;ncia de ECAM e a necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es vasculares em longo prazo na AT.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora a classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica de Hata n&#227;o tenha demonstrado capacidade de predizer ECAM em longo prazo, ela emergiu como importante preditora independente da necessidade futura de interven&#231;&#245;es vasculares na AT. O acometimento vascular extenso, particularmente na doen&#231;a Hata Tipo V, associou-se a maior risco de procedimentos independentemente de outros fatores, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica basal.</p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, o impacto do atraso diagn&#243;stico e a dissocia&#231;&#227;o observada entre remiss&#227;o cl&#237;nica e progress&#227;o vascular silenciosa refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia de estrat&#233;gias de monitoramento baseadas em m&#233;todos de imagem no manejo da AT. Esses achados tamb&#233;m ressaltam a necessidade de estudos prospectivos multic&#234;ntricos para validar e refinar as implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas dos padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos na AT.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01">
        <label>Tabelas suplementares</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/gNgk5nGFsbxgk7L3CrfDWhM/cf9f50ecd3339d5bde3d8e293991630201842306.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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            </name>
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            </name>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Borodina</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
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              <surname>Shardina</surname>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (HCFMUSP) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 78848324.1.0000.0068. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p> Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT para elaboira&#231;&#227;o da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura central</xref>. Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_suppl">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p> Para <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl">Tabelas suplementares</xref>, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12306/2025-0786_AO_Supplement_Tables.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESP #2025/00238-4 para AULS, CNPq #301500/2022-3 para SKS, Faculdade de Medicina da USP para SKS.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250786i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Value of the Hata Angiographic Classification for Long-Term Outcomes in Takayasu Arteritis: A Single-Center, Retrospective Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Anisio Uchoa Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3682-4517</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shinjo</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Katsuyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo &#8226; Division of Rheumatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP) &#8211; Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 3&#186; andar, sala 3184. Postal Code 01246-903, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil<italic>.</italic> E-mail: samuel.shinjo@usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The prognostic utility of the Hata angiographic classification for long-term outcomes in Takayasu arteritis (TAK) remains unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To evaluate the prognostic value of the Hata classification for predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and the need for vascular interventions in patients with TAK.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This single-center, retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with TAK between 2000 and 2025. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors, with statistical significance defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Of 203 patients initially identified, 18 were excluded. The final cohort included 185 patients, of whom 80.0% were women, with a median age at diagnosis of 29 years. Type V was the predominant angiographic pattern (64.9%). During a median follow-up of 10.8 years, MACE occurred in 35.7% of patients, while 37.3% required vascular intervention. The Hata classification was not associated with MACE occurrence. Independent predictors of MACE included female sex, which was protective (odds ratio [OR], 0.38; 95% CI, 0.17-0.86; p = 0.021), and longer symptom onset-to-diagnosis time, which increased risk (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.18; p = 0.006). In contrast, the Hata classification independently predicted the need for vascular intervention. Hata Type I showed a strong protective association compared with Type V (OR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.01-0.53; p = 0.029). Baseline aortic insufficiency was also independently associated with a higher likelihood of intervention (OR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.18-5.60; p = 0.018) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The Hata classification appears to be a robust predictor of vascular intervention but not MACE in TAK. Greater anatomical disease extension (Type V) and baseline aortic insufficiency were associated with increased procedural risk, whereas MACE risk was associated with diagnostic delay and male sex. The observed long-term dissociation between high rates of clinical remission (92.4%) and continued disease progression underscores the importance of imaging-based surveillance and highlights the need for prospective multicenter studies to validate these findings.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Prognostic Value of the Hata Angiographic Classification for Long-Term Outcomes in Takayasu Arteritis: A Single-Center, Retrospective Study</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>
              <italic>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ARD: aortic root dilation; HF: heart failure; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; TAK: Takayasu arteritis.</italic>
            </attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-06-e20250786-50786-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Takayasu Arteritis</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Systemic Vasculitis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a rare, chronic granulomatous vasculitis that predominantly affects large-caliber arteries, particularly the aorta and its major branches.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The disease primarily occurs in young women, typically during the second and third decades of life. The underlying inflammatory process promotes arterial wall thickening and fibrosis, ultimately leading to stenotic, occlusive, or aneurysmal lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These vascular abnormalities are major determinants of morbidity and mortality and frequently result in severe ischemic complications, including stroke, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), renovascular hypertension (RVH), and heart failure (HF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Because of the marked heterogeneity in clinical presentation and disease progression, predicting long-term outcomes in TAK remains challenging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> To standardize the anatomical characterization of arterial involvement, several angiographic classification systems have been developed. Among these, the classification proposed by Hata et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> is the most widely adopted, categorizing disease into six angiographic patterns (Types I, IIa, IIb, III, IV, and V) according to the distribution of vascular involvement. This classification has become a fundamental framework for characterizing and comparing patient populations in clinical studies.</p>
