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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RCHYS7CfhqCpJVCySbb3nvR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000400610</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00610</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260076</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores Associados &#224; Alta Preval&#234;ncia de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica em Vasculite Associada a Anticorpos Anticitoplasma de Neutr&#243;filos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-1041-0115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueredo</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Lamas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-6784-3554</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Alves Amaral de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Moura dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3682-4517</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shinjo</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Katsuyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Disciplina de Reumatologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Reumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo</bold> &#8226; Disciplina de Reumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 3 andar - sala 3184. CEP 01246-903, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>samuel.shinjo@usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Ana Teresa Tim&#243;teo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260076</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) permanece incompletamente caracterizada na vasculite associada a anticorpos anticitoplasma de neutr&#243;filos (VAA). Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a preval&#234;ncia de SM em pacientes com VAA e identificar fatores associados &#224; sua presen&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo transversal, unic&#234;ntrico, incluiu 62 pacientes com VAA (42 com granulomatose com poliangiite, 15 com granulomatose eosinof&#237;lica com poliangiite e cinco com poliangiite microsc&#243;pica) em acompanhamento regular em um hospital terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia. Os pacientes foram pareados por idade e sexo com 53 controles. A SM foi definida de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do <italic>National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III</italic>. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi padronizada em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A mediana de idade dos pacientes foi de 56,1 anos (intervalo interquartil, 45,6-65,5); 53,2% eram mulheres e 85,5% eram brancos. A preval&#234;ncia de SM foi significativamente maior no grupo VAA do que nos controles (43,5% vs 13,2%; p = 0,001). Diabetes melito, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular foram mais frequentes entre os pacientes com VAA, enquanto o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e a inatividade f&#237;sica n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, SM (<italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR], 4,52; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC95%], 1,66-12,27; p = 0,003) e hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (OR, 3,81; IC95%, 1,09-13,34; p &lt; 0,05) estiveram independentemente associadas &#224; VAA. Entre os pacientes com VAA, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre aqueles com e sem SM quanto ao subtipo de VAA, medidas antropom&#233;tricas, atividade da doen&#231;a, hist&#243;ria familiar, inatividade f&#237;sica ou tratamento atual. Em an&#225;lise multivariada restrita aos pacientes com VAA, a SM esteve independentemente associada ao sexo masculino (OR, 11,43; IC95%, 2,81-46,52; p = 0,001) e a maior IMC (OR, 1,13; IC95%, 1,02-1,25; p = 0,022).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A SM apresentou alta preval&#234;ncia entre pacientes com VAA e esteve associada ao sexo masculino e a maior IMC, contribuindo para um perfil de risco cardiometab&#243;lico desfavor&#225;vel nesta coorte unic&#234;ntrica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasculite Associada a Anticorpo Anticitoplasma de Neutr&#243;filos</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasculite Sist&#234;mica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2025/1337-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>148988/2025</award-id>
          <award-id>300379/2018-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESP #2025/1337-4 para MLF, CNPq #148988/2025 para MAAl, #300379/2018-9 para SKS, Faculdade de Medicina da USP para SKS.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <caption>
        <title>GEPA: granulomatose eosinof&#237;lica com poliangiite; GC: grupo controle; GPA: granulomatose com poliangiite; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade colesterol; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAM: poliangiite microsc&#243;pica; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; VAA: vasculite associada a anticorpos anticitoplasma de neutr&#243;filos.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260076-60076-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A vasculite associada a anticorpos (VAA) anticitoplasma de neutr&#243;filos (ANCA) compreende um grupo raro de doen&#231;as autoimunes caracterizadas por inflama&#231;&#227;o necrosante de vasos sangu&#237;neos de pequeno e m&#233;dio calibre. A VAA inclui tr&#234;s subtipos: granulomatose com poliangiite (GPA), poliangiite microsc&#243;pica (PAM) e granulomatose eosinof&#237;lica com poliangiite (GEPA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essas condi&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o comumente associadas &#224; presen&#231;a de ANCA circulantes em exames laboratoriais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) &#233; definida pela presen&#231;a de pelo menos tr&#234;s altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas que, em conjunto, aumentam o risco de diabetes melito tipo 2 e doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As evid&#234;ncias sobre SM na VAA permanecem limitadas. Estudos dispon&#237;veis indicam que pacientes com VAA apresentam n&#237;veis aumentados de prote&#237;na C-reativa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e maior preval&#234;ncia de SM em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a SM parece ser um fator de risco independente para DCV na VAA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e a presen&#231;a de mais de tr&#234;s componentes da SM foi identificada como um preditor independente de mortalidade entre pacientes com VAA e SM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de estudos que avaliam a SM na VAA, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a preval&#234;ncia de SM em uma coorte de pacientes consecutivos com VAA em acompanhamento regular em um centro terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia, utilizando uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia, bem como comparar esses achados com os de um grupo controle (GC). Adicionalmente, buscou-se identificar fatores potencialmente associados &#224; presen&#231;a de SM nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, com &#234;nfase principal na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e metab&#243;lica detalhada desta coorte unic&#234;ntrica, em vez de gerar estimativas epidemiol&#243;gicas populacionais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Local e amostra do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo transversal, unic&#234;ntrico, foi concebido principalmente como uma investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica descritiva da preval&#234;ncia de SM e de fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos em pacientes com VAA em acompanhamento regular na Unidade de Vasculites de um hospital terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa com seres humanos local.</p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o para VAA de 2022 do <italic>American College of Rheumatology</italic> (ACR)/<italic>European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology</italic> (EULAR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e recrutamento</title>
