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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3DPV8kdYqS4p3MfJ5rWhSNR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000501802</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01802</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250250</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infertilidade Feminina: Fator de Risco para Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares ou Marcador de uma Popula&#231;&#227;o com Risco Cardiovascular?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8486-7861</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9473-132X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Macei&#243;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a Rivera</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Alagoas Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; BR 104. CEP <postal-code>57072-900</postal-code>, Campus A. C. Sim&#245;es Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>malayde1@uol.com.br</email>, <email>malayde@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Carlos Rochitte</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250250</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infertilidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fator de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Sexo Feminino</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, aproximadamente 17,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta (1 em cada 6 pessoas ao redor do mundo) &#233; afetada pela infertilidade, definida como a incapacidade de conceber ap&#243;s 12 meses de rela&#231;&#245;es sexuais regulares sem prote&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia varia pouco entre as regi&#245;es mundiais, com taxas semelhantes em pa&#237;ses de alta, m&#233;dia e baixa renda, constituindo um problema global de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Aproximadamente 85% dos casais inf&#233;rteis t&#234;m uma causa identific&#225;vel para a infertilidade, enquanto os 15% restantes apresentam infertilidade inexplicada. Conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>, a infertilidade pode ser atribu&#237;da a m&#250;ltiplas causas e fatores de risco, cujo tratamento pode eventualmente contribuir para a fertilidade do casal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Infertilidade feminina e risco cardiovascular. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DIC: doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o; DM: diabetes mellitus; FOP: fal&#234;ncia ovariana prematura; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; SOP: s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250250-50250-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o respons&#225;veis, em m&#233;dia, por 30% da mortalidade global em homens e mulheres e abrangem um amplo espectro de doen&#231;as, com diferentes formas e graus de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, incluindo doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, angina inst&#225;vel, angina est&#225;vel); doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico e hemorr&#225;gico, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, hemorragia subaracnoide); doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, intermedi&#225;ria e reduzida); e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Esse grupo de doen&#231;as compartilha diversos fatores de risco comuns a homens e mulheres (envelhecimento, hist&#243;rico familiar, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, hipercolesterolemia, tabagismo), al&#233;m de outros que s&#227;o exclusivos das mulheres (menarca precoce, dist&#250;rbios menstruais, fal&#234;ncia ovariana prematura, s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos, endometriose) ou que t&#234;m maior impacto nas mulheres (depress&#227;o, ansiedade).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em mulheres, observa-se que diversos fatores de risco para infertilidade (tabagismo, obesidade, s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos, fal&#234;ncia ovariana prematura, dist&#250;rbios menstruais, doen&#231;as autoimunes, endometriose) tamb&#233;m est&#227;o relacionados ao desenvolvimento de DCV, tornando necess&#225;rio expandir e aprofundar a pesquisa nessa &#225;rea, considerando a multiplicidade de causas de infertilidade, bem como a multiplicidade de causas e express&#227;o cl&#237;nica das DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Com base em estudos observacionais, a infertilidade tem sido considerada um marcador para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as imunol&#243;gicas, c&#226;ncer e DCV, bem como para uma menor expectativa de vida em homens e mulheres, embora n&#227;o esteja claro se essa tend&#234;ncia ocorre por raz&#245;es relacionadas ao estilo de vida (por exemplo, maior consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagismo ou h&#225;bitos alimentares menos saud&#225;veis), mecanismos biol&#243;gicos ou uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre ambos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em homens, a infertilidade est&#225; associada a uma maior incid&#234;ncia de c&#226;ncer testicular, de pr&#243;stata, de bexiga e de tireoide; melanoma; linfoma; doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o; diabetes; e hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em mulheres, a infertilidade aumenta a incid&#234;ncia de c&#226;ncer de mama, de ov&#225;rio e de endom&#233;trio. Quando associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos, a infertilidade parece aumentar a incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o (ap&#243;s os 45 anos de idade), hipercolesterolemia e diabetes mellitus (antes dos 45 anos). Outras altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais relacionadas &#224; infertilidade (irregularidades menstruais, fal&#234;ncia ovariana prematura, abortos espont&#226;neos) podem estar associadas &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia futura de DCV, na forma de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, acidente vascular cerebral e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>N&#227;o existem ensaios cl&#237;nicos sobre infertilidade e o risco futuro de DCV. Estudos observacionais transversais mostraram que mulheres diagnosticadas com infertilidade apresentam pior sa&#250;de cardiovascular, com maior &#237;ndice de massa corporal; n&#237;veis mais elevados de colesterol total, colesterol LDL, triglicer&#237;deos, glicose sangu&#237;nea e prote&#237;na C-reativa; e n&#237;veis mais baixos de colesterol HDL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> bem como maior preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de mental, como ansiedade e depress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Tal perfil contribui independentemente para o risco futuro de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Quanto ao desenvolvimento futuro de DCV em mulheres diagnosticadas com infertilidade, os resultados continuam inconsistentes. Com base em estudos observacionais longitudinais, com acompanhamento variando de 7 a 28 anos, h&#225; relatos de que a infertilidade est&#225; associada a uma maior preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia e diabetes, bem como a um maior risco futuro de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, acidente vascular cerebral e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. Outros estudos n&#227;o mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre infertilidade e a ocorr&#234;ncia futura de obesidade, hipertens&#227;o, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Considerando a alta preval&#234;ncia de infertilidade feminina na popula&#231;&#227;o mundial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> a frequente associa&#231;&#227;o dessa condi&#231;&#227;o com outros fatores de risco cardiovascular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e a falta de dados sobre o impacto a longo prazo do tratamento hormonal da infertilidade no risco materno futuro de DCV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> s&#227;o necess&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos delineados para abordar essas quest&#245;es, a fim de expandir o atendimento cardiovascular &#224;s mulheres.