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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">LsbFfMCfp8WNBhkYLKLvfhv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000504202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">04202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260111</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Al&#233;m do Volume de Contraste: Determinantes Relacionados ao Paciente e Considera&#231;&#245;es Metodol&#243;gicas na Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0055-8341</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
            <given-names>&#214;mer Faruk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5151-5133</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;ener</surname>
            <given-names>Yusuf Ziya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ministry of Health Kaman State Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kaman</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">K&#305;r&#351;ehir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ministry of Health Kaman State Hospital &#8211; Department of Cardiology, Kaman, K&#305;r&#351;ehir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ministry of Health Yavuzeli District State Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Yavuzeli</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Gaziantep</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ministry of Health Yavuzeli District State Hospital &#8211; Department of Internal Medicine, Yavuzeli, Gaziantep &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>&#214;mer Faruk Yilmaz</bold> &#8226; Ministry of Health Kaman State Hospital - K&#305;r&#351;ehir Kaman <postal-code>40300</postal-code> - Turquia E-mail: <email>dryilmazomer@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260111</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article related-article-type="article" id="r1" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20250270" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Nefropatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Meios de Contraste</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Prezado Editor,</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Lemos com grande interesse o artigo de Freitas et al., intitulado "<italic>Impacto do Volume de Contraste Utilizado Ap&#243;s Procedimentos Coron&#225;rios Percut&#226;neos em Pacientes Predispostos &#224; Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste</italic>". Ao avaliar a intera&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo e o volume de contraste por meio de uma an&#225;lise post hoc, os autores abordaram uma quest&#227;o clinicamente relevante em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco tratada com estrat&#233;gias preventivas contempor&#226;neas, oferecendo uma valiosa contribui&#231;&#227;o &#224; literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No entanto, acreditamos que a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados poderia ser aprimorada pela integra&#231;&#227;o de considera&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas e fisiopatol&#243;gicas que v&#227;o al&#233;m dos par&#226;metros relacionados ao contraste. O efeito protetor estatisticamente significativo do uso de estatinas contra a nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC) &#233; particularmente not&#225;vel e corroborado por evid&#234;ncias randomizadas anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Notavelmente, o estudo PRATO-ACS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> demonstrou que a administra&#231;&#227;o precoce de altas doses de rosuvastatina reduziu significativamente a les&#227;o renal aguda induzida por contraste por meio de efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos anti-inflamat&#243;rios, antioxidantes e estabilizadores endoteliais, em grande parte independentes do volume de contraste. A coexist&#234;ncia de um efeito neutro do contraste com um benef&#237;cio farmacol&#243;gico significativo refor&#231;a a ideia de que a suscetibilidade &#224; NIC pode ser impulsionada predominantemente pela vulnerabilidade vascular, inflamat&#243;ria e relacionada &#224; oxigena&#231;&#227;o do paciente, e n&#227;o pelas propriedades f&#237;sico-qu&#237;micas dos agentes de contraste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, a aus&#234;ncia de avalia&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina representa uma limita&#231;&#227;o relevante. Murakami et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> identificaram a anemia como um preditor independente de NIC, particularmente em pacientes com reserva renal comprometida, por exacerbar a hip&#243;xia medular renal e a suscetibilidade isqu&#234;mica ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao contraste. A falha em considerar esse componente de fornecimento de oxig&#234;nio pode, portanto, ter atenuado ou obscurecido potenciais associa&#231;&#245;es entre os par&#226;metros de contraste e o risco de NIC. Essas observa&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o em conson&#226;ncia com as perspectivas contempor&#226;neas que enfatizam o papel central da inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e do estresse metab&#243;lico na les&#227;o renal associada ao contraste.</p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, avaliar a terapia hipoglicemiante oral como uma categoria &#250;nica e homog&#234;nea limita substancialmente a interpretabilidade. Evid&#234;ncias crescentes indicam que os inibidores do cotransportador s&#243;dio-glicose 2 (SGLT-2) exercem efeitos hemodin&#226;micos e metab&#243;licos renais distintos, incluindo redu&#231;&#245;es no consumo tubular de oxig&#234;nio e melhorias no equil&#237;brio de oxig&#234;nio medular, o que pode se traduzir em menor suscetibilidade &#224; NIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A falta de estratifica&#231;&#227;o por classe de medicamento antidiab&#233;tico pode, portanto, ter obscurecido a heterogeneidade metab&#243;lica e microvascular clinicamente relevante. Al&#233;m disso, a aus&#234;ncia de dados sobre o manejo perioperat&#243;rio de agentes como a metformina introduz ainda mais incertezas, uma vez que a altera&#231;&#227;o no metabolismo do lactato em condi&#231;&#245;es de hip&#243;xia pode complicar a avalia&#231;&#227;o renal baseada na creatinina e refletir uma vulnerabilidade metab&#243;lica subjacente, em vez de toxicidade espec&#237;fica do medicamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outra considera&#231;&#227;o importante &#233; que a estratifica&#231;&#227;o