<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">jwHFwLFMgRjtBsKzGqcz9FH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000503401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">03401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250591</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>G&#225;s Ect&#243;pico: Um Sinal de Potencial Infec&#231;&#227;o de Endopr&#243;tese A&#243;rtica Antes do Surgimento de Sintomas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Hongliang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhao</surname>
            <given-names>Ying</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7963-9936</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ji</surname>
            <given-names>Qingyu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of radiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Baotou</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Inner Mongolia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College &#8211; Department of radiology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Qingyu Ji</bold> &#8226; Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College &#8211; Department of Radiology, 30 Hulemulin Street, Qingshan District Baotou, Inner Mongolia, <postal-code>014030</postal-code> &#8211; China</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250591</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada</kwd>
        <kwd>Corre&#231;&#227;o Endovascular de Aneurisma</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Endovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Health Science and Technology program of Baotou City</funding-source>
          <award-id>2024wsjkkj63</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo foi financiado por Health Science and Technology program of Baotou City (Grant 2024wsjkkj63).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o da endopr&#243;tese da aorta abdominal (EAA) &#233; a complica&#231;&#227;o mais temida do reparo endovascular da aorta (EVAR) para aneurisma da aorta abdominal (AAA), com taxas de mortalidade relatadas de at&#233; 51,8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Metan&#225;lises recentes enfatizam que, apesar dos avan&#231;os na t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica, o progn&#243;stico da infec&#231;&#227;o da EAA permanece ruim devido ao diagn&#243;stico tardio e &#224; complexidade da explanta&#231;&#227;o da endopr&#243;tese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O manejo da infec&#231;&#227;o da EAA &#233; significativamente dificultado pela lat&#234;ncia diagn&#243;stica. Atualmente, a angiotomografia computadorizada (angioTC) &#233; geralmente reservada para avalia&#231;&#227;o somente ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas infecciosos. Embora o exsudato periprot&#233;tico e o g&#225;s ect&#243;pico sejam considerados caracter&#237;sticas radiogr&#225;ficas marcantes, esses sinais s&#227;o frequentemente sutis e diminutos durante os est&#225;gios iniciais, pr&#233;-sintom&#225;ticos, da infec&#231;&#227;o, tornando-os facilmente negligenciados. Apresentamos um caso em que um radiologista detectou g&#225;s ect&#243;pico periprot&#233;tico diminuto por meio de tomografia computadorizada de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o durante uma angioTC de rotina de acompanhamento, cinco dias antes do in&#237;cio dos sintomas infecciosos, alertando assim os m&#233;dicos para a possibilidade de infec&#231;&#227;o da EAA. Com base neste caso, destacamos o valor cr&#237;tico da tomografia computadorizada de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o na identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de g&#225;s ect&#243;pico. Al&#233;m disso, pretendemos demonstrar como o p&#243;s-processamento avan&#231;ado &#8212; especificamente a renderiza&#231;&#227;o de volume (RV) e a renderiza&#231;&#227;o hiper-realista (RHR) &#8212; aprimora a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o da EAA, permitindo assim o monitoramento longitudinal da progress&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
      <p>Um homem de 78 anos, com hist&#243;rico de EVAR para AAA dois anos antes, foi encaminhado para angioTC como parte de seu acompanhamento de rotina. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens foi realizada a 120 kV e 300 mA, com 80 mL de contraste iodado n&#227;o i&#244;nico administrado por via intravenosa a uma taxa de 4 mL/s (iopamidol, 370 mgI/mL). Na apresenta&#231;&#227;o atual, o paciente estava assintom&#225;tico e seus exames laboratoriais estavam dentro dos limites normais. Microbolhas ao redor da endopr&#243;tese foram observadas na janela de tecidos moles (largura da janela: 350 HU, n&#237;vel: 40 HU) e confirmadas pelo aumento da largura da janela (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>, seta) em imagens axiais reconstru&#237;das com espessura de corte de 0,625 mm, utilizando reconstru&#231;&#227;o iterativa h&#237;brida ASiR-V de 50% e um kernel n&#237;tido (Bone Plus). As imagens coronais reconstru&#237;das (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>) e a RHR por TC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="other" rid="f3">V&#237;deo 1</xref>) n&#227;o mostraram deforma&#231;&#227;o evidente da endopr&#243;tese nem altera&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias circundantes inicialmente, embora tenha havido um leve aumento na espessura da parede do vaso. A detec&#231;&#227;o desse novo g&#225;s periprot&#233;tico, ausente em exames de imagem anteriores, gerou preocupa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica imediata com uma poss&#237;vel infec&#231;&#227;o do enxerto. O paciente foi internado para observa&#231;&#227;o, conforme orienta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. No quinto dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, o paciente apresentou febre baixa (temperatura m&#225;xima de 37,8 &#176;C) e dor abdominal transit&#243;ria. A contagem de leuc&#243;citos elevou-se para 14,2 &#215; 10<sup>9</sup>/L (valor de refer&#234;ncia: 4-10 &#215; 10<sup>9</sup>/L). Uma angioTC de urg&#234;ncia revelou uma massa de tecido mole ao redor da endopr&#243;tese, indicando uma cole&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria significativa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1C</xref>). As imagens coronais reconstru&#237;das mostraram a cole&#231;&#227;o predominantemente na cavidade p&#233;lvica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1D</xref>, seta vermelha). Utilizando a RV por TC, medimos com precis&#227;o o volume da cole&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria em 698,5 cm<sup>3</sup>, com di&#226;metros ortogonais m&#225;ximos de 11,73 cm &#215; 21,70 cm &#215; 11,66 cm no software Advantage Workstation 4.7 (GE Healthcare) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B</xref>). O paciente foi diagnosticado com infec&#231;&#227;o por EAA complicada com forma&#231;&#227;o de abscesso secund&#225;rio e submetido &#224; drenagem percut&#226;nea do abscesso guiada por ultrassom. A cultura bacteriana do l&#237;quido de drenagem identificou Escherichia coli, sens&#237;vel &#224; amoxicilina, conforme teste de sensibilidade antimicrobiana. Consequentemente, iniciou-se o tratamento com amoxicilina intravenosa, 1 g a cada 6 horas. Ap&#243;s 7 dias de antibioticoterapia, o quadro cl&#237;nico do paciente n&#227;o apresentou melhora. O cirurgi&#227;o decidiu remover a endopr&#243;tese infectada. Durante a cirurgia, constatou-se que a parede da aorta estava &#237;ntegra e a massa de tecido mole ao redor da endopr&#243;tese n&#227;o apresentava pulsa&#231;&#227;o. A endopr&#243;tese infectada foi removida e a aorta foi reconstru&#237;da in situ com um enxerto de Dacron. Infelizmente, por&#233;m, o paciente evoluiu para choque refrat&#225;rio intraoperat&#243;rio e faleceu apesar das tentativas de reanima&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Achados de angiotomografia computadorizada angioTC antes e depois do in&#237;cio dos sintomas. (A) Imagem axial de angioTC de cortes finos (0,625 mm) obtida em consulta de rotina revela g&#225;s ect&#243;pico (seta vermelha) ao redor da endopr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica. (B) Reconstru&#231;&#227;o coronal do mesmo exame mostra leve espessamento da parede do vaso adjacente (seta). (C) Imagem axial de angioTC adquirida ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas demonstra uma massa de tecido mole (seta vermelha), representando uma cole&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria, ao redor da pr&#243;tese. (D) Reconstru&#231;&#227;o coronal localiza o abscesso periprot&#233;tico resultante (seta vermelha) na cavidade p&#233;lvica.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250591-50591-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Reconstru&#231;&#227;o hiper-realista (RHR) por tomografia computadorizada antes e depois do in&#237;cio dos sintomas. (A) No acompanhamento de rotina, a RHR por TC n&#227;o mostra deforma&#231;&#227;o evidente da endopr&#243;tese nem altera&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias nos tecidos circundantes. (B) Ap&#243;s o desenvolvimento dos sintomas, a RHR por TC revela uma extensa cole&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria (abscesso) ao redor da pr&#243;tese.