        <p>Previous investigations have demonstrated associations between Hata classification patterns and specific clinical phenotypes. A recent meta-analysis identified Type V, the most extensive angiographic subtype, as both the most prevalent pattern and the subtype associated with the highest overall symptom burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Other studies have linked specific angiographic patterns to distinct complications, including an increased risk of cerebrovascular events in patients with Type IIa disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nevertheless, the prognostic profile of TAK remains complex. Large cohort studies have identified multiple independent predictors of adverse outcomes, including progressive disease course, thoracic aortic involvement, retinopathy, and increased inflammatory biomarkers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, the prognostic value of the Hata angiographic classification itself remains incompletely understood.</p>
        <p>Despite its widespread use for anatomical characterization, a critical knowledge gap persists regarding the direct prognostic implications of the Hata angiographic classification for long-term outcomes in TAK. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of the Hata classification by examining associations between angiographic patterns and long-term clinical outcomes in a large single-center cohort of patients with TAK. Additionally, we sought to investigate whether specific Hata subtypes contribute to risk stratification for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and vascular interventions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This retrospective single-center cohort study included patients diagnosed with TAK who were followed at the vasculitis unit of our tertiary care center between January 2000 and October 2025. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the institutional Human Research Ethics Committee.</p>
          <p>Eligible participants were required to have a confirmed diagnosis of TAK according to both the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1990 classification criteria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/ACR 2022 classification criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Patients with incomplete or unavailable angiographic classification data were excluded.</p>
          <p>The study was reported in accordance with the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology guidelines.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data coll ection</title>
          <p>Data were systematically extracted from electronic medical records using a standardized protocol. Variables included demographic and baseline characteristics, such as age at diagnosis, sex, ethnicity, and follow-up duration; angiographic classification according to Hata et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (Types I, IIa, IIb, III, IV, and V); and treatment-related variables, including medications administered during follow-up, such as glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive agents, immunomodulatory agents, biologic therapies, antiplatelet agents, and statins.</p>
          <p>Long-term outcomes and complications were also assessed, including mortality, MACE (AMI, HF, cerebrovascular events, and aortic dissection), and the need for vascular interventions. Additionally, comorbidities and clinical complications, including hypertension, RVH, aortic insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and pulmonary hypertension, were recorded.</p>
          <p>Two primary composite prognostic endpoints were defined: i) MACE, comprising stroke, AMI, HF, and aortic dissection; and ii) vascular intervention, defined as the requirement for endoprosthesis implantation, bypass surgery, valve surgery, or aortic aneurysm repair.</p>
          <p>Disease status at the last follow-up visit was categorized as either active disease or remission. Disease activity was assessed using the Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score (ITAS2010),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> with scores &#8805; 2 indicating active disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study cohort. Continuous variables did not follow a normal distribution according to the Shapiro-Wilk test and were therefore presented as median and interquartile range (IQR, 25th-75th percentile). Categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages.</p>
          <p>Baseline characteristics across Hata classification groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and the chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test for categorical variables, without post hoc pairwise analyses.</p>
          <p>To evaluate the prognostic value of the Hata classification, univariate logistic regression analyses were initially performed to assess associations between baseline predictors and the two composite outcomes (MACE and vascular intervention). Subsequently, two multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for the Hata classification, using Type V as the reference category.</p>
          <p>Covariates included in the multivariable models were selected according to a predefined strategy. Age at diagnosis and sex were included a priori because of their established clinical relevance. Variables with a univariate association of p &lt; 0.10 were also incorporated into the final models, adopting a more inclusive threshold to reduce the likelihood of excluding clinically relevant predictors during multivariable adjustment.</p>
          <p>All statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.5.0. Statistical significance in the final multivariable models was defined as a two-sided p-value &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Cohort characteristics and baseline data</title>
          <p>A total of 203 patients with TAK were initially identified. After excluding 18 patients because of incomplete angiographic classification or missing follow-up information, 185 patients were included in the final analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). The cohort was stratified according to the Hata angiographic classification, with Type V representing the predominant pattern (64.9%), followed by Types IV, IIa, IIb, and III (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study cohort</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="11%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Overall (n = 185)</th>
                    <th>Hata I (n = 16)</th>
                    <th>Hata IIa (n = 14)</th>
                    <th>Hata IIb (n = 10)</th>
                    <th>Hata III (n = 9)</th>
                    <th>Hata IV (n = 16)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Hata V (n = 120)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age at diagnosis, years</td>
                    <td align="center">29.0 (20.0-36.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">30.0 (26.0-40.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.0 (19.0-32.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.0 (18.0-33.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">23.0 23.0-45.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">32.0 (19.5-39.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.0 (20.0-35.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.716</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Symptom onset-to-diagnosis interval, years</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0 (0.0-4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0 (0.0-7.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0 (0.0-1.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.0 (0.0-5.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0 (0.0-1.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.5 (0.0-6.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0 (0.0-4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.561</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female sex</td>
