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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CVJr9t4TF85pjdcHbmpDJBr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000503001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250831</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">03001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis de Atividade F&#237;sica e Qualidade de Vida em Pacientes Ambulatoriais com Arritmias Card&#237;acas e Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda Preservada: Compreendendo Seu Perfil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7815-3515</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bueno</surname>
            <given-names>Savia Christina Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-3088-972X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pagotti</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3679-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sacilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pessente</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle D&#8217;Arezzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6690-6345</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Senger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Aline L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8070-6112</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brigido</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra Regia Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco C. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Savia Christina Pereira Bueno</bold> &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>savia_bueno@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250831</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>As arritmias card&#237;acas s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es heterog&#234;neas, que podem limitar a atividade f&#237;sica (AF) e prejudicar a qualidade de vida (QV).</p>
        <p>Descrever os n&#237;veis de AF e as barreiras percebidas, bem como avaliar suas associa&#231;&#245;es com o fen&#243;tipo de arritmia e a QV em pacientes ambulatoriais de n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio com fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) preservada, se faz necess&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo piloto, transversal, que incluiu adultos com arritmias documentadas e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE) &#8805; 50%. A AF foi avaliada por meio da vers&#227;o curta do <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnaire</italic> (IPAQ), e a QV pelo <italic>12-Item Short Form Survey</italic> (SF-12). As arritmias foram classificadas como taquicardia supraventricular (TSV), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e/ou taquicardia atrial (TA) (incluindo flutter atrial quando aplic&#225;vel), ventricular, heredit&#225;ria ou m&#250;ltipla. As associa&#231;&#245;es foram analisadas por meio de testes do qui-quadrado, regress&#227;o multinomial e modelos de regress&#227;o linear.</p>
        <p>Entre 202 participantes (idade m&#233;dia 50,5 &#177; 15,3 anos; 58,9% homens), 20,3% eram sedent&#225;rios e 45,6% eram ativos ou muito ativos. A preval&#234;ncia de comportamento sedent&#225;rio foi maior entre pacientes com arritmias ventriculares (25,9%), arritmias heredit&#225;rias (35,1%) e arritmias m&#250;ltiplas (25,0%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com TSV (3,8%) e FA/TA (8,0%) (p = 0,043). Nos modelos ajustados, n&#237;veis de AF ativos ou muito ativos mostraram uma tend&#234;ncia a escores mais elevados no componente f&#237;sico do SF-12 (p = 0,08), enquanto os escores do componente mental foram principalmente influenciados pelo <italic>status</italic> dos sintomas e pelo sexo.</p>
        <p>Nesta coorte ambulatorial terci&#225;ria com arritmias e FEVE preservada, a inatividade f&#237;sica concentrou-se em fen&#243;tipos de maior risco e esteve frequentemente associada a barreiras potencialmente modific&#225;veis, incluindo orienta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e falta de tempo. N&#237;veis mais elevados de AF tenderam a estar associados a melhor estado de sa&#250;de f&#237;sica, sustentando a necessidade de aconselhamento individualizado baseado no risco e de estrat&#233;gias supervisionadas para promover de forma segura a AF em pacientes com arritmias.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="16"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As arritmias englobam um amplo espectro de dist&#250;rbios do ritmo card&#237;aco associados ao aumento da morbidade e a um risco substancialmente elevado de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m de sua complexidade eletrofisiol&#243;gica, essas condi&#231;&#245;es frequentemente geram incerteza entre pacientes e cl&#237;nicos quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a da pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica (AF). Alguns indiv&#237;duos podem se exercitar sem preparo adequado ou supervis&#227;o m&#233;dica, enquanto outros evitam completamente a AF devido ao receio de desencadear eventos arr&#237;tmicos. Ambas as situa&#231;&#245;es podem comprometer os desfechos de sa&#250;de e a qualidade de vida (QV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais para adultos geralmente preconizam 150-300 minutos por semana de atividade aer&#243;bica de intensidade moderada (ou 75-150 minutos por semana de atividade vigorosa), juntamente com atividades de fortalecimento muscular em pelo menos 2 dias por semana. Apesar do reconhecimento amplo de que a AF regular &#233; ben&#233;fica e, em geral, segura para a maioria dos pacientes card&#237;acos, e da disponibilidade de orienta&#231;&#245;es baseadas em evid&#234;ncias sobre prescri&#231;&#227;o e supervis&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios, sua implementa&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica real permanece limitada. Essa lacuna &#233; frequentemente impulsionada pela persistente incerteza tanto entre cl&#237;nicos quanto entre pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diversos fatores podem contribuir para esse cen&#225;rio, incluindo desafios na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e na prescri&#231;&#227;o individualizada de exerc&#237;cios, familiaridade limitada com considera&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas das arritmias e reconhecimento sub&#243;timo da heterogeneidade e das necessidades cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com arritmias complexas ou heredit&#225;rias. Essas limita&#231;&#245;es podem, por sua vez, contribuir para n&#237;veis mais baixos de AF em subgrupos de maior risco, particularmente quando o aconselhamento &#233; excessivamente restritivo, inconsistente ou n&#227;o adaptado ao fen&#243;tipo arr&#237;tmico do indiv&#237;duo e aos gatilhos percebidos. Nesse contexto, orienta&#231;&#245;es excessivamente cautelosas e comportamentos de evita&#231;&#227;o por medo podem, inadvertidamente, promover padr&#245;es sedent&#225;rios, mesmo entre pacientes com FEVE preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de subgrupos de pacientes com maior risco de inatividade f&#237;sica ou de pr&#225;ticas de exerc&#237;cio inseguras &#233;, portanto, essencial para orientar recomenda&#231;&#245;es individualizadas e promover o engajamento seguro em AF. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo descrever os n&#237;veis de AF e as barreiras percebidas, bem como explorar suas associa&#231;&#245;es com o fen&#243;tipo de arritmia e a QV em uma coorte ambulatorial terci&#225;ria com arritmias documentadas e FEVE preservada, incluindo s&#237;ndromes arr&#237;tmicas heredit&#225;rias. Ao caracterizar os perfis de atividade e os fatores cl&#237;nicos associados, este estudo busca identificar grupos de pacientes que possam se beneficiar de aconselhamento aprimorado, orienta&#231;&#227;o estruturada para exerc&#237;cios ou interven&#231;&#245;es direcionadas para otimizar a seguran&#231;a e a participa&#231;&#227;o em AF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho e local do estudo</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo cl&#237;nico transversal, prospectivo, conduzido com base em uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de pacientes consecutivos. Como estudo piloto baseado em viabilidade, n&#227;o foi realizado c&#225;lculo formal de tamanho amostral a priori; o tamanho da amostra foi definido pela capacidade esperada de recrutamento durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. O recrutamento teve in&#237;cio ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa institucional e a assinatura dos termos de consentimento informado.</p>
        <p>Com um tamanho amostral de n = 202, a precis&#227;o em torno de uma preval&#234;ncia de 20% de inatividade f&#237;sica &#233; de aproximadamente &#177; 5,5% (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%), o que &#233; adequado para an&#225;lises descritivas e compara&#231;&#245;es geradoras de hip&#243;teses entre fen&#243;tipos de arritmia neste contexto piloto. No entanto, os intervalos de confian&#231;a tornam-se mais amplos em subgrupos fenot&#237;picos menores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Os participantes eleg&#237;veis foram pacientes ambulatoriais adultos consecutivos com arritmias card&#237;acas documentadas, incluindo taquicardia supraventricular (TSV, incluindo taquicardia por reentrada nodal atrioventricular e taquicardia por reentrada atrioventricular), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e/ou taquicardia atrial (TA) (incluindo flutter atrial quando aplic&#225;vel), ectopia ventricular/taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada/taquicardia ventricular, s&#237;ndromes arr&#237;tmicas heredit&#225;rias (por exemplo, s&#237;ndrome do QT longo [SQTL] e s&#237;ndrome de Brugada), e/ou parada card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, acompanhados em um ambulat&#243;rio terci&#225;rio de arritmias. Todos os participantes apresentavam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE &#8805; 50%) preservada na ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica.</p>
