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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DS3sz7QFj4ZbnqJKcHRfWcF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000401004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260373</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Al&#233;m da Remiss&#227;o: O Impacto Cardiometab&#243;lico da Vasculite Associada a ANCA</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7742-6195</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fiuza</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia ULSSM, CAML, CCUL@RISE, FMUL</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia ULSSM, CAML, CCUL@RISE, FMUL, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Manuela Fiuza</bold> &#8226; Cardiovascular Department, ULSSM, CAML, CCUL@RISE, FMUL &#8211; Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, <postal-code>1649-028</postal-code>, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>manuela.fiuza@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260373</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasculite</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Reum&#225;ticas</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A intersec&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e doen&#231;a cardiometab&#243;lica emergiu como um paradigma definidor na medicina contempor&#226;nea. As vasculites associadas a anticorpos anticitoplasma de neutr&#243;filos (ANCA) (VAA) &#8212; incluindo granulomatose com poliange&#237;te (GPA), poliange&#237;te microsc&#243;pica (PAM) e granulomatose eosinof&#237;lica com poliange&#237;te (GEPA) &#8212; representam um modelo particularmente convincente, no qual a les&#227;o vascular imunomediada coexiste com uma carga metab&#243;lica substancial e frequentemente subdiagnosticada. Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, Bezerra et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> fornecem dados importantes sobre a preval&#234;ncia e os preditores da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Utilizando os crit&#233;rios do NCEP ATP III, os autores relatam uma preval&#234;ncia de SM de 43,5% em uma coorte de 62 pacientes consecutivos com VAA acompanhados em um centro terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia brasileiro, em compara&#231;&#227;o com apenas 13,2% em controles pareados por idade e sexo (p=0,001). Na an&#225;lise multivariada restrita a pacientes com VAA, o sexo masculino (OR=11,43; IC 95%=2,81&#8211;46,52) e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal mais elevado (OR=1,13; IC 95%=1,02&#8211;1,25) emergiram como preditores independentes de SM. Esses achados est&#227;o em conson&#226;ncia com relatos anteriores em popula&#231;&#245;es com VAA, onde a preval&#234;ncia de SM variou de 43% a 51%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> refletindo padr&#245;es observados em um amplo espectro de doen&#231;as reum&#225;ticas autoimunes sist&#234;micas, incluindo l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, artrite reumatoide e esclerose sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Uma contribui&#231;&#227;o crucial deste estudo &#233; a dissocia&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica observada: embora o IMC n&#227;o tenha diferido entre pacientes e controles, os pacientes com VAA apresentaram circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura significativamente maior, indicando uma predomin&#226;ncia de adiposidade central. A gordura visceral tem implica&#231;&#245;es cardiometab&#243;licas mais fortes do que a obesidade generalizada &#8212; estando mais intimamente ligada &#224; resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e aterosclerose acelerada &#8212; e pode ser impulsionada, pelo menos em parte, pela redistribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura induzida por glicocorticoides. Essa descoberta questiona o uso exclusivo do IMC como marcador de risco nessa popula&#231;&#227;o e apoia a incorpora&#231;&#227;o rotineira da medi&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>A forte associa&#231;&#227;o da SM com o sexo masculino (OR &gt;11) &#233; uma descoberta intrigante e clinicamente importante. Paradoxalmente, os pacientes com SM nesta coorte eram mais jovens do que aqueles sem a s&#237;ndrome, uma observa&#231;&#227;o que pode refletir um vi&#233;s de encaminhamento para pacientes mais gravemente afetados em centros terci&#225;rios, exposi&#231;&#227;o imunossupressora mais precoce e intensiva em indiv&#237;duos mais jovens e a crescente preval&#234;ncia de SM entre homens mais jovens, documentada em dados epidemiol&#243;gicos contempor&#226;neos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em conjunto, esses achados defendem a vigil&#226;ncia cardiometab&#243;lica sistem&#225;tica em todas as faixas et&#225;rias na VAA, em vez de reservar o rastreamento para pacientes mais velhos.</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre VAA e SM &#233; multifatorial. A inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica cr&#244;nica promove disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, estresse oxidativo e dislipidemia. Paralelamente, a terapia com glicocorticoides &#8212; ainda um pilar do tratamento da VAA &#8212; contribui para o ganho de peso, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, hipertens&#227;o e perfis lip&#237;dicos adversos. Embora o estudo n&#227;o tenha identificado o uso atual de prednisona como um preditor independente de SM, a aus&#234;ncia de dados de exposi&#231;&#227;o cumulativa impede conclus&#245;es definitivas. Notavelmente, a maior frequ&#234;ncia de uso de micofenolato de mofetila entre pacientes com SM foi atribu&#237;da corretamente a vi&#233;s de indica&#231;&#227;o, e n&#227;o a qualquer efeito diabetog&#234;nico ou pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nico direto do medicamento &#8212; uma distin&#231;&#227;o metodol&#243;gica importante para futuros estudos que abordem padr&#245;es de tratamento e consequ&#234;ncias metab&#243;licas.</p>
