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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Dr7VKJk3WskD6QsvSZkXdMq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000501801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250817</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o de 16 Anos da Doen&#231;a de Chagas Aguda Transmitida por Via Oral: Relato de Caso Aut&#243;ctone com Progress&#227;o para Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Regina Hosannah Silva e</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Augusto de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7214-6816</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Vanina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2695-6783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6446-8858</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>Katia do Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Gra&#231;as Vale Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8836-345X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcos Bemfica Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical, Escola de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Amazonas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Matheus Martins Monteiro</bold> &#8226; Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo - R. Maestro Cardim, 637. CEP <postal-code>01323-900</postal-code>, Bela Vista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>matheussmartins.1996@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250817</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) &#233; causada pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, um protozo&#225;rio com ciclo de vida complexo encontrado em dezenas de esp&#233;cies de insetos triatom&#237;neos (barbeiros) e mam&#237;feros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) incluiu a DC entre as doen&#231;as tropicais negligenciadas em 2006.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os seres humanos podem se infectar por meio do contato com fezes de insetos contendo T. cruzi ou por outros mecanismos, incluindo a ingest&#227;o de alimentos contaminados. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da DC varia entre suas duas fases: aguda e cr&#244;nica. Na fase aguda, os indiv&#237;duos geralmente s&#227;o oligossintom&#225;ticos, apresentando sinais e sintomas inespec&#237;ficos. No entanto, uma minoria pode desenvolver manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais graves, como hepatoesplenomegalia, miocardite ou meningoencefalite. A fase cr&#244;nica compreende tr&#234;s formas cl&#237;nicas bem definidas: indeterminada, card&#237;aca e digestiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por muitos anos, a regi&#227;o Amaz&#244;nica foi considerada livre de DC end&#234;mica, mas atualmente &#233; a &#225;rea com o maior n&#250;mero de casos agudos, em grande parte devido a surtos de transmiss&#227;o oral associados ao consumo de sucos de frutos de palmeira, especialmente o a&#231;a&#237; (<italic>Euterpe oleraceae</italic>). No estado do Amazonas, alguns casos de cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica j&#225; foram diagnosticados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Este relato de caso documenta um seguimento longitudinal de 16 anos do primeiro caso aut&#243;ctone de DC aguda acompanhado pelo Grupo de Estudo da Doen&#231;a de Chagas da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), no Amazonas. A evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente foi acompanhada desde o diagn&#243;stico inicial na fase aguda, passando por diversas manifesta&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas da forma card&#237;aca, culminando em melhora cl&#237;nica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>Um homem de 31 anos, natural de Manaus, Amazonas (Brasil), foi admitido na FMT-HVD, um centro terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia, em 2007, com hist&#243;ria de febre, palpita&#231;&#245;es, dispneia e dor tor&#225;cica ap&#243;s ingerir suco de a&#231;a&#237;.</p>
      <p>A DC aguda foi diagnosticada por exame parasitol&#243;gico direto utilizando gota espessa. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) mostrou extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares frequentes, e o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) demonstrou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica leve do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 50%. O paciente recebeu benznidazol como tratamento etiol&#243;gico para DC e iniciou terapia padr&#227;o para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), incluindo um inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina, um betabloqueador e um diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a. No entanto, ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, ele interrompeu o benznidazol ap&#243;s 30 dias, n&#227;o completando o regime obrigat&#243;rio de 60 dias. Meses depois, seus exames card&#237;acos haviam normalizado, permitindo a retirada gradual das medica&#231;&#245;es para IC.</p>
      <p>Posteriormente, o paciente manteve acompanhamento cardiol&#243;gico irregular. Em 2010, retornou &#224; FMT-HVD relatando dispneia aos m&#233;dios esfor&#231;os e palpita&#231;&#245;es. A sorologia (ELISA) para T. cruzi foi negativa, assim como dois exames de xenodiagn&#243;stico. O ECG de repouso mostrou ritmo sinusal com extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares isoladas e repolariza&#231;&#227;o normal. Tanto o ETT quanto a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca estavam normais, enquanto o Holter de 24 horas revelou tr&#234;s epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada. Um esofagograma demonstrou esvaziamento esof&#225;gico completo. Naquele momento, foi diagnosticada a forma arritmog&#234;nica da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. O tratamento com amiodarona resultou em melhora cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>O paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tico at&#233; 2015, quando as palpita&#231;&#245;es retornaram. Nesse momento, amiodarona e captopril foram reintroduzidos. Reavalia&#231;&#245;es subsequentes, incluindo sorologia negativa para <italic>T. cruzi</italic> (ELISA) e exames cardiol&#243;gicos (ECG e teste ergom&#233;trico), apresentaram resultados dentro da normalidade.</p>