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250591-50591-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O EVAR est&#225; sendo cada vez mais aplicado no tratamento cir&#250;rgico de AAA. Essa abordagem reduz significativamente o risco de ruptura fatal, mas requer acompanhamento rigoroso a longo prazo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> para detectar complica&#231;&#245;es tardias, como endoleaks, migra&#231;&#227;o do stent e infec&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Dentre essas, a infec&#231;&#227;o da EAA &#233; um evento catastr&#243;fico com taxa de mortalidade superior a 50% em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Na maioria dos relatos anteriores, o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o era tipicamente estabelecido ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio cl&#237;nico. No entanto, em nosso caso, suspeitamos da infec&#231;&#227;o ao detectar g&#225;s ect&#243;pico via angioTC de corte fino, 5 dias antes do in&#237;cio dos sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Convencionalmente, a presen&#231;a de g&#225;s ect&#243;pico &#233; vista como um sinal de doen&#231;a avan&#231;ada, como um abscesso maduro ou f&#237;stula. No entanto, nossos achados sugerem que microbolhas identificadas na angioTC de cortes finos podem atuar como um "sinal sentinela" ultraprecoce, aparecendo v&#225;rios dias antes do in&#237;cio cl&#237;nico da sepse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A fisiopatologia da infec&#231;&#227;o da EAA envolve a coloniza&#231;&#227;o bacteriana do biofilme do enxerto, frequentemente originada por contamina&#231;&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria ou dissemina&#231;&#227;o hematog&#234;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Neste caso, o isolamento de Escherichia coli sugere uma poss&#237;vel origem ent&#233;rica, possivelmente por transloca&#231;&#227;o bacteriana subcl&#237;nica ou comunica&#231;&#227;o microsc&#243;pica com o trato gastrointestinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A f&#237;stula ent&#233;rica foi inicialmente considerada menos prov&#225;vel devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de sinais cl&#225;ssicos de imagem, como espessamento da parede intestinal ou extravasamento de contraste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A r&#225;pida evolu&#231;&#227;o de microbolhas para uma cole&#231;&#227;o de 698,5 cm<sup>3</sup> em cinco dias reflete a alta virul&#234;ncia dos organismos produtores de g&#225;s. A detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da infec&#231;&#227;o &#233; crucial, pois pode prevenir a dissemina&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e reduzir a sobrecarga geral dos recursos de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A angioTC &#233; considerada a modalidade de imagem de primeira linha para suspeita de infec&#231;&#227;o da EAA devido &#224; sua alta sensibilidade para g&#225;s ect&#243;pico e exsuda&#231;&#227;o periprot&#233;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Em nosso caso, o uso de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de cortes finos de 0,625 mm combinada com reconstru&#231;&#227;o iterativa h&#237;brida ASiR-V de 50% foi crucial para distinguir microbolhas periprot&#233;ticas de artefatos de imagem. Comparado com exames de acompanhamento de rotina, o aparecimento de novo g&#225;s tornou a presen&#231;a de g&#225;s residual p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (de implante realizado dois anos antes) altamente improv&#225;vel. Al&#233;m disso, t&#233;cnicas avan&#231;adas de p&#243;s-processamento, como a RV por TC e a RHR por TC, proporcionaram uma compreens&#227;o espacial superior da morfologia e das rela&#231;&#245;es entre a pr&#243;tese e o abscesso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A integra&#231;&#227;o dessas m&#233;tricas quantitativas em protocolos de vigil&#226;ncia pode aumentar a concord&#226;ncia interobservador e facilitar o reconhecimento precoce de altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas sutis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <media id="f3" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/jwHFwLFMgRjtBsKzGqcz9FH/9bd431e8051610e9fb5ccf701a132ec8a0adf997.mp4">
        <label>V&#237;deo 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Tomografia computadorizada din&#226;mica multidirecional com renderiza&#231;&#227;o de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (RHR) demonstrando aneurisma da aorta abdominal, endopr&#243;tese e abscesso periprot&#233;tico. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12305/2025-0591_IM_Video_1.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12305/2025-0591_IM_Video_1.mp4</ext-link> </title>
        </caption>
      </media>
