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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">drG7qSQLcbkvfK3k6ydKC3v</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000500601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250751</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resultados Cl&#237;nicos ap&#243;s Implante de Marca-Passo: Um Estudo Comparativo de 3 Anos entre S&#237;ndrome do N&#243; Sinusal e Bloqueio Atrioventricular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6414-3743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polat</surname>
            <given-names>Fuat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2356-1460</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>T&#252;ner</surname>
            <given-names>Ha&#351;im</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4731-4061</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Can</surname>
            <given-names>Veysi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6866-0625</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Terzi</surname>
            <given-names>Sait</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education Research Hospital, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Istanbul Arel University Memorial Bahcelievler Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Istanbul Arel University Memorial Bahcelievler Hospital, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Van Health Sciences University Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Van</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Van Health Sciences University Training and Research Hospital, Van &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Health Science University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Health Science University, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Fuat Polat &#8226; Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Educat&#305;on Research Hospital &#8211; Selimiye Mah. Tibbiye Cad. No.25 &#220;sk&#252;dar, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>drfuatpolat@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250751</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O implante de marca-passo permanente &#233; um tratamento estabelecido tanto para a s&#237;ndrome do n&#243; sinusal (SNS) quanto para o bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV), por&#233;m existem poucos dados comparando os resultados cl&#237;nicos a longo prazo e os padr&#245;es de remodelamento card&#237;aco entre essas distintas etiologias bradiarr&#237;tmicas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Comparar os resultados cl&#237;nicos e as altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais card&#237;acas em tr&#234;s anos entre pacientes com SNS e BAV ap&#243;s implante de marca-passo permanente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo observacional retrospectivo incluiu 192 pacientes adultos (65 com SNS, 127 com BAV) submetidos a implante de marca-passo entre janeiro de 2018 e dezembro de 2020. Dados demogr&#225;ficos, par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, dados registrados pelo marca-passo e desfechos cl&#237;nicos foram avaliados no in&#237;cio do estudo, ap&#243;s um m&#234;s, seis meses, um ano e tr&#234;s anos. Os desfechos prim&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram altera&#231;&#245;es na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas, melhora dos sintomas, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de in&#237;cio recente, reinterna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade por todas as causas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Ambos os grupos demonstraram decl&#237;nios significativos na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao longo de tr&#234;s anos (SNS: 57,2&#177;6,0% para 54,3&#177;8,3%, p&lt;0,001; BAV: 55,5&#177;7,0% para 53,0&#177;6,8%, p&lt;0,001). Apesar da progress&#227;o semelhante da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, padr&#245;es distintos de remodelamento emergiram: os pacientes com SNS apresentaram aumentos significativos no di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (31,3 para 38,8 mm, p=0,040), no di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (45,2 para 51,0 mm, p&lt;0,001) e na preval&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (26,2% para 64,6%), enquanto os pacientes com BAV mantiveram dimens&#245;es ventriculares est&#225;veis apesar da alta carga de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular (&gt;90%). A melhora dos sintomas foi compar&#225;vel (SNS: 85,6% vs. BAV: 83,5%, p=0,84), assim como o surgimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (41,5% vs. 37,0%, p=0,54), a reinterna&#231;&#227;o (50,8% vs. 58,3%, p=0,38) e a mortalidade por todas as causas (13,8% vs. 11,8%, p=0,69). Os preditores de mortalidade diferiram: gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral em pacientes com SNS versus doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, terapia com betabloqueadores e volume do &#225;trio esquerdo em pacientes com BAV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Apesar dos benef&#237;cios sintom&#225;ticos e resultados cl&#237;nicos semelhantes, pacientes com SNS e BAV demonstram padr&#245;es distintos de remodelamento card&#237;aco e diferentes preditores de mortalidade, o que refor&#231;a a necessidade de estrat&#233;gias de acompanhamento espec&#237;ficas para cada etiologia em pacientes com marca-passo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultados Cl&#237;nicos ap&#243;s Implante de Marca-Passo: Um Estudo Comparativo de 3 Anos entre S&#237;ndrome do N&#243; Sinusal e Bloqueio Atrioventricular</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica: * p &lt; 0,05; ** p &lt; 0,01; *** p &lt; 0,001; NS indica insignific&#226;ncia (p &#8805; 0,05). Todas as compara&#231;&#245;es baseadas na linha de base vs. medi&#231;&#245;es de acompanhamento de 3 anos. C&#243;digo de cores: Caixas vermelhas/rosas: Resultados do grupo SNS; Caixas verdes: Resultados do grupo BAV; Se&#231;&#227;o laranja: Resultados cl&#237;nicos; Se&#231;&#227;o roxa: Preditor de morbilidade. AVB: bloqueio atrioventricular; EF: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; DDFVE: Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; RM: Regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral; AF: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; NS: insignificante. Setas: &#8595; indica diminui&#231;&#227;o do valor basal para o acompanhamento de 3 anos; &#8593; indica aumento do valor basal para o acompanhamento de 3 anos.</attrib>
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        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome do N&#243; Sinusal</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio Atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As bradicardias, incluindo a s&#237;ndrome do n&#243; sinusal (SNS) e o bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV), s&#227;o indica&#231;&#245;es comuns para o implante de marca-passo permanente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora os marca-passos restaurem eficazmente a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e previnam a s&#237;ncope, seus efeitos a longo prazo na estrutura card&#237;aca, na fun&#231;&#227;o e nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos ainda s&#227;o objeto de investiga&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Compreender as diferen&#231;as na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e na resposta &#224; terapia de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca entre pacientes com SNS e BAV &#233; essencial para otimizar o manejo do paciente e melhorar os resultados progn&#243;sticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A SNS &#233; caracterizada por disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal, levando &#224; bradicardia inadequada e sintomas como tontura, s&#237;ncope e fadiga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em contraste, o BAV resulta da condu&#231;&#227;o prejudicada entre os &#225;trios e os ventr&#237;culos, podendo levar &#224; bradicardia grave e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Embora a terapia com marca-passo alivie eficazmente os sintomas em ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es, persistem preocupa&#231;&#245;es quanto ao seu impacto na remodelamento card&#237;aco, na fun&#231;&#227;o valvar e no desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores sugeriram que a estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito pode contribuir para a remodelamento card&#237;aco adverso, incluindo disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e aumento atrial, potencialmente aumentando o risco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se esses efeitos diferem significativamente entre pacientes com SNS e BAV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da terapia com marca-passo, incluindo taxas de reinterna&#231;&#227;o, mortalidade e melhora dos sintomas, requerem investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo tem como objetivo comparar os resultados cl&#237;nicos a longo prazo de pacientes submetidos a implante de marca-passo para SNS versus BAV durante um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de tr&#234;s anos. Por meio da an&#225;lise de altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, dados registrados pelo marca-passo e desfechos cl&#237;nicos, buscamos fornecer uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente do impacto da terapia de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nessas duas popula&#231;&#245;es distintas de pacientes. Os achados deste estudo contribuir&#227;o para uma melhor compreens&#227;o das implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas do implante de marca-passo e orientar&#227;o futuras estrat&#233;gias para o manejo do paciente e a otimiza&#231;&#227;o da terapia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi um estudo de coorte observacional retrospectivo conduzido para comparar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos a longo prazo de pacientes submetidos a implante de marca-passo permanente para SNS ou BAV. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo incluiu pacientes adultos submetidos a implante de marca-passo em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o entre janeiro de 2018 e dezembro de 2020. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o consistiram em diagn&#243;stico confirmado de SNS ou BAV como indica&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria para implante de marca-passo, idade &#8805; 18 anos e disponibilidade de dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos basais e de seguimento. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram implante pr&#233;vio de marca-passo, doen&#231;a valvar grave concomitante que exigisse interven&#231;&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada (classe IV da <italic>New York Heart Association [NYHA</italic>]) ou hist&#243;rico de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta e acompanhamento de dados</title>
        <p>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram coletados de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. As caracter&#237;sticas basais inclu&#237;ram idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), comorbidades (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e tabagismo) e uso de medicamentos (betabloqueadores, inibidores da ECA/bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina [BRA], antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides [ARM], diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a e bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio n&#227;o diidropirid&#237;nicos). Os par&#226;metros laboratoriais inclu&#237;ram s&#243;dio (Na) s&#233;rico, pot&#225;ssio (K), taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) e n&#237;veis de hemoglobina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica no in&#237;cio do estudo e nos intervalos de acompanhamento (primeiro m&#234;s, sexto m&#234;s, primeiro ano e terceiro ano). Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados utilizando um sistema de ultrassom comercial (Philips EPIQ 7) por cardiologistas experientes, seguindo as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (ASE). Os principais par&#226;metros medidos foram os seguintes:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo:</italic> Avaliado utilizando o m&#233;todo biplanar de Simpson a partir das vistas apical de quatro c&#226;maras e de duas c&#226;maras.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (DAE):</italic> Medido na vista paraesternal do eixo longo ao final da s&#237;stole.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>&#205;ndice de Volume do &#193;trio Esquerdo (IVAE):</italic> Calculado usando o m&#233;todo biplano &#225;rea-comprimento e indexado &#224; &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE):</italic> Medido ao n&#237;vel das pontas das c&#250;spides da v&#225;lvula mitral na vista paraesternal do eixo longo.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP):</italic> Estimativa feita com base na velocidade m&#225;xima de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide e na estimativa da press&#227;o atrial direita.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM):</italic> A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita por meio de ecografia Doppler colorida e classificada como leve, moderada ou grave, com base na &#225;rea do jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o e na largura da vena contracta.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta e interpreta&#231;&#227;o de dados de marca-passo</title>
