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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ZqMKpmf8fQrRJystHVj3nrw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000502601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">02601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250709</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Precisamos Abandonar os Velhos H&#225;bitos e Substituir o Termo "Sobrecarga" por "Crit&#233;rios de Alta Amplitude"</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3835-6067</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nunes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Felicioni</surname>
            <given-names>Sandro Pinelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scheffer</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Kiszka</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchi</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Nogueira De</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacharova</surname>
            <given-names>Ljuba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Premedix</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bratislava</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="SK">Eslov&#225;quia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Premedix, Bratislava &#8211; Eslov&#225;quia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Jos&#233; Nunes de Alencar</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jose.alencar@dantepazzanese.org.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250709</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Sobrecarga ventricular esquerda?</title>
      <p>Os laudos de eletrocardiograma (ECG) brasileiros h&#225; muito rotulam tra&#231;ados com voltagem positiva como "sobrecarga ventricular esquerda",<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> um legado do ensino hist&#243;rico que vinculava cargas hemodin&#226;micas a padr&#245;es caracter&#237;sticos de repolariza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O problema n&#227;o est&#225; na fisiologia, mas na nomenclatura: sobrecarga &#233; uma afirma&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, enquanto o ECG mede fen&#244;menos el&#233;tricos. Evid&#234;ncias contempor&#226;neas reformulam a positividade de voltagem como um fen&#243;tipo el&#233;trico com correla&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel com a massa e a geometria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Neste artigo, argumentamos que o Brasil deve aposentar o termo "sobrecarga", adotar "crit&#233;rios de alta amplitude" como r&#243;tulo do laudo e ensinar explicitamente o conceito subjacente de remodelamento el&#233;trico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (REVE), de modo que nossa linguagem corresponda ao que o ECG efetivamente mede.</p>
      <p>A express&#227;o "sobrecarga ventricular esquerda" parece pragm&#225;tica &#8212; se o ECG de superf&#237;cie &#233; "insens&#237;vel" &#224; hipertrofia anat&#244;mica, talvez o que ele detecte seja outra coisa, a saber, "sobrecarga". A base de evid&#234;ncias argumenta o contr&#225;rio. A eletrocardiografia registra campos el&#233;tricos na superf&#237;cie corporal; ela n&#227;o mede diretamente massa, geometria ou condi&#231;&#245;es de carga. Essa distin&#231;&#227;o &#233; o cerne do paradigma moderno articulado por Ljuba Bacharova et al.: a voltagem e a morfologia do QRS refletem uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre determinantes espaciais (geometria da fonte, condutividade do t&#243;rax, dist&#226;ncia do eletrodo) e determinantes n&#227;o espaciais (velocidade de condu&#231;&#227;o, acoplamento intercelular, fibrose, remodelamento i&#244;nico), de tal forma que a mesma massa ventricular esquerda (MVE) pode produzir voltagens diferentes &#8212; e voltagens elevadas podem surgir com massa normal &#8212; dependendo das propriedades el&#233;tricas do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O "4&#176; Relat&#243;rio" do Grupo de Trabalho no <italic>Journal of Electrocardiology</italic> integra estudos mecan&#237;sticos de simula&#231;&#227;o com dados populacionais e extrai tr&#234;s conclus&#245;es decisivas para nossa terminologia. Primeiro, o aumento da MVE e o tipo geom&#233;trico (conc&#234;ntrico, exc&#234;ntrico, dilata&#231;&#227;o) n&#227;o s&#227;o os principais nem os &#250;nicos determinantes dos padr&#245;es do QRS; combina&#231;&#245;es de anatomia e propaga&#231;&#227;o de ativa&#231;&#227;o lentificada produzem o espectro observado, desde tra&#231;ados "pseudonormais" at&#233; voltagem elevada e deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide prolongada, chegando ao bloqueio de ramo esquerdo. Segundo, lentifica&#231;&#227;o difusa da condu&#231;&#227;o ou anormalidades de condu&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica m&#233;dia &#8212; sem qualquer aumento de massa &#8212; podem gerar altera&#231;&#245;es no QRS que satisfazem os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) em um ventr&#237;culo de tamanho normal. Terceiro, em coortes comunit&#225;rias, os fen&#243;tipos el&#233;trico e anat&#244;mico