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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YGpncNM5TqxNzr4YPVpcdrd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000504205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">04205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260128</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Considera&#231;&#245;es Metodol&#243;gicas sobre Disparidades &#201;tnico-Raciais e Controle da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-0419-5118</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Quarti</surname>
            <given-names>Maikon Lucian Madeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-8937-2474</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>Arina Peixoto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8880-4112</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Kaleb</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital e Maternidade Marieta Konder Bornhausen</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Itaja&#237;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Hospital e Maternidade Marieta Konder Bornhausen, Itaja&#237;, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Fortaleza</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Alagoinhas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica, Alagoinhas, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Gabriel Kaleb Martins</bold> &#8226; Avenida Linha Verde, s/n&#176;, KM 01 (Rodovia BA-504). CEP <postal-code>48030-690</postal-code>, Nova Alagoinhas Alagoinhas, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>kalebmed2000@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260128</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article related-article-type="article" id="r1" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20250316" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <related-article related-article-type="reply" id="r2" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20260128" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Etnicidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Metodologia como Assunto</kwd>
        <kwd>Disparidades nos N&#237;veis de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Prezado Editor,</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Lemos com interesse o Artigo Original de Euz&#233;bio et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>"Compara&#231;&#227;o dos Valores de Press&#227;o Arterial e dos Medicamentos Anti-Hipertensivos Utilizados por Brasileiros n&#227;o Afrodescendentes e Afrodescendentes com Hipertens&#227;o", publicado no <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>. O tema &#233; relevante diante das desigualdades &#233;tnico-raciais nos desfechos cardiovasculares no Brasil. Contudo, alguns aspectos metodol&#243;gicos e anal&#237;ticos merecem considera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, a defini&#231;&#227;o operacional de ra&#231;a/cor exige cautela. A dicotomiza&#231;&#227;o entre "afrodescendentes" e "n&#227;o afrodescendentes", ao agrupar indiv&#237;duos autodeclarados como brancos, pardos e asi&#225;ticos em um &#250;nico grupo, n&#227;o reflete a complexidade da classifica&#231;&#227;o racial brasileira segundo o IBGE, podendo introduzir vi&#233;s de classifica&#231;&#227;o e diluir heterogeneidades social e clinicamente relevantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No que se refere &#224; metodologia estat&#237;stica, a escolha entre testes param&#233;tricos e n&#227;o param&#233;tricos parece decorrer de avalia&#231;&#227;o <italic>post hoc</italic> das premissas estat&#237;sticas, em vez de estrat&#233;gia anal&#237;tica definida <italic>a priori</italic>.</p>
    <p>Adicionalmente, os modelos de regress&#227;o se concentram no uso de betabloqueadores, sem ajuste adequado para gravidade da doen&#231;a ou an&#225;lise formal de intera&#231;&#227;o com ra&#231;a/cor, o que limita a interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos achados &#224; luz das diretrizes contempor&#226;neas.</p>
    <p>Por fim, embora o estudo utilize dados de um registro nacional multic&#234;ntrico, n&#227;o &#233; apresentado um plano anal&#237;tico multivariado pr&#233;-especificado, baseando-se em compara&#231;&#245;es univariadas ou ajustes limitados, sem incorpora&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de vari&#225;veis fundamentais, como comorbidades, intensidade terap&#234;utica e contexto assistencial. Evid&#234;ncias populacionais demonstram que fatores estruturais e do sistema de sa&#250;de impactam os desfechos cardiovasculares mais do que vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas isoladas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, apesar das diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas observadas, o estudo n&#227;o aprofunda a an&#225;lise dos determinantes sociais da sa&#250;de, limitando a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos achados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Ademais, o per&#237;odo de coleta dos dados (2013&#8211;2015) imp&#245;e restri&#231;&#245;es &#224; extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual.</p>
    <p>Cumprimentamos os autores pela iniciativa e esperamos que as considera&#231;&#245;es contribuam para o debate cient&#237;fico sobre desigualdades raciais e controle da hipertens&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        </element-citation>