      <p>O manejo da infec&#231;&#227;o da EAA continua sendo um desafio devido ao efeito biofilme, no qual as bact&#233;rias incorporadas na matriz prot&#233;tica se tornam inacess&#237;veis aos agentes antimicrobianos sist&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Como observado em nosso caso, mesmo com antibioticoterapia direcionada e drenagem baseada nos resultados da cultura, a infec&#231;&#227;o se mostrou refrat&#225;ria. Isso ressalta o dilema cl&#237;nico de equilibrar o tratamento conservador com a explanta&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica radical. A reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em um campo infectado acarreta riscos intraoperat&#243;rios extremos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> incluindo hemorragia catastr&#243;fica e colapso hemodin&#226;mico, como infelizmente ocorreu neste caso.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a detec&#231;&#227;o de g&#225;s ect&#243;pico periprot&#233;tico em angioTC de corte fino serve como um "sinal sentinela" altamente espec&#237;fico de infec&#231;&#227;o precoce por embolia gasosa a&#243;rtica da EAA que pode preceder os sintomas cl&#237;nicos em v&#225;rios dias. O reconhecimento desses marcadores subcl&#237;nicos sutis &#233; crucial para prevenir a progress&#227;o para sepse fulminante e suas complica&#231;&#245;es catastr&#243;ficas, especialmente considerando a natureza catastr&#243;fica da condi&#231;&#227;o e as taxas de mortalidade superiores a 50%. A integra&#231;&#227;o da angioTC de corte fino com t&#233;cnicas avan&#231;adas de renderiza&#231;&#227;o &#233; essencial para a identifica&#231;&#227;o precisa. Al&#233;m disso, como o efeito do biofilme muitas vezes torna a antibioticoterapia isolada insuficiente, os m&#233;dicos devem manter um baixo limiar para consulta cir&#250;rgica precoce ao detectar sinais progressivos de imagem, mesmo em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Health Science and Technology program of Baotou City (Grant 2024wsjkkj63).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2024-C011. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Loufopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250591i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ectopic Gas: A Sign for Potential Aortic Endoprosthesis Infection before Symptoms</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Hongliang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhao</surname>
            <given-names>Ying</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7963-9936</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ji</surname>
            <given-names>Qingyu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Baotou</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Inner Mongolia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College - Department of radiology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia - China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Qingyu Ji</bold> &#8226; Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College &#8211; Department of Radiology, 30 Hulemulin Street, Qingshan District Baotou, Inner Mongolia, <postal-code>014030</postal-code> &#8211; China Manuscript received August 18, 2025, revised manuscript April 05, 2026, accepted April 13, 2026</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Computed Tomography Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Endovascular Aneurysm Repair</kwd>
        <kwd>Endovascular Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>Infections</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Health Science and Technology program of Baotou City</funding-source>
          <award-id>2024wsjkkj63</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> This study was funded by Health Science and Technology program of Baotou City (Grant 2024wsjkkj63).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Abdominal aortic endoprosthesis (AAE) infection is the most dreaded complication of endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), with mortality rates reported as high as 51.8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Recent meta-analyses emphasize that despite advances in surgical technique, the prognosis of AAE infection remains poor due to delayed diagnosis and the complexity of endoprosthesis explantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The management of AAE infection is significantly hindered by diagnostic latency. Currently, computed tomography angiography (CTA) is typically reserved for evaluation only after the onset of infectious symptoms. Although periprosthetic exudation and ectopic gas are considered hallmark radiographic features, these signs are often subtle and minute during the early, pre-symptomatic stages of infection, rendering them easily overlooked. We present a case in which a radiologist detected minute periprosthetic ectopic gas via thin-section CT during a routine CTA follow-up, five days before the onset of infectious symptoms, thereby alerting clinicians to the possibility of AAE infection. Based on this case, we underscore the critical value of thin-section CT in the early identification of ectopic gas. Furthermore, we aim to demonstrate how advanced post-processing&#8212;specifically volume rendering (VR) and hyper-realistic rendering (HRR)&#8212;enhances the visualization of AAE infection, thereby enabling longitudinal monitoring of infection progression.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case presentation</title>