        <p>Os diagn&#243;sticos foram estabelecidos por meio da revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos e documenta&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiografia (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Holter, teste ergom&#233;trico e/ou avalia&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos implant&#225;veis. As s&#237;ndromes arr&#237;tmicas heredit&#225;rias foram identificadas com base em crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos aceitos, incluindo caracter&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas espec&#237;ficas do fen&#243;tipo, perfis de gatilhos e hist&#243;ria familiar, com testes provocativos confirmat&#243;rios e/ou gen&#233;ticos quando dispon&#237;veis. Condi&#231;&#245;es como a s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White e outros dist&#250;rbios card&#237;acos heredit&#225;rios tamb&#233;m foram diagnosticadas por meio de ECG, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Holter ou teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram indiv&#237;duos acamados, aqueles com deambula&#231;&#227;o prejudicada ou limita&#231;&#245;es severas de mobilidade, doen&#231;a avan&#231;ada com expectativa de vida &lt; 1 ano e participa&#231;&#227;o em estudos intervencionistas concomitantes. Como o recrutamento foi baseado em viabilidade e consecutivo, o n&#250;mero de pacientes triados, mas n&#227;o inclu&#237;dos, n&#227;o foi registrado prospectivamente.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>International Physical Activity Questionnaire</title>
          <p>O <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnaire</italic> (IPAQ) &#233; um instrumento padronizado utilizado para avaliar os n&#237;veis de AF em adultos com base na frequ&#234;ncia, dura&#231;&#227;o e intensidade. Os participantes relataram as atividades realizadas nos 7 dias anteriores, categorizadas como vigorosas, moderadas ou caminhada.</p>
          <p>Os participantes foram classificados de acordo com as categorias padr&#227;o do IPAQ: muito ativo, ativo, irregularmente ativo A, irregularmente ativo B e sedent&#225;rio. As categorias irregularmente ativo A e B representam indiv&#237;duos que realizaram alguma AF, mas n&#227;o atingiram os crit&#233;rios de frequ&#234;ncia e/ou dura&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;rios para serem classificados como ativos ou muito ativos. Portanto, foram tratadas como categorias intermedi&#225;rias ("insuficientemente ativos"), em vez de serem agrupadas com os grupos ativo ou sedent&#225;rio.</p>
          <p>Para as an&#225;lises inferenciais, as categorias muito ativo e ativo foram combinadas devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de participantes muito ativos (n = 7). Os modelos multinomiais compararam quatro categorias (ativo/muito ativo, irregularmente ativo A, irregularmente ativo B e sedent&#225;rio), utilizando sedent&#225;rio como categoria de refer&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade de vida</title>
        <p>O <italic>12-Item Short Form Survey</italic> (SF-12) &#233; um instrumento validado, autoaplic&#225;vel, que avalia a QV relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de por meio de dois escores resumidos: o Componente F&#237;sico (CF) e o Componente Mental (CM), ambos variando de 0 a 100, com escores mais elevados indicando melhor percep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>Os desfechos prim&#225;rios foram: i) a preval&#234;ncia de inatividade f&#237;sica avaliada pelo IPAQ; e ii) os escores do CF e do CM do SF-12. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram barreiras autorrelatadas para a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios e associa&#231;&#245;es explorat&#243;rias entre o n&#237;vel de AF e a QV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) quando aproximadamente distribu&#237;das normalmente, e como mediana (intervalo interquartil) caso contr&#225;rio. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como contagens e porcentagens (n [%]). As suposi&#231;&#245;es de distribui&#231;&#227;o foram avaliadas visualmente por meio de histogramas e gr&#225;ficos Q-Q.</p>
        <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram realizadas utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson ou o teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado. A idade entre as categorias do IPAQ foi comparada por meio de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de uma via, com diagn&#243;sticos dos res&#237;duos realizados para avaliar as suposi&#231;&#245;es do modelo.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a categoria do IPAQ (ativo/muito ativo, irregularmente ativo A, irregularmente ativo B, sedent&#225;rio) e o grupo de arritmia foi avaliada por meio do teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson e posteriormente examinada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multinomial (desfecho de refer&#234;ncia: sedent&#225;rio; grupo de arritmia de refer&#234;ncia: heredit&#225;rio), ajustada para idade.</p>
        <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es entre os escores do CF do SF-12 e a categoria do IPAQ foram avaliadas por meio de modelos de regress&#227;o linear multivari&#225;vel ajustados para idade, sexo e <italic>status</italic> dos sintomas. Os modelos para os escores do CM foram ajustados apenas para sexo e <italic>status</italic> dos sintomas. Um valor de alfa bicaudal de 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Devido &#224; natureza explorat&#243;ria e geradora de hip&#243;teses do estudo, n&#227;o foi aplicado ajuste formal para m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da amostra</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo apresentou idade m&#233;dia de 50,5 &#177; 15,3 anos, e 119 participantes (58,9%) eram do sexo masculino. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A maioria dos participantes era assintom&#225;tica (110 [54,4%]), e uma minoria utilizava terapia com dispositivos, incluindo cardioversores-desfibriladores implant&#225;veis (CDIs) em 45 (22,3%) e marca-passos em 6 (3,0%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="49%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Tamanho da amostra, n</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">202</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Idade, anos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50,5 &#177; 15,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">119 (58,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65 (32,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Diabetes melito, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (16,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"><italic>Status</italic> assintom&#225;tico, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">110 (54,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (22,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Marca-passo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (3,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Categoria de IMC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Peso normal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (30,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (40,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesidade classe I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39 (19,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesidade classe II</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (4,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesidade classe III</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (4,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Valores ausentes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0,5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As arritmias foram categorizadas em cinco grupos: i) TSV, ii) arritmias ventriculares, iii) arritmias heredit&#225;rias, iv) arritmias m&#250;ltiplas e v) FA e/ou TA. O flutter atrial poderia estar presente nesta coorte e &#233; descrito entre as arritmias documentadas; no entanto, para as an&#225;lises de subgrupos predefinidas, a categoria atrial foi denominada FA/TA para garantir consist&#234;ncia entre tabelas e modelos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o basal dos grupos de arritmia est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Grupos de arritmia (classifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pr&#233;-especificada)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Grupo de arritmia</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TSV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (12,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FA/TA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (24,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Arritmias ventriculares</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (40,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Arritmias heredit&#225;rias</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (18,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Arritmias m&#250;ltiplas</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (4,0%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; TA: taquicardia atrial; TSV: taquicardia supraventricular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Atividade f&#237;sica</title>
        <p>As categorias gerais do IPAQ est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. No total, 41 participantes (20,3%) eram sedent&#225;rios, 85 (42,1%) eram ativos e 7 (3,5%) eram muito ativos (ativo/muito ativo combinados: 92 [45,6%]). A preval&#234;ncia de comportamento sedent&#225;rio foi maior entre participantes com arritmias ventriculares (25,9%), arritmias heredit&#225;rias (35,1%) e arritmias m&#250;ltiplas (25,0%), em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com TSV (3,8%) e FA/TA (incluindo flutter atrial quando aplic&#225;vel) (8,0%) (p = 0,043) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Esses achados foram observados apesar de todos os participantes apresentarem FEVE preservada e de a coorte ser predominantemente assintom&#225;tica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Categorias de atividade f&#237;sica segundo o IPAQ (vers&#227;o curta)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Categoria do IPAQ</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Muito ativo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (3,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ativo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">85 (42,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Irregularmente ativo A</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (17,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Irregularmente ativo B</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (16,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41 (20,3%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Propor&#231;&#227;o de participantes sedent&#225;rios de acordo com o grupo de arritmia (IPAQ vers&#227;o curta). FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire; TA: taquicardia atrial; TSV: taquicardia supraventricular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250831-50831-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o do IPAQ por grupo de arritmia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Grupo