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          <article-title>Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Influence of Socioeconomic Variables on Control of High Blood Pressure: Results of the ELSA-Brasil Study</article-title>
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        <mixed-citation>3 Chor D, Ribeiro ALP, Carvalho MS, Duncan BB, Lotufo PA, Nobre AA, et al. Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Influence of Socioeconomic Variables on Control of High Blood Pressure: Results of the ELSA-Brasil Study. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0127382. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127382.</mixed-citation>
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            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Regional Disparities in Surgical Learning Curves and Maturity for Congenital Heart Surgery in Brazil's Public Health System: When Volume is Not Enough</article-title>
          <source>Cardiothoracic Surg</source>
          <year>2026</year>
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        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Martins GK, Chaves VCC. Regional Disparities in Surgical Learning Curves and Maturity for Congenital Heart Surgery in Brazil's Public Health System: When Volume is Not Enough. Cardiothoracic Surg. 2026;34(2):1-10. doi: 10.1186/s43057-026-00186-4.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="R01" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Carta-resposta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1884-5103</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Euzebio</surname>
            <given-names>Maicon Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">&#193;guas Lindas de Goi&#225;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Federal de Goi&#225;s, &#193;guas Lindas de Goi&#225;s, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Prezado Editor,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Agradecemos aos autores da correspond&#234;ncia pelo interesse em nosso artigo intitulado "Compara&#231;&#227;o dos Valores de Press&#227;o Arterial e dos Medicamentos Anti-Hipertensivos Utilizados por Brasileiros n&#227;o Afrodescendentes e Afrodescendentes com Hipertens&#227;o" e pelas reflex&#245;es apresentadas. Consideramos que o debate cient&#237;fico sobre desigualdades raciais no controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; essencial para o avan&#231;o do conhecimento na &#225;rea.</p>
      <p>Inicialmente, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o operacional de ra&#231;a/cor, reconhecemos que a classifica&#231;&#227;o racial no Brasil apresenta elevada complexidade sociol&#243;gica, hist&#243;rica e biol&#243;gica. Nesse sentido, a ra&#231;a deve ser compreendida como uma constru&#231;&#227;o social, que influencia o acesso a recursos, a exposi&#231;&#227;o a fatores de risco e os desfechos em sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve como objetivo estabelecer crit&#233;rios conceituais para a defini&#231;&#227;o de afrodescend&#234;ncia, mas sim operacionalizar essa vari&#225;vel de forma metodologicamente consistente a partir dos dados dispon&#237;veis no Primeiro Registro Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">2</xref></sup> Assim, adotou-se como grupo de interesse os indiv&#237;duos autodeclarados pretos, enquanto os demais participantes foram agrupados como n&#227;o pretos.</p>
      <p>Essa estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o teve como finalidade simplificar a complexidade da categoriza&#231;&#227;o racial no Brasil, mas assegurar consist&#234;ncia metodol&#243;gica e coer&#234;ncia anal&#237;tica. No contexto brasileiro, a classifica&#231;&#227;o de ra&#231;a/cor segue o padr&#227;o estabelecido pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">3</xref></sup> baseado na autodeclara&#231;&#227;o nas categorias branca, preta, parda, amarela e ind&#237;gena. Conforme amplamente discutido na literatura e apresentado neste estudo, a agrega&#231;&#227;o das categorias preta e parda &#233; utilizada para compor a denominada popula&#231;&#227;o negra, refletindo n&#227;o apenas aspectos fenot&#237;picos, mas tamb&#233;m processos hist&#243;ricos, sociais e estruturais que influenciam as desigualdades em sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A op&#231;&#227;o por analisar isoladamente a popula&#231;&#227;o autodeclarada preta fundamenta-se em evid&#234;ncias consistentes que demonstram maior vulnerabilidade social e piores indicadores de sa&#250;de nesse grupo, incluindo maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, menor acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">7</xref></sup> Essa abordagem permite maior sensibilidade na identifica&#231;&#227;o de desigualdades, evitando a dilui&#231;&#227;o de efeitos em agrupamentos mais amplos.</p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, a escolha por indiv&#237;duos autodeclarados pretos encontra respaldo na literatura epidemiol&#243;gica internacional, na qual essa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais consistentemente utilizada como representa&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos afrodescendentes, favorecendo a comparabilidade entre estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No campo das ci&#234;ncias sociais e da sa&#250;de coletiva, &#233; frequente a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias anal&#237;ticas baseadas na dicotomiza&#231;&#227;o entre "brancos" e "n&#227;o brancos", com o objetivo de evidenciar desigualdades estruturais. Estudos do Instituto de Pesquisa Econ&#244;mica Aplicada demonstram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa l&#243;gica como ferramenta anal&#237;tica relevante para a compreens&#227;o das iniquidades sociais e raciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De forma an&#225;loga, o presente estudo adotou a categoriza&#231;&#227;o entre "pretos" e "n&#227;o pretos", considerando seu objetivo central de compreender as especificidades cl&#237;nicas e terap&#234;uticas na popula&#231;&#227;o preta. Tal estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o apenas aumenta a sensibilidade anal&#237;tica, como tamb&#233;m contribui para a visibiliza&#231;&#227;o de desigualdades historicamente negligenciadas, configurando-se como uma abordagem alinhada ao enfrentamento do racismo estrutural no campo cient&#237;fico.</p>