                    <td align="center">148 (80.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (93.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (78.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (90.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (77.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (62.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (80.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.369</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White ethnicity</td>
                    <td align="center">152 (82.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (78.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (90.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (77.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (87.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">95 (79.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.341</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mixed race ethnicity</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (6.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (7.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.672</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Black ethnicity</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (11.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (21.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.392</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">138 (74.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (56.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (64.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (70.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (87.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">90 (75.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.133</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Renovascular hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (30.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (55.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (56.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (30.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.036</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aortic insufficiency</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (21.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (28.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.047</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (15.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (25.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (28.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.509</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">108 (58.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (40.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (44.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (56.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (63.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.497</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>History of malignancy</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (3.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (7.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.253</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or n (%).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The overall cohort was predominantly female (80.0%) and White (82.2%), with a median age at diagnosis of 29.0 years (IQR, 20.0-36.0). No relevant differences were observed across Hata groups regarding age, sex distribution, or time from symptom onset to diagnosis. In contrast, baseline comorbidities varied according to angiographic pattern. RVH was more frequently observed among patients with Hata Types II-IV, whereas aortic insufficiency was more common in patients with Type V disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>Follow-up, clinical status, and therapeutic management</p>
          <p>Patient follow-up characteristics and treatment profiles are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. The median follow-up duration was 10.8 years (IQR, 4.5-15.8), with broadly similar follow-up times across Hata groups. At the final evaluation, more than 90% of patients were in clinical remission (ITAS2010 &lt; 2). Regarding patient status at study completion, approximately half of the cohort remained under active follow-up, whereas smaller proportions had either been discharged or were lost to follow-up.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Follow-up characteristics, disease status, and therapeutic management by Hata classification</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="11%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Overall (n = 185)</th>
                    <th>Hata I (n = 16)</th>
                    <th>Hata IIa (n = 14)</th>
                    <th>Hata IIb (n = 10)</th>
                    <th>Hata III (n = 9)</th>
                    <th>Hata IV (n = 16)</th>
                    <th>Hata V (n = 120)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="9">
                      <bold>Disease status at last follow-up</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Active disease status</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (6.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (5.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.363</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Clinical remission</td>
                    <td align="center">173 (93.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (85.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (80.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (93.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">113 (94.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.363</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Follow-up duration, years</td>
                    <td align="center">10.8 (4.5-15.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.8 (4.3-14.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.8 (3.0-13.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.5 (4.5-15.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.7 (3.4-15.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.7 (7.7-16.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.0 (5.0-15.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.444</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="9">
                      <bold>Initial therapeutic strategy</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No treatment</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (17.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (25.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (28.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (15.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.702</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glucocorticoids</td>
                    <td align="center">127 (68.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (75.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (71.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (90.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (66.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (62.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">80 (66.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.731</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Methotrexate</td>
                    <td align="center">133 (71.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (68.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (64.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (80.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (77.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (81.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">85 (70.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.918</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Azathioprine</td>