frequentemente divergem, e cada um carrega informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica independente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os detalhes mecan&#237;sticos s&#227;o consistentes. Em simula&#231;&#245;es, ao impor lentifica&#231;&#227;o transmural difusa ou lentifica&#231;&#227;o focal mioc&#225;rdica m&#233;dia, o eixo el&#233;trico desviou-se para a esquerda e as voltagens nas deriva&#231;&#245;es dos membros aumentaram, reproduzindo assinaturas cl&#225;ssicas de HVE eletrocardiogr&#225;fica mesmo quando o tamanho ventricular era normal; o aumento do volume de tecido lentificado amplificou esses efeitos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A introdu&#231;&#227;o de regi&#245;es intramurais eletricamente inativas circundadas por zonas de ativa&#231;&#227;o lentificada &#8212; an&#225;logo eletrofisiol&#243;gico da les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica &#8212; produziu os padr&#245;es de infarto esperados, mas tamb&#233;m aumentou a R em aVL, caracter&#237;sticas de bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo e eleva&#231;&#245;es de voltagem classicamente lidas como "HVE", refor&#231;ando que o remodelamento el&#233;trico na isquemia pode mimetizar transitoriamente a hipertrofia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em dados populacionais, o <italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</italic> (MESA) comparou a HVE definida por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) e os crit&#233;rios de ECG, dividindo os participantes em concordantes positivos e negativos e em estratos "falso-positivo" (ECG+, RMC&#8211;) e "falso-negativo" (ECG&#8211;, RMC+). Os desfechos separaram-se nitidamente: os verdadeiros positivos tiveram o pior progn&#243;stico (<italic>hazard</italic> &#8776;2,8 vs refer&#234;ncia), os "falso-negativos" apresentaram risco intermedi&#225;rio (&#8776;1,8) e os "falso-positivos" n&#227;o foram ru&#237;do benigno, mas exibiram risco indistingu&#237;vel da refer&#234;ncia em alguns modelos e adverso em outros, dependendo do desfecho &#8212; demonstrando que o fen&#243;tipo el&#233;trico n&#227;o &#233; meramente um erro de mensura&#231;&#227;o da massa, mas um marcador distinto de biologia e risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Por fim, no ARIC, o escore de Romhilt&#8211;Estes previu a mortalidade por todas as causas ao longo de duas d&#233;cadas; notavelmente, a for&#231;a terminal da onda P em V1 e o padr&#227;o "<italic>strain</italic>" do segmento ST-T superaram a amplitude bruta do QRS, sugerindo que as anormalidades de repolariza&#231;&#227;o e de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial &#8212; remodelamento el&#233;trico, e n&#227;o a massa em si &#8212; impulsionam grande parte do sinal progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O Grupo de Trabalho concluiu que rotular resultados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos discordantes como "falso-positivos/negativos" &#233; enganoso: o que estamos observando &#233; o REVE, que pode ou n&#227;o acompanhar o aumento da massa e que pode mudar com a terapia anti-hipertensiva e outras interven&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A HVE &#233; um processo, n&#227;o um estado est&#225;tico, e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a massa do VE e a voltagem do QRS muda ao longo dos est&#225;gios do remodelamento. Dados experimentais de sobrecarga de volume mostram uma trajet&#243;ria n&#227;o monot&#244;nica &#8212; a amplitude do QRS pode diminuir durante o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia, aumentar quando a hipertrofia se estabelece e diminuir novamente com a progress&#227;o para a fal&#234;ncia &#8212;, ressaltando por que a amplitude em um &#250;nico momento n&#227;o pode ser interpretada como um substituto simples para massa ou geometria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Enquadrados pelo teorema do &#226;ngulo s&#243;lido, tanto os determinantes espaciais quanto os n&#227;o espaciais evoluem ao longo do tempo; a discord&#226;ncia entre HVE eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e exames de imagem em uma determinada visita pode, portanto, refletir o est&#225;gio, e n&#227;o o erro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses dados tamb&#233;m argumentam contra uma leitura bin&#225;ria da voltagem. Olhando adiante, substituir esse h&#225;bito por faixas ordinais de voltagem ancoradas em percentis pode ser um pr&#243;ximo passo l&#243;gico. Relatar como faixas de "possivelmente ausente/possivelmente presente/provavelmente presente" que se mapeiem em probabilidades p&#243;s-teste emp&#237;ricas de HVE anat&#244;mica e em desfechos. Estamos desenvolvendo e validando crit&#233;rios de voltagem calibrados; at&#233; que essas ferramentas sejam revisadas por pares, recomendamos uma gradua&#231;&#227;o descritiva para comunicar a incerteza, evitando ao mesmo tempo afirma&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas. Por exemplo, valores de Sokolow&#8211;Lyon na faixa dos 30 versus na faixa dos 40 implicam probabilidades p&#243;s-teste diferentes, ainda que ambos possam