        <p>A 78-year-old man, who had a history of EVAR for AAA two years prior, was referred for CTA as part of his routine follow-up. Image acquisition was performed at 120 kV and 300 mA, with 80 mL of non-ionic iodinated contrast administered intravenously at a rate of 4 mL/sec (iopamidol, 370 mgI/mL). At this current presentation, the patient was asymptomatic, and his laboratory values were within normal limits. Microbubbles around the endoprosthesis were observed on soft-tissue window (window width: 350 HU, level: 40 HU) and confirmed by increasing the window width (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1A</xref>, arrow) on axial images reconstructed at 0.625-mm slice thickness using 50% ASiR-V hybrid iterative reconstruction and a sharp kernel (Bone Plus). The reconstructed coronal images (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1B</xref>) and CT HRR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="other" rid="f6">Video 1</xref>) showed neither evident deformation of the endoprosthesis nor surrounding inflammatory changes initially, although there was a slight increase in vessel wall thickness. The detection of this new periprosthetic gas, which was absent on previous imaging, prompted immediate clinical concern for a potential graft infection. He was admitted for observation according to the doctors&#8217; advice. On day 5 of hospitalization, the patient developed low-grade fever (maximum temperature 37.8 &#176;C) and transient abdominal pain. Leukocyte count rose to 14.2 &#215; 10<sup>9</sup>/L (normal range 4-10 &#215; 10<sup>9</sup>/L). An urgent CTA revealed a soft-tissue mass around the endoprosthesis, indicating a significant inflammatory collection (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1C</xref>). The reconstructed coronal images showed the collection predominantly in the pelvic cavity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1D</xref>, red arrow). Utilizing CT VR, we accurately measured the volume of inflammatory collection at 698.5 cm<sup>3</sup> with maximum orthogonal diameters 11.73 cm &#215; 21.70 cm &#215; 11.66 cm on Advantage Workstation 4.7 (GE Healthcare) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2B</xref>). The patient was diagnosed with an AAE infection complicated with secondary abscess formation and underwent ultrasound-guided percutaneous catheter drainage of the abscess. Bacterial culture of the drainage fluid identified Escherichia coli, which was sensitive to amoxicillin based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Accordingly, the patient was started on targeted intravenous amoxicillin 1 g every 6 hours. After 7 days of antibiotic therapy, the patient's clinical condition did not improve. The surgeon decided to remove the infected endoprosthesis. During the surgery, the aortic wall was found to be intact, and the soft-tissue mass around the endoprosthesis had no pulsation. The infected endoprosthesis was removed, and the aorta was reconstructed in situ with a Dacron graft. However, the patient unfortunately developed intraoperative refractory shock and died despite resuscitation efforts.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>CT angiography (CTA) findings before and after symptom onset. (A) Thin-section axial CTA image (0.625 mm) obtained at routine follow-up reveals ectopic gas (red arrow) around the aortic endoprosthesis. (B) Coronal reconstruction from the same study shows slight thickening of the adjacent vessel wall (arrow). (C) Axial CTA image acquired after symptom onset demonstrates a soft-tissue mass (red arrow), representing an inflammatory collection, around the prosthesis. (D) Coronal reconstruction localizes the resulting periprosthetic abscess (red arrow) within the pelvic cavity.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250591-50591-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>CT hyper-realistic rendering (HRR) before and after symptom onset. (A) At routine follow-up, CT HRR shows no evident deformation of the endoprosthesis or inflammatory changes in the surrounding tissues. (B) After the development of symptoms, CT HRR reveals an extensive inflammatory collection (abscess) around the prosthesis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250591-50591-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>EVAR is being increasingly applied in the surgical management of AAA. This approach significantly reduces the risk of fatal rupture but requires rigorous long-term follow-up<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> to detect late-stage complications such as endoleaks, stent migration, and infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Among these, AAE infection is a catastrophic event with a mortality rate exceeding 50% in symptomatic patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In most previous reports, the diagnosis of infection was typically established after clinical onset. However, in our case, we suspected the infection by detecting ectopic gas via thin-section CTA 5 days before symptom onset.