                    <td align="center">70 (37.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (25.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (35.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (60.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (44.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (40.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.132</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mycophenolate mofetil</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (19.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (28.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Leflunomide</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (20.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (25.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (21.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (40.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (19.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.680</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infliximab</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (16.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (21.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (60.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (15.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tocilizumab</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (7.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (30.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (8.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.101</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="9">
                      <bold>Current therapeutic regimen</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No treatment</td>
                    <td align="center">116 (62.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (62.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (78.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (60.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (77.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (75.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">70 (58.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.532</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glucocorticoids</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (21.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (28.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (25.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.186</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Methotrexate</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (14.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (7.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (17.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.375</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Azathioprine</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (13.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (7.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (15.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.764</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mycophenolate mofetil</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (5.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (7.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.817</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Leflunomide</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (5.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (4.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.240</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infliximab</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (8.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (8.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.638</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tocilizumab</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (2.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.161</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aspirin</td>
                    <td align="center">151 (81.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (93.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (85.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (90.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (81.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">93 (77.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.465</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Statins</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (63.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (62.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (44.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (56.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">83 (69.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.216</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or n (%).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Analysis of treatment strategies demonstrated significant differences in the prescription of selected immunomodulatory therapies according to angiographic pattern. Patients with Hata Type V more frequently received mycophenolate mofetil as initial therapy, whereas infliximab use was more common among patients with Type IIb disease. In contrast, glucocorticoid and methotrexate use was comparable across Hata subgroups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Incidence of long-term outcomes and vascular interventions</title>
          <p>The incidence of clinical outcomes and vascular procedures during follow-up is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>. MACE occurred in 35.7% of patients and were primarily driven by stroke (17.0%) and HF (15.7%). AMI (9.2%) and aortic dissection (3.2%) occurred less frequently. Overall MACE incidence, as well as the incidence of its individual components, was broadly similar across Hata angiographic patterns, without evidence of a progressive risk gradient according to disease distribution. No significant differences were identified in MACE occurrence (p = 0.261) or in its individual components across Hata groups.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Incidence of clinical outcomes and vascular interventions according to Hata angiographic classification</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="11%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Overall (n = 185)</th>
                    <th>Hata I (n = 16)</th>
                    <th>Hata IIa (n = 14)</th>
                    <th>Hata IIb (n = 10)</th>
                    <th>Hata III (n = 9)</th>
                    <th>Hata IV (n = 16)</th>
                    <th>Hata V (n = 120)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>MACE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">66 (35.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (31.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (21.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (39.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.261</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (16.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (25.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (17.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.765</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AMI</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (9.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (8.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.372</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (15.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (19.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.262</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aortic dissection</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (3.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.415</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PH</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (6.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (7.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (8.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.727</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VTE (DVT/PE)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (8.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.341</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Abnormal echocardiographic findings*</td>