de arritmia</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Total, n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Muito ativo, n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Ativo, n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Irregularmente ativo A, n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Irregularmente ativo B, n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sedent&#225;rio, n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TSV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (3,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FA/TA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (8,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Arritmias ventriculares</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (25,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Arritmias heredit&#225;rias</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (35,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Arritmias m&#250;ltiplas</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (25,0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IPAQ: <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnaire</italic>; TA: taquicardia atrial; TSV: taquicardia supraventricular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modelo multinomial para classifica&#231;&#227;o do International Physical Activity Questionnaire</title>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multinomial (categoria de refer&#234;ncia: IPAQ sedent&#225;rio; grupo de arritmia de refer&#234;ncia: heredit&#225;rio; ajustado para idade), os grupos TSV e FA/TA apresentaram maiores chances de serem classificados como ativos ou muito ativos em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de arritmias heredit&#225;rias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Qualidade de vida</title>
        <p>A maioria dos participantes classificou sua sa&#250;de como boa (65%) e relatou m&#237;nima dificuldade nas atividades di&#225;rias. No entanto, 39% apresentaram menor desempenho f&#237;sico e 43% relataram redu&#231;&#227;o do desempenho mental. Dor e sofrimento emocional foram, em geral, leves ou ausentes. Homens e indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos apresentaram escores mais elevados de CF e CM.</p>
        <p>Nos modelos ajustados, n&#237;veis de AF ativos ou muito ativos mostraram uma tend&#234;ncia a escores mais elevados de CF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>), enquanto a categoria de AF n&#227;o esteve independentemente associada aos escores de CM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 7</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Achados adicionais</title>
        <p>As principais raz&#245;es relatadas para a inatividade f&#237;sica foram "outros" (41,5%), falta de tempo (24,4%) e orienta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica (19,5%). Apesar disso, a maioria dos participantes sedent&#225;rios expressou desejo de praticar exerc&#237;cios. Ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de arritmia, 66% dos participantes continuaram se exercitando e 85% mantiveram atividade sexual.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre atividade f&#237;sica e qualidade de vida</title>
        <p>Os participantes classificados como fisicamente ativos apresentaram escores mais elevados de CF em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos inativos. Al&#233;m disso, a aus&#234;ncia de sintomas esteve associada a melhores desfechos de QV.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pesquisas demonstram consistentemente que n&#237;veis mais elevados de AF est&#227;o associados &#224; melhora do bem-estar f&#237;sico e psicol&#243;gico. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais orientam 150-300 minutos por semana de atividade aer&#243;bica de intensidade moderada (ou 75-150 minutos por semana de atividade vigorosa), juntamente com atividades de fortalecimento muscular em pelo menos 2 dias por semana. Em pacientes com arritmias, o aconselhamento para exerc&#237;cio deve considerar o substrato arr&#237;tmico, a carga de sintomas, os gatilhos e o uso de terapia com dispositivos. Exerc&#237;cios mais vigorosos ou competitivos devem ser considerados dentro de uma abordagem individualizada, baseada na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento e tomada de decis&#227;o compartilhada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A evid&#234;ncia existente tem se concentrado predominantemente em coortes espec&#237;ficas por fen&#243;tipo ou em popula&#231;&#245;es com dispositivos. Na FA, o estudo CHAMPLAIN-AF (n = 619) relatou uma mediana de 100 minutos/semana de AF moderada a vigorosa (AFMV) e um tempo sentado de 6 horas/dia. Notavelmente, 56% dos participantes n&#227;o atingiam as metas recomendadas pelas diretrizes, 54% desconheciam ou tinham incerteza sobre as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de AFMV, e 72% acreditavam que a AF deveria fazer parte do manejo da FA. &#201; importante destacar que essa coorte n&#227;o foi restrita a pacientes com FEVE preservada e incluiu indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) ou cardiomiopatia. De forma semelhante, estudos com aceler&#244;metros em pacientes com dispositivos (por exemplo, usu&#225;rios de CDI ou submetidos &#224; terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca) demonstraram que n&#237;veis mais baixos de AF est&#227;o associados &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e mortalidade; no entanto, essas coortes geralmente apresentam predomin&#226;ncia de FEVE reduzida.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, os dados especificamente voltados para pacientes ambulatoriais com arritmias e FEVE preservada permanecem limitados. Isso levanta a possibilidade de que o pr&#243;prio diagn&#243;stico, associado a orienta&#231;&#245;es excessivamente restritivas ou n&#227;o individualizadas, possa inadvertidamente promover comportamento sedent&#225;rio. Poucos estudos avaliaram n&#237;veis de atividade e barreiras modific&#225;veis entre diferentes fen&#243;tipos de arritmia dentro de uma &#250;nica coorte ambulatorial terci&#225;ria com FEVE preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A novidade do presente estudo n&#227;o reside na dire&#231;&#227;o das associa&#231;&#245;es, mas na distribui&#231;&#227;o da inatividade estratificada por fen&#243;tipo e das barreiras modific&#225;veis nesse contexto cl&#237;nico espec&#237;fico.</p>
      <p>Nesta coorte, a inatividade f&#237;sica foi frequente e concentrou-se em fen&#243;tipos clinicamente de maior risco, incluindo os grupos de arritmias ventriculares e heredit&#225;rias, embora esses achados devam ser interpretados com cautela devido ao menor tamanho dos subgrupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). A preval&#234;ncia de sedentarismo foi mais elevada no grupo de arritmias heredit&#225;rias (35,1%) e permaneceu aumentada nos grupos de arritmias ventriculares (25,9%) e m&#250;ltiplas (25,0%), em compara&#231;&#227;o com TSV (3,8%) e FA/TA (8,0%). Notavelmente, 45,6% dos participantes foram classificados como ativos ou muito ativos, e a maioria (54,4%) era assintom&#225;tica, relatando boa sa&#250;de geral e m&#237;nimas limita&#231;&#245;es nas atividades di&#225;rias.</p>
      <p>Esses achados sugerem que fatores al&#233;m da carga de sintomas, como percep&#231;&#227;o de risco, pr&#225;ticas de aconselhamento, efeitos de medicamentos e restri&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas, podem desempenhar papel relevante na limita&#231;&#227;o da AF entre fen&#243;tipos de maior risco. Entre os participantes sedent&#225;rios, as barreiras mais frequentemente relatadas foram "outros", falta de tempo e orienta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para evitar exerc&#237;cio. Apesar disso, a maioria expressou disposi&#231;&#227;o para praticar AF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Principais barreiras relatadas para a atividade f&#237;sica entre participantes sedent&#225;rios (n = 41). As barras representam o n&#250;mero e a porcentagem de participantes que relataram cada barreira. Notavelmente, 39 de 41 participantes (95,1%) expressaram disposi&#231;&#227;o para se tornarem fisicamente ativos.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250831-50831-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Nos modelos multinomiais ajustados por idade, TSV e FA/TA estiveram associados a maiores chances de serem classificados como ativos ou muito ativos em compara&#231;&#227;o com arritmias heredit&#225;rias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). Isso sustenta um padr&#227;o espec&#237;fico por fen&#243;tipo, no qual substratos arr&#237;tmicos heredit&#225;rios podem estar associados a maior restri&#231;&#227;o, percep&#231;&#227;o aumentada de risco ou comportamentos, que evitam, por medo mesmo em uma coorte predominantemente assintom&#225;tica com FEVE preservada.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Tabela 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multinomial: ativo/muito ativo vs sedent&#225;rio (grupo de arritmia de refer&#234;ncia: heredit&#225;rio; ajustado para idade)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Preditor</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">OR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">IC95%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Intercepto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,459</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,99-1,04</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,308</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TSV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12,06</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,36-106,90</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,025</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FA/TA</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,77</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,52-21,96</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Arritmias ventriculares</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,42</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,54-3,74</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,479</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Arritmias m&#250;ltiplas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,27</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,18-9,10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,811</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; OR: odds ratio; TA: taquicardia atrial; TSV: taquicardia supraventricular.