      <p>Em 2018, 2019 e 2022, o paciente retornou para consultas de seguimento, durante as quais permaneceu clinicamente est&#225;vel, sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos exames cardiol&#243;gicos, conforme resumido na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Exames cardiol&#243;gicos realizados no paciente durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento, de 2007 a 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Ano</th>
              <th align="right" valign="middle">Exame</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Principais altera&#231;&#245;es</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2007</td>
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Eletrocardiograma</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ritmo sinusal; contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular prematura</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Ecocardiograma</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica leve do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE 50%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">2010</td>
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Eletrocardiograma</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ritmo sinusal; contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular prematura; repolariza&#231;&#227;o normal</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Ecocardiograma</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FE preservada, dimens&#245;es intracavit&#225;rias normais</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Aumento da cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sem sinais de fibrose</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Holter 24 horas</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ritmo sinusal, 28 190 contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares isoladas e pareadas, 3 epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">2018</td>
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Eletrocardiograma</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ritmo sinusal com contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares frequentes</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Ecocardiogramas</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Leve aumento das dimens&#245;es intracavit&#225;rias com DDVE 60 mm, FEVE (Simpson) 50%, com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global leve</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Holter 24 horas</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">7668 contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares isoladas, interpoladas, bigeminadas, trigeminadas e polim&#243;rficas</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Aumento da cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sem sinais de fibrose</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2019</td>
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Eletrocardiograma</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ritmo sinusal, altera&#231;&#227;o de repolariza&#231;&#227;o em parede inferior</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Ecocardiograma</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Aumento das dimens&#245;es intracavit&#225;rias; DDVE 60 mm; FEVE (Simpson) 53%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">2022</td>
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Eletrocardiograma</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ritmo sinusal, sem altera&#231;&#245;es</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Ecocardiograma</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada da FE (FEVE 37%) e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica moderada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Holter 24 horas</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ritmo sinusal com 193 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares isoladas, interpoladas, bigeminadas, trigeminadas e monom&#243;rficas</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">2023</td>
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Eletrocardiograma</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ritmo sinusal, repolariza&#231;&#227;o normal</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Ecocardiograma</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE (Simpson) 52%; DDVE 60 mm</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="right" valign="middle">Holter 24 horas</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ritmo sinusal, 444 contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares isoladas</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Durante esse per&#237;odo, os testes sorol&#243;gicos para <italic>T. cruzi</italic> (ELISA: resultado 1,3; cut-off 0,27; IFI: 1/160) foram reagentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A) Eletrocardiograma realizado em 2020; B) Holter de 24 horas realizado em 2020.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250817-50817-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Na reavalia&#231;&#227;o de 2022, o paciente apresentou sinais cl&#237;nicos de IC, incluindo dispneia aos esfor&#231;os e ortopneia. Houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE 37%), indicando disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica moderada. Os testes sorol&#243;gicos (ELISA e IFI) permaneceram reagentes. O Holter de 24 horas mostrou ritmo sinusal com 193 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares isoladas, interpoladas, em bigeminismo, trigeminismo e monom&#243;rficas. Foi iniciada terapia medicamentosa guiada por diretrizes (GDMT), incluindo carvedilol 25 mg duas vezes ao dia, enalapril 10 mg/dia, espironolactona 25 mg/dia e dapagliflozina 10 mg/dia. Apesar de um m&#234;s de tratamento, ele continuou apresentando taquicardia e dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna, levando &#224; adi&#231;&#227;o de furosemida 40 mg/dia e digoxina 0,25 mg/dia.</p>