                    <td align="center">85 (45.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (31.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (35.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (31.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (53.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.061</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Vascular intervention</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">69 (37.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (21.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (30.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (33.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (31.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (45.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.028</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Endoprosthesis implantation</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (18.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (7.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (25.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (20.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.571</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bypass surgery</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (7.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (8.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.343</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Valve surgery</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (7.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.691</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aortic aneurysm repair</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (5.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.475</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>All-cause mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (3.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.415</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are presented as n (%). *Presence of structural or functional cardiac abnormalities, including LVSD, VHD, ARD, or PH. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ARD: aortic root dilation; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; HF: heart failure; LVSD: left ventricular systolic dysfunction; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; PE: pulmonary embolism; PH: pulmonary hypertension; VHD: valvular heart disease; VTE: venous thromboembolism.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The composite outcome of vascular intervention occurred in 37.3% of patients and included endoprosthesis implantation (18.0%), bypass surgery (7.6%), valve surgery (7.6%), and aortic aneurysm repair (4.3%). Unlike MACE, the requirement for vascular intervention varied according to Hata classification, with the highest procedural burden observed in Type V and the lowest in Type I disease. However, when analyzed individually, specific vascular procedures did not differ significantly across angiographic subgroups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prognostic analysis of baseline factors</title>
          <p>Univariate logistic regression analyses, using Hata Type V as the reference category, identified baseline predictors of long-term outcomes. For MACE (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl_en">Supplementary Table 1</xref>), longer time from symptom onset to diagnosis and male sex were associated with higher risk, whereas RVH demonstrated a borderline association. Hata angiographic classification showed no significant association with MACE in univariate analyses.</p>
          <p>Regarding vascular intervention, Hata Type I was associated with a substantially lower probability of intervention compared with Type V disease. Additionally, both hypertension and aortic insufficiency were associated with increased risk of requiring vascular procedures (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl_en">Supplementary Table 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors</title>
          <p>Multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusted according to the predefined modeling strategy (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl_en">Supplementary Table 3</xref>) demonstrated that Hata classification did not independently predict MACE occurrence. Female sex remained an independent protective factor, whereas longer onset-to-diagnosis time persisted as an independent predictor of increased risk. RVH lost statistical significance after multivariable adjustment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
          <p>For vascular intervention, Hata Type I remained a strong independent protective factor compared with Type V disease, whereas baseline aortic insufficiency remained independently associated with increased procedural risk. Hypertension showed only a nonsignificant trend toward increased risk after multivariable adjustment.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this single-center cohort study with a median follow-up exceeding 1 decade, we evaluated the prognostic value of the Hata angiographic classification for long-term outcomes in 185 patients with TAK. The main findings were as follows: i) the Hata classification was not an independent predictor of MACE; ii) it was a strong independent predictor of future vascular intervention requirements; iii) Hata Type I was independently protective against vascular intervention compared with the more extensive Hata Type V pattern; iv) baseline aortic insufficiency independently predicted vascular intervention; and v) female sex and shorter diagnostic delay independently protected against MACE occurrence (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>Our findings indicate that the Hata classification does not predict MACE, challenging the assumption that this widely adopted anatomical framework directly translates into prognostic cardiovascular stratification. This observation is particularly relevant because Type V was the predominant angiographic pattern in our cohort (64.9%), consistent with previous evidence from meta-analysis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and has previously been associated with greater disease activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> One possible explanation is that although the Hata classification effectively identifies the extent of arterial involvement, it may not adequately capture the mechanisms underlying major ischemic complications. MACE risk likely depends more strongly on specific high-risk disease manifestations than on anatomical distribution alone. This interpretation is supported by large cohort studies identifying prognostic determinants independent of angiographic classification, including progressive disease course, thoracic aortic involvement, retinopathy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> diagnostic delay, and baseline aortic insufficiency,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> all factors more directly related to adverse cardiovascular evolution.</p>