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Al&#233;m das diferen&#231;as por fen&#243;tipo, o n&#237;vel de AF apresentou tend&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o com a QV relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de no dom&#237;nio f&#237;sico. Nos modelos lineares ajustados, indiv&#237;duos ativos ou muito ativos mostraram tend&#234;ncia a escores mais elevados de CF no SF-12 em compara&#231;&#227;o com participantes sedent&#225;rios, enquanto as categorias irregularmente ativas n&#227;o diferiram substancialmente dos sedent&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>). Em contraste, os escores de CM do SF-12 n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o clara com as categorias de atividade e pareceram ser mais influenciados pelo <italic>status</italic> dos sintomas e pelo sexo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 7</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Tabela 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Regress&#227;o linear multivari&#225;vel para o escore de CF do SF-12 de acordo com o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, ajustado para idade, sexo e status dos sintomas</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Preditor</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Coeficiente &#946;</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">EP</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Intercepto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47,38</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,55</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ativo/muito ativo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,94</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,67</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,080</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Irregularmente ativo A</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,08</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,910</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Irregularmente ativo B</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0,04</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,04</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,982</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (por ano)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0,13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,04</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,70</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,29</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,189</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><italic>Status</italic> assintom&#225;tico</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,30</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>CF: Componente F&#237;sico; EP: erro padr&#227;o; SF-12: 12-Item Short Form Survey.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t7">
        <label>Tabela 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Regress&#227;o linear multivari&#225;vel para o escore de CM do SF-12 de acordo com o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, ajustado para sexo e status dos sintomas</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Preditor</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Coeficiente &#946;</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">EP</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Intercepto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">42,83</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,82</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ativo/muito ativo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0,69</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,81</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,703</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Irregularmente ativo A</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0,69</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,757</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Irregularmente ativo B</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,82</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,711</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,58</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><italic>Status</italic> assintom&#225;tico</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,014</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>CM: Componente Mental; EP: erro padr&#227;o; SF-12: 12-Item Short Form Survey.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Entre os participantes sedent&#225;rios, as principais barreiras relatadas foram falta de tempo e orienta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para evitar exerc&#237;cio; no entanto, a maioria expressou disposi&#231;&#227;o para se tornar fisicamente ativa. Em conjunto, esses achados evidenciam uma lacuna pr&#225;tica entre as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio baseadas em diretrizes e o aconselhamento realizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em servi&#231;os terci&#225;rios de arritmia.</p>
      <p>O <italic>status</italic> basal de sintomas n&#227;o esteve claramente associado &#224;s categorias do IPAQ, enquanto se associou de forma consistente aos dom&#237;nios do SF-12. Isso sugere que o comportamento sedent&#225;rio pode refletir n&#227;o apenas a carga de sintomas, mas tamb&#233;m fatores como percep&#231;&#227;o de risco, pr&#225;ticas de aconselhamento e medo de desencadear arritmias.</p>
      <p>Apesar do amplo reconhecimento de que a AF regular &#233; ben&#233;fica e em geral segura para a maioria dos pacientes card&#237;acos, sua implementa&#231;&#227;o permanece limitada. Essa lacuna pode ser impulsionada por desafios na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e na prescri&#231;&#227;o individualizada de exerc&#237;cios, familiaridade limitada com aspectos espec&#237;ficos das arritmias e reconhecimento incompleto da heterogeneidade e das necessidades cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com arritmias complexas ou heredit&#225;rias.</p>
      <p>Embora esta coorte n&#227;o tenha sido desenhada para representar atletas ou praticantes de esportes competitivos, a cardiologia do esporte e diretrizes espec&#237;ficas por doen&#231;a fornecem um arcabou&#231;o pr&#225;tico, baseado em fen&#243;tipo, para contextualizar o aconselhamento sobre exerc&#237;cio na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Assim, considera&#231;&#245;es orientadas por diretrizes de acordo com a categoria de arritmia s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 8</xref>; estas n&#227;o devem ser interpretadas como crit&#233;rios formais de elegibilidade para participa&#231;&#227;o em esportes competitivos.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t8">
        <label>Tabela 8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es e considera&#231;&#245;es para exerc&#237;cio orientadas por diretrizes de acordo com a categoria de arritmia (resumo)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Categoria de arritmia</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o geral (resumo)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Principais refer&#234;ncias</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TSV/pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o (est&#225;vel, controlada)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">A atividade aer&#243;bica recreativa de intensidade moderada &#233; geralmente incentivada; avalia&#231;&#227;o individualizada &#233; recomendada na presen&#231;a de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o com caracter&#237;sticas de alto risco.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sharma et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FA/TA</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">A atividade f&#237;sica regular &#233; incentivada; recomenda-se pelo menos 150 min/semana de atividade de intensidade moderada (ou equivalente), quando clinicamente apropriado. A tomada de decis&#227;o compartilhada deve considerar a carga de sintomas, o controle da frequ&#234;ncia e as comorbidades.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sharma et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>; Joglar et al., 2024<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Arritmias ventriculares/TV (FEVE preservada)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">A prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio deve ser individualizada. Exerc&#237;cios intensos ou competitivos devem ser evitados em fen&#243;tipos de maior risco at&#233; adequada estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento; programas supervisionados podem ser apropriados.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sharma et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>; Zeppenfeld et al., 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#237;ndromes arr&#237;tmicas heredit&#225;rias (p.ex., SQTL, s&#237;ndrome de Brugada, TVPC)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">As restri&#231;&#245;es ao exerc&#237;cio devem ser individualizadas de acordo com gen&#243;tipo, fen&#243;tipo e perfil de gatilhos. Deve-se enfatizar o planejamento do exerc&#237;cio orientado por m&#233;dico e estrat&#233;gias de mitiga&#231;&#227;o de risco.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sharma et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>; Gil et al., 2025<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>; Chen et al., 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Portadores de CDI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">A participa&#231;&#227;o em esportes competitivos ou vigorosos foi historicamente restrita; evid&#234;ncias contempor&#226;neas sustentam a tomada de decis&#227;o individualizada. Programa&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, decis&#227;o compartilhada e avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco espec&#237;fica do esporte s&#227;o essenciais.