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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">snzgjcNmyzgrjSXJfsL6Rwk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000501001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escore de C&#225;lcio, Doen&#231;a Coron&#225;ria n&#227;o Obstrutiva e Eventos Cardiovasculares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4487-5701</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miname</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Hiroshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Marcio Hiroshi Miname</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05508-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>marmin@bol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260405</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#225;lcio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a principal causa de morbimortalidade no Brasil, com exce&#231;&#227;o de 2021, quando a pandemia de Covid-19 fez com que a doen&#231;a infecciosa assumisse essa posi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular para eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos tem o objetivo de identificar os indiv&#237;duos com maior risco e, consequentemente, aqueles com maior potencial de benef&#237;cio da terapia farmacol&#243;gica para redu&#231;&#227;o desses eventos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, as equa&#231;&#245;es preditoras de risco ainda n&#227;o apresentam calibra&#231;&#227;o e discrimina&#231;&#227;o suficientemente adequadas para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> o que abre um precedente para incorpora&#231;&#227;o de outros biomarcadores laboratoriais ou de imagem para que possam complementar e otimizar a precis&#227;o na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular. O escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio (CAC) foi amplamente analisado em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com evento coron&#225;rio ateroscler&#243;tico &#233; robusta, culminando com sua incorpora&#231;&#227;o nas diretrizes de dislipidemia brasileira e americana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Por&#233;m, deve-se ressaltar que o CAC reflete apenas a parte calcificada da placa de ateroma, n&#227;o permitindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de estenose luminal, da composi&#231;&#227;o total da placa ou da carga total ateroscler&#243;tica. Contudo, existe uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre maior CAC e maior carga de placa.</p>
    <p>Dados do estudo Prospect demonstraram que a maioria dos eventos futuros se originou de placas n&#227;o obstrutivas, com estenose m&#233;dia basal de apenas 32%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Apesar do aspecto discreto na angiografia, as les&#245;es associadas a eventos apresentavam, ao ultrassom intravascular, maior carga de placa (&#8805;70%), &#225;rea luminal m&#237;nima &#8804;4 mm&#178; e presen&#231;a de fibroateroma de capa fina, caracter&#237;sticas associadas independentemente a maior risco de eventos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre placas ateroscler&#243;ticas n&#227;o obstrutivas e CAC foi abordada no artigo Escore de C&#225;lcio das Art&#233;rias Coron&#225;rias, Fatores de Risco e Desfechos Cl&#237;nicos na Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana N&#227;o Obstrutiva: Um Estudo de Seguimento de Longo Prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os autores avaliaram 2509 indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias por dor tor&#225;cica e sem presen&#231;a de placa obstrutiva (acima de 50%). Os pacientes foram acompanhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares, e tamb&#233;m foram levantados os resultados de uma segunda angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias, realizada em 396 pacientes a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente. Cerca de 76% dos pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam placa ou tinham carga ateroscler&#243;tica leve. Quase metade dos pacientes (45%) apresentava CAC=0, enquanto um quinto apresentava CAC &#8805;100. Os autores definiram a carga de placa com base em um crit&#233;rio que considerou o n&#250;mero de les&#245;es e grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o. Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o CAC e a carga de placa: em pacientes com CAC zero, predominou a aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es, e se observou aumento da carga ateroscler&#243;tica com a eleva&#231;&#227;o do CAC.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes que realizaram uma segunda angiotomografia, a m&#233;dia de intervalo de tempo entre os exames foi de 6,5 anos, e a an&#225;lise multivariada revelou que sexo masculino e idade foram os preditores da progress&#227;o do CAC. Ocorreram 123 eventos cardiovasculares (4,9%) durante m&#233;dia de seguimento de 8,9 anos. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada mostrou que idade &gt;65 anos, sedentarismo, sexo masculino e hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) foram associados com eventos cardiovasculares, por&#233;m n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o com CAC quando este foi analisado por categorias. Entretanto, um outro modelo, no qual os fatores de risco foram apresentados como n&#250;mero total de fatores presentes em cada indiv&#237;duo, tanto esse par&#226;metro quanto as categorias de CAC se associaram a eventos cardiovasculares. Dessa forma, os autores concluem que, em pacientes sem DAC obstrutiva, o CAC se correlacionou com carga de placa e fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>O artigo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> abre um precedente para discuss&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre CAC e placas ateroscler&#243;ticas n&#227;o obstrutivas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A import&#226;ncia das placas n&#227;o obstrutivas foi avaliada no estudo Prospect II, que incluiu pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recente. Nesse estudo, a maioria dos eventos durante quatro anos de seguimento se originou de placas n&#227;o obstrutivas presentes no momento do evento &#237;ndice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As les&#245;es com maior probabilidade de causar futuros eventos cardiovasculares maiores apresentavam alto conte&#250;do lip&#237;dico e grande carga de placa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ao demonstrar associa&#231;&#227;o entre CAC e carga de placa em indiv&#237;duos sem DAC obstrutiva, o estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> refor&#231;a o papel do CAC na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco desses indiv&#237;duos.</p>
    <p>Outro ponto de destaque &#233; a an&#225;lise de progress&#227;o do CAC realizada em um subgrupo da casu&#237;stica, no qual cerca de 41% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentaram progress&#227;o. Por&#233;m, cabe ressaltar que, no baseline 68% dos pacientes faziam uso de hipolipemiantes. Evid&#234;ncias pr&#233;vias mostram associa&#231;&#227;o entre estatinas e aumento na densidade da calcifica&#231;&#227;o da placa de ateroma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, estudo pr&#233;vio mostra intera&#231;&#227;o entre CAC, uso de estatina e eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Portanto, esse achado do estudo deve ser analisado sob a &#243;tica da terapia com estatina.</p>