        <p>A coorte de VAA foi composta por pacientes prevalentes consecutivos em acompanhamento regular cont&#237;nuo na Unidade de Vasculites durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, incluindo uma combina&#231;&#227;o de casos recentemente diagnosticados e de longa dura&#231;&#227;o. Todos os indiv&#237;duos que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade foram inclu&#237;dos, resultando em uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de 62 pacientes. N&#227;o foi realizado c&#225;lculo formal do tamanho amostral. A distribui&#231;&#227;o desigual dos subtipos de VAA (isto &#233;, GPA, GEPA e PAM) reflete os padr&#245;es de encaminhamento e a subespecializa&#231;&#227;o local na Unidade de Vasculites terci&#225;ria, e n&#227;o propor&#231;&#245;es populacionais, n&#227;o tendo sido realizada amostragem estratificada por subtipo de VAA.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram entrevistados durante consultas ambulatoriais de rotina. Foram coletados os seguintes dados: caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas (isto &#233;, idade, sexo e etnia); vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; doen&#231;a (in&#237;cio dos sintomas, dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a [definida como o intervalo entre o diagn&#243;stico e a visita do estudo], manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais, tratamentos, curso da doen&#231;a, reca&#237;das e complica&#231;&#245;es); hist&#243;rico cardiovascular (acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio [IAM] ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva [ICC]); e hist&#243;rico familiar de DCV, definido como IAM ocorrendo antes dos 55 anos no pai e/ou antes dos 65 anos na m&#227;e.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o a glicocorticoides, apenas a dose atual de prednisona no momento da visita do estudo foi sistematicamente registrada e analisada, uma vez que informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre a exposi&#231;&#227;o cumulativa ao longo da vida, especialmente tratamentos realizados antes do encaminhamento ao nosso centro, n&#227;o estavam consistentemente dispon&#237;veis para todos os pacientes.</p>
        <p>As medidas antropom&#233;tricas inclu&#237;ram peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal. A espessura das dobras cut&#226;neas foi mensurada com adip&#244;metro de acordo com o protocolo de Durnin e Womersley,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> incluindo dobras bicipital, tricipital, subescapular e suprail&#237;aca. Todas as medidas foram padronizadas e realizadas pelo mesmo avaliador treinado no lado direito do corpo, com os participantes em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. A densidade corporal foi estimada utilizando equa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para sexo e idade propostas por Durnin e Womersley,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e a porcentagem de gordura corporal foi posteriormente calculada pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Siri.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os valores de refer&#234;ncia foram interpretados de acordo com sexo e idade, considerando a maior porcentagem fisiol&#243;gica de gordura corporal em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os componentes da SM foram avaliados com base em dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais segundo os crit&#233;rios do <italic>National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III:</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) &lt; 40 mg/dl em homens ou &lt; 50 mg/dl em mulheres, ou uso de terapia hipolipemiante; triglicer&#237;deos &#8805; 150 mg/dl; glicemia de jejum &#8805; 100 mg/dl; circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura &gt; 102 cm em homens ou &gt; 88 cm em mulheres; e press&#227;o arterial &#8805; 130/85 mmHg ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. O diagn&#243;stico de SM exigiu a presen&#231;a de pelo menos tr&#234;s desses componentes.</p>
        <p>O estado funcional foi avaliado pelo <italic>Health Assessment Questionnaire</italic> (HAQ),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> que varia de 0,00 (sem incapacidade) a 3,00 (incapacidade grave). A atividade f&#237;sica foi avaliada pelo <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form</italic> (IPAQ-SF),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> que mensura a frequ&#234;ncia e a dura&#231;&#227;o de caminhada, atividades f&#237;sicas de intensidade moderada e vigorosa, bem como o tempo sentado durante dias de semana e finais de semana.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Grupo controle</title>
        <p>O GC foi composto por volunt&#225;rios sem doen&#231;as reum&#225;ticas, recrutados entre funcion&#225;rios do hospital e acompanhantes de pacientes que concordaram em participar e atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Os controles foram pareados por frequ&#234;ncia com os pacientes quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o de sexo e idade. Um total de 53 controles completou a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial completa durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, resultando em um grupo ligeiramente menor que a coorte de VAA. Essa estrat&#233;gia pragm&#225;tica de recrutamento, e a consequente diferen&#231;a no tamanho dos grupos, refletem limita&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas inerentes ao recrutamento baseado em volunt&#225;rios, e n&#227;o uma escolha metodol&#243;gica deliberada. Reconhece-se que essa abordagem pode introduzir vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o e que o GC pode n&#227;o ser representativo da popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
        <p>Nos controles, foram coletados dados demogr&#225;ficos, bem como informa&#231;&#245;es sobre DCV e fatores de risco associados, incluindo acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, IAM ou ICC, al&#233;m de comorbidades como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes melito, dislipidemia e hipotireoidismo. Foram obtidas medidas antropom&#233;tricas, incluindo IMC e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura. A inatividade f&#237;sica foi definida como a aus&#234;ncia de qualquer atividade f&#237;sica com dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 10 minutos cont&#237;nuos por semana, conforme avaliado pelo IPAQ-SF. Os dados laboratoriais inclu&#237;ram glicemia de jejum, colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) e HDL-C.</p>
        <p>Todos os dados foram armazenados no REDCap. Informa&#231;&#245;es sens&#237;veis foram anonimizadas em conformidade com a Lei Geral de Prote&#231;&#227;o de Dados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ, percentis 25-75) para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk.</p>
        <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos independentes foram realizadas utilizando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou o teste <italic>U</italic> de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado ou do teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado.</p>
        <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es foram avaliadas por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria e s&#227;o apresentadas como <italic>odds ratios</italic> (OR) com intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). Um valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no GraphPad Prism, vers&#227;o 8.0.2 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O estudo incluiu 62 pacientes com VAA e 53 no GC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura Central</xref>). As distribui&#231;&#245;es de idade, sexo e etnia foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A mediana de idade no in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a entre os pacientes foi de 42,0 anos (IIQ, 27,0-53,5). A adiposidade global, refletida pelo IMC, n&#227;o diferiu entre pacientes e controles; entretanto, a adiposidade abdominal (central) foi significativamente maior no grupo VAA, conforme indicado pela maior circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A combina&#231;&#227;o de IMC semelhante e maior circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura em pacientes com VAA sugere predomin&#226;ncia de obesidade central, a qual est&#225; mais fortemente associada ao risco cardiometab&#243;lico do que a obesidade generalizada.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos, de estilo de vida, comorbidades e laboratoriais de pacientes com VAA e GC</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">VAA (n = 62)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">GC (n = 53)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Idade atual, anos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">56,1 (45,6-65,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">51,0 (47,0-57,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,115</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Idade ao diagn&#243;stico, anos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">42,0 (27,0-53,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Sexo (masculino)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (46,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (37,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,329</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Etnia (branca)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">53 (85,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">46 (86,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,840</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,1 (23,7-32,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,5 (23,0-30,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,174</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, cm</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97,0 (90,5-109,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">87,0 (81,0-98,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>HAS</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (58,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (32,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Diabetes melito</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (24,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (3,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (56,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (18,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>AVE isqu&#234;mico</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0,999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IAM</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (3,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,499</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>ICC</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0,999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Hipotireoidismo</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (11,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (9,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0,999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (22,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (7,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,038</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Inatividade f&#237;sica</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (37,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (34,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,133</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Glicemia de jejum, mg/dl</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90 (85-99)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">87 (78-95)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dl</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">101 (76-133)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">100 (74-122)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,545</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Colesterol total, mg/dl</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">178 (161-204)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">195 (178-210)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>HDL-C, mg/dl</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (40-57)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (46-61)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,019</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>LDL-C, mg/dl</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">112 (100-127)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">117 (101-130)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,511</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>SM</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (43,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (13,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Os resultados s&#227;o expressos como porcentagem (%) ou mediana (IIQ, percentis 25-75). AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; GC: grupo controle; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; HDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; VAA: vasculite associada a anticorpos anticitoplasma de neutr&#243;filos.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As comorbidades foram, de modo geral, compar&#225;veis entre os grupos, exceto por maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS, diabetes melito e dislipidemia entre os pacientes. N&#227;o foram relatados casos de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, IAM ou ICC no GC. Em contraste, entre os pacientes com VAA, foram registrados dois casos de IAM (3,2%), um de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (1,6%) e um epis&#243;dio de ICC (1,6%). A hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para DCV foi mais frequente nos pacientes do que nos controles (22,6% vs 7,5%; p = 0,038).</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise laboratorial demonstrou n&#237;veis mais elevados de glicemia de jejum e n&#237;veis mais baixos de colesterol total nos pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles. Os n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos e LDL-C foram semelhantes entre os grupos, enquanto os n&#237;veis de HDL-C foram menores no grupo VAA.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, tanto a hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV (OR, 3,81; IC95%, 1,09-12,34; p = 0,036) quanto a SM (OR, 4,52; IC95%, 1,66-12,27; p = 0,003) permaneceram independentemente associadas &#224; VAA.</p>
      <p>Entre os pacientes com VAA, 27 apresentavam SM e 35 n&#227;o apresentavam. O subtipo de VAA (isto &#233;, GPA, GEPA ou PAM), o IMC global, a porcentagem de gordura corporal, a incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares, a inatividade f&#237;sica, o hipotireoidismo, o diabetes melito, a hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV e os n&#237;veis de colesterol total e LDL-C foram semelhantes entre pacientes com e sem SM. Na an&#225;lise univariada, pacientes com SM apresentaram maior circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, maior preval&#234;ncia do sexo masculino, HAS e dislipidemia, al&#233;m de n&#237;veis mais elevados de glicemia de jejum e triglicer&#237;deos e n&#237;veis mais baixos de HDL-C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). A dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, refletida pelo tempo de acompanhamento na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os grupos.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos, de estilo de vida, comorbidades, caracter&#237;sticas da doen&#231;a e laboratoriais de pacientes com VAA de acordo com o status de SM</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">VAA com SM (n = 27)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">VAA sem SM (n = 35)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>GPA</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (70,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (65,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,697</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>GEPA</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (18,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (28,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,359</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>PAM</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (11,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (5,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,645</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Idade atual, anos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55,0 (50,5-64,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60,0 (43,0-65,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,042</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Idade ao diagn&#243;stico, anos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45,0 (37,5-52,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47,0 (32,0-57,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,828</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Seguimento, meses</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">67,0 (21,5-135,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">49,0 (21,0-91,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,575</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Sexo (masculino)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (70,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (25,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Etnia (branca)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (77,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (91,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,160</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29,7 (26,7-32,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,2 (22,6-32,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,042</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, cm</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">104,0 (97,0-110,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">94,0 (84,5-103,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Gordura corporal, %</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">34,1 (28,5-39,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29,9 (24,1-34,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,070</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>HAS</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (77,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (42,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Diabetes melito</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (33,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (17,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,140</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (100)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (31,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>AVE