        <p>Os dados de programa&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo foram obtidos a partir dos relat&#243;rios de verifica&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo em cada consulta de acompanhamento. A verifica&#231;&#227;o foi realizada utilizando o programador de marca-passo da Medtronic e envolveu a avalia&#231;&#227;o de:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Limite inferior m&#233;dio da taxa:</italic> A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#237;nima programada na qual o marca-passo fornece suporte de estimula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Percentagem de estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial:</italic> A propor&#231;&#227;o de tempo em que a estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; administrada, indicando a depend&#234;ncia do marca-passo na estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial para manter o ritmo.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Percentagem de batimentos atriais prematuros:</italic> A porcentagem de contra&#231;&#245;es atriais prematuras detectadas pode indicar uma arritmia atrial subjacente.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Epis&#243;dios de Alta Frequ&#234;ncia Atrial (EAFAs):</italic> Epis&#243;dios de atividade atrial r&#225;pida detectados pelo marca-passo, definidos como frequ&#234;ncias atriais que excedem um limite predefinido (por exemplo, 180 batimentos por minuto), que podem sugerir FA ou taquiarritmia atrial.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Protocolo de Programa&#231;&#227;o de Marca-passo:</italic> Todos os marca-passos foram programados de acordo com as diretrizes atuais, com otimiza&#231;&#227;o para estimula&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica. O modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o foi DDD/DDDR em todos os pacientes, com um limite inferior de frequ&#234;ncia de 60 batimentos por minuto. Em pacientes com SNS, algoritmos para minimizar a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram ativados quando dispon&#237;veis, incluindo intervalo AV estendido (at&#233; 250-300 ms) e recursos de histerese AV para promover a condu&#231;&#227;o AV intr&#237;nseca. No entanto, em pacientes com BAV, tais algoritmos n&#227;o foram utilizados, dada a doen&#231;a de condu&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca, e intervalos AV padr&#227;o (120-180 ms) foram programados. A estimula&#231;&#227;o responsiva &#224; frequ&#234;ncia foi ativada em pacientes com incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica. Algoritmos de troca de modo para taquiarritmias atriais foram ativados em todos os dispositivos. Apesar dessas estrat&#233;gias de programa&#231;&#227;o, a carga de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com BAV permaneceu alta (&gt;90%) devido &#224; natureza de seu dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o, enquanto pacientes com SNS mantiveram predominantemente a ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular intr&#237;nseca.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas de resultado</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a varia&#231;&#227;o longitudinal dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de tr&#234;s anos. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Melhora dos sintomas, avaliada pela escore de sintomas da European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA):</italic> O escore EHRA &#233; um sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o que avalia a gravidade dos sintomas relacionados &#224; arritmia, variando de EHRA I (sem sintomas) a EHRA IV (sintomas graves que afetam as atividades di&#225;rias).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><italic>Incid&#234;ncia de FA de in&#237;cio recente:</italic> Definida como o primeiro epis&#243;dio documentado de FA detectado por eletrocardiograma de rotina, monitoramento Holter ou interrogat&#243;rio de marca-passo, em um paciente sem hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de FA.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>
              <italic>Taxas de reinterna&#231;&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.</italic>
            </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>
              <italic>Mortalidade por todas as causas.</italic>
            </p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e comparadas entre os grupos utilizando o teste-t de Student para amostras independentes. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias e percentagens e analisadas utilizando o teste qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher. A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de medidas repetidas (ANOVA) foi utilizada para avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ao longo do tempo. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox com riscos proporcionais foi realizada para identificar preditores de reinterna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade. As curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier foram geradas para os desfechos de reinterna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade, e as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas utilizando o teste de Log-Rank. Um valor de p bicaudal &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional. Devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva do estudo, o consentimento informado foi dispensado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica. A confidencialidade dos pacientes foi mantida por meio da anonimiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados antes da an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultado</title>
      <p>O estudo incluiu um total de 192 pacientes, sendo que 65 (33,9%) foram submetidos a implante de marca-passo devido &#224; SNS e 127 (66,1%) devido a BAV. A idade m&#233;dia da coorte foi de 66,3 &#177; 7,2 anos, e 89 pacientes (46,4%) eram do sexo masculino. A hipertens&#227;o foi a comorbidade mais prevalente, afetando 93 pacientes (48,4%).</p>
      <p>Os dois grupos foram comparados em termos de caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, sexo ou IMC. A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e tabagismo ativo foi semelhante entre os grupos; no entanto, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi mais frequente em pacientes com BAV do que naqueles com SNS (17,3% vs. 10,8%, p=0,03). O uso de inibidores da ECA/BRA e ARM n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos. Contudo, betabloqueadores (69,2% vs. 13,4%, p&lt;0,001) e bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio n&#227;o diidropirid&#237;nicos (12,3% vs. 7,1%, p=0,01) foram prescritos com mais frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes com SNS. Por outro lado, diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a foram usados com mais frequ&#234;ncia no grupo com BAV (20,5% vs. 9,2%, p=0,05). Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de s&#243;dio (Na), pot&#225;ssio (K), taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) e hemoglobina foram compar&#225;veis entre os dois grupos. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, o DAE foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com bloqueio AV (34,6 &#177; 6,5 mm vs. 31,3 &#177; 6,9 mm, p=0,02), enquanto nenhuma outra diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada nos demais par&#226;metros (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, incluindo dados demogr&#225;ficos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente</th>
                <th>Todos os pacientes (N=192)</th>
                <th>Pacientes com s&#237;ndrome do n&#243; sinusal (N=65)</th>
                <th>Pacientes com bloqueio atrioventricular (N=127)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">66,3&#177;7,2</td>
                <td align="center">66,4&#177;7,8</td>
                <td align="center">66,3&#177;6,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (masculino)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (46,4)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (43,1)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (48,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27,4&#177;4,4</td>
                <td align="center">27,7&#177;4,8</td>
                <td align="center">27,2&#177;4,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">93 (48,4)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (52,3)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (46,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">34 (17,7)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (18,5)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (17,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">29 (15,1)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (17,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">59 (30,7)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (26,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante ativo</td>
                <td align="center">94 (49,0)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (52,3)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (47,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">62 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (69,2)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (13,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC n&#227;o diidropirid&#237;nico</td>
                <td align="center">17 (8,9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (12,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">103 (53,6)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (55,4)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (52,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ARM</td>
                <td align="center">38 (19,8)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (19,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">32 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9,2)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (20,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Na (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">134,4&#177;1,7</td>
                <td align="center">133,9&#177;2,0</td>
                <td align="center">135,1&#177;1,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>K (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,3&#177;1,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,4&#177;1,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,3&#177;1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG (mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">91,3&#177;18,7</td>
                <td align="center">91,6&#177;18,5</td>
                <td align="center">91,1&#177;18,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">13,7&#177;1,9</td>
                <td align="center">13,6&#177;2,0</td>
                <td align="center">13,7&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EF%</td>
                <td align="center">56,1&#177;6,7</td>
                <td align="center">57,2&#177;6,0</td>
                <td align="center">55,5&#177;7,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAE</td>
                <td align="center">33,5&#177;6,8</td>
                <td align="center">31,3&#177;6,9</td>
                <td align="center">34,6&#177;6,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVAE</td>
                <td align="center">45,6&#177;9,7</td>
                <td align="center">46,1&#177;10,8</td>
                <td align="center">45,3&#177;9,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDFVE</td>
                <td align="center">44,9&#177;3,4</td>
                <td align="center">45,2&#177;3,5</td>
                <td align="center">44,7&#177;3,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM</td>
                <td align="center">56 (29,1)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (26,2)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (30,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASP</td>
                <td align="center">26,2&#177;6,7</td>
                <td align="center">26,9&#177;6,2</td>