      <p>&#192; luz das recomenda&#231;&#245;es contempor&#226;neas para a comunica&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica, a descri&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos por ascend&#234;ncia regional &#8212; como africana &#8212; &#233; considerada adequada quando fundamentada em pesquisas formais, sendo recomendada, sempre que poss&#237;vel, a especifica&#231;&#227;o da origem geogr&#225;fica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">9</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do termo "afrodescendente" no t&#237;tulo do estudo foi intencional, visando alinhamento com a literatura internacional, enquanto a an&#225;lise foi conduzida com base na autodeclara&#231;&#227;o como preto, conforme disponibilidade do banco de dados.</p>
      <p>No que se refere &#224; metodologia estat&#237;stica, a escolha entre testes param&#233;tricos e n&#227;o param&#233;tricos foi baseada na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados, por meio de testes de normalidade e inspe&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica, conforme descrito na metodologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A verifica&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados constitui etapa essencial da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. O uso indiscriminado de testes param&#233;tricos, frequentemente motivado por conveni&#234;ncia, &#233; reconhecido como fonte de erro, podendo gerar infer&#234;ncias equivocadas quando suas premissas n&#227;o s&#227;o atendidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos em situa&#231;&#245;es de n&#227;o normalidade representa uma escolha metodol&#243;gica apropriada, pois esses m&#233;todos n&#227;o dependem das mesmas premissas e reduzem o risco de conclus&#245;es incorretas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">10</xref></sup> Ainda que apresentem menor poder estat&#237;stico, priorizam a validade das infer&#234;ncias.</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, a escolha do teste estat&#237;stico baseada na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados n&#227;o constitui decis&#227;o arbitr&#225;ria ou exclusivamente post hoc, mas sim uma adequa&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica necess&#225;ria para garantir rigor anal&#237;tico.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos modelos de regress&#227;o, a an&#225;lise foi conduzida com base nas vari&#225;veis dispon&#237;veis no registro, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel incluir de forma padronizada vari&#225;veis como gravidade da doen&#231;a ou determinantes sociais mais amplos, o que foi reconhecido como limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
      <p>O uso de betabloqueadores foi analisado como vari&#225;vel de interesse cl&#237;nico em um contexto observacional, sem a inten&#231;&#227;o de estabelecer causalidade, mas de identificar padr&#245;es de utiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Quanto ao plano anal&#237;tico, embora n&#227;o formalmente descrito como pr&#233;-especificado, seguiu princ&#237;pios epidemiol&#243;gicos cl&#225;ssicos, incluindo an&#225;lises descritivas, compara&#231;&#245;es bivariadas e regress&#245;es multivariadas.</p>
      <p>Reconhecemos, ainda, o papel central dos determinantes sociais da sa&#250;de nas desigualdades cardiovasculares, incluindo fatores como renda, escolaridade e acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por fim, quanto ao per&#237;odo de coleta (2013&#8211;2015), reconhecemos limita&#231;&#245;es na extrapola&#231;&#227;o para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual. Ainda assim, os dados permanecem relevantes para a compreens&#227;o das desigualdades estruturais em sa&#250;de no Brasil.</p>
      <p>Cumprimentamos os leitores pelas contribui&#231;&#245;es e reiteramos que o di&#225;logo cient&#237;fico qualificado &#233; fundamental para o avan&#231;o do conhecimento nessa &#225;rea.</p>
    </body>
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  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260128i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Methodological Considerations on Ethno-Racial Disparities and Blood Pressure Control</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-0419-5118</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Quarti</surname>