isqu&#234;mico</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (2,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0,999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IAM</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (3,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (2,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0,999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>ICC</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (2,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0,999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Hipotireoidismo</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (7,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (14,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,455</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (25,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (25,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,984</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>HAQ</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5 (0,0-0,75)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,3 (0,0-1,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,520</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Inatividade f&#237;sica</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (40,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (34,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,602</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Glicemia de jejum, mg/dl</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97 (87-106)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">89 (82-95)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dl</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">106 (89-174)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97 (66-107)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,027</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Colesterol total, mg/dl</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">171 (161-196)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">182 (163-204)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,489</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>HDL-C, mg/dl</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40 (33-47)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">53 (47-63)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>LDL-C, mg/dl</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">113 (101-127)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">106 (85-125)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,438</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Doen&#231;a ativa</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (40,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (34,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,602</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Uso de prednisona</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (29,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (37,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,535</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Dose de prednisona, mg/dia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,5 (5,0-20,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,0 (5,0-20,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,654</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Terapia IS/IB</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (77,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (77,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,953</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Azatioprina</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (29,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (42,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,285</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Metotrexato</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (22,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (20,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,831</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Micofenolato de mofetila</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (29,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (8,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,045</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Ciclofosfamida</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (7,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,186</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Rituximabe</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (18,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (31,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,294</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Os resultados s&#227;o expressos como porcentagem (%) ou mediana (IIQ, percentis 25-75). AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; GEPA: granulomatose eosinof&#237;lica com poliangiite; GPA: granulomatose com poliangiite; HAQ: Health Assessment Questionnaire; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; HDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IS/IB: imunossupressores/imunobiol&#243;gicos; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PAM: poliangiite microsc&#243;pica; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; VAA: vasculite associada a anticorpos anticitoplasma de neutr&#243;filos.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A atividade da doen&#231;a e o uso de prednisona (incluindo a dose mediana), agentes imunossupressores ou terapias biol&#243;gicas foram semelhantes entre os grupos. No entanto, o micofenolato de mofetila foi utilizado com maior frequ&#234;ncia entre os pacientes com SM (p = 0,045).</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas o sexo masculino (OR, 11,43; IC95%, 2,81-46,52; p = 0,001) e maior IMC (OR, 1,13; IC95%, 1,02-1,25; p = 0,022) permaneceram independentemente associados &#224; presen&#231;a de SM em pacientes com VAA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo demonstrou alta preval&#234;ncia de SM entre pacientes com VAA, juntamente com uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre VAA, SM e hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura Central</xref>). Na an&#225;lise multivariada restrita aos pacientes com VAA, a SM esteve independentemente associada ao sexo masculino e a maior IMC. Entre os pacientes com VAA, idade mais jovem e maior IMC estiveram independentemente associadas &#224; SM. Um ponto forte deste estudo &#233; o uso dos crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o mais recentes do ACR/EULAR para VAA, o que aumenta a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e a homogeneidade da coorte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, este trabalho fornece uma caracteriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e metab&#243;lica detalhada de uma coorte unic&#234;ntrica de pacientes consecutivos com VAA em acompanhamento regular, utilizando uma defini&#231;&#227;o contempor&#226;nea de SM.</p>
      <p>Uma alta preval&#234;ncia de SM tem sido relatada em diversas doen&#231;as reum&#225;ticas autoimunes sist&#234;micas, incluindo l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, esclerose sist&#234;mica, artrite reumatoide, espondiloartrites e miopatias autoimunes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Na VAA, estudos pr&#233;vios relataram preval&#234;ncias variando de 43% a 51,4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nossos achados s&#227;o consistentes com os de Smits et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e Lee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A menor preval&#234;ncia observada entre os controles pode refletir diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas populacionais ou na metodologia. A maioria dos estudos pr&#233;vios em VAA foi retrospectiva,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e o &#250;nico estudo transversal incluiu uma amostra pequena.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores tamb&#233;m utilizaram crit&#233;rios da European Medicines Agency ou de Chapel Hill, enquanto o presente estudo aplicou as defini&#231;&#245;es atualizadas do ACR/EULAR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em contraste com relatos pr&#233;vios que identificam a idade avan&#231;ada como fator de risco cl&#225;ssico para SM na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, os pacientes com SM nesta coorte eram ligeiramente mais jovens do que aqueles sem SM. Esse achado pode refletir exposi&#231;&#227;o mais precoce e mais intensa a glicocorticoides e terapias imunossupressoras em pacientes mais jovens, al&#233;m de vieses de sobrevida e encaminhamento, conforme descrito em outras vasculites, como a arterite de Takayasu.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Pacientes mais jovens com doen&#231;a mais grave ou ativa podem ser acompanhados com maior frequ&#234;ncia em centros terci&#225;rios, enquanto pacientes mais idosos, com maior carga cardiometab&#243;lica e eventos cardiovasculares pr&#233;vios, podem estar sub-representados nesta amostra transversal. A maioria dos pacientes com SM era do sexo masculino, em concord&#226;ncia com Park et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e com dados recentes que indicam aumento da preval&#234;ncia de SM entre homens mais jovens na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Maior IMC esteve independentemente associado &#224; SM, em concord&#226;ncia com achados pr&#233;vios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Embora o IMC n&#227;o tenha diferido entre pacientes com VAA e controles, a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi maior nos pacientes, particularmente entre aqueles com SM, evidenciando adiposidade central. A combina&#231;&#227;o de IMC semelhante e maior circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura em pacientes com VAA sugere predomin&#226;ncia de obesidade central (abdominal), a qual est&#225; mais fortemente associada ao risco cardiometab&#243;lico do que a obesidade generalizada. A porcentagem de gordura corporal n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos; a adipometria foi considerada apropriada dada sua viabilidade e a baixa preval&#234;ncia de obesidade.</p>
