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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">nJMdGytmjh9trV69XFLjfPq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000401002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260351</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Cirurgia &#233; o Meio e n&#227;o o Desfecho: Seguimento Tardio da Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5499-2645</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4440-3154</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Alessandro Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3385-0215</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Walter J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Estadual de Medicina do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Estadual de Medicina do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Jo&#227;o Carlos Ferreira Leal &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5.416. CEP 15090-000, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>joaocarlosleal@hotmail.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260351</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) permanece em posi&#231;&#227;o de destaque no tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), sobretudo nos subgrupos de pacientes de maior risco, como doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, diabetes mellitus e carga isqu&#234;mica elevada, comprovada por d&#233;cadas de evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas e seus resultados consistentes em longo prazo.</p>
    <p>A DAC tem evolu&#231;&#227;o progressiva, sist&#234;mica e cr&#244;nica, o que torna o seguimento em longo prazo, essencial para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados nas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas. Desta forma, os resultados ap&#243;s a CRM n&#227;o podem se restringir apenas ao sucesso t&#233;cnico do procedimento nem aos desfechos intra-hospitalares, e sim &#224; perspectiva mais ampla e integrativa em longo-prazo.</p>
    <p>O estudo &#8220;Mortalidade em Cinco Anos em Sobreviventes de Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio: Um Estudo Retrospectivo de um Centro Terci&#225;rio&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> traz contribui&#231;&#245;es relevantes ao explorar o risco residual e os determinantes progn&#243;sticos tardios ap&#243;s CRM.</p>
    <p>Os autores analisaram 6.933 pacientes submetidos a CRM com seguimento m&#233;dio de quatro anos e 31.610 pacientes-ano de observa&#231;&#227;o, e mostraram que a mortalidade por todas as causas em at&#233; cinco anos foi de 12,9%, enquanto a mortalidade cardiovascular alcan&#231;ou 5,7%. Entre os &#243;bitos cardiovasculares, a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio foi predominante com 57,3%, seguida pela doen&#231;a cerebrovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Estes resultados demonstram n&#250;meros relevantes, sendo que a mortalidade em longo prazo ap&#243;s a CRM geralmente varia de 10% a 20% em 5 anos, dependendo das caracter&#237;sticas do paciente e da complexidade da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que o estudo FREEDOM demonstrou a superioridade da CRM em pacientes diab&#233;ticos com doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos, demonstrando uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa em eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, o acompanhamento estendido do estudo SYNTAX destacou a import&#226;ncia da complexidade anat&#244;mica, com a CRM mantendo uma vantagem de sobrevida em pacientes com escores SYNTAX mais elevados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estes estudos refor&#231;am que a CRM &#233; o tratamento que muda progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com DAC e que os resultados em longo prazo s&#227;o determinados pela intera&#231;&#227;o entre o perfil de risco do paciente, as caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas e durabilidade da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. O benef&#237;cio cir&#250;rgico precisa ser associado por preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria intensiva, controle de fatores de risco e ades&#227;o medicamentosa otimizada.</p>
    <p>Os fatores de risco que associaram &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel nos pacientes analisados foram a faixa et&#225;ria avan&#231;ada, diabetes mellitus, fun&#231;&#227;o renal e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzidas, aumento das cavidades atrial e ventricular esquerda, interna&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia, maior perman&#234;ncia hospitalar e cirurgia sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC). A cirurgia sem CEC neste estudo foi associada como fator desfafor&#225;vel, entretanto em outros estudos os resultados foram satisfat&#243;rios. Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, &#225;trio esquerdo aumentado e a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, refor&#231;am a presen&#231;a do remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico, sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica e maior vulnerabilidade a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e novos eventos card&#237;acos. Neste contexto, a fun&#231;&#227;o renal tem associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear entre taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada e mortalidade, com incremento mais acentuado do risco abaixo de 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, refor&#231;a a gravidade da doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica na trajet&#243;ria do paciente ap&#243;s a CRM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre CRM exclusivamente com enxertos arteriais e redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade cardiovascular, destaca a import&#226;ncia do enxerto arterial como fator progn&#243;stico em longo prazo. Embora ensaios randomizados como o ART n&#227;o tenham demonstrado uma clara vantagem de sobrevida para o enxerto bilateral da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> evid&#234;ncias acumuladas de estudos observacionais e meta-an&#225;lises sugerem que a CRM somente com enxertos arteriais pode conferir benef&#237;cios a longo prazo em pacientes selecionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Esta informa&#231;&#227;o mostra que a escolha do enxerto &#233; determinante no resultado.</p>