                <td align="center">25,8&#177;7,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IECA/BRA: Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina/Bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina II; IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; BCC: Bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio; DM: Diabetes mellitus; FE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; TFG: Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; K: Pot&#225;ssio; DAE: Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; IVAE: &#205;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; DDFVE: Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; RM: Regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral; ARM: Antagonista do receptor de mineralocorticoides; Na: S&#243;dio; PASP: Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar. *Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; DP, mediana (IIQ) ou n [n/N se dados ausentes] (%). *Intervalo interquartil [percentil 25-percentil 75].</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os dois grupos de pacientes foram comparados utilizando dados registrados por marca-passo. O limite inferior m&#233;dio da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na linha de base n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os grupos (60,5 &#177; 2,5 vs. 61,2 &#177; 3,6, p = 0,20). Como esperado, a porcentagem de estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial foi consistentemente maior no grupo com SNS em todos os intervalos de acompanhamento (primeiro m&#234;s: 84,5 &#177; 19,1% vs. 18,1 &#177; 14,5%; terceiro ano: 88,4 &#177; 20,3% vs. 17,3 &#177; 21,3%; p &lt; 0,001), enquanto a porcentagem de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi marcadamente maior nos pacientes com bloqueio AV (primeiro m&#234;s: 92,5 &#177; 6,3% vs. 12,3 &#177; 8,5%; terceiro ano: 95,3 &#177; 4,8% vs. 9,8 &#177; 7,6%; p &lt; 0,001). A estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular m&#237;nima em pacientes com SNS reflete a preserva&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o AV nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, enquanto a alta carga de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com BAV foi inerente ao seu dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o. A porcentagem de extrass&#237;stoles atriais e a frequ&#234;ncia de <italic>EAFAs</italic> foram compar&#225;veis entre os grupos ao longo do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados do marca-passo entre os grupos de pacientes durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Dados do marca-passo</th>
                <th>Pacientes com s&#237;ndrome do n&#243; sinusal</th>
                <th>Pacientes com bloqueio atrioventricular</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Limite inferior m&#233;dio de frequ&#234;ncia do marca-passo (bpm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">60,5&#177;2,5</td>
                <td align="center">61,2&#177;3,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Percentagem de estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Primeiro m&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">84,5&#177;19,1</td>
                <td align="center">18,1&#177;14,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexto m&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">86,0&#177;19,4</td>
                <td align="center">15,2&#177;20,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Primeiro ano</td>
                <td align="center">87,2&#177;22,2</td>
                <td align="center">16,8&#177;22,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Terceiro ano</td>
                <td align="center">88,4&#177;20,3</td>
                <td align="center">17,3&#177;21,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Primeiro m&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">12,3&#177;8,5</td>
                <td align="center">92,5&#177;6,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexto m&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">11,8&#177;9,2</td>
                <td align="center">93,1&#177;5,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Primeiro ano</td>
                <td align="center">10,5&#177;8,9</td>
                <td align="center">94,2&#177;5,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Terceiro ano</td>
                <td align="center">9,8&#177;7,6</td>
                <td align="center">95,3&#177;4,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Percentagem de batimentos atriais prematuros (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Primeiro m&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">5,9&#177;2,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,4&#177;1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexto m&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">5,9&#177;1,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,3&#177;1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Primeiro ano</td>
                <td align="center">4,1&#177;1,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,7&#177;1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Terceiro ano</td>
                <td align="center">3,0&#177;1,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,9&#177;1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Epis&#243;dio de alta frequ&#234;ncia atrial (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Primeiro m&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">9,9&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">10,3&#177;4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexto m&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">9,9&#177;3,9</td>
                <td align="center">10,1&#177;3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Primeiro ano</td>
                <td align="center">14&#177;3,2</td>
                <td align="center">13,9&#177;4,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Terceiro ano</td>
                <td align="center">17,2&#177;1,6</td>
                <td align="center">15,1&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>bpm: Batimentos por minuto. *Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; DP, mediana (IIQ) ou n [n/N se dados ausentes] (%). *Intervalo interquartil [percentil 25-percentil 75].</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram avaliadas desde o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-implante at&#233; o acompanhamento de 3 anos em ambos os subgrupos de pacientes. Entre os pacientes com SNS, observamos deteriora&#231;&#227;o significativa em m&#250;ltiplos par&#226;metros card&#237;acos. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo diminuiu, com a FE reduzindo de 57,2 &#177; 6,0% no in&#237;cio do estudo para 54,3 &#177; 8,3% em 3 anos (p &lt; 0,001). Esses pacientes apresentaram remodelamento atrial esquerdo progressivo, demonstrado pelo aumento do DAE de 31,3 &#177; 6,9 mm para 38,8 &#177; 7,9 mm (p = 0,040) e do IVAE de 46,1 &#177; 10,8 mL/m<sup>2</sup> para 53,2 &#177; 10,4 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, as dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo aumentaram significativamente, com o DDFVE aumentando de 45,2 &#177; 3,5 mm para 51,0 &#177; 3,5 mm (p &lt; 0,001). A fun&#231;&#227;o valvar tamb&#233;m piorou, com a preval&#234;ncia de RM leve ou grave aumentando substancialmente de 26,2% (17/65 pacientes) para 58,4% (38/65 pacientes; p = 0,001). Adicionalmente, a PSAP aumentou de 26,9 &#177; 6,2 mmHg para 31,6 &#177; 7,0 mmHg (p = 0,025). Pacientes com BAV tamb&#233;m demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na FE de 55,5 &#177; 7,0% para 53,0 &#177; 6,8% (p &lt; 0,001). No entanto, ao contr&#225;rio do grupo SNS, os pacientes com BAV mantiveram dimens&#245;es est&#225;veis do &#225;trio esquerdo (DAE e IVAE) e do DDFVE durante todo o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. Ambos os grupos apresentaram progress&#227;o compar&#225;vel da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar, com os pacientes com BAV exibindo um aumento na RM leve ou grave de 30,7% (39/127 pacientes) para 57,4% (73/127 pacientes; p &lt; 0,001) e um aumento na PASP de 25,8 &#177; 7,0 mmHg para 30,8 &#177; 8,9 mmHg (p = 0,019) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos entre os grupos de pacientes no in&#237;cio do estudo e ap&#243;s 3 anos de acompanhamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</th>
                <th colspan="3">S&#237;ndrome do n&#243; sinusal</th>
                <th colspan="3">Bloqueio atrioventricular</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Antes de MP</th>
                <th>3&#186; ano ap&#243;s o MP</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
                <th>Antes de MP</th>
                <th>3&#186; ano ap&#243;s o primeiro-ministro</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>FE%</td>
                <td align="center">57,2&#177;6,0</td>
                <td align="center">54,3&#177;8,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">55,5&#177;7,0</td>
                <td align="center">53,0&#177;6,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAE</td>
                <td align="center">31,3&#177;6,9</td>
                <td align="center">38,8&#177;7,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,040</td>
                <td align="center">34,6&#177;6,5</td>
                <td align="center">36,3&#177;7,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVAE</td>
                <td align="center">46,1&#177;10,8</td>
                <td align="center">53,2&#177;10,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">45,3&#177;9,1</td>
                <td align="center">48,4&#177;9,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEDD</td>
                <td align="center">45,2&#177;3,5</td>
                <td align="center">51,0&#177;3,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">44,7&#177;3,4</td>
                <td align="center">50,3&#177;3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RM</td>
                <td align="center">17 (26,2)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (58,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">39 (30,7)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (57,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASP</td>
                <td align="center">26,9&#177;6,2</td>
                <td align="center">31,6&#177;7,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
                <td align="center">25,8&#177;7,0</td>
                <td align="center">30,8&#177;8,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>FE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; DAE: Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; IVAE: &#205;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; DDFVE: Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; RM: Regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral; PASP: Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar. *Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; DP; mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou n [n/N se dados ausentes] (%). *Intervalo interquartil [percentil 25-percentil 75].</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de acompanhamento de 3 anos, os resultados cl&#237;nicos foram avaliados de acordo com os escores de sintomas da EHRA. A an&#225;lise revelou que 83,9% dos pacientes (161 de 192) apresentaram melhora sintom&#225;tica ap&#243;s o implante de marca-passo. Quando estratificados por indica&#231;&#227;o, 85,6% dos pacientes com SNS (55 de 65) e 83,5% daqueles com BAV (106 de 127) demonstraram benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico, sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (p=0,84; odds ratio [OR] 0,92, intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95% 0,40&#8211;2,09). A an&#225;lise subsequente das caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes associadas &#224; melhora sintom&#225;tica revelou padr&#245;es distintos para cada grupo. Entre os pacientes com SNS, n&#227;o foram identificados preditores significativos de resposta ao tratamento. Contudo, na coorte com BAV, diversos fatores apresentaram correla&#231;&#245;es inversas significativas com o benef&#237;cio sintom&#225;tico: sexo feminino (p=0,039), doen&#231;a arterial coronariana preexistente (p=0,006), aumento do DAE (p=0,05) e maior DDFVE (p=0,042). Durante o per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o de 3 anos, FA de in&#237;cio recente foi documentada em 38,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (74 de 192). A incid&#234;ncia foi compar&#225;vel entre os grupos etiol&#243;gicos, ocorrendo em 41,5% dos pacientes com SNS (27 de 65) versus 37,0% dos pacientes com BAV (47 de 127) (p=0,54; OR 0,83, IC 95% 0,45&#8211;1,52). A an&#225;lise de potenciais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de FA n&#227;o revelou associa&#231;&#245;es significativas no grupo com SNS. Por outro lado, entre os pacientes com BAV, tr&#234;s par&#226;metros emergiram como preditores significativos da ocorr&#234;ncia de FA: idade avan&#231;ada (p=0,045), maior DAE (p=0,003) e aumento do IVAE (p=0,046) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o da escala de sintomas EHRA e desenvolvimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial entre grupos de pacientes ap&#243;s 3 anos de acompanhamento.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250751-50751-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de acompanhamento de 3 anos, avaliamos os desfechos de reinterna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade em toda a coorte do estudo. Entre os 192 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, 107 (55,7%) necessitaram de reinterna&#231;&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o. Quando estratificadas pela indica&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo, as taxas de reinterna&#231;&#227;o foram compar&#225;veis entre os grupos, ocorrendo em 50,8% dos pacientes com SNS (33/65) versus 58,3% dos pacientes com BAV (74/127) (p=0,38; odds ratio [OR] 1,20, intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95% 0,80-1,81).