      <p>Em 2023, durante a continuidade do tratamento para IC, novos exames foram realizados. O ECG mostrou ritmo sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 69 bpm. O ETT demonstrou FEVE de 52% (Simpson) e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) de 60 mm, preenchendo os crit&#233;rios para IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o melhorada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma p&#243;s-tratamento.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250817-50817-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Exame de Holter de 24 horas realizado em 2023.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250817-50817-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento, o paciente tamb&#233;m foi diagnosticado com leishmaniose cut&#226;neo-mucosa e tuberculose pulmonar, ambas tratadas conforme as diretrizes cl&#237;nicas. O hist&#243;rico dos exames cardiol&#243;gicos realizados ao longo desse acompanhamento prolongado est&#225; resumido na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este caso representa a primeira progress&#227;o documentada para CMDC no estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Ao longo de 16 anos de acompanhamento, o paciente inicialmente desenvolveu uma forma arritmog&#234;nica da CMDC, progredindo posteriormente para IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida e, mais tarde, para IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o recuperada. Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que o tratamento antiparasit&#225;rio reduz tanto a propor&#231;&#227;o quanto o risco de IC sintom&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, a efic&#225;cia da terapia antiparasit&#225;ria na elimina&#231;&#227;o completa do parasita &#233; vari&#225;vel, e uma maior carga parasit&#225;ria est&#225; associada a respostas sorol&#243;gicas mais intensas. Apesar de mais de 10 anos de sorologia negativa neste caso, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas persistiram, sugerindo atividade cont&#237;nua da doen&#231;a. O longo per&#237;odo de sorologia negativa seguido por resultados reativos posteriores &#233; um achado relevante. A variabilidade diagn&#243;stica na regi&#227;o Amaz&#244;nica &#233; bem reconhecida, com alta frequ&#234;ncia de resultados falso-negativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o se pode descartar a possibilidade de reinfec&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que o paciente permaneceu em &#225;rea end&#234;mica. Importante destacar que ele n&#227;o completou o tratamento tripanocida com benznidazol. Em um estudo pr&#233;vio realizado na Amaz&#244;nia brasileira, envolvendo 179 pacientes que completaram o tratamento com benznidazol, aproximadamente 30% permaneceram soropositivos ap&#243;s sete anos; entretanto, apenas 5,2% apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ou ecocardiogr&#225;ficas sugestivas de CMDC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na fase inicial da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, as contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares prematuras s&#227;o a arritmia predominante. &#192; medida que a doen&#231;a progride e surge IC, cerca de 99% dos pacientes apresentam contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares frequentes, multiformes, pareadas e epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada. De forma consistente com esse padr&#227;o, o paciente desenvolveu palpita&#231;&#245;es e arritmias ventriculares, sendo classificado como portador de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica com fen&#243;tipo arritmog&#234;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quinze anos ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico, o paciente apresentou IC caracterizada por fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (FEVE 37%), compat&#237;vel com a progress&#227;o natural da IC inadequadamente tratada, a qual est&#225; associada a maior risco cardiovascular e pior qualidade de vida. Sua evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica est&#225; alinhada aos achados de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise que demonstraram uma probabilidade cumulativa de cardiomiopatia de aproximadamente 17% em 10 anos e 31% em 20 anos entre indiv&#237;duos com DC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ades&#227;o &#224; terapia medicamentosa guiada por diretrizes &#8211; incluindo inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, betabloqueadores, antagonistas do receptor mineralocorticoide e inibidores de SGLT2 &#8211; resultou em melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e redu&#231;&#227;o das arritmias ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A aus&#234;ncia de fibrose &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, apesar da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, &#233; um achado relevante. Estudos pr&#233;vios da Amaz&#244;nia brasileira mostraram que 58,3% dos pacientes com DC aguda apresentam fibrose mioc&#225;rdica &#224; resson&#226;ncia. Entretanto, esses pacientes geralmente apresentavam bom progn&#243;stico e aus&#234;ncia de sintomas de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Esse achado sugere que, no paciente descrito, outro mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico &#8212; como disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica &#8212; pode ter contribu&#237;do para a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, o que poderia explicar a r&#225;pida melhora com o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