    <p>Em termos pr&#225;ticos, este estudo avalia aspectos relevantes que interferem no progn&#243;stico da CRM e mostra a necessidade de assist&#234;ncia dos pacientes em longo prazo. O retorno destes pacientes ao ambulat&#243;rio ap&#243;s hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o complicada deve ser visto n&#227;o como sobreviventes est&#225;veis, mas como indiv&#237;duos em fase de risco ainda ativo. A CRM com sucesso vai al&#233;m do pr&#243;prio procedimento, ela &#233; o meio e n&#227;o o desfecho. Depende da integra&#231;&#227;o da corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, do manejo cl&#237;nico e do acompanhamento multidisciplinar cont&#237;nuo.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <surname>Karkhanis</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Austin</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ko</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-Term Outcomes Associated with Total Arterial Revascularization vs Non-Total Arterial Revascularization</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>507</fpage>
          <lpage>514</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2019.6104</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p> Mortalidade em Cinco Anos em Sobreviventes de Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio: Um Estudo Retrospectivo de um Centro Terci&#225;rio</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260351i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Surgery is the Means, Not the End: Late Follow-Up of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5499-2645</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4440-3154</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Alessandro Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3385-0215</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Walter J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Estadual de Medicina do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Jo&#227;o Carlos Ferreira Leal &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5.416. Postal Code 15090-000, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: joaocarlosleal@hotmail.com.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains a leading treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly in high-risk patient subgroups such as those with multivessel disease, left ventricular dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, and high ischemic burden, as evidenced by decades of scientific evidence and its consistent long-term results.</p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) has a progressive, systemic, and chronic evolution, which makes long-term follow-up essential for interpreting the results in therapeutic strategies. Therefore, outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) cannot be limited solely to the technical success of the procedure or to in-hospital outcomes but must encompass a broader and more integrative long-term perspective.</p>
      <p>The study &#8220;Five-Year Mortality among Survivors of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Center&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> makes relevant contributions by exploring residual risk and late prognostic determinants after CABG.</p>
      <p>The authors analyzed 6,933 patients who underwent CABG with a mean follow-up of four years and 31,610 patient-years of observation and showed that all-cause mortality within five years was 12.9%, while cardiovascular mortality reached 5.7%. Among cardiovascular deaths, ischemic heart disease was predominant at 57.3%, followed by cerebrovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These results demonstrate relevant figures, with long-term mortality after CABG generally ranging from 10% to 20% over 5 years, depending on patient characteristics and disease complexity.</p>
      <p>It is important to highlight that the FREEDOM study demonstrated the superiority of CABG in diabetic patients with multivessel disease, showing a significant reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Similarly, the extended follow-up of the SYNTAX study highlighted the importance of anatomical complexity, with CABG maintaining a survival advantage in patients with higher SYNTAX scores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> These studies reinforce that CABG is the prognosis-changing treatment for patients with CAD and that long-term outcomes are determined by the interaction between the patient&#8217;s risk profile, anatomical characteristics, and durability of revascularization. The surgical benefit needs to be combined with intensive secondary prevention, control of risk factors, and optimized medication adherence.</p>
      <p>The risk factors associated with unfavorable outcomes in the patients analyzed were advanced age, diabetes mellitus, reduced renal function and ejection fraction, enlarged left atrial and ventricular chambers, emergency hospitalization, longer hospital stay, and surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In this study, surgery without CPB was associated as an unfavorable factor; however, other studies have shown satisfactory results. Echocardiographic parameters, including an enlarged left atrium and ventricular dysfunction, reinforce the presence of myocardial remodeling. Hemodynamic overload and increased vulnerability to heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and new cardiac events. In this context, renal function has a non-linear association between estimated glomerular filtration rate and mortality, with a more pronounced increase in risk below 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, reinforcing the severity of chronic kidney disease in the patient&#8217;s trajectory after CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The association between CABG exclusively with arterial grafts and reduced cardiovascular mortality highlights the importance of arterial grafting as a long-term prognostic factor. Although randomized trials such as ART have not demonstrated a clear survival advantage for bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting,<sup>6</sup> accumulated evidence from observational studies and meta-analyses suggests that CABG with arterial grafts alone may confer long-term benefits in selected patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This information shows that graft choice is crucial to the outcome.</p>
      <p>In practical terms, this study evaluates relevant aspects that interfere with the prognosis of CABG and shows the need for long-term patient care. The return of these patients to the outpatient clinic after complicated hospitalization should be viewed not as stable survivors, but as individuals still at active risk. CABG with success goes beyond the procedure itself; it is the means, not the end. It depends on the integration of anatomical correction, clinical management, and continuous multidisciplinary follow-up.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p> Five-Year Mortality among Survivors of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Center</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