post hoc pelo volume absoluto de contraste pode ter comprometido a comparabilidade basal e introduzido vi&#233;s de indica&#231;&#227;o. Dados contempor&#226;neos de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea mostram consistentemente que o volume de contraste isoladamente reflete inadequadamente a carga nefrot&#243;xica, a menos que seja contextualizado pela fun&#231;&#227;o renal basal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, a maior TFGe basal entre os pacientes que receberam &#8805;150 mL de iodixanol provavelmente reflete uma aloca&#231;&#227;o permissiva para aqueles considerados com maior reserva renal, enquanto a maior preval&#234;ncia de cirurgia pr&#233;via de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio no mesmo subgrupo indica maior complexidade do procedimento, exigindo maior uso de contraste. Essa sele&#231;&#227;o bidirecional pode ter dilu&#237;do substancialmente as verdadeiras associa&#231;&#245;es entre os par&#226;metros de contraste e a NIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Por fim, a predomin&#226;ncia da popula&#231;&#227;o geri&#225;trica imp&#245;e limita&#231;&#245;es fundamentais &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o renal baseada na creatinina. Grandes estudos populacionais t&#234;m demonstrado consistentemente que a redu&#231;&#227;o da massa muscular esquel&#233;tica relacionada &#224; idade leva a n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos basais de creatinina mais baixos, resultando em subestima&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal real em idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Consequentemente, a depend&#234;ncia de defini&#231;&#245;es baseadas na creatinina pode mascarar les&#245;es renais subcl&#237;nicas e subestimar a incid&#234;ncia de nefropatia induzida por contraste, particularmente em popula&#231;&#245;es caracterizadas por fragilidade ou sarcopenia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Essa limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; ainda agravada pelo decl&#237;nio fisiol&#243;gico da filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular relacionado &#224; idade, que pode ser erroneamente classificado como fun&#231;&#227;o renal preservada quando se utiliza apenas a creatinina, atenuando assim a detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o renal associada ao contraste em pacientes idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, embora o presente estudo forne&#231;a dados importantes sobre a sele&#231;&#227;o do contraste, futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es prospectivas que incorporem estruturas compostas de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco &#8212; como a TFGe basal, o escore de risco de Mehran, anemia e marcadores de fragilidade biol&#243;gica, incluindo sarcopenia &#8212; podem permitir uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de NIC mais coerente do ponto de vista fisiopatol&#243;gico e clinicamente relevante.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Carta-resposta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6401-6170</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Andrade Penalva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6286-3109</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; de Ribamar</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Domingos</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Domingos, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Prezado Editor,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Agradecemos sinceramente a leitura atenta e as considera&#231;&#245;es criteriosas acerca do nosso artigo "<italic>Impacto do Volume de Contraste Utilizado Ap&#243;s Procedimentos Coron&#225;rios Percut&#226;neos em Pacientes Predispostos &#224; Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste</italic>", publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia em dezembro de 2025. Recebemos os coment&#225;rios com grande apre&#231;o, pois enriquecem o debate cient&#237;fico e contribuem para o aprimoramento cont&#237;nuo da investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de esclarecer alguns pontos relevantes que foram abordados na carta.</p>
      <p>O estudo randomizado IDPC &#233; o primeiro estudo randomizado com grande n&#250;mero de participantes a comparar os meios de contraste iodixanol e ioxaglato quanto &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o de nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC) ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou cateterismo diagn&#243;stico. O principal achado dessa investiga&#231;&#227;o &#233; que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os meios de contraste iodixanol e ioxaglato quanto ao desenvolvimento de NIC em popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco ap&#243;s procedimento diagn&#243;stico ou terap&#234;utico em laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica de centro hospitalar terci&#225;rio de cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">2</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, na an&#225;lise p&#243;s-hoc n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo de contraste e a ocorr&#234;ncia de NIC, mesmo entre pacientes expostos a maiores volumes dos dois meios de contraste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de estatinas, concordamos plenamente com a import&#226;ncia de seus efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos na preven&#231;&#227;o da nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC), conforme evidenciado em estudos pr&#233;vios. Em nossa coorte, 77% dos pacientes se encontravam em uso de estatina, refletindo a pr&#225;tica contempor&#226;nea de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular otimizada. Este dado n&#227;o foi publicado neste artigo, mas encontrasse na integra na tese de doutorado (2021).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">4</xref></sup> Esse alto percentual pode possivelmente contribuir para a atenua&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;as adicionais relacionadas exclusivamente aos par&#226;metros do contraste.</p>