ocorrer com massa normal. Os crit&#233;rios de voltagem n&#227;o separam os padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricos. Em uma coorte brasileira que comparou ECG com ecocardiografia, as amplitudes de Sokolow&#8211;Lyon, Cornell e Peguero&#8211;Lo Presti foram essencialmente id&#234;nticas na HVE conc&#234;ntrica versus exc&#234;ntrica, apesar de grandes diferen&#231;as na espessura relativa da parede; os valores medianos e as distribui&#231;&#245;es sobrepuseram-se, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em conjunto, esses dados explicam por que "sobrecarga" &#233; o r&#243;tulo errado. "Sobrecarga" &#233; uma infer&#234;ncia hemodin&#226;mica (press&#227;o vs. volume) mais bem julgada por exames de imagem e hemodin&#226;mica invasiva ou por Doppler. O ECG nos fornece um fen&#243;tipo el&#233;trico cujos determinantes mecan&#237;sticos incluem velocidade de condu&#231;&#227;o, acoplamento, fibrose, orienta&#231;&#227;o das fibras e isquemia &#8212; vari&#225;veis que frequentemente se desacoplam da massa e da geometria e que alteram o risco por meio de vias arr&#237;tmicas e de fal&#234;ncia de bomba.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Dados invasivos refor&#231;am o ponto: na estenose a&#243;rtica grave, os crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos de voltagem discriminam press&#245;es de enchimento invasivas apenas modestamente: para press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &gt;15 mm Hg, as &#225;reas sob a curva (AUCs) foram de 0,61 (Sokolow&#8211;Lyon), 0,59 (Cornell), 0,56 (Romhilt&#8211;Estes) e 0,62 (Peguero&#8211;Lo Presti); para press&#227;o m&#233;dia de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar &gt;15 mm Hg, as AUCs foram de 0,62, 0,60, 0,59 e 0,62, respectivamente; e para resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar &gt;2 UW, o desempenho ficou pr&#243;ximo do acaso (AUC 0,53&#8211;0,56).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A voltagem &#233;, portanto, um substituto fraco para a "sobrecarga" hemodin&#226;mica, que deve ser estabelecida por imagem ou cateterismo.</p>
      <p>Nota terminol&#243;gica: Recomendamos "crit&#233;rios de alta amplitude" como o r&#243;tulo padronizado do laudo para QRS com voltagem positiva (um fen&#243;tipo el&#233;trico, n&#227;o um diagn&#243;stico anat&#244;mico). Em termos mecan&#237;sticos, esse fen&#243;tipo reflete o REVE &#8212; altera&#231;&#245;es na condu&#231;&#227;o, no acoplamento, na fibrose e na repolariza&#231;&#227;o que podem ocorrer com ou sem aumento de massa. Em portugu&#234;s, utilize "crit&#233;rios de alta amplitude" (fen&#243;tipo el&#233;trico) como r&#243;tulo do laudo e "remodelamento el&#233;trico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo" no texto explicativo.</p>
      <p>Embora a hipertrofia ventricular direita (HVD) n&#227;o seja o foco deste relato, os achados de ECG nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas (V1&#8211;V3) mostram concord&#226;ncia ainda mais pobre com a hipertrofia anat&#244;mica/hemodin&#226;mica do VD do que os &#237;ndices do lado esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Recomendamos a mesma conven&#231;&#227;o utilizada para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo: relatar crit&#233;rios de alta amplitude (deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas) &#8212; um fen&#243;tipo el&#233;trico &#8212; em vez de inferir "sobrecarga ventricular direita".</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es para a pr&#225;tica brasileira</title>
        <p>Se aceitarmos que "crit&#233;rios de alta amplitude" denota um fen&#243;tipo el&#233;trico, duas mudan&#231;as se seguem para o Brasil: precisamos mudar como nomeamos o achado e como o ensinamos. Os laudos que atualmente trazem "sobrecarga ventricular esquerda" deveriam, em vez disso, trazer "crit&#233;rios de alta amplitude", um fen&#243;tipo el&#233;trico com correla&#231;&#227;o limitada com a HVE anat&#244;mica, e deveriam acrescentar uma frase de esclarecimento sempre que os crit&#233;rios de amplitude fossem atendidos: "A positividade de voltagem reflete um fen&#243;tipo el&#233;trico que pode ocorrer com ou sem aumento da massa do VE; a confirma&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia anat&#244;mica requer exame de imagem." Essa formula&#231;&#227;o &#233; fiel &#224;s evid&#234;ncias resumidas acima e espelha documentos modernos de consenso que separam o remodelamento anat&#244;mico do el&#233;trico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Ela tamb&#233;m remove uma promessa hemodin&#226;mica impl&#237;cita embutida no termo "sobrecarga". A sobrecarga de press&#227;o e de volume permanecem construtos clinicamente vitais, mas devem ser nomeadas quando s&#227;o medidas (por geometria ecocardiogr&#225;fica e hemodin&#226;mica), e n&#227;o quando s&#227;o inferidas a partir de um mapa de potencial de superf&#237;cie (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Texto padronizado de laudo de eletrocardiograma para a terminologia de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Termo (Ingl&#234;s)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Abrev.