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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8wXsjM5qPWD9MKgzKhqvGYH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000402601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">02601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260084</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-Participa&#231;&#227;o no Futebol: Um Pilar Estrat&#233;gico para as Copas de 2026 e 2027</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Ricardo Stein</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Servi&#231;o de Fisiatria/T&#233;rreo. CEP <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>kuqui.r@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260084</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Futebol</kwd>
        <kwd>Triagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Atletas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>No horizonte desportivo imediato, dois eventos de grande magnitude ir&#227;o redefinir as exig&#234;ncias do futebol de alto rendimento: a Copa do Mundo da FIFA 2026&#8482;, com seu formato expandido e uma maratona f&#237;sica sem precedentes, e a Copa do Mundo Feminina da FIFA 2027&#8482;, a ser realizada no Brasil, s&#237;mbolo da consolida&#231;&#227;o da modalidade. Nesse contexto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o (APP) do futebolista deixa de ser apenas um protocolo cl&#237;nico obrigat&#243;rio e passa a assumir papel estrat&#233;gico central para o desempenho desportivo e a sustentabilidade das carreiras atl&#233;ticas.</p>
    <p>A Copa de 2026, em particular, imp&#245;e um desafio extremo: 48 sele&#231;&#245;es, 104 jogos, deslocamentos continentais entre Estados Unidos, Canad&#225; e M&#233;xico, al&#233;m de um calend&#225;rio condensado. Trata-se, sobretudo, de uma prova de resist&#234;ncia sem precedentes na hist&#243;ria do torneio. Diante desse cen&#225;rio, a APP n&#227;o pode se restringir ao tradicional <italic>check-up</italic> cardiol&#243;gico e ortop&#233;dico. &#201; necess&#225;rio avan&#231;ar para um modelo cont&#237;nuo e integrado de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, que inclua an&#225;lise detalhada da carga de trabalho nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses, com o objetivo de identificar atletas em limiar de sobrecarga; avalia&#231;&#227;o da resili&#234;ncia mental e da toler&#226;ncia ao estresse, fatores decisivos em competi&#231;&#245;es prolongadas e de alta press&#227;o; e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o biomolecular para detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de fadiga acumulada e risco de les&#227;o. Essa abordagem proativa configura a primeira linha de defesa na prepara&#231;&#227;o do atleta para uma "maratona" em que a integridade f&#237;sica ser&#225; t&#227;o determinante quanto a t&#233;cnica.</p>
    <p>Essa perspectiva tamb&#233;m se relaciona &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o do patrim&#244;nio esportivo. Federa&#231;&#245;es investem recursos expressivos em suas sele&#231;&#245;es, e a perda inesperada de um jogador-chave, seja por condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca subjacente n&#227;o diagnosticada ou por les&#227;o muscular recorrente mal manejada, representa n&#227;o apenas uma trag&#233;dia individual, mas tamb&#233;m um impacto esportivo e financeiro significativo. Sob essa &#243;tica, a APP, no contexto da Copa do Mundo da FIFA, seja masculina ou feminina, funciona como um mecanismo essencial de prote&#231;&#227;o do investimento, resguardando tanto o atleta, patrim&#244;nio humano de dif&#237;cil substitui&#231;&#227;o, quanto a equipe, enquanto patrim&#244;nio esportivo coletivo.</p>
    <p>No caso da Copa do Mundo Feminina da FIFA 2027&#8482;, a APP assume ainda maior relev&#226;ncia simb&#243;lica e pr&#225;tica. O evento representa uma oportunidade hist&#243;rica para consolidar uma cultura de cuidado espec&#237;fico no futebol feminino, com a implementa&#231;&#227;o de protocolos que considerem as particularidades das atletas. Isso inclui aten&#231;&#227;o ao risco aumentado de determinadas les&#245;es, como as rupturas do ligamento cruzado anterior; incorpora&#231;&#227;o da fisiologia do ciclo menstrual na gest&#227;o da performance e do risco lesivo;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e garantia de que a triagem cardiovascular seja conduzida com o mesmo rigor aplicado aos atletas masculinos, corrigindo uma lacuna hist&#243;rica de subinvestiga&#231;&#227;o. Um programa de APP robusto em 2027 tem potencial n&#227;o apenas para aumentar as chances de desempenho competitivo em n&#237;vel m&#225;ximo, mas tamb&#233;m para estabelecer um legado duradouro de equidade na medicina do esporte.</p>
    <p>Naturalmente, esse processo n&#227;o est&#225; isento de dilemas &#233;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Surge, ent&#227;o, a quest&#227;o de como proceder quando a APP identifica um risco moderado em um atleta considerado indispens&#225;vel. O conflito entre o dever de cuidado e a press&#227;o competitiva atinge seu ponto m&#225;ximo em ano de Copa. Nesses casos, a solu&#231;&#227;o deve basear-se em tomada de decis&#227;o multidisciplinar e transparente, envolvendo m&#233;dicos, fisioterapeutas, treinadores e o pr&#243;prio atleta, sempre fundamentada em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas e orientada pelo princ&#237;pio inegoci&#225;vel do bem-estar a longo prazo.</p>