            <given-names>Maikon Lucian Madeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-8937-2474</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>Arina Peixoto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8880-4112</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Kaleb</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Itaja&#237;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Hospital e Maternidade Marieta Konder Bornhausen, Itaja&#237;, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Alagoinhas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica, Alagoinhas, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Gabriel Kaleb Martins</bold> &#8226; Avenida Linha Verde, s/n&#176;, KM 01 (Rodovia BA-504). Postal Code <postal-code>48030-690</postal-code>, Nova Alagoinhas Alagoinhas, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>kalebmed2000@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <related-article related-article-type="article" id="r3" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20250316i" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <related-article related-article-type="reply" id="r4" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20260128i" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Ethnicity</kwd>
        <kwd>Methodology as a Subject</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Status Disparities</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Dear Editor,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We read with interest the Original Article by Euz&#233;bio et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> "Comparison of Blood Pressure Values and Antihypertensive Medications Used in Non-Afro-Descendant and Afro-Descendant Brazilians with Hypertension", published in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>. The topic is relevant given the ethnic-racial inequalities in cardiovascular outcomes in Brazil. However, some methodological and analytical aspects deserve consideration.</p>
      <p>Initially, the operational definition of race/color requires caution. The dichotomy between "Afro-descendants" and "non-Afro-descendants," by grouping individuals who self-identify as white, brown, and Asian into a single group, does not reflect the complexity of Brazilian racial classification according to the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), and may introduce classification bias and dilute socially and clinically relevant heterogeneities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Concerning statistical methodology, the choice between parametric and non-parametric tests seems to stem from a post-hoc evaluation of statistical assumptions, rather than from an analytical strategy defined a priori.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the regression models focus on the use of beta-blockers, without adequate adjustment for disease severity or formal analysis of interaction with race/color, which limits the clinical interpretation of the findings in light of contemporary guidelines.</p>
      <p>Finally, although the study uses data from a multicenter national registry, it does not present a pre-specified multivariate analytical plan, relying instead on univariate comparisons or limited adjustments, without the simultaneous incorporation of fundamental variables such as comorbidities, therapeutic intensity, and care context. Population-based evidence demonstrates that structural and health system factors impact cardiovascular outcomes more than isolated demographic variables.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this context, despite the observed clinical differences, the study does not delve into the analysis of the social determinants of health, limiting the interpretation of the findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Furthermore, the data collection period (2013&#8211;2015) imposes restrictions on extrapolating the results to current clinical practice.</p>
      <p>We commend the authors for their initiative and hope that their considerations will contribute to the scientific debate on racial inequalities and hypertension control.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="R02" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reply</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1884-5103</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Euzebio</surname>
            <given-names>Maicon Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">&#193;guas Lindas de Goi&#225;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Federal de Goi&#225;s, &#193;guas Lindas de Goi&#225;s, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Dear Editor,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank the authors of the correspondence for their interest in our article entitled "Comparison of Blood Pressure Values and Antihypertensive Medications Used in Non-Afro-Descendant and Afro-Descendant Brazilians with Hypertension" and for the reflections presented. We believe that scientific debate on racial inequalities in the control of hypertension is essential for the advancement of knowledge in this area.</p>
      <p>Initially, regarding the operational definition of race/color, we recognize that racial classification in Brazil presents a high degree of sociological, historical, and biological complexity. In this sense, race should be understood as a social construct that influences access to resources, exposure to risk factors, and health outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The present study did not aim to establish conceptual criteria for the definition of Afro-descendants, but rather to operationalize this variable in a methodologically consistent manner based on data available in the First Brazilian Registry of Arterial Hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">2</xref></sup> Thus, individuals who self-identified as Black were adopted as the group of interest, while the other participants were grouped as non-Black.</p>