      <p>Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica que avaliou o risco de cardiomiopatia cr&#244;nica entre pacientes com formas aguda ou indeterminada da DC, s&#233;ries de casos de diversas regi&#245;es da Am&#233;rica Latina indicaram uma incid&#234;ncia anual estimada de cardiomiopatia de 4,6% entre indiv&#237;duos com infec&#231;&#227;o aguda, sugerindo uma taxa relativamente baixa de progress&#227;o para a forma cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este caso evidencia como doen&#231;as negligenciadas, como a DC, afetam de forma desproporcional popula&#231;&#245;es economicamente vulner&#225;veis. Apesar da disponibilidade de recursos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos para diversas condi&#231;&#245;es, grande parte da popula&#231;&#227;o amaz&#244;nica continua exposta a doen&#231;as como a DC, que se perpetuam em contextos de pobreza e ampliam desigualdades sociais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, h&#225; uma necessidade urgente de ampliar o conhecimento sobre a DC na Amaz&#244;nia, bem como aprimorar o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento da IC, a fim de reduzir desigualdades no acesso &#224; sa&#250;de e abordar causas trat&#225;veis de IC na popula&#231;&#227;o amaz&#244;nica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Monica Regina Hosannah da Silva e Silva pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 7.106.271 / CAAE: 55200322.5.3009.5016. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250817i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>16-Year Evolution of Acute Orally Transmitted Chagas Disease: Report of an Autochthonous Case Progressing to Chagasic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Regina Hosannah Silva e</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Augusto de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7214-6816</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Vanina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2695-6783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6446-8858</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>Katia do Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Gra&#231;as Vale Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8836-345X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcos Bemfica Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical, Escola de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Matheus Martins Monteiro</bold> &#8226; Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo - R. Maestro Cardim, 637. Postal Code 01323-900, Bela Vista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>matheussmartins.1996@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chagas disease (CD) is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan with a complex life cycle found in dozens of species of triatomine insects (kissing bugs) and mammals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The World Health Organization (WHO) included CD among the neglected tropical diseases in 2006.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Humans can become infected through contact with insect feces containing T. cruzi or through other mechanisms, including the ingestion of contaminated food. The clinical presentation of CD varies between its two phases: acute and chronic. In the acute phase, individuals are usually oligosymptomatic, presenting with nonspecific signs and symptoms. However, a minority may develop more severe manifestations such as hepatosplenomegaly, myocarditis, or meningoencephalitis. The chronic phase comprises three well-defined clinical forms: indeterminate, cardiac, and digestive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>For many years, the Amazon region was considered free of endemic CD, but it is now the area with the highest number of acute cases, largely due to outbreaks of orally transmitted infection associated with the consumption of palm fruit juices, particularly a&#231;a&#237; (<italic>Euterpe oleraceae</italic>). In the state of Amazonas, some cases of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCDC) have been diagnosed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This case report documents a 16-year longitudinal follow-up of the first autochthonous acute CD case monitored by the Chagas Disease Study Group at the Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD) in Amazonas. The patient's clinical course was followed from the initial diagnosis during the acute phase, through the various phenotypic manifestations of the cardiac form, culminating in clinical improvement.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>A 31-year-old man from Manaus, Amazonas (Brazil), was admitted to the FMT-HVD, a tertiary referral center, in 2007 with a history of fever, palpitations, shortness of breath, and chest pain after ingesting palm a&#231;a&#237; juice.</p>
        <p>Acute CD was diagnosed through direct parasitological examination using a thick blood smear. The electrocardiogram (ECG) showed frequent premature ventricular contractions, and the transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) demonstrated mild left ventricular systolic dysfunction with an ejection fraction of 50%. The patient received benznidazole as etiological treatment for CD and was started on standard heart failure (HF) therapy, including an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, a beta-blocker, and a loop diuretic. However, after hospital discharge, he discontinued benznidazole after 30 days, failing to complete the full 60-day mandatory regimen. Several months later, his cardiac tests had normalized, allowing for the gradual withdrawal of HF medications.</p>
        <p>He subsequently had irregular cardiology follow-up. In 2010, he returned to FMT-HVD reporting dyspnea on moderate exertion and palpitations. Serology (ELISA) for T. cruzi was negative, and two xenodiagnosis tests were also negative. The resting ECG showed sinus rhythm with isolated premature ventricular contractions and normal repolarization. Both TTE and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging were normal, while 24-hour Holter monitoring revealed three episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. An esophagogram demonstrated complete esophageal emptying. At that time, he was diagnosed with the arrhythmogenic form of chronic CCDC. Treatment with amiodarone led to clinical improvement.</p>