</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise preditiva dos fatores de risco de reinterna&#231;&#227;o revelou padr&#245;es distintos entre as etiologias. Para pacientes com SNS, apenas a PSAP elevada demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com reinterna&#231;&#227;o (p=0,04). Em contraste, a coorte com BAV apresentou rela&#231;&#245;es inversas significativas entre reinterna&#231;&#227;o e sexo feminino (p=0,037) e diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o (p=0,013). A mortalidade por todas as causas foi documentada em 12,5% dos pacientes (24/192), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (SNS: 13,8% [9/65] vs. BAV: 11,8% [15/127]; p=0,69; OR 0,84, IC 95% 0,37-1,93). Os preditores de mortalidade diferiram substancialmente entre os grupos. Entre os pacientes com SNS, apenas a gravidade da RM apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o risco de mortalidade (p=0,031). Por outro lado, os pacientes com BAV demonstraram associa&#231;&#245;es significativas de mortalidade com tr&#234;s fatores independentes: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;-existente (p=0,009), terapia com betabloqueadores (p=0,005) e IVAE (p=0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de eventos de reinterna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade entre grupos de pacientes ap&#243;s 3 anos de acompanhamento.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250751-50751-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Durante o acompanhamento de 3 anos, os grupos foram comparados utilizando regress&#227;o de Cox e an&#225;lise de sobrevida para os desfechos de reinterna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa na mortalidade entre os grupos (Log-Rank p=0,688). No entanto, a an&#225;lise de sobrevida para reinterna&#231;&#227;o revelou uma tend&#234;ncia a menores taxas de reinterna&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo em pacientes com SNS, embora essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o tenha atingido signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (Log-Rank p=0,373) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). Os principais achados comparativos entre os grupos com SNS e BAV em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; remodelamento card&#237;aco, desfechos cl&#237;nicos, caracter&#237;sticas de estimula&#231;&#227;o e preditores de mortalidade est&#227;o resumidos na Ilustra&#231;&#227;o Central.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de Log-Rank de eventos de reinterna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade em um acompanhamento de 3 anos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250751-50751-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo fornece uma compara&#231;&#227;o abrangente dos resultados cl&#237;nicos a longo prazo entre pacientes com SNS e BAV ap&#243;s implante de marca-passo permanente. Nossos achados demonstram que, embora a terapia com marca-passo proporcione melhora sintom&#225;tica na maioria dos pacientes de ambos os grupos, existem diferen&#231;as importantes nos padr&#245;es de remodelamento card&#237;aco e nos preditores de desfechos adversos.</p>
      <p>A maior porcentagem de estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial observada em pacientes com SNS &#233; consistente com a disfun&#231;&#227;o subjacente do n&#243; sinusal, que exige suporte de estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial mais frequente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Essa descoberta est&#225; alinhada com estudos anteriores que demonstraram a depend&#234;ncia de pacientes com SNS em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial para manter frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas adequadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em contraste, pacientes com BAV tipicamente mant&#234;m a fun&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca do n&#243; sinusal, mas necessitam de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular devido &#224; condu&#231;&#227;o AV prejudicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As diferen&#231;as substanciais na carga de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular entre os grupos (&gt;90% em pacientes com BAV vs. &lt;12% em pacientes com SNS) fornecem um contexto crucial para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos nossos achados de remodelamento. A alta porcentagem de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com BAV (m&#233;dia de 93-95% durante o acompanhamento) provavelmente contribuiu para os efeitos adversos observados em ambos os grupos, embora os padr&#245;es tenham diferido. Enquanto ambos os grupos apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da FE, a dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva do &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo esquerdos observada predominantemente em pacientes com SNS, apesar da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular m&#237;nima, sugere que a disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal em si pode predispor ao remodelamento adverso, independentemente da carga de estimula&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, as dimens&#245;es est&#225;veis das c&#226;maras em pacientes com BAV, apesar da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular quase universal, desafiam a no&#231;&#227;o de que a estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito causa universalmente dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras, sugerindo que outros fatores, como doen&#231;a atrial intr&#237;nseca na SNS, podem desempenhar pap&#233;is importantes. Esses achados est&#227;o em conson&#226;ncia com observa&#231;&#245;es recentes de que os efeitos delet&#233;rios da estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD podem ser mais pronunciados em pacientes com patologia atrial subjacente.</p>
      <p>Uma descoberta particularmente not&#225;vel foi o padr&#227;o diferencial de remodelamento card&#237;aco entre os dois grupos. Os pacientes com SNS apresentaram aumentos significativos nas dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo e no DDFVE durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, sugerindo remodelamento card&#237;aco adverso progressivo. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o corrobora estudos anteriores que sugerem que a estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito pode contribuir para a dissincronia ventricular e subsequente remodelamento adverso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A manuten&#231;&#227;o de dimens&#245;es est&#225;veis do &#225;trio esquerdo em pacientes com BAV, apesar de redu&#231;&#245;es compar&#225;veis na FE, sugere potenciais diferen&#231;as na resposta fisiopatol&#243;gica &#224; terapia de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca entre essas duas condi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia substancial de FA de in&#237;cio recente em ambos os grupos (41,5% no grupo com SNS vs. 37,0% no grupo com BAV) destaca a estreita rela&#231;&#227;o entre bradiarritmia e o desenvolvimento de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Embora a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos n&#227;o tenha sido estatisticamente significativa, a identifica&#231;&#227;o da idade avan&#231;ada e do aumento das dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo como preditores de FA em pacientes com BAV est&#225; em conson&#226;ncia com os fatores de risco j&#225; estabelecidos para essa arritmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A alta incid&#234;ncia de FA levanta quest&#245;es importantes sobre os potenciais benef&#237;cios da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o profil&#225;tica em pacientes de alto risco com marca-passo, particularmente aqueles com aumento das dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; melhora dos sintomas, nossa descoberta de que aproximadamente 84% dos pacientes apresentaram benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico ap&#243;s o implante de marca-passo confirma a efic&#225;cia da terapia de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca para o al&#237;vio dos sintomas em bradiarritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos na melhora dos sintomas sugere que a etiologia subjacente da bradiarritmia pode n&#227;o influenciar substancialmente a resposta subjetiva &#224; terapia de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. No entanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o do sexo feminino, da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e do aumento das dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas como preditores negativos de melhora dos sintomas em pacientes com BAV justifica uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada e pode ter implica&#231;&#245;es para a sele&#231;&#227;o e o aconselhamento de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A taxa de reinterna&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 56% ao longo de tr&#234;s anos indica um &#244;nus substancial para o sistema de sa&#250;de associado a pacientes com marca-passo. Embora a tend&#234;ncia para taxas de reinterna&#231;&#227;o mais baixas em pacientes com SNS n&#227;o tenha atingido signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, os diferentes preditores de reinterna&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos sugerem mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos potencialmente distintos que contribuem para a descompensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o sist&#243;lica elevada na art&#233;ria pulmonar e reinterna&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com SNS aponta para a potencial import&#226;ncia da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e da hemodin&#226;mica pulmonar nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os desfechos de mortalidade foram compar&#225;veis entre os grupos, afetando aproximadamente 12% dos pacientes ao longo de tr&#234;s anos. No entanto, os distintos preditores de mortalidade &#8212; gravidade da RM em pacientes com SNS versus doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, terapia com betabloqueadores e aumento do volume do &#225;trio esquerdo em pacientes com BAV &#8212; sugerem diferentes vias que contribuem para desfechos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre terapia com betabloqueadores e mortalidade em pacientes com BAV &#233; particularmente intrigante e pode refletir tanto a gravidade da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca subjacente que exige o uso de betabloqueadores quanto intera&#231;&#245;es potencialmente adversas entre a terapia farmacol&#243;gica e o marca-passo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O aumento progressivo da RM observado em ambos os grupos merece aten&#231;&#227;o especial. Este achado &#233; consistente com estudos anteriores que sugerem que a estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito pode induzir dissincronia do m&#250;sculo papilar e subsequente RM funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A correla&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da RM e a mortalidade em pacientes com SNS enfatiza a potencial import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica da fun&#231;&#227;o valvar nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta diversos avan&#231;os importantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; literatura existente. Primeiro, demonstramos pela primeira vez que pacientes com SNS exibem remodelamento card&#237;aco progressivo apesar da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular m&#237;nima (&lt;12%), contradizendo a suposi&#231;&#227;o predominante de que o remodelamento adverso &#233; primariamente induzido pela estimula&#231;&#227;o. Essa descoberta sugere um processo fisiopatol&#243;gico intr&#237;nseco na SNS que merece ser reconhecido como um fator de risco independente para deteriora&#231;&#227;o estrutural, n&#227;o enfatizado anteriormente em grandes estudos com marca-passos, como o MOST ou o DAVID. Segundo, nossa observa&#231;&#227;o de que pacientes com BAV mant&#234;m dimens&#245;es ventriculares est&#225;veis apesar de &gt;90% de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular questiona a universalidade da cardiomiopatia induzida por estimula&#231;&#227;o e sugere fatores protetores ou mecanismos compensat&#243;rios que merecem investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional. Terceiro, identificamos preditores de mortalidade espec&#237;ficos da etiologia que n&#227;o foram descritos anteriormente: enquanto a RM prediz desfechos na SNS (potencialmente relacionada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o atrial progressiva), o valor preditivo do &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo em pacientes com BAV sugere vias mecan&#237;sticas diferentes para desfechos adversos. Esses perfis de risco distintos fornecem uma justificativa para estrat&#233;gias de vigil&#226;ncia diferenciadas com base na etiologia subjacente da bradiarritmia &#8212; uma abordagem de medicina de precis&#227;o que atualmente n&#227;o est&#225; refletida nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes, que tratam todos os pacientes com marca-passo de forma semelhante, independentemente da indica&#231;&#227;o. Por fim, a alta incid&#234;ncia de FA de in&#237;cio recente (41,5% no grupo SNS e 37,0% no grupo BAV) excede substancialmente as taxas relatadas em estudos anteriores, provavelmente refletindo tanto a melhoria na detec&#231;&#227;o por meio do monitoramento cont&#237;nuo do dispositivo quanto o nosso per&#237;odo de acompanhamento mais longo, o que enfatiza a necessidade de vigil&#226;ncia sistem&#225;tica de arritmias atriais em todos os pacientes com marca-passo.