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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Tb3X5s96GGzG43HSWpwdBrK</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000501003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260425</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Al&#233;m do <italic>Pacing</italic> Ventricular: A Cardiomiopatia Atrial como Determinante da Evolu&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s Implante de Marca-passo?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brasil</surname>
            <given-names>Helena Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matias</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia de Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8975-1182</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Arritmia do Cear&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Arritmia do Cear&#225; (CACE), Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;dio</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;dio, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Unichristus</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unichristus, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Eduardo Arrais Rocha</bold> &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; &#8211; Rua Capit&#227;o Francisco Pedro, 1290. CEP <postal-code>60430-160</postal-code>, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>eduardoa@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260425</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O estudo "Resultados Cl&#237;nicos ap&#243;s Implante de Marca-Passo: Um Estudo Comparativo de 3 Anos entre S&#237;ndrome do N&#243; Sinusal e Bloqueio Atrioventricular"<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> traz uma an&#225;lise comparativa relevante entre pacientes com a doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal (DNS) e o bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV), submetidos a implante de marca-passo (MP) permanente, acompanhados por tr&#234;s anos. O principal m&#233;rito do trabalho reside na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e do remodelamento card&#237;aco, nas taxas de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), reinterna&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade comparativamente nos dois grupos.</p>
    <p>Entre os pontos fortes do estudo destacam-se o seguimento relativamente prolongado, com avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica seriada, mostrando diferen&#231;as importantes entre os padr&#245;es de remodelamento card&#237;aco. Pacientes com DNS apresentaram aumento progressivo do volume atrial esquerdo (VAE) e do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE), al&#233;m de piora significativa da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM). Em contrapartida, os pacientes com BAV, mesmo com carga de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular acima de 90%, apresentaram relativa estabilidade nas dimens&#245;es atriais e ventriculares. Ambos os grupos tiveram leves redu&#231;&#245;es na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE), altas taxas de FA, interna&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade, sem diferen&#231;as significativas nos grupos. Esses achados desafiam parcialmente o conceito cl&#225;ssico de que a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita isoladamente seria a principal respons&#225;vel pelo remodelamento card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>O remodelamento card&#237;aco corresponde a altera&#231;&#245;es moleculares, celulares e intersticiais que alteram o tamanho, a forma e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s les&#227;o ou sobrecarga cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Clinicamente, manifesta-se por dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras e deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, constituindo importante substrato para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e arritmias.</p>
    <p>O trabalho merece reconhecimento tamb&#233;m por discutir potenciais diferen&#231;as progn&#243;sticas entre DNS e BAV. Enquanto a RM foi associada &#224; mortalidade na DNS, no BAV os preditores foram doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, uso de betabloqueadores e aumento do volume atrial esquerdo (VAE). Esses achados sugerem mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos distintos e refor&#231;am a necessidade de rigoroso seguimento desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>A elevada incid&#234;ncia de FA em ambas as popula&#231;&#245;es, superior a 35% em tr&#234;s anos refor&#231;a as observa&#231;&#245;es previamente demonstradas em estudos como ASSERT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e MOST,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> nos quais os pacientes portadores de dispositivos card&#237;acos apresentaram alta incid&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais subcl&#237;nicas e aumento subsequente do risco tromboemb&#243;lico.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas importantes embora citadas no estudo precisam ser consideradas. O estudo foi retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico e observacional, o que reduz sua capacidade de estabelecer rela&#231;&#245;es causais robustas. O n&#250;mero de pacientes foi relativamente pequeno, especialmente no grupo DNS, limitando an&#225;lises multivariadas mais consistentes. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada da posi&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo ventricular, da ocorr&#234;ncia de dissincronia ventricular ou atrioventricular.</p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de dados mais completos sobre a IC e a miocardiopatia relacionada &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o limitam a an&#225;lise. Estudos cl&#225;ssicos como DAVID,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> MOST<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e BLOCK-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> j&#225; demonstraram que elevadas cargas de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita podem promover disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e aumento de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC. Curiosamente, neste estudo, os pacientes com BAV e carga de <italic>pacing</italic> acima de 90% n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as na FE e paradoxalmente tiveram menores altera&#231;&#245;es no remodelamento card&#237;aco. Tal observa&#231;&#227;o pode refletir diferen&#231;as basais de substrato atrial e mioc&#225;rdico, mas tamb&#233;m pode decorrer de limita&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas e de an&#225;lises ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, considerando diferentes analisadores e aus&#234;ncia de revalida&#231;&#227;o dos dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, aus&#234;ncia de an&#225;lise de strain atrial e ventricular, al&#233;m de dados sobre as posi&#231;&#245;es dos eletrodos ventriculares e atriais.</p>