        <p>An important finding of our prognostic model was the independent protective effect of female sex against MACE (OR, 0.38). This result aligns with emerging evidence demonstrating sex-related phenotypic differences in TAK. Large cohorts from China and Japan have shown that male patients more frequently develop severe complications, including aortic aneurysms, kidney dysfunction, and hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Similarly, a multicenter French study identified male sex as an independent predictor of relapse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although some reports have demonstrated conflicting findings, including a higher prevalence of aortic regurgitation among women,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> most research supports a greater burden of severe disease manifestations among males, which reinforces our finding of lower cardiovascular risk in women.</p>
        <p>In contrast to MACE, our results demonstrate a robust independent association between Hata classification and long-term vascular intervention requirements. The overall intervention rate of 37.3% observed in our cohort is consistent with major longitudinal studies reporting revascularization rates ranging from 41.8% to 59%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> which highlights the substantial contribution of vascular procedures to long-term disease burden. Risk stratification according to angiographic pattern was particularly evident. Type V disease exhibited the highest intervention burden (45.0%), whereas Type I demonstrated the lowest rate (6.3%). Multivariable analysis confirmed Type I as a strong protective factor (OR, 0.10), independent of other baseline characteristics. Baseline aortic insufficiency also independently predicted vascular intervention (OR, 2.54).</p>
        <p>These findings suggest that the diffuse vascular involvement characteristic of Type V disease increases procedural requirements through multiple mechanisms. Although Type V was associated with a higher prevalence of baseline aortic insufficiency (28.3%), its prognostic impact appears to extend beyond valvular disease alone, likely reflecting the cumulative burden of stenotic, occlusive, and aneurysmal lesions requiring surgical or endovascular management across multiple vascular territories. Collectively, these observations support the clinical utility of the Hata classification as a practical imaging-based tool for long-term procedural risk stratification in TAK. Patients classified as Type V may represent a higher-risk phenotype warranting closer surveillance and earlier vascular surgery assessment, whereas Type I identifies a comparatively lower-risk subgroup.</p>
        <p>Beyond anatomical classification, our findings also emphasize the burden of established vascular damage at diagnosis. Hypertension was present in 75% of patients, whereas nearly one-third exhibited RVH. This substantial burden of vascular injury likely reflects the prolonged diagnostic delay frequently observed in TAK, a disease characterized by insidious presentation and delayed recognition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Our analysis further confirms the prognostic relevance of delayed diagnosis, as longer time from symptom onset to diagnosis independently increased risk of MACE (OR, 1.10), consistent with previous prospective evidence identifying diagnostic delays exceeding 3-4 years as independent predictors of MACE and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another noteworthy finding was the dissociation between clinical remission and long-term vascular progression. At the final follow-up evaluation, 92.4% of patients were classified as being in clinical remission (ITAS2010 &lt; 2), yet cumulative rates of vascular intervention (37.3%) and MACE (35.7%) remained substantial. These findings suggest that conventional activity measures and systemic inflammatory markers may incompletely reflect persistent vascular injury. Similar observations have previously been reported, including evidence of active arteritis in 44% of surgical specimens obtained from patients considered clinically inactive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These observations reinforce the importance of advanced vascular imaging beyond symptom assessment and inflammatory biomarkers alone. In clinical practice, this may support structured imaging-based follow-up strategies incorporating serial computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography, complemented in selected cases by positron emission tomography/computed tomography, to improve monitoring of disease progression and optimize both medical treatment and revascularization timing.</p>
        <p>We also identified differences in initial therapeutic strategies across Hata groups, particularly greater use of mycophenolate mofetil among patients with Type V disease and increased infliximab use among those with Type IIb disease. These treatment patterns likely reflect indication bias rather than evidence-based treatment algorithms, as clinicians may preferentially prescribe more intensive therapies for phenotypes perceived as carrying greater vascular risk. Although treatment effectiveness was not evaluated in the present study, these findings illustrate how angiographic phenotypes may influence therapeutic decision-making in routine clinical practice.</p>
        <p>This study has several limitations. Its retrospective design introduces the possibility of information bias, although standardized data collection procedures were adopted to minimize this limitation. In addition, 24.3% of patients were lost to follow-up, which may have introduced attrition bias. Nevertheless, the long median follow-up duration of 10.8 years provides robust long-term outcome assessment. Finally, the single-center design may limit generalizability to populations with distinct ethnic or genetic backgrounds. Because of such limitations, particularly the retrospective design and incomplete follow-up, our findings should be interpreted cautiously and primarily as hypothesis-generating. Future prospective multicenter studies are warranted to validate these observations and further clarify the causal relationships between Hata angiographic patterns, MACE occurrence, and long-term vascular intervention requirements in TAK.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Although the Hata angiographic classification did not predict long-term MACE, it emerged as an important independent predictor of future vascular intervention requirements in TAK. Extensive vascular involvement, particularly in Hata Type V disease, was associated with increased procedural risk independent of other factors, including baseline aortic insufficiency.</p>
        <p>Additionally, the impact of diagnostic delay and the observed dissociation between clinical remission and ongoing silent vascular progression emphasize the importance of imaging-based surveillance strategies in management of TAK. These findings also reinforce the need for prospective multicenter studies to validate and further refine the prognostic implications of angiographic patterns in TAK.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl_en" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01_en">
          <label>Supplementary Tables</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/gNgk5nGFsbxgk7L3CrfDWhM/cf9f50ecd3339d5bde3d8e293991630201842306.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (HCFMUSP) under the protocol number 78848324.1.0000.0068. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p> During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT for create the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">central figure</xref>. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_suppl001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p> For <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl_en">Supplementary Tables</xref>, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12306/2025-0786_AO_Supplement_Tables.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p> This study was funded by FAPESP #2025/00238-4 to AULS, CNPq #301500/2022-3 to SKS, Faculdade de Medicina da USP to SKS.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