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser reconhecidas. Primeiro, seu desenho retrospectivo limita a infer&#234;ncia causal e pode introduzir vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Segundo, n&#227;o avaliamos sistematicamente a dissincronia ventricular, o que poderia ter fornecido informa&#231;&#245;es mecan&#237;sticas sobre os padr&#245;es de remodelamento card&#237;aco observados. Terceiro, o fato de nosso estudo ter sido realizado em um &#250;nico centro pode limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para outras popula&#231;&#245;es. Por fim, n&#227;o analisamos o impacto de diferentes modos ou configura&#231;&#245;es de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, o que pode influenciar os desfechos a longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, nossos achados t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas importantes. Os diferentes padr&#245;es de remodelamento card&#237;aco e preditores de desfechos adversos entre pacientes com SNS e BAV sugerem que estrat&#233;gias de acompanhamento individualizadas, baseadas na etiologia subjacente da bradiarritmia, podem ser ben&#233;ficas. Pacientes com SNS podem se beneficiar de um monitoramento mais rigoroso das dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas e da otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de estimula&#231;&#227;o para minimizar a sobrecarga ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Em pacientes com BAV, a aten&#231;&#227;o especial aos par&#226;metros do &#225;trio esquerdo e ao manejo da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana subjacente podem melhorar os desfechos a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pesquisas futuras devem explorar se estrat&#233;gias alternativas de estimula&#231;&#227;o, como a estimula&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His ou a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, podem prevenir as altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais observadas e melhorar os resultados em subgrupos espec&#237;ficos de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos prospectivos com per&#237;odos de acompanhamento mais longos para melhor compreender o impacto a longo prazo da terapia de estimula&#231;&#227;o na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas, particularmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo comparativo de tr&#234;s anos demonstra que, embora o implante de marca-passo permanente proporcione melhora sintom&#225;tica compar&#225;vel em pacientes com SNS e BAV, as duas condi&#231;&#245;es apresentam respostas fisiopatol&#243;gicas fundamentalmente diferentes &#224; terapia de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Apesar da carga m&#237;nima de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular, os pacientes com SNS desenvolveram remodelamento card&#237;aco adverso progressivo com dilata&#231;&#227;o significativa das c&#226;maras atrial e ventricular esquerdas, sugerindo que a disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal em si, independentemente da estimula&#231;&#227;o, predisp&#245;e &#224; deteriora&#231;&#227;o estrutural. Por outro lado, os pacientes com BAV mantiveram dimens&#245;es ventriculares est&#225;veis apesar da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular quase universal (&gt;90%), desafiando as suposi&#231;&#245;es convencionais sobre os efeitos uniformemente delet&#233;rios da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita.</p>
      <p>Os distintos preditores de mortalidade entre os grupos, a gravidade da RM na SNS versus doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e o volume do &#225;trio esquerdo no BAV refor&#231;am a necessidade de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco espec&#237;fica para cada etiologia e de estrat&#233;gias de acompanhamento personalizadas. Esses achados corroboram abordagens de manejo individualizadas: vigil&#226;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica mais rigorosa para detectar altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais em pacientes com SNS e maior aten&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros do &#225;trio esquerdo e ao manejo da doen&#231;a coronariana em pacientes com BAV. Pesquisas futuras devem investigar se estrat&#233;gias alternativas de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca podem mitigar a tend&#234;ncia intr&#237;nseca de remodelamento observada em pacientes com SNS e validar protocolos de vigil&#226;ncia baseados em risco para cada popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <article-title>Clinical Outcomes of His Bundle Pacing Compared to Right Ventricular Pacing</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2319</fpage>
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          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.048</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <label>28</label>
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              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannom</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daubert</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
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          <article-title>Cardiac-Resynchronization Therapy for the Prevention of Heart-Failure Events</article-title>
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        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB, Michowitz Y, Auricchio A, Barbash IM, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Europace. 2022;24(1):71-164. doi: 10.1093/europace/euab232.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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              <surname>Glikson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nielsen</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kronborg</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michowitz</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Auricchio</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Barbash</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Non-Interventional Health Sciences Research at Istanbul Yeni Y&#252;zy&#305;l University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2024/07-1289. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250751i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical Outcomes Following PM Implantation: A 3-Year Comparative Study of Sick Sinus Syndrome and Atrioventricular Block</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6414-3743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polat</surname>
            <given-names>Fuat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2356-1460</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>T&#252;ner</surname>
            <given-names>Ha&#351;im</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4731-4061</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Can</surname>
            <given-names>Veysi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6866-0625</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Terzi</surname>
            <given-names>Sait</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education Research Hospital, Istanbul &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Istanbul Arel University Memorial Bahcelievler Hospital, Istanbul &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Van Health Sciences University Training and Research Hospital, Van &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Health Science University, Istanbul &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Fuat Polat &#8226; Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Educat&#305;on Research Hospital &#8211; Selimiye Mah. Tibbiye Cad. No.25 &#220;sk&#252;dar, Istanbul &#8211; T&#252;rkiye. E-mail: drfuatpolat@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Permanent pacemaker implantation is an established treatment for both sick sinus syndrome (SSS) and atrioventricular block (AVB), yet limited data exist comparing long-term clinical outcomes and cardiac remodeling patterns between these distinct bradyarrhythmic etiologies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To compare three-year clinical outcomes and cardiac structural changes between SSS and AVB patients following permanent pacemaker implantation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This retrospective observational study enrolled 192 adult patients (65 SSS, 127 AVB) who underwent pacemaker implantation between January 2018 and December 2020. Demographic data, echocardiographic parameters, pacemaker-recorded data, and clinical outcomes were assessed at baseline, one month, six months, one year, and three years. Primary outcomes included changes in cardiac structure and function, symptomatic improvement, new-onset atrial fibrillation, rehospitalization, and all-cause mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Both groups demonstrated significant declines in left ventricular ejection fraction over three years (SSS: 57.2&#177;6.0% to 54.3&#177;8.3%, p&lt;0.001; AVB: 55.5&#177;7.0% to 53.0&#177;6.8%, p&lt;0.001). Despite similar ventricular dysfunction progression, distinct remodeling patterns emerged: SSS patients exhibited significant increases in left atrial diameter (31.3 to 38.8 mm, p=0.040), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (45.2 to 51.0 mm, p&lt;0.001), and mitral regurgitation prevalence (26.2% to 64.6%), while AVB patients maintained stable chamber dimensions despite high ventricular pacing burden (&gt;90%). Symptomatic improvement was comparable (SSS: 85.6% vs. AVB: 83.5%, p=0.84), as were new-onset atrial fibrillation (41.5% vs. 37.0%, p=0.54), rehospitalization (50.8% vs. 58.3%, p=0.38), and all-cause mortality (13.8% vs. 11.8%, p=0.69). Mortality predictors differed: mitral regurgitation severity in SSS versus coronary artery disease, beta-blocker therapy, and left atrial volume in AVB patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Despite similar symptomatic benefits and clinical outcomes, SSS and AVB patients demonstrate distinct cardiac remodeling patterns and different mortality predictors, supporting the need for etiology-specific follow-up strategies in pacemaker recipients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical Outcomes Following PM Implantation: A 3-Year Comparative Study of Sick Sinus Syndrome and Atrioventricular Block</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Statistical significance: * p &lt; 0.05; ** p &lt; 0.01; *** p &lt; 0.001; NS indicates not significant (p &#8805; 0.05). All comparisons based on baseline vs. 3-year follow-up measurements. Color coding: Red/pink boxes: SSS group findings; Green boxes: AVB group findings; Orange section: Clinical outcomes; Purple section: Mortality predictors. SSS: Sick Sinus Syndrome; AVB: Atrioventricular Block; EF: Ejection Fraction; LAD: Left Atrial Diameter; LVEDD: Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Diameter; MR: Mitral Regurgitation; AF: Atrial Fibrilation; NS: Not Significant. Arrows: &#8595; indicates decrease from baseline to 3-year follow-up; &#8593; indicates increase from baseline to 3-year follow-up.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250751-50751-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Artificial Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>Sick Sinus Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrioventricular Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Bradyarrhythmias, including sick sinus syndrome (SSS) and atrioventricular block (AVB), are common indications for permanent pacemaker implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> While pacemakers effectively restore heart rate and prevent syncope, their long-term effects on cardiac structure, function, and clinical outcomes remain a subject of ongoing investigation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Understanding the differences in disease progression and response to pacing therapy between SSS and AVB patients is essential for optimizing patient management and improving prognostic outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>SSS is characterized by sinus node dysfunction, leading to inappropriate bradycardia and symptoms such as dizziness, syncope, and fatigue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In contrast, AVB results from impaired conduction between the atria and ventricles, potentially leading to severe bradycardia and hemodynamic instability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although pacemaker therapy effectively alleviates symptoms in both conditions, concerns persist regarding its impact on cardiac remodelling, valvular function, and the development of heart failure over time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previous studies have suggested that right ventricular pacing may contribute to adverse cardiac remodelling, including left ventricular dysfunction and atrial enlargement, potentially increaszing the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, whether these effects differ significantly between SSS and AVB patients remains unclear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Furthermore, the clinical implications of pacemaker therapy, including rehospitalization rates, mortality, and symptomatic improvement, require further exploration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aims to compare the long-term clinical outcomes of patients undergoing pacemaker implantation for SSS versus AVB over a three-year follow-up period. By analyzing echocardiographic changes, pacemaker-recorded data, and clinical endpoints, we seek to provide a comprehensive assessment of the impact of pacing therapy on these two distinct patient populations. The findings from this study will contribute to a better understanding of the prognostic implications of pacemaker implantation and inform future strategies for patient management and therapy optimization.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This study was a retrospective, observational cohort study conducted to compare the long-term clinical outcomes of patients undergoing permanent pacemaker implantation for SSS or AVB. The study population included adult patients who underwent pacemaker implantation at our institution between January 2018 and December 2020. Inclusion criteria consisted of a confirmed diagnosis of either SSS or AVB as the primary indication for pacemaker implantation, age &#8805;18 years, and availability of baseline and follow-up clinical and echocardiographic data. Exclusion criteria included prior pacemaker implantation, concomitant severe valvular disease requiring intervention, advanced heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class IV), or a history of congenital heart disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and follow-up</title>