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Conventionally, the presence of ectopic gas is viewed as a sign of advanced disease, such as a mature abscess or fistula. However, our findings suggest that microbubbles identified on thin-section CTA can act as an ultra-early "sentinel sign", appearing several days before the clinical onset of sepsis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The pathophysiology of AAE infection involves bacterial colonization of the graft's biofilm, often originating from perioperative contamination or hematogenous seeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In this case, the isolation of Escherichia coli suggests a potential enteric origin, possibly through subclinical bacterial translocation or a microscopic communication with the gastrointestinal tract.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Enteric fistula was initially considered less probable due to the absence of classic imaging signs such as bowel wall thickening or contrast extravasation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The rapid evolution from microbubbles to a 698.5 cm<sup>3</sup> collection within five days reflects the high virulence of gas-producing organisms. Early detection of infection is crucial, as it may prevent systemic spread and reduce the overall burden on healthcare resources.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> CTA is considered the first-line imaging modality for suspected AAE infection due to its high sensitivity for ectopic gas and periprosthetic exudation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In our case, the use of 0.625-mm thin-section acquisition combined with 50% ASiR-V hybrid iterative reconstruction was critical in distinguishing periprosthetic microbubbles from image artifacts. Compared with routine follow-up scans, the appearance of new gas rendered residual postoperative gas (from implantation two years prior) highly improbable. Furthermore, advanced post-processing techniques like CT VR and CT HRR provided a superior spatial understanding of the morphology and relationships between the prosthesis and the abscess.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Integrating these quantitative metrics into surveillance protocols can increase inter-observer agreement and facilitate earlier recognition of subtle morphologic changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The management of AAE infection remains challenging due to the biofilm effect, wherein bacteria embedded in the prosthetic matrix are inaccessible to systemic antimicrobial agents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> As seen in our case, even with targeted antibiotic therapy and drainage based on culture results, the infection proved refractory. This underscores the clinical dilemma of balancing conservative management against radical surgical explantation. Surgical re-intervention in an infected field carries extreme intraoperative risks,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> including catastrophic hemorrhage and hemodynamic collapse, as unfortunately experienced in this case.</p>
        <media id="f6" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/jwHFwLFMgRjtBsKzGqcz9FH/9bd431e8051610e9fb5ccf701a132ec8a0adf997.mp4">
          <label>Video 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dynamic multi-directional CT HRR demonstrating the abdominal aortic aneurysm, endoprosthesis, and periprosthetic abscess. In: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12305/2025-0591_IM_Video_1.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12305/2025-0591_IM_Video_1.mp4</ext-link> </title>
          </caption>
        </media>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, new periprosthetic ectopic gas detected on thin-section CTA serves as a highly specific "sentinel sign" of early AAE infection that can precede clinical symptoms by several days. Recognizing these subtle subclinical markers is critical to potentially preventing the progression to fulminant sepsis and its catastrophic complications, particularly given the catastrophic nature of the condition and mortality rates exceeding 50%. Integration of thin-section CTA with advanced rendering techniques is essential for accurate identification. Furthermore, because the biofilm effect often renders antibiotic therapy alone insufficient, clinicians must maintain a low threshold for early surgical consultation upon detecting progressive imaging signs, even in asymptomatic patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>This study was funded by Health Science and Technology program of Baotou City (Grant 2024wsjkkj63).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College under the protocol number 2024-C011. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