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sharma et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <p>CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SQTL: s&#237;ndrome do QT longo; TA: taquicardia atrial; TSV: taquicardia supraventricular; TV: taquicardia ventricular; TVPC: TV polim&#243;rfica catecolamin&#233;rgica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As s&#237;ndromes arr&#237;tmicas heredit&#225;rias frequentemente ocorrem na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural evidente. Evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis sugerem altas taxas de comportamento sedent&#225;rio em determinadas popula&#231;&#245;es (por exemplo, coortes com s&#237;ndrome de Brugada), sustentando a hip&#243;tese de que preocupa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao diagn&#243;stico, pr&#225;ticas de aconselhamento e comportamentos de evita&#231;&#227;o por medo podem contribuir para n&#237;veis mais baixos de AF, mesmo quando a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica est&#225; preservada. Por outro lado, em SQTL, algumas coortes relatam n&#237;veis de atividade autorreferidos semelhantes aos de controles, por&#233;m com desempenho f&#237;sico reduzido, evidenciando a poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia do tratamento (por exemplo, betabloqueadores) e de limita&#231;&#245;es percebidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A farmacoterapia tamb&#233;m pode influenciar o comportamento e a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. Os betabloqueadores, terapia fundamental em diversos contextos de arritmia, podem atenuar a resposta cronotr&#243;pica e reduzir a capacidade percebida de exerc&#237;cio, potencialmente refor&#231;ando a inatividade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Isso ressalta a import&#226;ncia do aconselhamento individualizado para diferenciar efeitos farmacol&#243;gicos esperados de verdadeira intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, bem como o papel de programas supervisionados na promo&#231;&#227;o de atividade segura e progressiva, mantendo o controle das arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De modo geral, esses achados apoiam a avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da AF e de suas barreiras por meio de instrumentos padronizados, seguida de aconselhamento baseado em risco. Tamb&#233;m destacam a necessidade de vias assistenciais estruturadas, potencialmente integradas a programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, para oferecer prescri&#231;&#227;o supervisionada de exerc&#237;cios, especialmente em fen&#243;tipos de maior risco. A principal contribui&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; fornecer dados pragm&#225;ticos, de mundo real, provenientes de uma coorte ambulatorial terci&#225;ria com arritmias e FEVE preservada, incluindo a distribui&#231;&#227;o da inatividade entre subgrupos clinicamente relevantes e a identifica&#231;&#227;o de barreiras modific&#225;veis.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>A AF foi autorreferida por meio do IPAQ, o que pode estar sujeito a vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria, e o delineamento transversal impede infer&#234;ncia causal. Trata-se de uma coorte de centro &#250;nico, de n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio, com FEVE preservada; portanto, os achados podem n&#227;o ser generaliz&#225;veis para popula&#231;&#245;es com arritmias na comunidade ou para pacientes com FEVE reduzida. Al&#233;m disso, as estimativas em subgrupos foram imprecisas para fen&#243;tipos menores, particularmente o grupo de arritmias m&#250;ltiplas. N&#227;o foram avaliados a participa&#231;&#227;o em esportes competitivos, a AF mensurada objetivamente ou o detalhamento da dose e intensidade da farmacoterapia.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em uma coorte ambulatorial terci&#225;ria de pacientes com arritmias e FEVE preservada, a inatividade f&#237;sica concentrou-se em fen&#243;tipos de maior risco e esteve frequentemente associada a barreiras potencialmente modific&#225;veis, incluindo orienta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e falta de tempo. N&#237;veis mais elevados de AF tenderam a estar associados a melhor estado de sa&#250;de f&#237;sica, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de aconselhamento individualizado baseado em risco e de estrat&#233;gias supervisionadas para promover de forma segura a AF em popula&#231;&#245;es com arritmias.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade De Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; HCFMUSP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 5.127.777. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
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        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bull</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Ansari</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biddle</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borodulin</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buman</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardon</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>World Health Organization 2020 Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour</article-title>
          <source>Br J Sports Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>1451</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
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          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Savia Christina Pereira Bueno</bold> &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>savia_bueno@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Cardiac arrhythmias are heterogeneous conditions that may limit physical activity (PA) and impair quality of life (QoL).</p>
        <p>To describe levels of PA and perceived barriers as well as to assess their associations with arrhythmia phenotype and QoL in tertiary care outpatients with preserved left ventricular (LV) function.</p>
        <p>This pilot cross-sectional study enrolled adults with documented arrhythmias and LV ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8805; 50%. PA was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form, and QoL using the 12- Item Short Form Survey (SF-12). Arrhythmias were classified as supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), atrial fibrillation (AF) and/or atrial tachycardia (AT) (including atrial flutter when applicable), ventricular, inherited, or multiple. Associations were analyzed using chi-square tests, multinomial regression, and linear regression models.</p>
        <p>Among 202 participants (mean age 50.5 &#177; 15.3 years; 58.9% men), 20.3% were sedentary and 45.6% were active or very active. The prevalence of sedentary behavior was higher among patients with ventricular arrhythmias (25.9%), inherited arrhythmias (35.1%), and multiple arrhythmias (25.0%) compared with those with SVT (3.8%) and AF/AT (8.0%) (p = 0.043). In adjusted models, active or very active PA showed a trend toward higher SF-12 physical component scores (p = 0.08), whereas mental component scores were primarily influenced by symptom status and sex.</p>
        <p>In this tertiary outpatient cohort with arrhythmias and preserved LVEF, physical inactivity clustered among higher-risk phenotypes and was frequently associated with potentially modifiable barriers, including medical advice and lack of time. Higher levels of PA tended to be associated with better physical health status, supporting individualized, risk-based counseling and supervised strategies to safely promote PA in patients with arrhythmias.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Arrhythmias encompass a broad spectrum of cardiac rhythm disorders associated with increased morbidity and a substantially elevated risk of sudden cardiac death. Beyond their electrophysiological complexity, these conditions often generate uncertainty among patients and clinicians regarding the safety of engaging in physical activity (PA). Some individuals may exercise without adequate preparation or medical supervision, whereas others avoid PA altogether due to fear of triggering arrhythmic events. Both conditions may compromise health outcomes and quality of life (QoL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>International recommendations for adults typically target 150-300 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity (or 75-150 minutes per week of vigorous activity), along with muscle-strengthening activities on at least 2 days per week. Despite the broad recognition that regular PA is beneficial and generally safe for most cardiac patients, and the availability of evidence-based guidance on exercise prescription and supervision, real-world implementation remains limited. This gap is often driven by persistent uncertainty among both clinicians and patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several factors may contribute to this scenario, including challenges in risk stratification and individualized exercise prescription, limited familiarity with arrhythmia-specific considerations, and suboptimal recognition of the heterogeneity and clinical needs of patients with complex or inherited arrhythmias. These limitations may in turn contribute to lower PA levels in higher-risk subgroups, particularly when counseling is overly restrictive, inconsistent, or not tailored to the individual's arrhythmia phenotype and perceived triggers. In this context, precautionary advice and fear-avoidance behaviors may inadvertently promote sedentary patterns, even among patients with preserved LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Identifying subgroups of patients at higher risk of physical inactivity or unsafe exercise practices is therefore essential to inform tailored recommendations and promote safe engagement in PA. Accordingly, this study aimed to describe PA levels and perceived barriers, and to explore their associations with arrhythmia phenotype and QoL in a tertiary outpatient cohort with documented arrhythmias and preserved LVEF, including inherited arrhythmia syndromes. By characterizing activity profiles and associated clinical factors, this study aims to identify patient groups that may benefit from enhanced counseling, structured exercise guidance, or targeted interventions to optimize safety and participation in PA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and setting</title>
          <p>This was a prospective, cross-sectional clinical study conducted using a convenience sample of consecutive patients. As a feasibility-based pilot study, no formal a priori sample size calculation was performed; the target sample was defined by the expected recruitment capacity during the study period. Recruitment commenced following approval by the institutional Research Ethics Committee and the signing of informed consent forms.</p>
          <p>With a sample size of n = 202, the precision around a 20% prevalence of physical inactivity is approximately &#177; 5.5% (95%CI), which is adequate for descriptive and hypothesis-generating comparisons across arrhythmia phenotypes in this pilot setting. However, confidence intervals widen in smaller phenotype subgroups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>Eligible participants were consecutive adult outpatients with documented cardiac arrhythmias, including supraventricular tachycardia (SVT, including atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia), atrial fibrillation (AF) and/or atrial tachycardia (AT) (including atrial flutter when applicable), ventricular ectopy/non-sustained ventricular tachycardia/ventricular tachycardia, inherited arrhythmia syndromes (e.g., long QT syndrome [LQTS] and Brugada syndrome), and/or prior cardiac arrest, followed at a tertiary arrhythmia clinic. All participants had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF &#8805; 50%) on transthoracic echocardiography.</p>