    <p>O estudo tamb&#233;m destaca que a pr&#243;pria VAA &#8212; juntamente com um hist&#243;rico familiar positivo para doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#8212; constitui um fator independente associado &#224; SM, refor&#231;ando a ideia de que pacientes com vasculite n&#227;o apenas acumulam fatores de risco tradicionais em taxas mais elevadas, mas que o ambiente espec&#237;fico da doen&#231;a amplifica substancialmente o perfil cardiometab&#243;lico geral. &#201; importante ressaltar que a preval&#234;ncia de SM n&#227;o diferiu de acordo com a atividade da doen&#231;a ou o subtipo de vasculite, sugerindo que o risco cardiometab&#243;lico &#233; relativamente independente do fen&#243;tipo da vasculite e deve ser abordado em todos os pacientes, independentemente das caracter&#237;sticas da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>O estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es importantes que os autores reconhecem de forma transparente. Seu delineamento transversal impede infer&#234;ncias causais, e a amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de um &#250;nico centro limita a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. O tamanho relativamente pequeno da amostra restringe o ajuste multivari&#225;vel para fatores de confus&#227;o relevantes, particularmente a exposi&#231;&#227;o cumulativa a glicocorticoides. Estudos prospectivos, multic&#234;ntricos e longitudinais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer a din&#226;mica temporal entre a atividade da VAA, o tratamento e o desenvolvimento da SM, e para avaliar se as interven&#231;&#245;es direcionadas &#224; SM se traduzem em redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de eventos cardiovasculares nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas s&#227;o claras. A triagem sistem&#225;tica dos componentes da SM &#8212; press&#227;o arterial, glicemia de jejum, perfil lip&#237;dico e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal &#8212; deve se tornar pr&#225;tica padr&#227;o no monitoramento de pacientes com a VAA. O manejo precoce e agressivo dos fatores de risco modific&#225;veis, incluindo interven&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida e estrat&#233;gias para reduzir o uso de glicocorticoides quando vi&#225;vel, deve ser integrado &#224; rotina de atendimento. Cardiologistas e reumatologistas devem colaborar estreitamente para reduzir a carga cardiovascular a longo prazo nesses pacientes.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, Bezerra et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> refor&#231;am que a VAA n&#227;o &#233; apenas uma doen&#231;a vascul&#237;tica, mas tamb&#233;m uma doen&#231;a cardiometab&#243;lica. A alta preval&#234;ncia da SM &#8212; associada ao sexo masculino, obesidade central, hipertens&#227;o, dislicemia e dislipidemia &#8212; exige uma abordagem de manejo hol&#237;stica que vai muito al&#233;m do controle da atividade da doen&#231;a. Este estudo &#233; um lembrete oportuno de que a excel&#234;ncia no tratamento da vasculite requer a supera&#231;&#227;o da lacuna entre a remiss&#227;o imunol&#243;gica e a redu&#231;&#227;o abrangente do risco cardiovascular.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Fatores Associados &#224; Alta Preval&#234;ncia de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica em Vasculite Associada a Anticorpos Anticitoplasma de Neutr&#243;filos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260373i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Beyond Remission: The Cardiometabolic Burden of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7742-6195</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fiuza</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisbon</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia ULSSM, CAML, CCUL@RISE, FMUL, Lisbon &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Manuela Fiuza</bold> &#8226; Cardiovascular Department, ULSSM, CAML, CCUL@RISE, FMUL &#8211; Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, <postal-code>1649-028</postal-code>, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal Email: <email>manuela.fiuza@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasculitis</kwd>
        <kwd>Rheumatic Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Mass Index</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The intersection between systemic inflammation and cardiometabolic disease has emerged as a defining paradigm in contemporary medicine. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV)&#8212;including granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA)&#8212;represent a particularly compelling model where immune-mediated vascular injury coexists with a substantial and often underrecognized metabolic burden. In this issue, Bezerra et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> provide important data regarding the prevalence and predictors of metabolic syndrome (MetS) within this population.</p>