        <p>He remained asymptomatic until 2015, when palpitations recurred. At that time, amiodarone and captopril were reintroduced. Repeat evaluations, including negative T. cruzi serology (ELISA) and cardiologic tests (ECG and exercise stress test), showed results within normal limits.</p>
        <p>In 2018, 2019, and 2022, the patient returned for follow-up visits, during which he remained clinically stable with no significant changes in the cardiologic assessments, as summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiological exams performed on the patient during the follow-up period, 2007 to 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Year</th>
                <th align="right" valign="middle">Exam</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Main Alterations</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2007</td>
                <td align="right" valign="middle">Electrocardiogram</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sinus rhythm; premature ventricular contraction</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Echocardiogram</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">mild left ventricular systolic dysfunction; EF 50%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">2010</td>
                <td align="right" valign="middle">Electrocardiogram</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sinus rhythm; premature ventricular contraction; normal repolarization</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="right" valign="middle">Echocardiogram</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Preserved ejection fraction, intracavitary dimensions normal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="right" valign="middle">Cardiac Magnetic Resonance imaging</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LV cavity enlargement with no signs of fibrosis</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="right" valign="middle">24-hour holter</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sinus rhythm, 28190 isolated, paired ventricular contraction, 3 episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">2018</td>
                <td align="right" valign="middle">Electrocardiogram</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sinus rhythm with frequent ventricular contractions</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right" valign="middle">Echocardiogram</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">mild enlargement intracavitary dimensions with LVDD 60 mm, LVEF (Simpson) 50%, with global mild systolic dysfunction</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right" valign="middle">24-hour holter</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">7668 isolated, interpolated, bigeminated, trigeminated, polymorphic ventricular contractions</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right" valign="middle">Cardiac Magnetic Resonanse</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LV cavity enlargement with no signs of fibrosis</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">2019</td>
                <td align="right" valign="middle">Electrocardiogram</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">sinus rhythm, repolarization alteration in inferior wall</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="right" valign="middle">Echocardiogram</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Increased intracavitary dimensions; LVDD 60 mm; LVEF (Simpson) 53%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">2022</td>
                <td align="right" valign="middle">Electrocardiogram</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">sinus rhythm, without alterations</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right" valign="middle">Echocardiogram</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">marked reduction in ejection fraction (LVEF 37%) and moderate left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="right" valign="middle">24-hour holter</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">sinus rhythm with 193 isolated, interpolated, bigeminated, trigeminated, monomorphic ventricular extrasystoles</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">2023</td>
                <td align="right" valign="middle">Electrocardiogram</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">sinus rhythm, normal repolarization.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="right" valign="middle">Echocardiogram</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF (Simpson) 52%; LVEF 60 mm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="right" valign="middle">24-hour holter</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sinus rhythm, 444 isolated ventricular contraction</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>During this period, serologic tests for T. cruzi (ELISA: result 1.3, cut-off 0.27; IFA: 1/160) were reactive (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Electrocardiogram realized in 2020; B) 24h holter realized in 2020.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250817-50817-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>At the 2022 re-evaluation, the patient presented with clinical signs of HF, including exertional dyspnea and orthopnea. There was a significant reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF 37%), indicating moderate systolic dysfunction. Serologic tests (ELISA and IFA) remained reactive. The 24-hour Holter monitor showed sinus rhythm with 193 isolated, interpolated, bigeminal, trigeminal, and monomorphic ventricular premature contractions. Guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) was initiated, including carvedilol 25 mg twice daily, enalapril 10 mg/day, spironolactone 25 mg/day, and dapagliflozin 10 mg/day. Despite one month of treatment, he continued to experience tachycardia and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, leading to the addition of furosemide 40 mg/day and digoxin 0.25 mg/day.</p>