          <p>Diagnoses were established through review of clinical records and documentation from 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG), Holter monitoring, exercise testing, and/or device interrogation. Inherited arrhythmia syndromes were identified based on accepted clinical criteria, including phenotype-specific ECG features, trigger profiles, and family history, with confirmatory provocative and/or genetic testing when available. Conditions such as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and other inherited cardiac disorders were also diagnosed using ECG, Holter monitoring, or exercise testing.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria included bedridden individuals, those with impaired ambulation or severe mobility limitations, advanced disease with life expectancy &lt; 1 year, and enrollment in concurrent interventional studies. As recruitment was feasibility-based and consecutive, the number of screened but not enrolled patients was not prospectively recorded.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>International Physical Activity Questionnaire</title>
            <p>The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is a standardized instrument used to assess PA levels in adults based on frequency, duration, and intensity. Participants reported activities performed over the previous 7 days, categorized as vigorous, moderate, or walking.</p>
            <p>Participants were classified according to standard IPAQ categories: very active, active, irregularly active A, irregularly active B, and sedentary. The irregularly active A and B categories represent individuals who engaged in some PA but did not meet the frequency and/or duration criteria required for the active or very active categories. These were therefore treated as intermediate ("insufficiently active") categories rather than being merged with either active or sedentary groups.</p>
            <p>For inferential analyses, the very active and active categories were combined due to the small number of very active participants (n = 7). Multinomial models compared four categories (active/very active, irregularly active A, irregularly active B, and sedentary), using sedentary as the reference category.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of quality of life</title>
          <p>The 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) is a validated, self-administered instrument that measures health-related QoL through two summary scores: the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and the Mental Component Summary (MCS), both ranging from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better perceived health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>The primary outcomes were i) the prevalence of physical inactivity as assessed by IPAQ; and ii) SF-12 PCS and MCS scores. Secondary outcomes included self-reported barriers to exercise and exploratory associations between PA status and QoL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) when approximately normally distributed, and as median (interquartile range) otherwise. Categorical variables are presented as counts and percentages (n [%]). Distributional assumptions were assessed visually using histograms and Q-Q plots.</p>
          <p>Between-group comparisons for categorical variables were performed using Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. Age across IPAQ categories was compared using one-way analysis of variance, with residual diagnostics performed to assess model assumptions.</p>
          <p>The association between IPAQ category (active/very active, irregularly active A, irregularly active B, sedentary) and arrhythmia group was assessed using Pearson's chi-square test and further examined using multinomial logistic regression (reference outcome: sedentary; reference arrhythmia group: inherited), adjusted for age.</p>
          <p>Associations between SF-12 PCS scores and IPAQ category were evaluated using multivariable linear regression models that were adjusted for age, sex, and symptom status. Models for MCS scores were adjusted for sex and symptom status only. A two-sided alpha of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Due to the exploratory, hypothesis-generating nature of the study, no formal adjustment for multiple comparisons was applied.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample demographic and clinical characteristics</title>
          <p>The study population had a mean age of 50.5 &#177; 15.3 years, and 119 participants (58.9%) were male. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 1</xref>. Most participants were asymptomatic (110 [54.4%]), and a minority had device therapy, including implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) in 45 (22.3%) and pacemakers in 6 (3.0%).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="49%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Sample size, n</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">202</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Age, years (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">50.5 &#177; 15.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Male sex, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">119 (58.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">65 (32.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (16.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Asymptomatic status, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">110 (54.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (22.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Pacemaker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (3.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">BMI category, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Normal weight</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (30.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Overweight</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (40.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesity class I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">39 (19.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesity class II</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (4.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesity class III</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (4.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Missing values</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0.5)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; SD: standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Arrhythmias were categorized into five groups: i) SVT, ii) ventricular arrhythmias, iii) inherited arrhythmias, iv) multiple arrhythmias, and v) AF and/or AT. Atrial flutter could be present in this cohort and is described among the documented arrhythmias; however, for predefined subgroup analyses, the atrial category was labeled as AF/AT to ensure consistency across tables and models. The baseline distribution of arrhythmia groups is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Arrhythmia groups (pre-specified clinical classification)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Arrhythmia group</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">SVT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (12.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">AF/AT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (24.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Ventricular arrhythmias</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (40.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Inherited arrhythmias</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (18.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Multiple-arrhythmia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (4.0%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; AT: atrial tachycardia; SVT: supraventricular tachycardia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Physical activity</title>
          <p>Overall IPAQ categories are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 3</xref>. In total, 41 participants (20.3%) were sedentary, 85 (42.1%) were active, and 7 (3.5%) were very active (combined active/very active: 92 [45.6%]). The prevalence of sedentary behavior was higher among participants with ventricular arrhythmias (25.9%), inherited arrhythmias (35.1%), and multiple arrhythmias (25.0%), compared with those with SVT (3.8%) and AF/AT (including AFL when applicable) (8.0%) (p = 0.043) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 4</xref>). These findings were observed despite preserved LVEF in all participants and a predominantly asymptomatic cohort (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Physical activity categories according to the IPAQ (short form)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">IPAQ category</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Very active</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (3.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Active</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">85 (42.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Irregularly active A</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (17.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Irregularly active B</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (16.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sedentary</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">41 (20.3%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Proportion of sedentary participants according to arrhythmia group (IPAQ short form). AF: atrial fibrillation; AT: atrial tachycardia; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire; SVT: supraventricular tachycardia.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250831-50831-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>IPAQ classification by arrhythmia group</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Arrhythmia group</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Total, n</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Very active, n</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Active, n</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Irregularly active A, n</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Irregularly active B, n</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Sedentary, n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">SVT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (3.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">AF/AT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">50</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (8.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Ventricular arrhythmias</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">81</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">34</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">17</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (25.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Inherited arrhythmias</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">37</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (35.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Multiple arrhythmias</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (25.0)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; AT: atrial tachycardia; SVT: supraventricular tachycardia; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Multinomial model for International Physical Activity Questionnaire classification</title>