          <p>Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic data were collected from medical records. Baseline characteristics included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and smoking status), and medication use (beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs], mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists [MRAs], loop diuretics, and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers). Laboratory parameters included serum sodium (Na), potassium (K), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and hemoglobin levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic assessment</title>
          <p>All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography at baseline and follow-up intervals (first month, sixth month, first year, and third year). Echocardiographic examinations were performed using a commercially available ultrasound system (Philips EPIQ 7) by experienced cardiologists following the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) guidelines. Key parameters were measured as follows:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (EF%):</italic> Assessed using the biplane Simpson&#8217;s method from the apical four-chamber and two-chamber views.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Left Atrial Diameter (LAD):</italic> Measured in the parasternal long-axis view at end-systole.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Left Atrial Volume Index (LAVI):</italic> Calculated using the biplane area-length method and indexed to body surface area.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Diameter (LVEDD):</italic> Measured at the level of the mitral valve leaflet tips in the parasternal long-axis view.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP):</italic> Estimated using the peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity and right atrial pressure estimation.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Mitral Regurgitation (MR) Severity:</italic> Assessed using color Doppler imaging and graded as mild, moderate, or severe based on the regurgitant jet area and vena contracta width.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacemaker data collection and interpretation</title>
          <p>Pacemaker programming data were obtained from device interrogation reports at each follow-up visit. The interrogation was performed using the Medtronic pacemaker programmer and involved assessment of:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Mean Lower Rate Limit:</italic> The programmed minimum heart rate at which the pacemaker delivers pacing support.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Atrial Pacing Percentage:</italic> The proportion of time atrial pacing is delivered, indicating the pacemaker's reliance on artificial pacing to maintain rhythm.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Atrial Premature Beat Percentage:</italic> The percentage of premature atrial contractions detected, which may indicate underlying atrial arrhythmia.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Atrial High-Rate Episodes (AHREs):</italic> Episodes of rapid atrial activity detected by the pacemaker, defined as atrial rates exceeding a predefined threshold (e.g., 180 beats per minute), which may suggest AF or atrial tachyarrhythmia.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Pacemaker Programming Protocol:</italic> All pacemakers were programmed according to contemporary guidelines with optimization for physiologic pacing. The pacing mode was DDD/DDDR in all patients, with a lower rate limit of 60 beats per minute. In SSS patients, algorithms to minimize ventricular pacing were enabled when available, including extended AV delay (up to 250-300 ms) and AV hysteresis features to promote intrinsic AV conduction. However, in AVB patients, such algorithms were not utilized, given the intrinsic conduction disease, and standard AV delays (120-180 ms) were programmed. Rate-responsive pacing was activated in patients with chronotropic incompetence. Mode-switch algorithms for atrial tachyarrhythmias were enabled in all devices. Despite these programming strategies, the ventricular pacing burden in AVB patients remained high (&gt;90%) due to the nature of their conduction disorder, whereas SSS patients maintained predominantly intrinsic ventricular activation.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcome measures</title>
          <p>The primary outcome was the longitudinal change in echocardiographic parameters over the three-year follow-up period. Secondary outcomes included:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Symptomatic improvement, assessed using the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) symptom score:</italic> The EHRA score is a classification system that evaluates the severity of symptoms related to arrhythmia, ranging from EHRA I (no symptoms) to EHRA IV (severe symptoms affecting daily activities).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF):</italic> Defined as the first documented episode of AF detected by either routine electrocardiography, Holter monitoring, or pacemaker interrogation, in a patient with no prior history of AF.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <italic>Rehospitalization rates during the follow-up period.</italic>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <italic>All-cause mortality.</italic>
              </p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and compared between groups using the independent samples t-test. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages and analyzed using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess changes in echocardiographic parameters over time. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of rehospitalization and mortality. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated for rehospitalization and mortality outcomes, and comparisons between groups were conducted using the Log-Rank test. A two-sided p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical considerations</title>
          <p>This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the institutional ethics committee. Given the retrospective nature of the study, informed consent was waived by the ethics board. Patient confidentiality was maintained by de-identifying data before analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Result</title>
        <p>The study included a total of 192 patients, with 65 (33.9%) undergoing pacemaker implantation for SSS and 127 (66.1%) for AVB. The mean age of the cohort was 66.3 &#177; 7.2 years, and 89 patients (46.4%) were male. Hypertension was the most prevalent comorbidity, affecting 93 patients (48.4%).</p>
        <p>The two groups were compared in terms of demographic, echocardiographic, and clinical characteristics. No significant differences were observed in age, sex, or BMI. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and active smoking was similar between the groups; however, heart failure was more frequent in AVB patients than in those with SSS (17.3% vs. 10.8%, p=0.03). The use of ACE inhibitors/ARBs and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) did not differ between groups. However, beta-blockers (69.2% vs. 13.4%, p&lt;0.001) and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (12.3% vs. 7.1%, p=0.01) were more commonly prescribed in SSS patients. Conversely, loop diuretics were used more frequently in the AVB group (20.5% vs. 9.2%, p=0.05). Serum sodium (Na), potassium (K), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and hemoglobin levels were comparable between the two groups. On echocardiographic assessment, LAD was significantly larger in AVB patients (34.6 &#177; 6.5 mm vs. 31.3 &#177; 6.9 mm, p=0.02), whereas no other significant differences were observed in the remaining parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the patients, including demographics, echocardiographic data, and clinical features</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Patient characteristics</th>
                  <th>All patients (N=192)</th>
                  <th>Patients with sick sinus syndrome (N=65)</th>
                  <th>Patients with atrioventricular block (N=127)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">66.3&#177;7.2</td>
                  <td align="center">66.4&#177;7.8</td>
                  <td align="center">66.3&#177;6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (male)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (46.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (43.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (48.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.4&#177;4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">27.7&#177;4.8</td>
                  <td align="center">27.2&#177;4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (48.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (52.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (46.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (17.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (18.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (17.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (15.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (10.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (17.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (30.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (38.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (26.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Active smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (49.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (52.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (47.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (32.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (69.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (13.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nondihydropyridine CCB</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (8.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (12.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (7.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi/ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (53.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (55.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (52.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MRA</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (19.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (19.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Loop diuretic</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (20.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Na (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">134.4&#177;1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">133.9&#177;2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">135.1&#177;1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>K (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3&#177;1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4&#177;1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3&#177;1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR (mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">91.3&#177;18.7</td>
                  <td align="center">91.6&#177;18.5</td>
                  <td align="center">91.1&#177;18.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.7&#177;1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">13.6&#177;2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">13.7&#177;1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF%</td>
                  <td align="center">56.1&#177;6.7</td>
                  <td align="center">57.2&#177;6.0</td>
                  <td align="center">55.5&#177;7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD</td>
                  <td align="center">33.5&#177;6.8</td>
                  <td align="center">31.3&#177;6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">34.6&#177;6.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">45.6&#177;9.7</td>