      <p>This strategy was not intended to simplify the complexity of racial categorization in Brazil, but to ensure methodological consistency and analytical coherence. In the Brazilian context, race/color classification follows the pattern established by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">3</xref></sup> based on self-declaration in the categories white, black, brown, yellow, and indigenous. As widely discussed in the literature and presented in this study, the aggregation of the black and brown categories is used to compose the so-called black population, reflecting not only phenotypic aspects, but also historical, social, and structural processes that influence health inequalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The decision to analyze the self-declared Black population in isolation is based on consistent evidence demonstrating greater social vulnerability and worse health indicators in this group, including a higher prevalence of hypertension, less access to health services, and worse clinical outcomes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">7</xref></sup> This approach allows for greater sensitivity in identifying inequalities, avoiding the dilution of effects in broader groupings.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the choice of self-declared black individuals is supported by international epidemiological literature, in which this population is more consistently used as a representation of Afro-descendant individuals, favoring comparability between studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the fields of social sciences and public health, analytical strategies based on the dichotomy between "whites" and "non-whites" are frequently used to highlight structural inequalities. Studies by the Institute for Applied Economic Research demonstrate the use of this logic as a relevant analytical tool for understanding social and racial inequities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Similarly, the present study adopted the categorization between "black" and "non-black," considering its central objective of understanding the clinical and therapeutic specificities in the black population. This strategy not only increases analytical sensitivity but also contributes to making visible historically neglected inequalities, thus configuring itself as an approach aligned with confronting structural racism in the scientific field.</p>
      <p>In light of contemporary recommendations for scientific communication, describing individuals by regional ancestry&#8212;such as African&#8212;is considered appropriate when based on formal research, and specifying geographic origin is recommended whenever possible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">9</xref></sup> In this sense, the use of the term "Afro-descendant" in the study title was intentional, aiming for alignment with international literature, while the analysis was conducted based on self-declaration as Black, according to database availability.</p>
      <p>About statistical methodology, the choice between parametric and non-parametric tests was based on a prior assessment of the data distribution, using normality tests and graphical inspection, as described in methodology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Checking the distribution of data is an essential step in statistical analysis. The indiscriminate use of parametric tests, often motivated by convenience, is recognized as a source of error and can generate erroneous inferences when their premises are not met.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this context, the use of non-parametric tests in situations of non-normality represents an appropriate methodological choice, since these methods do not depend on the same assumptions and reduce the risk of incorrect conclusions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">10</xref></sup> Although they have lower statistical power, they prioritize the validity of inferences.</p>
      <p>Therefore, choosing a statistical test based on the distribution of the data is not an arbitrary or purely post hoc decision, but rather a necessary technical adjustment to ensure analytical rigor.</p>
      <p>Regarding the regression models, the analysis was conducted based on the variables available in the registry, and it was not possible to include variables such as disease severity or broader social determinants in a standardized way, which was recognized as a limitation of the study.</p>
      <p>The use of beta-blockers was analyzed as a variable of clinical interest in an observational context, without the intention of establishing causality, but rather to identify patterns of use.</p>
      <p>Regarding the analytical plan, although not formally described as pre-specified, it followed classic epidemiological principles, including descriptive analyses, bivariate comparisons, and multivariate regressions.</p>
      <p>We also recognize the central role of social determinants of health in cardiovascular inequalities, including factors such as income, education, and access to health services<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Finally, regarding the data collection period (2013&#8211;2015), we acknowledge limitations in extrapolating the data to current clinical practice. Nevertheless, the data remain relevant for understanding structural health inequalities in Brazil.</p>
      <p>We commend the readers for their contributions and reiterate that qualified scientific dialogue is fundamental to the advancement of knowledge in this area.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