    <p>Os autores sugerem que a pr&#243;pria DNS poderia representar um marcador independente de remodelamento. Essa hip&#243;tese &#233; biologicamente plaus&#237;vel, especialmente considerando o crescente reconhecimento da cardiomiopatia atrial como entidade cl&#237;nica. Estudos recentes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> demonstram que a fibrose atrial, inflama&#231;&#227;o, degenera&#231;&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o e altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais do &#225;trio precedem tanto a FA quanto as manifesta&#231;&#245;es da DNS. Nesse contexto, a cardiomiopatia atrial pode ter sido um dos principais determinantes fisiopatol&#243;gicos das diferen&#231;as observadas entre os grupos deste estudo. Esses achados desafiam diretamente a no&#231;&#227;o de que a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular isoladamente seja o principal determinante de remodelamento adverso.</p>
    <p>Esses achados dialogam diretamente com conceitos mais modernos de cardiomiopatia atrial, nos quais o &#225;trio esquerdo deixa de ser visto apenas como marcador indireto de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e passa a ser compreendido como componente ativo do processo fisiopatol&#243;gico cardiovascular. Tal interpreta&#231;&#227;o fortalece ainda mais o racional para estrat&#233;gias precoces de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, vigil&#226;ncia de FA subcl&#237;nica e eventual ado&#231;&#227;o de modalidades de estimula&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica atrial em pacientes com DNS.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, a programa&#231;&#227;o de intervalos AV excessivamente prolongados na DNS, com o objetivo de evitar a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular j&#225; comprometida, pode trazer preju&#237;zos hemodin&#226;micos, como RM diast&#243;lica, levando ao aparecimento de sintomas e/ou FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, o estudo refor&#231;a a necessidade de seguimento ecocardiogr&#225;fico peri&#243;dico dos pacientes com MP, particularmente daqueles com DNS. Assim, a porcentagem de <italic>pacing</italic> deve ser interpretada n&#227;o apenas como marcador de depend&#234;ncia do dispositivo, mas como express&#227;o da fisiopatologia subjacente. Enquanto no BAV, a preocupa&#231;&#227;o tradicional permanece centrada na dissincronia ventricular induzida pelo <italic>pacing,</italic> na DNS o maior desafio parece ser a progress&#227;o silenciosa da doen&#231;a atrial e ventricular estrutural.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, os achados do estudo e as diretrizes contempor&#226;neas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> sugerem que o seguimento p&#243;s-implante deve migrar de uma vis&#227;o baseada apenas na carga de estimula&#231;&#227;o para uma estrat&#233;gia de medicina de precis&#227;o, com vigil&#226;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica direcionada &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial, RM e remodelamento estrutural progressivo, tamb&#233;m em pacientes com DNS.</p>
    <p>O artigo contribui de forma significativa para a Literatura ao demonstrar que DNS e BAV, embora compartilhem benef&#237;cios sintom&#225;ticos semelhantes com o uso do MP, apresentam trajet&#243;rias distintas de remodelamento card&#237;aco e fatores de risco para mortalidade. Estudos prospectivos e multic&#234;ntricos, com avalia&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de estimula&#231;&#227;o alternativas, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar e expandir essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Resultados Cl&#237;nicos ap&#243;s Implante de Marca-Passo: Um Estudo Comparativo de 3 Anos entre S&#237;ndrome do N&#243; Sinusal e Bloqueio Atrioventricular</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260425i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Beyond Ventricular Pacing: Is Atrial Cardiomyopathy a Determinant of Clinical Outcome after Pacemaker Implantation?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brasil</surname>
            <given-names>Helena Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matias</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia de Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8975-1182</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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          <label>2</label>
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            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Arritmia do Cear&#225; (CACE), Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Walter Cant&#237;dio, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unichristus, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Eduardo Arrais Rocha</bold> &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; &#8211; Rua Capit&#227;o Francisco Pedro, 1290. Postal Code <postal-code>60430-160</postal-code>, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>eduardoa@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Artificial Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Remodeling</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The study "Clinical Outcomes Following Pacemaker Implantation: A 3-Year Comparative Study of Sick Sinus Syndrome and Atrioventricular Block"<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> presents a relevant comparative analysis between patients with sick sinus syndrome (SSS) and atrioventricular block (AVB) who underwent permanent pacemaker implantation and were followed for three years. The main merit of the work lies in the clinical evaluation and assessment of cardiac remodeling, atrial fibrillation (AF) rates, readmissions, and mortality compared between the two groups.</p>