                  <td align="center">46.1&#177;10.8</td>
                  <td align="center">45.3&#177;9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEDD</td>
                  <td align="center">44.9&#177;3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">45.2&#177;3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">44.7&#177;3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MR</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (29.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (26.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (30.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PASP</td>
                  <td align="center">26.2&#177;6.7</td>
                  <td align="center">26.9&#177;6.2</td>
                  <td align="center">25.8&#177;7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>ACEi/ARB: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/Angiotensin II receptor blockers; BMI: Body mass index; CCB: Calcium channel blocker; DM: Diabetes mellitus; EF: Ejection fraction; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; K: Potassium; LAD: Left atrial diameter; LAVI: Left atrial volume index; LVEDD: Left ventricular end diastolic diameter; MR: Mitral regurgitation; MRA: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; Na: Sodium; PASP: Pulmonary artery systolic pressure. *Values are mean &#177; SD, median (IQR) or n [n/N if missing data] (%). *Interquartile range [25% percentile-75% percentile].</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The two patient groups were compared using pacemaker-recorded data. The mean lower rate limit at baseline did not differ significantly between groups (60.5 &#177; 2.5 vs. 61.2 &#177; 3.6, p = 0.20). As expected, atrial pacing percentage was consistently higher in the SSS group at all follow-up intervals (first month: 84.5&#177;19.1% vs. 18.1&#177;14.5%; third year: 88.4&#177;20.3% vs. 17.3&#177;21.3%; p &lt; 0.001), while ventricular pacing percentage was markedly higher in AVB patients (first month: 92.5&#177;6.3% vs. 12.3&#177;8.5%; third year: 95.3&#177;4.8% vs. 9.8&#177;7.6%; p &lt; 0.001). The minimal ventricular pacing in SSS patients reflects preserved AV conduction in this population, whereas the high ventricular pacing burden in AVB patients was inherent to their conduction disorder. Atrial premature beat percentage and atrial high-rate episode frequency were comparable between the groups throughout the follow-up period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of pacemaker data between patient groups during the follow-up period</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Pacemaker data</th>
                  <th>Patients with sick sinus syndrome</th>
                  <th>Patients with atrioventricular block</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mean pacemaker lower rate limit (bpm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">60.5&#177;2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">61.2&#177;3.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Atrial pacing percentage (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>First month</td>
                  <td align="center">84.5&#177;19.1</td>
                  <td align="center">18.1&#177;14.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sixth month</td>
                  <td align="center">86.0&#177;19.4</td>
                  <td align="center">15.2&#177;20.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>First year</td>
                  <td align="center">87.2&#177;22.2</td>
                  <td align="center">16.8&#177;22.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Third year</td>
                  <td align="center">88.4&#177;20.3</td>
                  <td align="center">17.3&#177;21.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Ventricular pacing (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>First month</td>
                  <td align="center">12.3&#177;8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">92.5&#177;6.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sixth month</td>
                  <td align="center">11.8&#177;9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">93.1&#177;5.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>First year</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5&#177;8.9</td>
                  <td align="center">94.2&#177;5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Third year</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8&#177;7.6</td>
                  <td align="center">95.3&#177;4.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Atrial premature beat percentage (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>First month</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9&#177;2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">6.4&#177;1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sixth month</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9&#177;1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3&#177;1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>First year</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1&#177;1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">3.7&#177;1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Third year</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0&#177;1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9&#177;1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Atrial High-Rate episode (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>First month</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9&#177;1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3&#177;4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sixth month</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9&#177;3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1&#177;3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>First year</td>
                  <td align="center">14&#177;3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">13.9&#177;4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Third year</td>
                  <td align="center">17.2&#177;1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">15.1&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>bpm: Beats per minute. *Values are mean &#177; SD, median (IQR) or n [n/N if missing data] (%). *Interquartile range [25% percentile-75% percentile].</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Longitudinal changes in echocardiographic parameters were assessed from pre-implantation to 3-year follow-up in both patient subgroups. Among patients with SSS, we observed significant deterioration in multiple cardiac parameters. Left ventricular systolic function declined, with EF decreasing from 57.2 &#177; 6.0% at baseline to 54.3 &#177; 8.3% at 3 years (p &lt; 0.001). These patients exhibited progressive left atrial remodeling, demonstrated by increases in LAD from 31.3 &#177; 6.9 mm to 38.8 &#177; 7.9 mm (p = 0.040) and LAVI from 46.1 &#177; 10.8 mL/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> to 53.2 &#177; 10.4 mL/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (p &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, left ventricular dimensions expanded significantly, with LVEDD increasing from 45.2 &#177; 3.5 mm to 51.0 &#177; 3.5 mm (p &lt; 0.001). Valvular function also worsened, with the prevalence of mild or greater MR increasing substantially from 26.2% (17/65 patients) to 58.4% (38/65 patients; p = 0.001). Additionally, PASP rose from 26.9 &#177; 6.2 mmHg to 31.6 &#177; 7.0 mmHg (p=0.025). Patients with AVB similarly demonstrated a significant reduction in EF% from 55.5 &#177; 7.0% to 53.0 &#177; 6.8% (p &lt; 0.001). However, in contrast to the SSS group, AVB patients maintained stable left atrial dimensions (LAD and LAVI) and LVEDD throughout the follow-up period. Both groups showed comparable progression of valvular dysfunction, with AVB patients exhibiting an increase in mild or worse MR from 30.7% (39/127 patients) to 57.4% (73/127 patients; p &lt; 0.001) and a rise in PASP from 25.8 &#177; 7.0 mmHg to 30.8 &#177; 8.9 mmHg (p = 0.019) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of echocardiographic data between patient groups at baseline and 3-year follow-up</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Echocardiographic data</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Sick sinus syndrome</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Atrioventricular block</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Before PM</th>
                  <th>3rd year after PM</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                  <th>Before PM</th>
                  <th>3rd year after PM</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF%</td>
                  <td align="center">57.2&#177;6.0</td>
                  <td align="center">54.3&#177;8.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">55.5&#177;7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">53.0&#177;6.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD</td>
                  <td align="center">31.3&#177;6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">38.8&#177;7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.040</td>
                  <td align="center">34.6&#177;6.5</td>
                  <td align="center">36.3&#177;7.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAVI</td>
                  <td align="center">46.1&#177;10.8</td>
                  <td align="center">53.2&#177;10.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">45.3&#177;9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">48.4&#177;9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEDD</td>
                  <td align="center">45.2&#177;3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">51.0&#177;3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">44.7&#177;3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">50.3&#177;3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MR</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (26.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (58.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (30.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (57.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PASP</td>
                  <td align="center">26.9&#177;6.2</td>
                  <td align="center">31.6&#177;7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025</td>
                  <td align="center">25.8&#177;7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">30.8&#177;8.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>EF: Ejection fraction; LAD: Left atrial diameter; LAVI: Left atrial volume index; LVEDD: Left ventricular end diastolic diameter; MR: Mitral regurgitation; PASP: Pulmonary artery systolic pressure. *Values are mean &#177; SD, median (IQR) or n [n/N if missing data] (%). *Interquartile range [25% percentile-75% percentile]</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>At the 3-year follow-up assessment, clinical outcomes were evaluated according to EHRA symptom scores. The analysis revealed that 83.9% of patients (161 of 192) experienced symptomatic improvement following pacemaker implantation. When stratified by indication, 85.6% of patients with SSS (55 of 65) and 83.5% of those with AVB (106 of 127) demonstrated clinical benefit, with no statistically significant difference between groups (p=0.84; odds ratio [OR] 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40&#8211;2.09). Subsequent analysis of patient characteristics associated with symptomatic improvement yielded distinct patterns for each group. Among patients with SSS, no significant predictors of treatment response were identified. However, in the AVB cohort, several factors showed significant inverse correlations with symptomatic benefit: female sex (p=0.039), pre-existing coronary artery disease (p=0.006), increased LAD (p=0.05), and greater LVEDD (p=0.042). During the 3-year observation period, new-onset AF was documented in 38.5% of the study population (74 of 192). The incidence was comparable between etiological groups, occurring in 41.5% of SSS patients (27 of 65) versus 37.0% of AVB patients (47 of 127) (p=0.54; OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.45&#8211;1.52). Examination of potential risk factors for atrial fibrillation development revealed no significant associations in the SSS group. Conversely, among patients with AVB, three parameters emerged as significant predictors of AF occurrence: advanced age (p=0.045), larger LAD (p=0.003), and increased LAVI (p=0.046) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of EHRA symptom scale and development of atrial fibrillation between patient groups at 3-year follow-up.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250751-50751-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>At the 3-year follow-up evaluation, we assessed rehospitalization and mortality outcomes across the study cohort. Among the 192 enrolled patients, 107 (55.7%) required rehospitalization during the observation period. When stratified by pacemaker indication, rehospitalization rates were comparable between groups, occurring in 50.8% of SSS patients (33/65) versus 58.3% of AVB patients (74/127) (p=0.38; odds ratio [OR] 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.80-1.81).</p>