      <p>Quanto &#224; anemia, reconhecemos seu papel fisiopatol&#243;gico na hip&#243;xia medular renal e na vulnerabilidade &#224; les&#227;o renal aguda. Ressaltamos, contudo, que a maioria dos nossos pacientes apresentava n&#237;veis de hemoglobina dentro da normalidade. Al&#233;m disso, esse par&#226;metro foi contemplado indiretamente por meio da incorpora&#231;&#227;o do escore de Mehran, que inclui anemia como vari&#225;vel de risco, contribuindo para uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica j&#225; validada. Apresento a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> sobre Escore Mehran e probabilidade de sobrevida de acordo com o tipo de contraste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">4</xref></sup></p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Escore Mehran e probabilidade de sobrevida de acordo com tipo de contraste</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" colspan="8" valign="middle">Escore Mehran</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#8804; 5</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">6 &#8211; 10</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">11 &#8211; 15</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 15</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tipo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Total</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">386 (20,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">885 (47,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">523 (27,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (4,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Ioxaglato</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">195 (50,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">432 (48,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">264 (50,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (38,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Iodixanol</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">191 (49,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">453 (51,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">259 (49,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (61,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,209</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Probabilidade Sobrevida &#211;bito</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97,7%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97,1%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96,9%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">92,6%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,081 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Probabilidade Sobrevida Combinado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97,2%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96,8%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">95,4%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">87,8%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,006 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>p-valor obtido pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p-valor obtido pelo teste de log-rank. Tabela extra&#237;da da tese de doutorado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">4</xref></sup></p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>No que se refere aos inibidores de SGLT-2, concordamos plenamente quanto aos seus relevantes efeitos hemodin&#226;micos e metab&#243;licos renais. Entretanto, no per&#237;odo em que os procedimentos foram realizados no servi&#231;o de hemodin&#226;mica, essa classe terap&#234;utica ainda n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel no Brasil, motivo pelo qual nenhum dos pacientes fazia uso dessas medica&#231;&#245;es. Assim, n&#227;o houve potencial impacto dessa vari&#225;vel na an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>Sobre os dados do manejo periprocedimento de agentes como a metformina, vale ressaltar que &#233; rotina do servi&#231;o suspender a medica&#231;&#227;o 48 horas antes do procedimento a fim de diminuir os riscos e complica&#231;&#245;es relacionados &#224; acidose l&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao protocolo de hidrata&#231;&#227;o, todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo colheram a creatinina no per&#237;odo de 48 a 96h ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo diagn&#243;stico ou terap&#234;utico.</p>
      <p>Acrescenta-se que os pacientes com taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 45mL/min foram internados para hidrata&#231;&#227;o endovenosa e aqueles que j&#225; haviam apresentado quadro pr&#233;vio de NIC, mesmo com clearence &gt; 45 mL/min.</p>
      <p>Aqueles pacientes com clearance &#8804; 45mL/min receberam hidrata&#231;&#227;o endovenosa com solu&#231;&#227;o salina comum (0,9%), nas doses de 0,5 a 1,0 mL/kg/min de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, conhecida previamente atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, por no m&#237;nimo 12 horas antes do procedimento, a qual foi mantida durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame e 12 horas ap&#243;s seu t&#233;rmino.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com clearance de creatinina entre 45 e 60 mL/min tamb&#233;m foram hidratados por via endovenosa pr&#233;-procedimento, por 4 horas antes do &#237;nicio do procedimento, durante o mesmo e por no m&#237;nimo 4 horas ap&#243;s.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes com clearance de creatinina &#8804; 45mL/min permaneceram internados at&#233; o dia seguinte quando foram realizadas as dosagens de ureia, creatinina, s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio antes da alta hospitalar para verificar se houve altera&#231;&#227;o adicional nos par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Se houvesse eleva&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos, o paciente permanecia internado para hidrata&#231;&#227;o, avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e observa&#231;&#227;o dos exames at&#233; a melhora parcial ou total do quadro. Aqueles que n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es na creatinina receberam alta hospitalar e foram orientados a colher a creatinina entre 48-96 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento conforme o protocolo.</p>
      <p>Aqueles com clearance &gt; 45 at&#233; 60 mL/min recebiam alta no mesmo dia, com orienta&#231;&#227;o e pedido laboratorial para colher a creatinina entre 48-96h ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento com contraste.</p>