</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Termo (Portugu&#234;s)</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Defini&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Quando usar nos laudos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>High amplitude criteria</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">"Crit&#233;rios de alta amplitude" ou "crit&#233;rios de amplitude"</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">QRS com voltagem positiva pelos crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos (p. ex., Sokolow&#8211;Lyon, Cornell, Peguero&#8211;Lo Presti). Denota um fen&#243;tipo el&#233;trico com correla&#231;&#227;o limitada e vari&#225;vel com a HVE anat&#244;mica.</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Como r&#243;tulo de base sempre que os crit&#233;rios de amplitude forem atendidos; acrescentar a cl&#225;usula esclarecedora sobre correla&#231;&#227;o e exame de imagem.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>Left Ventricular Electrical Remodeling</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">LVER</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Remodelamento el&#233;trico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (REVE)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Construto mecan&#237;stico: altera&#231;&#245;es na condu&#231;&#227;o, no acoplamento, na fibrose e na repolariza&#231;&#227;o que moldam a amplitude/morfologia do QRS com ou sem aumento da massa do VE.</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">No texto explicativo (n&#227;o como r&#243;tulo formal do laudo) para interpretar a concord&#226;ncia/discord&#226;ncia entre ECG e exame de imagem e para orientar a discuss&#227;o de manejo.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Frases padronizadas sugeridas para os laudos de ECG em substitui&#231;&#227;o &#224; terminologia de "sobrecarga ventricular esquerda". A linha de base do laudo deve ser usada sempre que os crit&#233;rios de amplitude forem positivos. ECG: eletrocardiograma; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A atualiza&#231;&#227;o do l&#233;xico deve ser acompanhada da atualiza&#231;&#227;o de nossa pedagogia. Os curr&#237;culos de resid&#234;ncia e <italic>fellowship</italic> devem colocar em primeiro plano a intui&#231;&#227;o do &#226;ngulo s&#243;lido e os determinantes n&#227;o espaciais da voltagem e da repolariza&#231;&#227;o, utilizando as simula&#231;&#245;es do Grupo de Trabalho como figuras did&#225;ticas: mostrar que o aumento isolado do atraso de condu&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdico m&#233;dio pode satisfazer os limiares eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de HVE; mostrar que padr&#245;es de les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica podem transitoriamente "elevar a voltagem" e desviar o eixo; e mostrar que adicionar massa sem remodelamento el&#233;trico pode deixar a voltagem pr&#243;xima do normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ensinar por que o "ajuste de limiares" &#8212; por exemplo, otimiza&#231;&#227;o por Youden dos pontos de corte de Sokolow&#8211;Lyon, Peguero&#8211;Lo Presti ou Cornell &#8212; n&#227;o pode resgatar a sensibilidade de um sinal cuja vari&#226;ncia &#233; dominada pelas propriedades el&#233;tricas do tecido e pelo biotipo corporal; isso agora &#233; claro em diversas coortes, incluindo an&#225;lises do MESA que demonstram ganhos diagn&#243;sticos m&#237;nimos mesmo quando os limiares s&#227;o reajustados e combinados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Mais importante: enfatizar por que o ECG continua indispens&#225;vel apesar de seus limites diagn&#243;sticos para a massa: porque a HVE el&#233;trica (ou REVE) prev&#234; desfechos independentemente da anatomia e pode responder a terapias que remodelam a condu&#231;&#227;o e a repolariza&#231;&#227;o, e n&#227;o apenas &#224;quelas que regridem a massa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O ensino deve enfatizar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o graduada da amplitude e a distin&#231;&#227;o entre sinais el&#233;tricos e anat&#244;micos; o "ajuste de limiares" n&#227;o pode resgatar a sensibilidade quando a vari&#226;ncia &#233; dominada pelas propriedades el&#233;tricas do tecido e pelo biotipo corporal.</p>
        <p>As obje&#231;&#245;es antecipadas podem ser endere&#231;adas no pr&#243;prio texto do laudo. Alguns argumentar&#227;o que "sobrecarga" &#233; menos enganoso do que "hipertrofia". Essa infer&#234;ncia s&#243; se sustenta se cada leitor entender "sobrecarga" como c&#243;digo para "ECG com voltagem positiva", o que n&#227;o &#233; o caso; o termo sugere um estado hemodin&#226;mico espec&#237;fico que o ECG n&#227;o pode estabelecer. De modo semelhante, alguns podem observar que exames de imagem complementares s&#227;o solicitados rotineiramente, independentemente da terminologia do ECG, tornando o r&#243;tulo clinicamente irrelevante. Entretanto, o r&#243;tulo do laudo molda o enquadramento pr&#233;-teste daquela solicita&#231;&#227;o de imagem e influencia se resultados discordantes ser&#227;o descartados como "falsos" ou interpretados como prognosticadores independentes. Utilizar "crit&#233;rios de alta amplitude" e uma frase de esclarecimento &#233; mais transparente e cientificamente s&#243;lido. Outros podem temer que "fen&#243;tipo el&#233;trico" soe abstrato e possa confundir os pacientes. Um curto adendo em linguagem simples resolve isso sem sacrificar a precis&#227;o: "Esse padr&#227;o el&#233;trico pode ocorrer com ou sem HVE; ecocardiograma ou RMC s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para medir o tamanho do cora&#231;&#227;o." Por fim, alguns temem que mudar os laudos confunda os cl&#237;nicos. Nosso objetivo &#233; expl&#237;cito: HVE anat&#244;mica e HVE el&#233;trica s&#227;o manifesta&#231;&#245;es diferentes, mas complementares, do remodelamento; a discord&#226;ncia &#233; esperada; e resultados discordantes frequentemente carregam informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica distinta, que deve ser aproveitada em vez de descartada como "falsa".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Reconhecemos que deslocar uma terminologia consolidada &#233; dif&#237;cil e que a medicina tolera muitas imprecis&#245;es sem&#226;nticas (por exemplo, "extrass&#237;stole" para batimentos prematuros n&#227;o interpolados). Contudo, quando a imprecis&#227;o codifica uma infer&#234;ncia hemodin&#226;mica que o m&#233;todo n&#227;o pode sustentar, o custo &#233; ancorar o racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico a uma alega&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica &#8212; sobrecarga de press&#227;o ou de volume &#8212; que pode estar ausente.</p>
        <p>A cardiologia brasileira pode liderar pelo exemplo. Podemos treinar nossos residentes a reconhecer que a alta voltagem &#233; um biomarcador das propriedades de condu&#231;&#227;o e tecido tanto quanto da massa; e que a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco melhora quando lemos o ECG em seus pr&#243;prios termos e confirmamos a anatomia com imagem quando isso &#233; relevante. Reconhecemos que a ado&#231;&#227;o de uma terminologia &#233; incremental; o passo imediato e acion&#225;vel &#233; a frase de esclarecimento acrescentada a cada laudo com voltagem positiva, que pode coexistir com os r&#243;tulos legados durante um per&#237;odo de transi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT para fazer edi&#231;&#245;es de idioma e melhorar a clareza no idioma ingl&#234;s. Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250709i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Old Habits Need to be Abandoned and the Term "Overload" Replaced by "High Amplitude Criteria"</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3835-6067</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nunes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Felicioni</surname>
            <given-names>Sandro Pinelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scheffer</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Kiszka</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchi</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Nogueira De</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacharova</surname>
            <given-names>Ljuba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bratislava</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="SK">Slovakia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Premedix, Bratislava &#8211; Slovakia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Jos&#233; Nunes de Alencar</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>jose.alencar@dantepazzanese.org.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Left Ventricular Hypertrophy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Left ventricular overload?</title>
        <p>Brazilian electrocardiograms (ECG) reports have long labeled voltage-positive tracings as "left ventricular overload,"<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> a legacy of historical teaching that linked hemodynamic loads to characteristic repolarization patterns.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The problem is not the physiology but the nomenclature: overload is a hemodynamic claim, whereas the ECG measures electrical phenomena. Contemporary evidence reframes voltage positivity as an electrical phenotype with variable correlation to left ventricular mass (LVM) and geometry. In this article, we argue that Brazil should retire "overload," adopt "high-amplitude criteria" as the report label, and explicitly teach the underlying concept of left ventricular electrical remodeling (LVER), so that our language matches what the ECG actually measures.</p>