          <p>In multinomial logistic regression analysis (reference category: sedentary IPAQ; reference arrhythmia group: inherited; adjusted for age), the SVT and AF/AT groups had higher odds of being classified as active or very active, compared with the inherited arrhythmia group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Table 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t13">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Multinomial logistic regression: active/very active vs sedentary (reference arrhythmia group: inherited; adjusted for age)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Predictor</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">OR</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">95%CI</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Intercept</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.459</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.99-1.04</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.308</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">SVT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12.06</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.36-106.90</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">AF/AT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5.77</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.52-21.96</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Ventricular arrhythmias</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.42</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.54-3.74</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.479</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Multiple arrhythmias</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.27</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.18-9.10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.811</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; AT: atrial tachycardia; OR: odds ratio; SVT: supraventricular tachycardia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality of life</title>
          <p>Most participants rated their health as good (65%) and reported minimal difficulty in daily activities. However, 39% showed lower physical performance, and 43% reported decreased mental performance. Pain and emotional distress were generally mild or absent. Men and asymptomatic individuals had higher PCS and MCS scores.</p>
          <p>In adjusted models, active or very active PA showed a trend toward higher PCS scores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Table 6</xref>), whereas PA category was not independently associated with MCS scores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Table 7</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Multivariable linear regression for SF-12 PCS score according to physical activity status, adjusted for age, sex, and symptom status</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Predictor</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946; coefficient</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">SE</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Intercept</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">47.38</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.55</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Active/very active</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.94</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.67</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.080</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Irregularly active A</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.23</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.08</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.910</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Irregularly active B</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0.04</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.04</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.982</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (per year)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0.13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.04</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Male sex</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.70</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.29</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.189</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <italic>Asymptomatic status</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5.62</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.30</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <p>PCS: Physical Component Summary; SE: standard error; SF-12: 12-Item Short Form Survey.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t15">
            <label>Table 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Multivariable linear regression for SF-12 MCS score according to physical activity status, adjusted for sex and symptom status</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Predictor</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">&#946; coefficient</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">SE</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Intercept</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">42.83</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.82</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Active/very active</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0.69</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.81</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.703</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Irregularly active A</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0.69</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.23</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.757</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Irregularly active B</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.82</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.22</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.711</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Male sex</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.58</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.40</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">
                    <italic>Asymptomatic status</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.48</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.40</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.014</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <p>MCS: Mental Component Summary; SE: standard error; SF-12: 12-Item Short Form Survey.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Additional findings</title>
          <p>The main reported reasons for physical inactivity were "other" (41.5%), lack of time (24.4%), and medical advice (19.5%). Despite this, most sedentary participants expressed a desire to engage in exercise. Following arrhythmia diagnosis, 66% of participants continued exercising, and 85% maintained sexual activity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Relationship between physical activity and quality of life</title>
          <p>Participants classified as physically active had higher PCS scores compared with inactive individuals. Additionally, the absence of symptoms was associated with better QoL outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Research consistently demonstrates that higher levels of PA are associated with improved physical and psychological well-being. Current recommendations advise 150-300 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity (or 75-150 minutes per week of vigorous activity), along with muscle-strengthening activities on at least 2 days per week. In patients with arrhythmias, exercise counseling should incorporate arrhythmia substrate, symptom burden, triggers, and device therapy. More vigorous or competitive exercise should be considered within an individualized framework based on risk stratification, optimization of therapy, and shared decision-making.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Existing evidence has largely focused on phenotype-specific cohorts or device-based populations. In AF, the CHAMPLAIN-AF study (n = 619) reported a median of 100 minutes/week of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and a sitting time of 6 hours/day. Notably, 56% of participants did not meet guideline-recommended targets, 54% were unaware or uncertain about MVPA recommendations, and 72% believed that PA should be part of AF management. Importantly, this cohort was not restricted to preserved LVEF and included patients with heart failure (HF) or cardiomyopathy. Similarly, device-based accelerometer studies (e.g., populations using implantable cardioverter-defibrillator or undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy) have shown that lower PA levels are associated with HF hospitalization and mortality; however, these cohorts are typically enriched for decreased LVEF.</p>
        <p>Accordingly, data specifically addressing arrhythmia outpatients with preserved LVEF remain limited. This raises the possibility that the diagnosis itself, along with overly restrictive or non-individualized counseling, may inadvertently promote sedentary behavior. Few studies have examined activity levels and modifiable barriers across distinct arrhythmia phenotypes within a single tertiary outpatient cohort with preserved LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The novelty of the present study lies not in the direction of associations, but in the phenotype-stratified distribution of inactivity and modifiable barriers within this specific clinical context.</p>