      <p>Quanto &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, destacamos que o predom&#237;nio de pacientes idosos reflete a realidade cotidiana do nosso servi&#231;o de hemodin&#226;mica com elevado n&#250;mero de procedimentos por ano. Sabemos que muitos desses pacientes s&#227;o sub-representados ou mesmo exclu&#237;dos de grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados. Nosso objetivo foi justamente oferecer uma an&#225;lise pragm&#225;tica, centrada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica real, buscando elucidar uma quest&#227;o recorrente do dia a dia assistencial: o real peso do volume absoluto de contraste em um cen&#225;rio de preven&#231;&#227;o contempor&#226;nea e em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de elevada complexidade cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Concordamos que modelos prospectivos futuros incorporando vari&#225;veis adicionais &#8212; como marcadores mais sens&#237;veis de fun&#231;&#227;o renal, fragilidade biol&#243;gica e estratifica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas mais refinadas &#8212; poder&#227;o aprofundar ainda mais a compreens&#227;o da vulnerabilidade individual &#224; NIC. No entanto, acreditamos que nossos achados contribuem ao demonstrar que, em um contexto de preven&#231;&#227;o otimizada e avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco consolidada, o volume absoluto de contraste pode n&#227;o ser o determinante isolado predominante do desfecho renal.</p>
      <p>Reiteramos nosso agradecimento pelas valiosas observa&#231;&#245;es e pelo est&#237;mulo ao debate cient&#237;fico construtivo.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
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    </back>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S2" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260111i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Beyond Contrast Volume: Patient-Related Determinants and Methodological Considerations in Contrast-Induced Nephropathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0055-8341</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
            <given-names>&#214;mer Faruk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5151-5133</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;ener</surname>
            <given-names>Yusuf Ziya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kaman</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">K&#305;r&#351;ehir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ministry of Health Kaman State Hospital &#8211; Department of Cardiology, Kaman, K&#305;r&#351;ehir &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Yavuzeli</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Gaziantep</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ministry of Health Yavuzeli District State Hospital &#8211; Department of Internal Medicine, Yavuzeli, Gaziantep &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>&#214;mer Faruk Yilmaz</bold> Ministry of Health Kaman State Hospital - K&#305;r&#351;ehir Kaman <postal-code>40300</postal-code> - T&#252;rkiye E-mail: <email>dryilmazomer@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <related-article related-article-type="article" id="r1en" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20250270i" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Kidney Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Contrast Media</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Dear Editor,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We read with great interest the article by Freitas et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>, entitled "<italic>Impact of Contrast Volume Used After Percutaneous Coronary Procedures in Patients at Risk for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy</italic>". By evaluating the interaction between contrast type and volume through a post hoc analysis, the authors addressed a clinically relevant question in a high-risk population managed with contemporary preventive strategies, providing a valuable contribution to the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nevertheless, we believe that the interpretation of the findings could be strengthened by integrating methodological and pathophysiological considerations beyond contrast-related parameters alone. The statistically significant protective effect of statin use against contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is particularly noteworthy and supported by prior randomized evidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Notably, the PRATO-ACS trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> demonstrated that early high-dose rosuvastatin significantly reduced contrast-induced acute kidney injury through pleiotropic anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and endothelial-stabilizing effects, largely independent of contrast volume. The coexistence of a neutral contrast effect with a meaningful pharmacological benefit supports the concept that CIN susceptibility may be driven predominantly by patient-related vascular, inflammatory, and oxygenation-related vulnerability rather than by the physicochemical properties of contrast agents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Within this framework, the absence of hemoglobin assessment represents a relevant limitation. Murakami et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> identified anemia as an independent predictor of CIN, particularly in patients with impaired renal reserve, by exacerbating renal medullary hypoxia and ischemic susceptibility following contrast exposure. Failure to account for this oxygen-delivery component may therefore have attenuated or obscured potential associations between contrast parameters and CIN risk. These observations align with contemporary perspectives emphasizing the central role of systemic inflammation and metabolic stress in contrast-associated renal injury.</p>
      <p>Similarly, evaluating oral hypoglycemic therapy as a single, homogeneous category substantially limits interpretability. Growing evidence indicates that sodium&#8211;glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors exert distinct renal hemodynamic and metabolic effects, including reductions in tubular oxygen consumption and improvements in medullary oxygen balance, which may translate into lower CIN susceptibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Lack of stratification by antidiabetic drug class may thus have obscured clinically relevant metabolic and microvascular heterogeneity. In addition, the absence of data regarding peri-procedural management of agents such as metformin introduces further uncertainty, as altered lactate handling under hypoxic conditions may complicate creatinine-based renal assessment and reflect underlying metabolic vulnerability rather than drug-specific toxicit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another important consideration is that post hoc stratification by absolute contrast volume may have compromised baseline comparability