        <p>In 2023, while continuing HF treatment, new tests were performed. The ECG showed sinus rhythm with a heart rate of 69 bpm. The TTE demonstrated a LVEF of 52% (Simpson) and a left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) of 60 mm, meeting the criteria for HF with improved ejection fraction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Post-treatment ECG's.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250817-50817-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>24h Holter exam realized in 2023.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250817-50817-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>During the follow-up period, the patient was also diagnosed with cutaneous-mucosal leishmaniasis and pulmonary tuberculosis, both of which were treated according to clinical guidelines. The history of cardiologic examinations performed throughout this long-term follow-up is summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This case represents the first documented progression to CCDC in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Over a 16-year follow-up, the patient initially developed an arrhythmogenic form of CCDC, later progressing to HF with reduced ejection fraction, and subsequently to HF with recovered ejection fraction. Previous studies have shown that antiparasitic treatment reduces both the proportion and the risk of symptomatic HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, the effectiveness of antiparasitic therapy in achieving complete parasite clearance varies, and higher parasite burden is associated with stronger serological responses. Despite more than 10 years of negative serologic tests in this case, cardiac manifestations persisted, suggesting ongoing disease activity. The long period of negative serology followed by later reactive results is noteworthy. Diagnostic variability in the Amazon region is well recognized, with a high frequency of false-negative results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Additionally, reinfection cannot be excluded, as the patient continued to live in an endemic area. Importantly, he did not complete trypanocidal treatment with benznidazole. In a previous study from the Brazilian Amazon involving 179 patients who completed benznidazole therapy, approximately 30% remained seropositive after seven years; however, only 5.2% showed electrocardiographic or echocardiographic abnormalities suggestive of CCDC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>During the early phase of Chagas cardiomyopathy, premature ventricular contractions are the predominant arrhythmia. As the disease progresses and HF develops, about 99% of patients exhibit frequent, multiform, paired ventricular contractions and episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. Consistent with this pattern, the patient developed palpitations and ventricular arrhythmias and was classified as having CCDC with an arrhythmogenic phenotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Fifteen years after diagnosis, the patient presented with HF characterized by a reduced ejection fraction (LVEF 37%), consistent with the natural progression of inadequately treated HF, which is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and reduced quality of life. His clinical course aligns with findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis showing a cumulative probability of cardiomyopathy of approximately 17% at 10 years and 31% at 20 years among individuals with CD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Adherence to guideline-directed medical therapy &#8211; including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and SGLT2 inhibitors &#8211; resulted in improved left ventricular function and a reduction in ventricular arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The absence of fibrosis on cardiac MRI despite ventricular dysfunction is noteworthy. Previous studies from the Brazilian Amazon have shown that 58.3% of patients with acute CD exhibit myocardial fibrosis on MRI. However, these patients generally had a good prognosis and no symptoms of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This suggests that, in the patient described here, another pathophysiological mechanism &#8211; such as autonomic dysfunction &#8211; may have contributed to ventricular impairment, potentially explaining the rapid improvement with pharmacological therapy.</p>
        <p>In a systematic review evaluating the risk of chronic cardiomyopathy among patients with acute or indeterminate forms of CD, case series from various regions of Latin America indicated an estimated annual cardiomyopathy incidence of 4.6% among individuals with acute infection, suggesting a relatively low rate of progression to chronic disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This case highlights how neglected diseases such as CD disproportionately affect economically disadvantaged populations. Despite the availability of diagnostic and therapeutic resources for many conditions, a large portion of the Amazonian population continues to face diseases like CD, which thrive under conditions of poverty and perpetuate social inequities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In conclusion, there is an urgent need for improved understanding of CD in the Amazon, along with enhanced diagnosis and treatment of HF, to reduce disparities in healthcare access and address treatable causes of HF in the Amazonian population.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Monica Regina Hosannah da Silva e Silva, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade do Estado do Amazonas under the protocol number 7.106.271 / CAAE: 55200322.5.3009.5016. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