        <p>In this cohort, physical inactivity was common and clustered among clinically higher-risk phenotypes, including ventricular and inherited arrhythmia groups, although these findings should be interpreted cautiously due to smaller subgroup sizes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>). Sedentary prevalence was highest in the inherited arrhythmia group (35.1%) and remained elevated in the ventricular (25.9%) and multiple-arrhythmia (25.0%) groups, compared with SVT (3.8%) and AF/AT (8.0%). Notably, 45.6% of participants were classified as active or very active, and most (54.4%) were asymptomatic, reporting good overall health and minimal limitations in daily activities.</p>
        <p>These findings suggest that factors beyond symptom burden, such as risk perception, counseling practices, medication effects, and practical constraints, may play a substantial role in limiting PA among higher-risk phenotypes. Among sedentary participants, the most frequently reported barriers were "other," lack of time, and medical advice to avoid exercise. Despite this, most expressed willingness to engage in PA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Main reported barriers to physical activity among sedentary participants (n = 41). Bars represent the number and percentage of participants reporting each barrier. Notably, 39 of 41 participants (95.1%) expressed willingness to become physically active.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250831-50831-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>In age-adjusted multinomial models, SVT and AF/AT were associated with higher odds of being classified as active or very active, compared with inherited arrhythmias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Table 5</xref>). This supports a phenotype-specific pattern in which inherited arrhythmia substrates may be associated with greater restriction, heightened risk perception, or fear-avoidance behaviors, even in a predominantly asymptomatic cohort with preserved LVEF.</p>
        <p>Beyond phenotype differences, PA level tended to be associated with health-related QoL in the physical domain. In adjusted linear models, active or very active individuals showed a trend toward higher SF-12 PCS scores compared with sedentary participants, whereas irregularly active categories did not differ substantially from sedentary individuals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Table 6</xref>). In contrast, SF-12 MCS scores were not clearly associated with activity categories and appeared to be more strongly influenced by symptom status and sex (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Table 7</xref>).</p>
        <p>Among sedentary participants, the leading reported barriers were lack of time and medical advice to refrain from exercise; however, most expressed willingness to become physically active. Together, these findings highlight a pragmatic implementation gap between guideline-based exercise recommendations and real-world counseling in tertiary arrhythmia care.</p>
        <p>Baseline symptom status was not clearly associated with IPAQ categories, whereas it was consistently associated with SF-12 domains. This suggests that sedentary behavior may reflect not only symptom burden but also factors such as risk perception, counseling practices, and fear of triggering arrhythmias.</p>
        <p>Despite broad recognition that regular PA is beneficial and generally safe for most cardiac patients, its implementation remains limited. This gap may be driven by challenges in risk stratification and individualized exercise prescription, limited familiarity with arrhythmia-specific considerations, and incomplete recognition of the heterogeneity and clinical needs of patients with complex or inherited arrhythmias.</p>
        <p>Although this cohort was not designed to represent athletes or competitive sports participants, sports cardiology and disease-specific statements provide a practical, phenotype-based framework to contextualize exercise counseling in routine clinical care. Accordingly, guideline-oriented considerations by arrhythmia category are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Table 8</xref>; these should not be interpreted as formal eligibility criteria for competitive sports participation.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t16">
          <label>Table 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Guideline-oriented exercise recommendations and considerations by arrhythmia category (summary)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Arrhythmia category</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">General recommendation (summary)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Key references</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SVT/pre-excitation (stable, controlled)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Recreational moderate-intensity aerobic activity is generally encouraged; individualized assessment is recommended in the presence of pre-excitation with high-risk features.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Pelliccia et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AF/AT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Regular physical activity is encouraged; target at least 150 min/week of moderate-intensity activity (or equivalent), when clinically appropriate. Shared decision-making should consider symptom burden, rate control, and comorbidities.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Pelliccia et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>; Joglar et al., 2024<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ventricular arrhythmias/VT (preserved LVEF)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Exercise prescription should be individualized. Strenuous or competitive exercise should be avoided in higher-risk phenotypes until appropriate risk stratification and optimization of therapy; supervised programs may be appropriate.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Pelliccia et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>; Zeppenfeld et al., 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Inherited arrhythmia syndromes (e.g., LQTS, Brugada syndrome, CPVT)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Exercise restrictions should be individualized according to genotype, phenotype, and trigger profile. Emphasis should be placed on physician-guided exercise planning and risk mitigation strategies.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Pelliccia et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>; Fernandez Gil et al., 2025<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>; Chen et al., 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ICD recipients</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Participation in competitive or vigorous sports was historically restricted; contemporary evidence supports individualized decision-making. Device programming, shared decision-making, and sport-specific risk assessment are essential.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sharma et al., 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; AT: atrial tachycardia; CPVT: catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LQTS: long QT syndrome; SVT: supraventricular tachycardia; VT: ventricular tachycardia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Inherited arrhythmia syndromes often occur in the absence of overt structural heart disease. Available evidence suggests high rates of sedentary behavior in certain populations (e.g., Brugada syndrome cohorts), supporting the hypothesis that diagnosis-related concerns, counseling practices, and fear-avoidance behaviors may contribute to lower PA levels, even when systolic function is preserved. Conversely, in LQTS, some cohorts report self-reported activity levels comparable to controls but decreased exercise performance, highlighting the potential influence of treatment (e.g., beta-blockers) and perceived limitations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pharmacotherapy may also influence exercise behavior and tolerance. Beta-blockers, a cornerstone therapy across multiple arrhythmia contexts, may blunt chronotropic response and reduce perceived exercise capacity, potentially reinforcing inactivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This underscores the importance of individualized counseling to distinguish expected pharmacological effects from true exercise intolerance as well as the role of supervised exercise programs in facilitating safe and progressive activity while maintaining arrhythmia control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Overall, these findings support the systematic assessment of PA and its barriers using standardized tools, followed by risk-based counseling. They also highlight the need for structured care pathways, potentially integrated within cardiac rehabilitation programs, to deliver supervised exercise prescriptions, particularly for higher-risk phenotypes. The main contribution of this study is to provide pragmatic, real-world data from a tertiary arrhythmia outpatient cohort with preserved LVEF, including the distribution of inactivity across clinically relevant subgroups and the identification of modifiable barriers.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of study</title>
          <p>PA was self-reported using the IPAQ, which may be subject to recall bias, and the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference. This was a single-center tertiary referral cohort with preserved LVEF; therefore, the findings may not be generalizable to community-based arrhythmia populations or to patients with decreased LVEF. In addition, subgroup estimates were imprecise for smaller phenotypes, particularly the multiple-arrhythmia group. We did not assess participation in competitive sports, objectively measured PA, or detailed pharmacotherapy dosing and intensity.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In a tertiary outpatient cohort of patients with arrhythmias and preserved LVEF, physical inactivity clustered among higher-risk phenotypes and was frequently associated with potentially modifiable barriers, including medical advice and lack of time. Higher levels of PA tended to be associated with better physical health status, supporting the need for individualized, risk-based counseling and supervised pathways to safely promote PA in arrhythmia populations.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade De Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; HCFMUSP under the protocol number 5.127.777. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