      <p>Using the NCEP ATP III criteria, the authors report a MetS prevalence of 43.5% in a cohort of 62 consecutive AAV patients followed at a Brazilian tertiary referral center, compared with only 13.2% in age- and sex-matched controls (p=0.001). In multivariable analysis restricted to AAV patients, male sex (OR=11.43; 95%CI=2.81&#8211;46.52) and higher body mass index (OR=1.13; 95%CI=1.02&#8211;1.25) emerged as independent predictors of MetS. These findings align with prior reports in AAV populations, where MetS prevalence has ranged from 43% to 51%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> mirroring patterns seen across a broad spectrum of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A critical contribution of this study is the phenotypic dissociation observed: although BMI did not differ between patients and controls, AAV patients exhibited significantly greater waist circumference, indicating a predominance of central adiposity. Visceral fat carries stronger cardiometabolic implications than generalized obesity &#8212; being more closely linked to insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and accelerated atherosclerosis &#8212; and may be driven, at least in part, by glucocorticoid-induced fat redistribution. This finding challenges the exclusive use of BMI as a risk marker in this population and supports the routine incorporation of waist circumference measurement into clinical assessment.</p>
      <p>The strong association of MetS with male sex (OR &gt;11) is an intriguing and clinically important finding. Paradoxically, patients with MetS in this cohort were younger than those without, an observation that may reflect referral bias toward more severely affected patients at tertiary centers, earlier and more intensive immunosuppressive exposure in younger individuals, and the rising prevalence of MetS among younger men documented in contemporary epidemiological data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Collectively, these findings argue for systematic cardiometabolic surveillance across all age groups in AAV, rather than reserving screening for older patients.</p>
      <p>The link between AAV and MetS is multifactorial. Chronic systemic inflammation promotes endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and dyslipidemia. In parallel, glucocorticoid therapy &#8212; still a cornerstone of AAV management &#8212; contributes to weight gain, insulin resistance, hypertension, and adverse lipid profiles. Although the study did not identify current prednisone use as an independent predictor of MetS, the absence of cumulative exposure data precludes definitive conclusions. Notably, the higher frequency of mycophenolate mofetil use among patients with MetS was appropriately attributed to confounding by indication rather than to any direct diabetogenic or proatherogenic effect of the drug &#8212; an important methodological distinction for future studies addressing treatment patterns and metabolic consequences.</p>
      <p>The study also underscores that AAV itself &#8212; alongside a positive family history of cardiovascular disease &#8212; constitutes an independent MetS-associated factor, reinforcing that vasculitis patients do not merely accumulate traditional risk factors at higher rates, but that the disease-specific milieu substantially amplifies the overall cardiometabolic profile. Of note, MetS prevalence did not differ by disease activity or vasculitis subtype, suggesting that cardiometabolic risk is relatively independent of the vasculitis phenotype and should be addressed in all patients regardless of disease characteristics.</p>
      <p>The study has important limitations that the authors acknowledge transparently. Its cross-sectional design precludes causal inference, and the single-center convenience sample limits generalizability. The relatively small sample size constrains multivariable adjustment for relevant confounders, particularly cumulative glucocorticoid exposure. Prospective, multicenter, longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the temporal dynamics between AAV activity, treatment, and MetS development, and to evaluate whether MetS-directed interventions translate into reduced cardiovascular event rates in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The clinical implications are clear. Systematic screening for MetS components &#8212; blood pressure, fasting glucose, lipid profile, and waist circumference &#8212; should become standard practice in monitoring patients with AAV. Early and aggressive management of modifiable risk factors, including lifestyle interventions and glucocorticoid-sparing strategies when feasible, must be integrated into routine care. Cardiologists and rheumatologists must collaborate closely to reduce the long-term cardiovascular burden in these patients.</p>
      <p>n conclusion, Bezerra et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> reinforce that AAV is not merely a vasculitic disease but also a cardiometabolic disease. The high prevalence of MetS &#8212; clustering with male sex, central obesity, hypertension, dysglycemia, and dyslipidemia &#8212; demands a holistic management approach that extends well beyond controlling disease activity. This study is a timely reminder that excellence in vasculitis care requires bridging the gap between immunological remission and comprehensive cardiovascular risk reduction.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Factors Associated With the High Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic AntibodyAssociated Vasculitis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