    <p>O estabelecimento de um padr&#227;o m&#237;nimo global pela FIFA constitui uma responsabilidade institucional essencial para garantir o rigor da APP. Esse princ&#237;pio est&#225; em processo de consolida&#231;&#227;o por meio da elabora&#231;&#227;o de documentos como o <italic>FIFA Consensus on Recommendations for Cardiac Screening of Adult Football Players</italic> (no prelo), do qual sou um dos autores. Participei do grupo de especialistas reunido em Zurique, Su&#237;&#231;a, nos dias 5 e 6 de fevereiro de 2026, com o objetivo de refinar e consolidar os conhecimentos previamente publicados sobre jogadores com &lt; 18 anos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> desta vez com foco em futebolistas com &#8805; 18 anos.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, a efetividade dessa padroniza&#231;&#227;o depende da sua capacidade de acomodar diferentes realidades. Atletas de distintas origens, como noruegueses, argentinos e japoneses, apresentam hist&#243;ricos de carga, perfis nutricionais e exposi&#231;&#245;es ambientais significativamente distintos. Por esse motivo, a aplica&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o global n&#227;o deve ser r&#237;gida. A APP ideal deve combinar rigor cient&#237;fico universal com adapta&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica local, ajustando-se &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas de cada atleta e ao contexto desportivo nacional.</p>
    <p>Considera-se que uma anamnese detalhada, um exame f&#237;sico minucioso e o eletrocardiograma (ECG) de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es constituem o conjunto fundamental para o in&#237;cio de qualquer processo de APP. Esse n&#250;cleo b&#225;sico representa a base para a detec&#231;&#227;o de condi&#231;&#245;es silenciosas, especialmente cardiovasculares. Reconhecendo a import&#226;ncia do ECG e a necessidade de dados espec&#237;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, nosso grupo de pesquisa, em colabora&#231;&#227;o com especialistas em Medicina do Esporte e Cardiologia de diferentes regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s, tem conduzido investiga&#231;&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas sobre a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG em atletas de futebol no Brasil.</p>
    <p>Como resultado desse esfor&#231;o colaborativo, foram publicados quatro artigos cient&#237;ficos em peri&#243;dicos internacionais indexados, que forneceram, pela primeira vez em escala nacional, dados de refer&#234;ncia de ECG e a preval&#234;ncia de achados fora do padr&#227;o habitual em uma ampla coorte de jogadores profissionais masculinos das s&#233;ries A-D filiados &#224; Confedera&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Futebol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Essa produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica nacional &#233; fundamental para calibrar os crit&#233;rios internacionais de interpreta&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> permitindo que a triagem cardiovascular no Brasil seja realizada com base em evid&#234;ncias locais. Dessa forma, reduz-se o risco de diagn&#243;sticos falso-positivos, que podem afastar injustamente atletas saud&#225;veis, e, ao mesmo tempo, evita-se a subestima&#231;&#227;o de achados clinicamente relevantes para a realidade nacional.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a APP para as Copas de 2026 e 2027 n&#227;o deve ser tratada como um simples procedimento burocr&#225;tico. Trata-se de um componente estrat&#233;gico, que deve ser compreendido como o primeiro movimento t&#225;tico de qualquer sele&#231;&#227;o que almeja o t&#237;tulo. Quando aplicada com rigor cient&#237;fico e uma abordagem hol&#237;stica, a APP permite alcan&#231;ar tr&#234;s objetivos centrais: i) maximizar o desempenho, ii) reduzir riscos e iii) promover uma abordagem mais humanizada do alto rendimento.</p>
    <p>O legado dessas Copas deve ser avaliado n&#227;o apenas pelos momentos de excel&#234;ncia dentro de campo, mas tamb&#233;m pela consolida&#231;&#227;o de um novo paradigma de cuidado integral com a sa&#250;de do atleta. Em um cen&#225;rio no qual a diferen&#231;a entre vit&#243;ria e frustra&#231;&#227;o pode residir em detalhes m&#237;nimos, a equipe mais bem-sucedida poder&#225; ser aquela que chegar &#224;s fases finais com seu elenco mais saud&#225;vel, preparado e protegido. Essa trajet&#243;ria come&#231;a, inevitavelmente, com uma APP bem conduzida.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados pelo autor.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>O autor n&#227;o utilizou ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260084i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pre-Participation Evaluation in Football: A Strategic Pillar for the 2026 and 2027 World Cups</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the study</role>
          <role>data acquisition</role>
          <role>data analysis and interpretation</role>
          <role>manuscript writing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Ricardo Stein</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Servi&#231;o de Fisiatria/T&#233;rreo. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>kuqui.r@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Soccer</kwd>
        <kwd>Triage</kwd>
        <kwd>Athletes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Two major events on the immediate sporting horizon will redefine the demands of high-performance football: the expanded format of the FIFA World Cup 2026&#8482; and the FIFA Women's World Cup Brazil 2027&#8482;, which symbolizes the consolidation of the sport. In this context, the pre-participation evaluation (PPE) of footballers is no longer just a mandatory clinical protocol, but rather, it plays a central strategic role in athletic performance and career sustainability.</p>
      <p>In particular, the 2026 World Cup presents an extreme challenge: 48 teams, 104 matches, and continental travel across the United States, Canada, and Mexico, all within a condensed schedule. Above all, the tournament will be a test of endurance unlike anything in its history. Thus, PPE cannot be limited to traditional cardiological and orthopedic checkups. A continuous, integrated monitoring model is necessary and should include a detailed analysis of the athlete's workload over the previous 12 months. This analysis aims to identify athletes at the threshold of overload. It also includes an assessment of mental resilience and stress tolerance, which are decisive factors in prolonged, high-pressure competitions. Additionally, biomolecular monitoring is necessary for the early detection of accumulated fatigue and injury risk. This proactive approach is the first line of defense in preparing athletes for a "marathon" where physical integrity is as important as technical ability.</p>