        <p>Phrasing "left ventricular overload" feels pragmatic &#8212; if surface ECG is "insensitive" to anatomic hypertrophy, perhaps what it detects is something else, namely "overload." The evidence base argues otherwise. Electrocardiography records electric fields at the body surface; it does not directly measure mass, geometry, or loading conditions. This distinction is the core of the modern paradigm articulated by Ljuba Bacharova et al.: QRS voltage and morphology reflect an interplay of spatial determinants (source geometry, torso conductivity, electrode distance) and non-spatial determinants (conduction velocity, intercellular coupling, fibrosis, ionic remodeling), such that the same LVM can yield different voltages &#8212; and high voltage can arise with normal mass &#8212; depending on the myocardium's electrical properties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The Working Group's "4<sup>th</sup> Report" in the Journal of Electrocardiology integrates mechanistic simulation studies with population data and draws three conclusions that are decisive for our terminology. First, increased LVM and geometric type (concentric, eccentric, dilation) are not the main or only determinants of QRS patterns; combinations of anatomy and slowed activation propagation produce the observed spectrum from "pseudo-normal" tracings through high voltage and prolonged intrinsicoid deflection to left bundle branch block. Second, diffuse conduction slowing or midwall conduction abnormalities &#8212; without any increase in mass &#8212; can generate QRS changes that meet conventional electrocardiographic-left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) criteria in a normal-sized ventricle. Third, in community cohorts the electrical and anatomic phenotypes frequently diverge, and each carries independent prognostic information.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The mechanistic details are consistent. In simulations, imposing diffuse transmural slowing, or focal midwall slowing, shifted the electrical axis leftward and increased limb-lead voltages, reproducing classic electrocardiographic-LVH signatures even when ventricular size was normal; increasing the volume of slowed tissue amplified these effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Introducing intramural electrically inactive regions surrounded by zones of slowed activation &#8212; an electrophysiologic analogue of ischemic injury &#8212; produced the expected infarction patterns but also increased R in aVL, left anterior fascicular block features, and voltage elevations classically read as "LVH," underlining that electrical remodeling in ischemia can transiently mimic hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In population data, the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) compared cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)&#8211;defined LVH and ECG criteria, dividing participants into concordant positives and negatives and into "false positive" (ECG+, CMR&#8211;) and "false negative" (ECG&#8211;, CMR+) strata. Outcomes separated cleanly: true positives had the worst prognosis (hazard &#8776;2.8 vs reference), "false negatives" carried intermediate risk (&#8776;1.8), and "false positives" were not benign noise but exhibited risk indistinguishable from reference in some models and adverse in others depending on the endpoint &#8212; demonstrating that the electrical phenotype is not merely a measurement error of mass but a distinct marker of biology and risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Finally, in ARIC, the Romhilt&#8211;Estes score predicted all-cause mortality over two decades; notably, P-terminal force in V1 and the ST-T "strain" pattern outperformed raw QRS amplitude, implying that repolarization and atrial conduction abnormalities &#8212; electrical remodeling, not mass per se &#8212; drive much of the prognostic signal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The Working Group concluded that calling discordant ECG results "false positives/negatives" is misleading: what we are observing is LVER, which may or may not accompany increased mass, and which can change with antihypertensive therapy and other interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> LVH is a process, not a static state, and the relation between LV mass and QRS voltage changes across stages of remodeling. Experimental volume-overload data show a non-monotonic trajectory&#8212;QRS amplitude can decrease during developing hypertrophy, increase once hypertrophy is established, and decline again with progression toward failure&#8212;underscoring why single-timepoint amplitude cannot be interpreted as a simple surrogate for mass or geometry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Framed by the solid-angle theorem, both spatial and non-spatial determinants evolve over time; disagreement between electrocardiographic-LVH and imaging at a given visit may therefore reflect stage, not error.