    <p>O risco de eventos associados &#224; doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica atualmente n&#227;o deve ser entendido como algo exclusivamente relacionado &#224; presen&#231;a da placa obstrutiva, mas tamb&#233;m ao fen&#243;tipo de placa, sua intera&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco e at&#233; mesmo fatores inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos e locais da parede vascular. Este &#250;ltimo pode ser avaliado pelo &#237;ndice de atenua&#231;&#227;o da gordura pericoron&#225;ria (FAI). De fato, o FAI &#233; um importante marcador de eventos em pacientes com placas n&#227;o obstrutivas, como elegantemente demonstrado no estudo ORFAN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O artigo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> agrega neste campo de conhecimento, e os autores devem ser congratulados pela publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Escore de C&#225;lcio das Art&#233;rias Coron&#225;rias, Fatores de Risco e Desfechos Cl&#237;nicos na Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana N&#227;o Obstrutiva: Um Estudo de Seguimento de Longo Prazo</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260405i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Calcium Score, Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease and Cardiovascular Events</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4487-5701</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miname</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Hiroshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Marcio Hiroshi Miname</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05508-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>marmin@bol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazil, except for 2021, when the COVID-19 pandemic caused the infectious disease to take that position.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Cardiovascular risk stratification for atherosclerotic events aims to identify individuals at higher risk and, consequently, those with the greatest potential benefit from pharmacological therapy to reduce these events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, risk prediction equations still lack sufficient calibration and discrimination for the Brazilian population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This opens a precedent for the incorporation of other laboratory or imaging biomarkers to complement and optimize the accuracy of cardiovascular risk stratification. The coronary calcium score (CCS) has been extensively analyzed in different populations, and its association with atherosclerotic coronary events is robust, culminating in its incorporation into Brazilian and American dyslipidemia guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, it should be noted that the CCS only reflects the calcified part of the atheromatous plaque, not allowing for the assessment of the degree of luminal stenosis, the total composition of the plaque, or the total atherosclerotic burden. Nevertheless, there is a correlation between higher CCS and higher plaque burden.</p>
      <p>Data from the Prospect study demonstrated that most future events originated from non-obstructive plaques, with a mean baseline stenosis of only 32%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Despite their subtle appearance on angiography, lesions associated with events showed, on intravascular ultrasound, a higher plaque burden (&#8805;70%), a minimum luminal area &#8804;4 mm&#178;, and the presence of thin-cap fibroatheroma, characteristics independently associated with a higher risk of events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The relationship between non-obstructive atherosclerotic plaques and CCS was discussed in the article Coronary Artery Calcium Score, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes in Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The authors evaluated 2509 individuals who underwent coronary angiotomography for chest pain, without the presence of obstructive plaque (above 50%). Patients were followed up for cardiovascular event assessment, and the results of a second coronary angiotomography, performed in 396 patients at the discretion of the attending physician, were also collected. Approximately 76% of patients had no plaque or had a mild atherosclerotic burden. Almost half of the patients (45%) had a CCS of 0, while one-fifth had a CCS &#8805;100. The authors defined plaque burden based on a criterion that considered the number of lesions and the degree of obstruction. There was a correlation between CCS and plaque burden: in patients with zero CCS, the absence of lesions predominated, and an increase in atherosclerotic burden was observed with an increase in CCS.</p>
      <p>Regarding patients who underwent a second coronary angiotomography, the average time interval between examinations was 6.5 years, and multivariate analysis revealed that male sex and age were predictors of CCS progression. One hundred and twenty-three cardiovascular events (4.9%) occurred during an average follow-up of 8.9 years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age &gt;65 years, sedentary lifestyle, male sex, and family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) were associated with cardiovascular events, but there was no association with CCS when analyzed by categories. However, another model, in which risk factors were presented as the total number of factors present in each individual, showed that both this parameter and CCS categories were associated with cardiovascular events. Thus, the authors conclude that, in patients without obstructive CAD, CCS correlated with plaque burden and risk factors.</p>
      <p>The paper<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> opens a precedent for discussion of the association between CAD and non-obstructive atherosclerotic plaques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The importance of non-obstructive plaques was evaluated in the Prospect II study, which included patients with recent myocardial infarction. In this study, most events during the four years of follow-up originated from non-obstructive plaques present at the time of the index event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The lesions most likely to cause future major cardiovascular events had a high lipid content and a large plaque burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> By demonstrating an association between CAD and plaque burden in individuals without obstructive CAD, the study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> reinforces the role of the CCS in assessing the risk of these individuals.</p>
      <p>Another highlight is the analysis of CCS progression performed in a subgroup of the case series, in which approximately 41% of individuals showed progression. However, it is worth noting that at baseline, 68% of patients were using lipid-lowering drugs. Previous evidence shows an association between statins and increased calcification density of atherosclerotic plaque.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Furthermore, a previous study shows an interaction between CCS, statin use, and cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Therefore, this finding from the study should be analyzed from the perspective of statin therapy.</p>
      <p>The risk of events associated with atherosclerotic disease should not be understood as exclusively related to the presence of obstructive plaque, but also to plaque phenotype, its interaction with risk factors, and even systemic and local inflammatory factors of the vascular wall. The latter can be assessed by the pericoronary fat attenuation index (FAI). In fact, FAI is an important marker of events in patients with non-obstructive plaques, as elegantly demonstrated in the ORFAN study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The article<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> contributes to this field of knowledge, and the authors should be congratulated on the publication.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Coronary Artery Calcium Score, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes in Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