      <p>Fatores de risco cardiovasculares foram mais frequentes entre pacientes com VAA, especialmente entre aqueles com SM. HAS e diabetes melito foram mais comuns em pacientes com VAA do que em controles, enquanto os n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos foram maiores em pacientes com SM, mas semelhantes entre VAA e controles. Os n&#237;veis de colesterol total e HDL-C foram menores em pacientes com VAA, em concord&#226;ncia com altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas relacionadas &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os n&#237;veis de LDL-C n&#227;o diferiram, divergindo de alguns relatos pr&#233;vios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os n&#237;veis de glicemia de jejum estavam elevados tanto em pacientes com VAA quanto naqueles com SM. A hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV foi mais frequente em pacientes com VAA, enquanto a inatividade f&#237;sica e os escores do HAQ foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Na an&#225;lise multivariada incluindo pacientes e controles, SM e hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para DCV permaneceram independentemente associadas &#224; VAA, refor&#231;ando o perfil cardiometab&#243;lico desfavor&#225;vel desta coorte.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre SM e subtipo de VAA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico foi, em grande parte, compar&#225;vel entre os grupos, exceto pelo uso mais frequente de micofenolato de mofetila entre pacientes com SM. Esse achado inesperado deve ser interpretado com cautela. O micofenolato de mofetila &#233; frequentemente escolhido para pacientes com envolvimento org&#226;nico espec&#237;fico ou comorbidades pr&#233;-existentes que desestimulam o uso de outros agentes imunossupressores. Portanto, a maior frequ&#234;ncia de uso de micofenolato entre pacientes com SM provavelmente reflete confundimento por indica&#231;&#227;o e prefer&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas, e n&#227;o um efeito causal direto do f&#225;rmaco sobre par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos. At&#233; onde se sabe, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias robustas que sustentem efeito diabetog&#234;nico ou dislipid&#234;mico do micofenolato de mofetila, sendo necess&#225;rios estudos adicionais para esclarecer essa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, seu delineamento transversal impede infer&#234;ncia causal e n&#227;o permite determinar se a SM precedeu o in&#237;cio da VAA ou se se desenvolveu como consequ&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a e de seu tratamento. Segundo, trata-se de um estudo unic&#234;ntrico baseado em uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de casos prevalentes consecutivos em acompanhamento regular em uma Unidade de Vasculites terci&#225;ria, o que introduz vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o e limita a generaliza&#231;&#227;o. Tanto a coorte de VAA quanto o GC, recrutado entre funcion&#225;rios do hospital e acompanhantes de pacientes, provavelmente n&#227;o s&#227;o representativos das popula&#231;&#245;es mais amplas de VAA ou geral. Assim, os achados devem ser interpretados como descritivos desta coorte cl&#237;nica espec&#237;fica, e n&#227;o como estimativas populacionais. Terceiro, o tamanho amostral relativamente pequeno reduz o poder estat&#237;stico e limita a inclus&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos confundidores clinicamente relevantes (como envolvimento org&#226;nico detalhado e dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a) nos modelos multivariados. Quarto, embora o uso atual de prednisona e sua dose tenham sido sistematicamente registrados, informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre a exposi&#231;&#227;o cumulativa ao longo da vida, especialmente antes do encaminhamento ao nosso centro, n&#227;o estavam consistentemente dispon&#237;veis, o que limita a avalia&#231;&#227;o de seu impacto sobre os componentes da SM. Por fim, eventos cardiovasculares incidentes ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de SM n&#227;o foram avaliados, uma vez que o seguimento longitudinal estava al&#233;m do escopo desta an&#225;lise transversal.</p>
      <p>Em conjunto, essas limita&#231;&#245;es indicam que infer&#234;ncias causais ou epidemiol&#243;gicas robustas devem ser feitas com cautela. Estudos prospectivos, longitudinais e multic&#234;ntricos, com amostras maiores e coleta sistem&#225;tica de exposi&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas cumulativas e vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; doen&#231;a, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer a rela&#231;&#227;o temporal entre VAA, SM e desfechos cardiovasculares, incluindo a incid&#234;ncia de novos eventos cardiovasculares ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de SM nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A SM apresenta alta preval&#234;ncia entre pacientes com VAA nesta coorte unic&#234;ntrica de conveni&#234;ncia e est&#225; associada ao sexo masculino e a maior IMC, contribuindo para um perfil de risco cardiovascular desfavor&#225;vel. Esses achados destacam a necessidade de rastreamento sistem&#225;tico e manejo agressivo dos componentes da SM em pacientes com VAA, em conjunto com o controle ideal da atividade da vasculite. A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce e o tratamento dos fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos, associados a interven&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida, podem reduzir a morbidade cardiovascular e melhorar os desfechos em longo prazo, embora essa hip&#243;tese ainda necessite de confirma&#231;&#227;o em estudos prospectivos longitudinais.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESP #2025/1337-4 para MLF, CNPq #148988/2025 para MAAl, CNPq #300379/2018-9 para SKS, Faculdade de Medicina da USP para SKS.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do HCFMUSP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 41762820.1.0000.0068. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT para elabora&#231;&#227;o da figura central. Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260076i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Factors Associated With the High Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-1041-0115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueredo</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Lamas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-6784-3554</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Alves Amaral de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Moura dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3682-4517</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shinjo</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Katsuyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Reumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo</bold> &#8226; Disciplina de Reumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 3 andar - sala 3184. Postal Code <postal-code>01246-903</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>samuel.shinjo@usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Ana Teresa Tim&#243;teo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains incompletely characterized in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MetS in patients with AAV and to identify factors associated with its presence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This single-center, cross-sectional study included 62 patients with AAV (42 with granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 15 with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and five with microscopic polyangiitis) who were under regular follow-up at a tertiary referral hospital. Patients were matched by age and sex with 53 controls. MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The median age of the patients was 56.1 years (interquartile range, 45.6-65.5); 53.2% were women, and 85.5% were White. The prevalence of MetS was significantly higher in the AAV group than in controls (43.5% vs 13.2%; p = 0.001). Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and a family history of cardiovascular disease were more frequent among patients with AAV, whereas body mass index (BMI) and physical inactivity did not differ between groups. In multivariable analysis, MetS (odds ratio [OR], 4.52; 95%CI, 1.66-12.27; p = 0.003) and a family history of cardiovascular disease (OR, 3.81; 95%CI, 1.09-13.34; p &lt; 0.05) were independently associated with AAV. Among patients with AAV, no differences were observed between those with and without MetS in terms of subtype of AAV, anthropometric measures, disease activity, family history, physical inactivity, or current treatment. In a multivariable analysis restricted to patients with AAV, MetS was independently associated with male sex (OR, 11.43; 95%CI, 2.81-46.52; p = 0.001) and higher BMI (OR, 1.13; 95%CI, 1.02-1.25; p = 0.022).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>MetS was highly prevalent among patients with AAV and was associated with male sex and higher BMI, contributing to an unfavorable cardiometabolic risk profile in this single-center cohort.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Systemic Vasculitis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2025/1337-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>148988/2025</award-id>
          <award-id>300379/2018-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> This study was funded by FAPESP #2025/1337-4 to MLF, CNPq #148988/2025 to MAAl, CNPq #300379/2018-9 to SKS, Faculdade de Medicina da USP to SKS</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) comprises a rare group of autoimmune disorders characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small- and medium-sized blood vessels. AAV includes three subtypes: granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These conditions are commonly associated with circulating anti-ANCA on laboratory testing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by the presence of at least three metabolic abnormalities that collectively increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Evidence on MetS in AAV remains limited. Available studies indicate that patients with AAV exhibit increased C-reactive protein levels<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and a higher prevalence of MetS compared with the overall population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Furthermore, MetS appears to be an independent risk factor for CVD in AAV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and the presence of more than three MetS components has been identified as an independent predictor of mortality among patients with AAV and MetS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Because of the limited number of studies evaluating MetS in AAV, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of MetS in a cohort of consecutive patients with AAV under regular follow-up at a tertiary referral center by using a convenience sample as well as to compare these findings with those of a control group (CTR). In addition, we sought to identify factors potentially associated with the presence of MetS in this population, with a primary emphasis on providing a detailed clinical and metabolic characterization of this single-center cohort rather than generating population-level epidemiological estimates.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <caption>
            <title>AAV: antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis; BMI: body mass index; CTR: control group; EGPA: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis; GPA: granulomatosis with polyangiitis; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS: metabolic syndrome; MPA: microscopic polyangiitis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260076-60076-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study setting and sample</title>
          <p>This single-center, cross-sectional study was primarily designed as a descriptive clinical investigation of the prevalence of MetS and cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with AAV under regular follow-up at the Vasculitis Unit of a tertiary referral hospital. The study protocol was approved by the local human research ethics committee.</p>
          <p>All patients fulfilled the 2022 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) AAV classification criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population and recruitment</title>
          <p>The AAV cohort comprised consecutive prevalent patients undergoing ongoing regular follow-up at the Vasculitis Unit during the study period, including a mixture of recently diagnosed and long-standing cases. All individuals meeting the eligibility criteria were included, resulting in a convenience sample of 62 patients. No formal sample size calculation was performed. The uneven distribution of subtypes of AAV (i.e., GPA, EGPA, and MPA) reflects referral patterns and local subspecialization at our tertiary Vasculitis Unit rather than population-based proportions, and no stratified sampling by subtype of AAV was conducted.</p>
          <p>Patients were interviewed during routine outpatient visits. The following data were collected: demographic characteristics (i.e., age, sex, and ethnicity); disease-related variables (symptom onset, disease duration [defined as the interval between diagnosis and the study visit], clinical and laboratory manifestations, treatments, disease course, relapses, and complications); cardiovascular history (prior stroke, acute myocardial infarction [AMI], or congestive heart failure [CHF]); and family history of CVD, defined as AMI occurring before 55 years of age in the father and/or before 65 years of age in the mother.</p>
          <p>Regarding exposure to glucocorticoids, only the current prednisone dose at the time of the study visit was systematically recorded and analyzed, as detailed information on lifetime cumulative exposure to glucocorticoids, particularly treatment administered before referral to our center, was not consistently available across all patients.</p>
          <p>Anthropometric measurements included weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and body composition. Skinfold thickness was measured using a skinfold caliper according to the Durnin and Womersley protocol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> including biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds. All measurements were standardized and performed by the same trained examiner on the right side of the body, with participants in an upright position. Body density was estimated using sex- and age-specific equations proposed by Durnin and Womersley,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and body fat (BF) percentage was subsequently calculated using the Siri equation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Reference values were interpreted according to sex and age, acknowledging the physiologically higher BF percentage in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>MetS components were assessed using clinical and laboratory data based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) &lt; 40 mg/dL in men or &lt; 50 mg/dL in women, or use of lipid-lowering therapy; triglycerides &#8805; 150 mg/dL; fasting glucose &#8805; 100 mg/dL; waist circumference &gt; 102 cm in men or &gt; 88 cm in women; and blood pressure &#8805; 130/85 mmHg or use of antihypertensive medication. The MetS diagnosis required the presence of at least three of these components.</p>
          <p>Functional status was assessed using the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> which ranges from 0.00 (no disability) to 3.00 (severe disability). Physical activity was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> which assesses the frequency and duration of walking, moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity, and sitting time during weekdays and weekends.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Control group</title>
          <p>The CTR consisted of volunteers without rheumatic diseases, recruited from hospital staff and patient companions who agreed to participate and met the inclusion criteria. Controls were frequency-matched to patients by sex and age distribution. A total of 53 controls completed the full clinical and laboratory assessment during the study period, resulting in a slightly smaller group than the AAV cohort. This pragmatic recruitment strategy, and the resulting difference in group sizes, reflect practical constraints inherent to volunteer-based recruitment rather than a deliberate methodological choice. We acknowledge that this approach may introduce selection bias and that the CTR may not be representative of the general population.</p>