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These data also argue against a binary reading of voltage. Looking ahead, replacing this habit with ordinal, percentile-anchored voltage bands may be a logical next step. Report as "possibly absent/possibly present/probably present" bands that map to empiric post-test probabilities of anatomic LVH and to outcomes. We are developing and validating calibrated voltage criteria; until these tools are peer-reviewed, we recommend descriptive grading to communicate uncertainty while avoiding anatomic claims. For example, Sokolow&#8211;Lyon values in the mid-30s versus the mid-40s imply different post-test probabilities even though either can occur with normal mass. Voltage criteria do not separate geometric patterns. In a Brazilian cohort comparing ECG against echocardiography, Sokolow&#8211;Lyon, Cornell, and Peguero&#8211;Lo Presti amplitudes were essentially identical in concentric versus eccentric LVH, despite large differences in relative wall thickness; median values and distributions overlapped with no significant between-group differences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Together, these data explain why "overload" is the wrong label. "Overload" is a hemodynamic inference (pressure vs volume) best adjudicated by imaging and invasive or Doppler hemodynamics. ECG gives us an electrical phenotype whose mechanistic drivers include conduction velocity, coupling, fibrosis, fiber orientation, and ischemia &#8212; variables that frequently decouple from mass and geometry and that alter risk through arrhythmic and pump-failure pathways.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Invasive data underscore the point: in severe aortic stenosis, classic voltage criteria discriminate invasive filling pressures only modestly: for left ventricular end-diastolic pressure &gt;15 mm Hg, areas under the curve (AUCs) were 0.61 (Sokolow&#8211;Lyon), 0.59 (Cornell), 0.56 (Romhilt&#8211;Estes), and 0.62 (Peguero&#8211;Lo Presti); for mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure &gt;15 mm Hg, AUCs were 0.62, 0.60, 0.59, and 0.62, respectively; and for pulmonary vascular resistance &gt;2 WU, performance hovered near chance (AUC 0.53&#8211;0.56).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Voltage is therefore a weak surrogate for hemodynamic "overload," which should be established by imaging or catheterization.</p>
        <p>Terminology note: We recommend "high-amplitude criteria" as the standardized report label for voltage-positive QRS (an electrical phenotype, not an anatomic diagnosis). Mechanistically, this phenotype reflects LVER &#8212; changes in conduction, coupling, fibrosis, and repolarization that may occur with or without increased mass. In Portuguese, use "crit&#233;rios de alta amplitude" (fen&#243;tipo el&#233;trico) as the reporting label and "remodelamento el&#233;trico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo" for explanatory text.</p>
        <p>Although right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is not the focus of this report, ECG findings in the right precordial leads (V1&#8211;V3) show even poorer agreement with anatomic/hemodynamic RV hypertrophy than left-sided indices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> We recommend the same convention used for the left ventricle: report high-amplitude criteria (right precordial leads) &#8212; an electrical phenotype &#8212; rather than inferring "right ventricular overload."</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Implications for Brazilian practice</title>
          <p>If we accept that "high amplitude criteria" denotes an electrical phenotype, two changes follow for Brazil: we should change how we name the finding and how we teach it. Reports that currently read "left ventricular overload" should instead read "high-amplitude criteria", an electrical phenotype with limited correlation to anatomic LVH, and they should add a one-line clarifier every time amplitude criteria are met: "Voltage positivity reflects an electrical phenotype that may occur with or without increased LV mass; imaging is required to confirm anatomical hypertrophy." This wording is faithful to the evidence summarized above and mirrors modern consensus documents that separate anatomic from electrical remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> It also removes an implicit hemodynamic promise embedded in "overload." Pressure and volume overload remain clinically vital constructs, but they should be named when they are measured (by echocardiographic geometry and hemodynamics), not when they are inferred from a surface potential map (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Standardized ECG report text for LVH terminology</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Term (EN)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Abbrev.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Term (PT-BR)</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Definition</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">When to use in reports</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">High amplitude criteria</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"><italic>"Crit&#233;rios de alta amplitude"</italic> or <italic>"crit&#233;rios de amplitude"</italic></td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Voltage-positive QRS by legacy criteria (e.g., Sokolow&#8211;Lyon, Cornell, Peguero&#8211;Lo Presti). Denotes an electrical phenotype with limited and variable correlation to anatomic LVH.</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">As the base label whenever amplitude criteria are met; append the clarifying clause about correlation and imaging.