        <p>Predictive analysis of rehospitalization risk factors revealed distinct patterns between etiologies. For SSS patients, only elevated PASP demonstrated a significant association with rehospitalization (p=0.04). In contrast, the AVB cohort showed significant inverse relationships between rehospitalization and both female sex (p=0.037) and hypertension diagnosis (p=0.013). All-cause mortality was documented in 12.5% of patients (24/192), with no significant difference between groups (SSS: 13.8% [9/65] vs AVB: 11.8% [15/127]; p=0.69; OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.37-1.93). Mortality predictors differed substantially between groups. Among SSS patients, only the severity of MR showed significant correlation with mortality risk (p=0.031). Conversely, AVB patients demonstrated significant mortality associations with three independent factors: pre-existing coronary artery disease (p=0.009), beta-blocker therapy (p=0.005), and elevated LAVI (p=0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of rehospitalization and mortality events between patient groups at 3-year follow-up.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250751-50751-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>During the 3-year follow-up, the groups were compared using Cox regression and survival analysis for rehospitalization and mortality outcomes. No significant difference was observed in mortality between groups (Log Rank p=0.688). However, survival analysis for rehospitalization revealed a trend toward lower rehospitalization rates over time in sick sinus syndrome patients, though this did not reach statistical significance (Log-Rank p=0.373) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). Key comparative findings between the SSS and AVB groups regarding cardiac remodeling, clinical outcomes, pacing characteristics, and mortality predictors are summarized in the Central Illustration.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Log-Rank analysis of rehospitalization and mortality events at 3-year follow-up.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250751-50751-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study provides a comprehensive comparison of the long-term clinical outcomes between patients with SSS and AVB following permanent pacemaker implantation. Our findings demonstrate that while pacemaker therapy provides symptomatic improvement in the majority of patients from both groups, important differences exist in cardiac remodeling patterns and predictors of adverse outcomes.</p>
        <p>The observed higher atrial pacing percentage in SSS patients is consistent with underlying sinus node dysfunction, which necessitates more frequent atrial pacing support. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This finding aligns with previous studies that have demonstrated the dependence of SSS patients on atrial pacing for maintaining adequate heart rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In contrast, AVB patients typically maintain intrinsic sinus node function but require ventricular pacing due to impaired AV conduction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The substantially different ventricular pacing burdens between groups (&gt;90% in AVB vs. &lt;12% in SSS patients) provide crucial context for interpreting our remodeling findings. The high ventricular pacing percentage in AVB patients (averaging 93-95% throughout follow-up) likely contributed to the adverse effects observed in both groups, though the patterns differed. While both groups experienced declining EF, the progressive left atrial and ventricular dilation observed predominantly in SSS patients despite minimal ventricular pacing suggests that sinus node dysfunction itself may predispose to adverse remodeling independent of pacing burden. Conversely, the stable chamber dimensions in AVB patients despite near-universal ventricular pacing challenges the notion that RV pacing universally causes chamber dilation, suggesting other factors, such as intrinsic atrial disease in SSS, may play important roles. These findings align with recent observations that the detrimental effects of RV pacing may be more pronounced in patients with underlying atrial pathology.</p>
        <p>A particularly notable finding was the differential pattern of cardiac remodeling between the two groups. SSS patients exhibited significant increases in left atrial dimensions and LVEDD over the follow-up period, suggesting progressive adverse cardiac remodeling. This observation supports earlier studies suggesting that right ventricular pacing might contribute to ventricular dyssynchrony and subsequent adverse remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The maintenance of stable left atrial dimensions in AVB patients, despite comparable decreases in EF, suggests potential differences in the pathophysiological response to pacing therapy between these two conditions.</p>
        <p>The substantial incidence of new-onset AF in both groups (41.5% in SSS vs. 37.0% in AVB) highlights the close relationship between bradyarrhythmia and AF development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> While the difference between groups was not statistically significant, the identification of advanced age and increased left atrial dimensions as predictors of AF in AVB patients aligns with established risk factors for this arrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The high incidence of AF raises important questions about the potential benefits of prophylactic anticoagulation in high-risk patients with pacemakers, particularly those with increased left atrial dimensions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding symptomatic improvement, our finding that approximately 84% of patients experienced clinical benefit following pacemaker implantation confirms the efficacy of pacing therapy for symptom relief in bradyarrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The absence of significant between-group differences in symptomatic improvement suggests that the underlying etiology of bradyarrhythmia may not substantially influence the subjective response to pacing therapy. However, the identification of female sex, coronary artery disease, and increased cardiac dimensions as negative predictors of symptomatic improvement in AVB patients warrants further investigation and may have implications for patient selection and counseling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The rehospitalization rate of approximately 56% over three years indicates a substantial healthcare burden associated with pacemaker patients. Although the trend toward lower rehospitalization rates in SSS patients did not reach statistical significance, the different predictors of rehospitalization between groups suggest potentially distinct pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to clinical decompensation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The association between elevated PASP and rehospitalization in SSS patients points to the potential importance of right ventricular function and pulmonary hemodynamics in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mortality outcomes were comparable between groups, affecting approximately 12% of patients over three years. However, the distinct predictors of mortality&#8212;MR severity in SSS patients versus coronary artery disease, beta-blocker therapy, and increased left atrial volume in AVB patients&#8212;suggest different pathways contributing to adverse outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The association between beta-blocker therapy and mortality in AVB patients is particularly intriguing and may reflect either the severity of underlying cardiac disease necessitating beta-blocker use or potentially adverse interactions between pharmacological therapy and pacing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The progressive increase in MR observed in both groups deserves special attention. This finding is consistent with previous studies suggesting that right ventricular pacing can induce papillary muscle dyssynchrony and subsequent functional MR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The correlation between MR severity and mortality in SSS patients emphasizes the potential prognostic importance of valvular function in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study provides several important advances beyond existing literature. First, we demonstrate for the first time that SSS patients exhibit progressive cardiac remodeling despite minimal ventricular pacing (&lt;12%), contradicting the prevailing assumption that adverse remodeling is primarily pacing-induced. This finding suggests an intrinsic pathophysiological process in SSS that warrants recognition as an independent risk factor for structural deterioration, not previously emphasized in major pacemaker trials such as MOST or DAVID. Second, our observation that AVB patients maintain stable chamber dimensions despite &gt;90% ventricular pacing challenges the universality of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy and suggests protective factors or compensatory mechanisms that merit further investigation. Third, we identify etiology-specific mortality predictors that have not been previously described: while MR predicts outcomes in SSS (potentially related to progressive atrial dysfunction), the predictive value of LAVI in AVB patients suggests different mechanistic pathways to adverse outcomes. These distinct risk profiles provide a rationale for differentiated surveillance strategies based on underlying bradyarrhythmia etiology&#8212;a precision medicine approach not currently reflected in guideline recommendations, which treat all pacemaker patients similarly regardless of indication. Finally, the high incidence of new-onset AF (41.5% in SSS, 37.0% in AVB) substantially exceeds rates reported in earlier trials, likely reflecting both improved detection through continuous device monitoring and our longer follow-up duration, emphasizing the need for systematic atrial arrhythmia surveillance in all pacemaker recipients.</p>
        <p>Our study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. First, its retrospective design limits causal inference and may introduce selection bias. Second, we did not systematically assess ventricular dyssynchrony, which might have provided mechanistic insights into the observed cardiac remodeling patterns. Third, the single-center nature of our study may limit generalizability to other populations. Finally, we did not analyze the impact of different pacing modes or settings, which might influence long-term outcomes.</p>
        <p>Despite these limitations, our findings have important clinical implications. The different patterns of cardiac remodeling and predictors of adverse outcomes between SSS and AVB patients suggest that individualized follow-up strategies based on the underlying etiology of bradyarrhythmia may be beneficial. SSS patients may benefit from closer monitoring of cardiac dimensions and optimization of pacing settings to minimize ventricular pacing burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In AVB patients, particular attention to left atrial parameters and management of underlying coronary artery disease might improve long-term outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Future research should explore whether alternative pacing strategies, such as His bundle pacing or cardiac resynchronization therapy, might prevent the observed structural changes and improve outcomes in specific patient subgroups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Additionally, prospective studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to better understand the long-term impact of pacing therapy on cardiac structure and function, particularly in relation to the development of heart failure and valvular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This three-year comparative study demonstrates that while permanent pacemaker implantation provides comparable symptomatic improvement in both SSS and AVB patients, the two conditions exhibit fundamentally different pathophysiological responses to pacing therapy. Despite minimal ventricular pacing burden, SSS patients developed progressive adverse cardiac remodeling with significant left atrial and ventricular chamber dilation, suggesting that sinus node dysfunction itself, independent of pacing, predisposes to structural deterioration. Conversely, AVB patients maintained stable chamber dimensions despite near-universal ventricular pacing (&gt;90%), challenging conventional assumptions about the uniformly deleterious effects of right ventricular pacing.</p>
        <p>The distinct mortality predictors between groups, MR severity in SSS versus coronary artery disease, and left atrial volume in AVB underscore the need for etiology-specific risk stratification and tailored follow-up strategies. These findings support individualized management approaches: closer echocardiographic surveillance for structural changes in SSS patients, and enhanced attention to left atrial parameters and coronary disease management in AVB patients. Future research should investigate whether alternative pacing strategies can mitigate the intrinsic remodeling tendency observed in SSS patients and validate risk-based surveillance protocols for each patient population.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Non-Interventional Health Sciences Research at Istanbul Yeni Y&#252;zy&#305;l University under the protocol number 2024/07-1289. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