          <p>In controls, demographic data were collected along with information on CVD and associated risk factors, including prior stroke, AMI, or CHF as well as comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypothyroidism. Anthropometric measurements, including BMI and waist circumference, were obtained. Physical inactivity was defined as the absence of any physical activity lasting at least 10 continuous minutes per week, as assessed by the IPAQ-SF. Laboratory data included fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and HDL-C.</p>
          <p>All data were stored in REDCap, and sensitive information was anonymized in accordance with the Brazilian General Data Protection Law.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for normally distributed data or as median and interquartile range (IQR, 25th-75th percentile) for non-normally distributed data. Categorical variables are expressed as absolute numbers and percentages. Data distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test.</p>
          <p>Comparisons between independent groups were performed using the unpaired Student's <italic>t</italic> test for normally distributed continuous variables or the Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test for non-normally distributed variables. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate.</p>
          <p>Associations were evaluated using binary logistic regression and are reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95%CI. A two-sided p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism, version 8.0.2 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The study included 62 patients with AAV and 53 in the CTR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Central Illustration</xref>). Age, sex, and ethnicity distributions were similar between groups. The median age at disease onset among patients was 42.0 years (IQR, 27.0-53.5). Overall adiposity, as reflected by BMI, did not differ between patients and controls; however, abdominal (central) adiposity was significantly higher in the AAV group, as indicated by greater waist circumference (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). The combination of similar BMI and higher waist circumference in patients with AAV suggests a predominance of central obesity, which is more strongly associated with cardiometabolic risk than generalized obesity.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic, clinical, lifestyle, comorbidity, and laboratory data of patients with AAV and CTR</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">AAV (n = 62)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">CTR (n = 53)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Current age, years</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56.1 (45.6-65.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51.0 (47.0-57.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.115</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Age at diagnosis, years</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42.0 (27.0-53.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sex (male)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (46.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (37.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.329</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Ethnicity (White)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53 (85.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46 (86.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.840</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.1 (23.7-32.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25.5 (23.0-30.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.174</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Waist circumference, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97.0 (90.5-109.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87.0 (81.0-98.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (58.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (32.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (24.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (3.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (56.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (18.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Ischemic stroke</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>AMI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (3.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.499</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>CHF</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Hypothyroidism</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (11.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (9.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Family history of CVD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (22.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (7.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Physical inactivity</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (37.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (34.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.133</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90 (85-99)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87 (78-95)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Triglycerides, mg/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">101 (76-133)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100 (74-122)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.545</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Total cholesterol, mg/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">178 (161-204)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">195 (178-210)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>HDL-C, mg/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (40-57)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (46-61)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>LDL-C, mg/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">112 (100-127)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">117 (101-130)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.511</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>MetS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (43.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (13.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Results are expressed as percentage (%) or median (IQR, 25th-75th percentile). AAV: antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; BMI: body mass index; CHF: congestive heart failure; CTR: control group; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IQR: interquartile range; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS: metabolic syndrome.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Comorbidities were generally comparable between groups, except for a higher prevalence of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia among patients. No cases of ischemic stroke, AMI, or CHF were reported in the CTR. In contrast, among patients with AAV, two cases of AMI (3.2%), one ischemic stroke (1.6%), and one episode of CHF (1.6%) were recorded. A positive family history of CVD was more frequent in patients than in controls (22.6% vs 7.5%; p = 0.038).</p>
        <p>Laboratory analysis showed higher fasting glucose levels and lower total cholesterol levels in patients compared with controls. Triglyceride and LDL-C levels were similar between groups, whereas HDL-C levels were lower in the AAV group.</p>
        <p>In multivariable analysis, both a family history of CVD (OR, 3.81; 95%CI, 1.09-12.34; p = 0.036) and MetS (OR, 4.52; 95%CI, 1.66-12.27; p = 0.003) remained independently associated with AAV.</p>
        <p>Among patients with AAV, 27 had MetS and 35 did not. Subtype of AAV (i.e., GPA, EGPA, or MPA), overall BMI, BF percentage, incidence of cardiovascular events, physical inactivity, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, family history of CVD, and total cholesterol and LDL-C levels were similar between patients with and without MetS. In univariable analysis, patients with MetS had greater waist circumference, a higher prevalence of male sex, hypertension, and dyslipidemia as well as higher fasting glucose and triglyceride levels and lower HDL-C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). Disease duration, as reflected by follow-up time in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>, did not differ significantly between groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic, clinical, lifestyle, comorbidity, disease characteristics, and laboratory data of patients with AAV according to MetS status</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">AAV with MetS (n = 27)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">AAV without MetS (n = 35)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>GPA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (70.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (65.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.697</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>EGPA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (18.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (28.