and introduced confounding by indication. Contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention data consistently show that contrast volume alone inadequately reflects nephrotoxic burden unless contextualized by baseline renal function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In this regard, the higher baseline eGFR among patients receiving &#8805;150 mL of iodixanol likely reflects permissive allocation to those perceived to have greater renal reserve, whereas the higher prevalence of prior coronary artery bypass grafting in the same subgroup indicates increased procedural complexity necessitating greater contrast use. This bidirectional selection may have substantially diluted true associations between contrast parameters and CIN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Finally, the predominance of a geriatric population introduces fundamental limitations to creatinine-based renal assessment. Large population-based studies have consistently demonstrated that age-related declines in skeletal muscle mass lead to lower baseline serum creatinine levels, resulting in systematic underestimation of true renal dysfunction in older adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> As a consequence, reliance on creatinine-based definitions may obscure subclinical kidney injury and underestimate the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy, particularly in populations characterized by frailty or sarcopenia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This limitation is further compounded by the physiological age-related decline in glomerular filtration, which may be misclassified as preserved renal function when creatinine alone is used, thereby attenuating the detection of contrast-associated renal injury in elderly cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this context, while the present study provides important data regarding contrast selection, future prospective investigations incorporating composite risk assessment frameworks&#8212;such as baseline eGFR, the Mehran risk score, anemia, and markers of biological frailty, including sarcopenia&#8212;may allow for a more pathophysiologically coherent and clinically relevant stratification of CIN risk.</p>
    </body>
    <sub-article article-type="reply" id="S3" xml:lang="en">
      <front-stub>
        <article-categories>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </article-categories>
        <title-group>
          <article-title>Reply</article-title>
        </title-group>
        <contrib-group>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6401-6170</contrib-id>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>Rafaela Andrade Penalva</given-names>
            </name>
            <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
              <sup>1</sup>
            </xref>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6286-3109</contrib-id>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>Jos&#233; de Ribamar</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
              <sup>2</sup>
            </xref>
          </contrib>
          <aff id="aff7">
            <label>1</label>
            <addr-line>
              <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
              <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
            </addr-line>
            <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
            <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff id="aff8">
            <label>2</label>
            <addr-line>
              <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
              <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
            </addr-line>
            <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
            <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Domingos, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          </aff>
        </contrib-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>
        <p>
          <bold>Dear Editor,</bold>
        </p>
        <p>We sincerely appreciate your careful reading and thoughtful consideration of our article "Impact of Contrast Volume Used After Percutaneous Coronary Procedures in Patients at Risk for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy," published in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> in December 2025. We greatly value your comments, as they enrich the scientific debate and contribute to the continuous improvement of clinical research.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We would like to clarify some relevant points that were addressed in the letter.</p>
        <p>The randomized IDPC study is the first large-scale randomized study to compare the contrast agents iodixanol and ioxaglate in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after percutaneous coronary intervention or diagnostic catheterization. The main finding of this investigation is that there was no significant difference between the contrast agents iodixanol and ioxaglate in the development of CIN in a high-risk population after diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in a hemodynamics laboratory of a tertiary cardiology hospital center.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">2</xref></sup> Similarly, in the post-hoc analysis, there was no association between the type of contrast agent and the occurrence of CIN, even among patients exposed to higher volumes of both contrast agents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the use of statins, we fully agree with the importance of their pleiotropic effects in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), as evidenced in previous studies. In our cohort, 77% of patients were using statins, reflecting the contemporary practice of optimized cardiovascular prevention. This data was not published in this article, but can be found in full in the doctoral thesis (2021).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">4</xref></sup> This high percentage may possibly contribute to the attenuation of additional differences related exclusively to contrast parameters.</p>