      <p>Among the study's strengths are the relatively long follow-up period, with serial echocardiographic evaluation, showing important differences between the patterns of cardiac remodeling. Patients with SSS showed a progressive increase in left atrial volume (LAV) and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVDD), in addition to a significant worsening of mitral regurgitation (MR). In contrast, patients with left atrial block (LAB), even with a ventricular pacing load above 90%, showed relative stability in atrial and ventricular dimensions. Both groups had slight reductions in ejection fraction (EF), high rates of AF, hospitalizations, and mortality, without significant differences between the groups. These findings partially challenge the classic concept that right ventricular pacing alone is the main cause of cardiac remodeling.</p>
      <p>Cardiac remodeling refers to molecular, cellular, and interstitial changes that alter the size, shape, and function of the heart after injury or chronic overload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Clinically, it manifests as chamber dilation and deterioration of systolic function, constituting an important substrate for heart failure (HF) and arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>This work also deserves recognition for discussing potential prognostic differences between SSS and AVB. While MR was associated with mortality in SSS, in AVB, the predictors were coronary artery disease, use of beta-blockers, and increased LAV. These findings suggest distinct pathophysiological mechanisms and reinforce the need for rigorous follow-up of these patients.</p>
      <p>The high incidence of AF in both populations, exceeding 35% in three years, reinforces observations previously demonstrated in studies such as ASSERT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and MOST,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> in which patients with cardiac devices presented a high incidence of subclinical atrial arrhythmias and a subsequent increase in thromboembolic risk.</p>
      <p>However, some important methodological limitations, although cited in the study, need to be considered. The study was retrospective, single-center, and observational, which reduces its ability to establish robust causal relationships. The number of patients was relatively small, especially in the SSS group, limiting more consistent multivariate analyses. Furthermore, there was no detailed assessment of ventricular electrode position or the occurrence of ventricular or atrioventricular dyssynchrony.</p>
      <p>The lack of more complete data on HF and pacing-related cardiomyopathy limits the analysis. Classic studies such as DAVID,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> MOST,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and BLOCK-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> have already demonstrated that high right ventricular pacing loads can promote ventricular dysfunction and increased hospitalization for HF. Interestingly, in this study, patients with AVB and pacing loads above 90% showed no differences in EF and paradoxically had smaller changes in cardiac remodeling. This observation may reflect baseline differences in atrial and myocardial substrate, but it may also result from statistical limitations and echocardiographic analyses, considering different analyzers and the absence of revalidation of echocardiographic data, the absence of atrial and ventricular strain analysis, as well as data on the positions of the ventricular and atrial electrodes.</p>
      <p>The authors suggest that SSS itself could represent an independent marker of remodeling. This hypothesis is biologically plausible, especially considering the growing recognition of atrial cardiomyopathy as a clinical entity. Recent studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> demonstrate that atrial fibrosis, inflammation, degeneration of the conduction system, and structural changes in the atrium precede both AF and SSS manifestations. In this context, atrial cardiomyopathy may have been one of the main pathophysiological determinants of the differences observed between the groups in this study. These findings directly challenge the notion that ventricular stimulation alone is the main determinant of adverse remodeling.</p>
      <p>These findings directly relate to more modern concepts of atrial cardiomyopathy, in which the left atrium is no longer seen merely as an indirect marker of cardiovascular disease but is understood as an active component of the cardiovascular pathophysiological process. This interpretation further strengthens the rationale for early echocardiographic monitoring strategies, surveillance of subclinical AF, and the eventual adoption of physiological atrial pacing modalities in patients with subclinical AF.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, programming excessively long AV intervals in SSS, to avoid ventricular stimulation in patients with already compromised atrioventricular conduction, can lead to hemodynamic impairments, such as diastolic MR, resulting in the appearance of symptoms and/or AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>From a clinical standpoint, the study reinforces the need for periodic echocardiographic follow-up of pacemaker (PM) patients, particularly those with SSS. Thus, the percentage of pacing should be interpreted not only as a marker of device dependence but also as an expression of the underlying pathophysiology. While in the AVB, the traditional concern remains focused on pacing-induced ventricular dyssynchrony, in SSS, the greatest challenge appears to be the silent progression of structural atrial and ventricular disease.</p>
      <p>Thus, the study findings and contemporary guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> suggest that post-implant follow-up should shift from a view based solely on pacing load to a precision medicine strategy, with echocardiographic surveillance aimed at the early detection of atrial dilation, MR, and progressive structural remodeling, also in patients with SSS.</p>
      <p>This article makes a significant contribution to the literature by demonstrating that SSS and AVB, while sharing similar symptomatic benefits with the use of PM, present distinct trajectories of cardiac remodeling and risk factors for mortality. Prospective and multicenter studies, evaluating alternative pacing strategies, are needed to validate and expand these recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Clinical Outcomes Following PM Implantation: A 3-Year Comparative Study of Sick Sinus Syndrome and Atrioventricular Block</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