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Left Ventricular Electrical Remodeling</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">LVER</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Remodelamento el&#233;trico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (REVE)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Mechanistic construct: changes in conduction, coupling, fibrosis, and repolarization that shape QRS amplitude/morphology with or without increased LV mass.</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">In explanatory text (not as the formal report label) to interpret ECG&#8211;imaging concordance/discordance and to guide management discussion.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Suggested standardized phrases for ECG reports to replace "left ventricular overload" terminology. The base report line should be used whenever amplitude criteria are positive. ECG: electrocardiograms; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Updating the lexicon must be paired with updating our pedagogy. Residency and fellowship curricula should foreground the solid-angle intuition and the non-spatial determinants of voltage and repolarization, using the Working Group's simulations as teaching figures: show that increased midwall conduction delay alone can satisfy electrocardiographic-LVH thresholds; show that ischemic injury patterns can transiently "raise voltage" and shift the axis; and show that adding mass without electrical remodeling can leave voltage near-normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Teach why "threshold tinkering" &#8212; for example, Youden-optimizing Sokolow&#8211;Lyon, Peguero-Lo Presti or Cornell cutoffs &#8212; cannot rescue sensitivity in a signal whose variance is dominated by tissue electrical properties and body habitus; this is now clear across cohorts, including analyses in MESA that demonstrate minimal diagnostic gains even when thresholds are re-fit and combined.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Most importantly, emphasize why the ECG remains indispensable despite its diagnostic limits for mass: because electrical LVH (or LVER) forecasts outcomes independently of anatomy and may respond to therapies that remodel conduction and repolarization, not only those that regress mass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Teaching should emphasize graded interpretation of amplitude and the distinction between electrical and anatomic signals; "threshold tinkering" cannot rescue sensitivity when variance is dominated by tissue electrical properties and body habitus.</p>
          <p>Anticipated objections are addressable within the text of the report itself. Some will argue that "overload" is less misleading than "hypertrophy." That inference only holds if every reader understands "overload" as code for "voltage-positive ECG," which they do not; the term suggests a specific hemodynamic state the ECG cannot establish. Similarly, some may note that complementary imaging is routinely ordered regardless of ECG terminology, making the label clinically inconsequential. However, the report label shapes the pre-test framing of that imaging request and influences whether discordant results are dismissed as &#8216;false&#8217; or interpreted as independent prognostic. Using "high amplitude criteria" and a one-sentence clarifier is more transparent and scientifically sound. Others may worry that the "electrical phenotype" sounds abstract and might confuse patients. A short plain-language addendum solves this without sacrificing accuracy: "This electrical pattern can occur with or without LVH; echocardiography or cardiac MRI is needed to measure heart size." Finally, some fear that changing reports will confuse clinicians. Our objective is explicit: anatomical LVH and electrical LVH are different but complementary manifestations of remodeling; discordance is expected; and discordant results often carry distinct prognostic information that should be leveraged rather than dismissed as "false".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> We acknowledge that displacing entrenched terminology is difficult and that medicine tolerates many semantic imprecisions (e.g., &#8216;extrasystole&#8217; for non-interpolated premature beats). Yet when imprecision encodes a hemodynamic inference the method cannot support, the cost is anchoring clinical reasoning to a physiologic claim &#8212; pressure or volume overload &#8212; that may be absent.</p>
          <p>Brazilian cardiology can lead by example here. We can train our residents to recognize that high voltage is a biomarker of conduction and tissue properties as much as of mass; and that risk stratification improves when we read the ECG on its own terms and confirm anatomy with imaging when it matters. We recognize that terminology adoption is incremental; the immediate, actionable step is the one-line clarifier appended to every voltage-positive report, which can coexist with legacy labels during a transition period.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT to make language edits and improve clarity in English. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Data Availability Statement</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
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