      <p>This perspective is also related to protecting sporting assets. Federations invest significant resources in their national teams. The unexpected loss of a key player due to an undiagnosed cardiac condition or a poorly managed muscle injury represents an individual tragedy and has significant sporting and financial implications. PPE thereby functions as an essential mechanism for protecting investment and safeguarding both the athlete, who is a difficult-to-replace human asset, and the team, which is a collective sporting asset, in the context of the FIFA World Cup, whether men's or women's.</p>
      <p>For the FIFA Women's World Cup Brazil 2027&#8482;, PPE takes on an even greater symbolic and practical importance. It provides a historic opportunity to establish a culture of personalized care in women's football by implementing protocols that address the unique needs of female athletes, which includes addressing the increased risk of certain injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament ruptures, and incorporating menstrual cycle physiology into performance management and injury risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It also includes ensuring that cardiovascular screening is conducted with the same rigor applied to male athletes, thus correcting a historical underassessment gap. A robust PPE program in 2027 could increase the likelihood of peak performance and establish a lasting legacy of equity in sports medicine.</p>
      <p>Naturally, this process is not without ethical dilemmas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The question then arises of how to proceed when PPE identifies a moderate risk in an indispensable athlete. The conflict between the duty of care and competitive pressure is at its height in a World Cup year. In such cases, the solution must be based on transparent, multidisciplinary decision-making involving physicians, physical therapists, coaches, and the athlete. This process must always be grounded in scientific evidence and guided by the non-negotiable principle of long-term well-being.</p>
      <p>FIFA's establishment of a global minimum standard is an essential institutional responsibility that ensures the rigor of PPE. This principle is currently being solidified through the development of documents such as the forthcoming FIFA Consensus on Recommendations for Cardiac Screening of Adult Football Players (in press), of which I am one of the authors. I participated in the expert group convened in Zurich, Switzerland, on February 5 and 6, 2026, which aimed to refine and consolidate previously published knowledge on players &lt; 18 years of age,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> this time focusing on footballers aged &#8805; 18 years.</p>
      <p>However, the effectiveness of this standardization depends on its ability to accommodate different realities. For example, athletes from different backgrounds, such as Norwegians, Argentinians, and Japanese players, have significantly different histories of workloads, nutritional profiles, and environmental exposures. Therefore, the application of a global standard should be flexible. Optimal PPE combines universal scientific rigor with local practical adaptation, adjusting to each athlete's specific characteristics and the national sporting context.</p>
      <p>A detailed medical history, thorough physical examination, and resting 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) are considered the fundamental components of initiating any PPE process. This foundation is essential for identifying silent conditions, particularly cardiovascular ones. Recognizing the importance of the ECG and the need for population-specific data in Brazil, our research group has been conducting systematic investigations on ECG interpretation in Brazilian football players in collaboration with Sports Medicine and Cardiology experts from different regions of the country.</p>
      <p>As a result of this collaborative effort, four scientific articles have been published in indexed international journals. For the first time on a national scale, these articles provide reference ECG data and the prevalence of out-of-the-ordinary findings in a large cohort of male professional players from divisions A-D affiliated with the Brazilian Football Association.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This national scientific output is essential for calibrating international interpretation criteria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> which allows cardiovascular screening in Brazil to be conducted based on local evidence. This reduces the risk of false-positive diagnoses that may unjustly exclude healthy athletes while avoiding the underestimation of clinically relevant findings specific to the national context.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, PPE for the 2026 and 2027 World Cups should not be treated as a mere bureaucratic procedure. Rather, it is a strategic component that must be understood as the first tactical move of any national team aiming for the title. When applied with scientific rigor and a holistic approach, PPE enables the achievement of three key objectives: i) maximizing performance, ii) reducing risks, and iii) promoting a more humanized approach to high-performance sports.</p>
      <p>The legacy of these World Cups should be evaluated based not only on moments of excellence on the field, but also on the establishment of a new model of comprehensive athletic health care. In a scenario where victory or frustration may hinge on minimal details, the most successful team may be the one that reaches the final stages with a healthier, better-prepared, better-protected roster. This journey inevitably begins with a thorough PPE.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The author did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