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250250i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Female Infertility: Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor or Marker of a Population at Cardiovascular Risk?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8486-7861</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9473-132X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a Rivera</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Alagoas Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; BR 104. Postal Code 57072-900, Campus A. C. Sim&#245;es Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>malayde1@uol.com.br</email>, <email>malayde@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Carlos Rochitte</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywods</title>
        <kwd>Infertility</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factor</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Female Sex</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>According to the World Health Organization, approximately 17.5% of the adult population (1 in every 6 people in the world) suffers from infertility, defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The prevalence varies little between regions, with similar rates in high-, middle-, and low-income countries, constituting a global public health problem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Approximately 85% of infertile couples have an identifiable cause for infertility, whereas the remaining 15% have unexplained infertility. As shown in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>, infertility can be attributed to numerous causes and risk factors, the treatment of which can eventually contribute to the couple's fertility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Female infertility and cardiovascular risk. BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HF: heart failure; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; IHD: ischemic heart disease; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; MS: metabolic syndrome; PCOS: polycystic ovary syndrome; POF: premature ovarian failure.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-05-e20250250-50250-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for, on average, 30% of global mortality in men and women and encompasses a broad spectrum of diseases, with different forms and degrees of presentation, including ischemic heart disease (sudden cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stable angina); cerebrovascular disease (ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, transient ischemic attack, subarachnoid hemorrhage); peripheral vascular disease; heart failure (with preserved, intermediate, and reduced ejection fraction); and atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This group of diseases shares numerous risk factors common to men and women (aging, family history, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking), in addition to others that are exclusive (early menarche, menstrual disorders, premature ovarian failure, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis) or have a greater impact on women (depression, anxiety).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In women, it is observed that numerous risk factors for infertility (smoking, obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure, menstrual disorders, autoimmune diseases, endometriosis) are also related to the development of CVD, making it necessary to expand and deepen research in this field, considering the multiplicity of causes of infertility, as well as the multiplicity of causes and clinical expression of CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Based on observational studies, infertility has been considered a marker for the development of immunological diseases, cancer, and CVD and for a shorter life expectancy in men and women, although it is unclear whether this propensity occurs for reasons related to lifestyle (for example, greater alcohol consumption, smoking, or unhealthy eating habits), biological mechanisms, or an interaction of both.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In men, infertility is associated with a higher incidence of testicular, prostate, bladder, and thyroid cancer; melanoma; lymphoma; ischemic heart disease; diabetes; and hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In women, infertility increases the incidence of breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer. When associated with polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility appears to increase the incidence of hypertension (after 45 years of age), hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus (before 45 years). Other hormonal changes related to infertility (menstrual irregularities, premature ovarian failure, spontaneous abortions) may be associated with the future occurrence of CVD, in the form of ischemic heart disease, stroke, and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>There are no clinical trials on infertility and the future risk of CVD. Cross-sectional observational studies have shown that women diagnosed with infertility have worse cardiovascular health, with higher body mass index; higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, and C-reactive protein; and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> as well as a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This profile contributes independently to the future risk of CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Regarding the future development of CVD in women diagnosed with infertility, there are still inconsistent results. Based on longitudinal observational studies, with follow-ups ranging from 7 to 28 years, there are reports that infertility is associated with a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia and diabetes, as well as a higher future risk of ischemic heart disease, stroke, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Other studies have shown no association between infertility and the future occurrence of obesity, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, heart failure, and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considering the high prevalence of female infertility in the world population,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> the frequent association of this condition with other cardiovascular risk factors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and the lack of data on the long-term impact of hormonal infertility treatment on the future maternal risk of CVD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> there is a need for clinical trials designed to address these questions, in order to expand women's cardiovascular care.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Data Availability Statement</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