        <p>Regarding anemia, we recognize its pathophysiological role in renal medullary hypoxia and vulnerability to acute kidney injury. However, we emphasize that most of our patients had hemoglobin levels within the normal range. Furthermore, this parameter was indirectly addressed through the incorporation of the Mehran score, which includes anemia as a risk variable, contributing to a validated clinical stratification. The <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref> below shows the Mehran score and probability of survival according to the type of contrast agent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">4</xref></sup></p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mehran score and probability of survival according to type of contrast agent</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="8" valign="middle">Mehran Score</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#8804; 5</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">6 &#8211; 10</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">11 &#8211; 15</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 15</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Type</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Total</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">386 (20.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">885 (47.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">523 (27.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">81 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Ioxaglate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">195 (50.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">432 (48.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">264 (50.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31 (38.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Iodixanol</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">191 (49.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">453 (51.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">259 (49.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50 (61.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.209</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Probability of Survival Death</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">97.7%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">97.1%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">96.9%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">92.6%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.081 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Probability of Survival Combined</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">97.2%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">96.8%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">95.4%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">87.8%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.006 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>p-value obtained by the Mann-Whitney U test.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p-value obtained from the log-rank test. Table extracted from the doctoral thesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">4</xref></sup></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Regarding SGLT-2 inhibitors, we fully agree on their relevant hemodynamic and renal metabolic effects. However, during the period in which the procedures were performed in the hemodynamics service, this therapeutic class was not yet available in Brazil, which is why none of the patients were using these medications. Thus, there was no potential impact of this variable on the analysis.</p>
        <p>Regarding data on the periprocedural management of agents such as metformin, it is worth noting that it is routine for the service to suspend the medication 48 hours before the procedure in order to reduce the risks and complications related to lactic acidosis.</p>
        <p>Regarding the hydration protocol, all patients included in the study had their creatinine levels measured 48 to 96 hours after undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic catheterization.</p>
        <p>It should be added that patients with a filtration rate &#8804; 45 mL/min were admitted for intravenous hydration, as were those who had previously presented with CIN, even with a clearance &gt; 45 mL/min.</p>
        <p>Those patients with clearance &#8804; 45 mL/min received intravenous hydration with ordinary saline solution (0.9%), at doses of 0.5 to 1.0 mL/kg/min according to the presence or absence of left ventricular dysfunction, previously known through transthoracic echocardiography, for at least 12 hours before the procedure, which was maintained during the examination and for 12 hours after its completion.</p>
        <p>Patients with creatinine clearance between 45 and 60 mL/min were also hydrated intravenously pre-procedure, for 4 hours before the start of the procedure, during the procedure, and for at least 4 hours afterward.</p>
        <p>Patients with creatinine clearance &#8804; 45 mL/min remained hospitalized until the following day, when urea, creatinine, sodium, and potassium levels were measured before hospital discharge to check for any further changes in renal function parameters. If these parameters were elevated, the patient remained hospitalized for hydration, clinical evaluation, and monitoring of tests until partial or complete improvement. Those who did not show changes in creatinine were discharged and instructed to have their creatinine levels measured between 48 and 96 hours after the procedure, according to protocol.</p>
        <p>Those with clearance &gt; 45 up to 60 mL/min were discharged on the same day, with instructions and a laboratory request to collect creatinine between 48-96 hours after the contrast-enhanced procedure.</p>
        <p>Regarding the study population, we highlight that the predominance of elderly patients reflects the daily reality of our hemodynamics service, with a high number of procedures per year. We know that many of these patients are underrepresented or even excluded from large randomized clinical trials. Our objective was precisely to offer a pragmatic analysis, centered on real clinical practice, seeking to elucidate a recurring issue in daily care: the real weight of the absolute volume of contrast in a contemporary prevention scenario and in a population of high clinical complexity.</p>
        <p>We agree that future prospective models incorporating additional variables&#8212;such as more sensitive markers of renal function, biological frailty, and more refined metabolic stratifications&#8212;could further deepen the understanding of individual vulnerability to CIN. However, we believe that our findings contribute by demonstrating that, in a context of optimized prevention and consolidated risk assessment, the absolute volume of contrast may not be the predominant single determinant of renal outcome.</p>
        <p>We reiterate our gratitude for the valuable observations and for encouraging constructive scientific debate.</p>
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