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.359</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>MPA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (11.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (5.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.645</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Current age, years</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55.0 (50.5-64.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60.0 (43.0-65.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Age at diagnosis, years</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45.0 (37.5-52.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47.0 (32.0-57.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.828</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Follow-up, months</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67.0 (21.5-135.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49.0 (21.0-91.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.575</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sex (male)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (70.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (25.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Ethnicity (White)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (77.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (91.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.160</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29.7 (26.7-32.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26.2 (22.6-32.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Waist circumference, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">104.0 (97.0-110.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94.0 (84.5-103.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BF, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34.1 (28.5-39.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29.9 (24.1-34.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.070</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (77.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (42.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (33.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (17.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.140</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (100)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (31.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Ischemic stroke</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (2.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>AMI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (3.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (2.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>CHF</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (2.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Hypothyroidism</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (7.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (14.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.455</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Family history of CVD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (25.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (25.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.984</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>HAQ</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5 (0.0-0.75)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.3 (0.0-1.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.520</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Physical inactivity</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (40.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (34.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.602</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97 (87-106)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">89 (82-95)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Triglycerides, mg/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">106 (89-174)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97 (66-107)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Total cholesterol, mg/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">171 (161-196)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">182 (163-204)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.489</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>HDL-C, mg/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40 (33-47)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53 (47-63)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>LDL-C, mg/dL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">113 (101-127)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">106 (85-125)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.438</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Active disease</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (40.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (34.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.602</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Prednisone use</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (29.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (37.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.535</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Prednisone dose, mg/day</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.5 (5.0-20.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.0 (5.0-20.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.654</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>IS/IB therapy</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (77.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (77.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.953</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Azathioprine</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (29.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (42.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.285</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Methotrexate</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (22.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (20.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.831</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Mycophenolate mofetil</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (29.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (8.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Cyclophosphamide</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (7.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.186</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Rituximab</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (18.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (31.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.294</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Results are expressed as percentage (%) or median (IQR, 25th-75th percentile). AAV: antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; BF: body fat; BMI: body mass index; CHF: congestive heart failure; CVD: cardiovascular disease; EGPA: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis; GPA: granulomatosis with polyangiitis; HAQ: Health Assessment Questionnaire; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IQR: interquartile range; IS/IB: immunosuppressive/immunobiologic; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS: metabolic syndrome; MPA: microscopic polyangiitis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Disease activity and the use of prednisone (including median dose), immunosuppressive agents, or biologic therapies were similar between groups. However, mycophenolate mofetil was used more frequently among patients with MetS (p = 0.045).</p>
        <p>In multivariable analysis, only male sex (OR, 11.43; 95%CI, 2.81-46.52; p = 0.001) and higher BMI (OR, 1.13; 95%CI, 1.02-1.25; p = 0.022) remained independently associated with the presence of MetS in patients with AAV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study demonstrated a high prevalence of MetS among patients with AAV, along with an independent association between AAV, MetS, and a family history of CVD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Central Illustration</xref>). In multivariable analysis restricted to patients with AAV, MetS was independently associated with male sex and higher BMI. Among patients with AAV, younger age and higher BMI were independently associated with MetS. A key strength of this study is the use of the most recent ACR/EULAR AAV classification criteria, which enhances diagnostic accuracy and cohort homogeneity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In addition, this work provides a detailed clinical and metabolic characterization of a single-center cohort of consecutive patients with AAV under regular follow-up by using a contemporary definition of MetS.</p>
        <p>A high prevalence of MetS has been reported across systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, and autoimmune myopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In AAV, previous studies have reported prevalence rates ranging from 43% to 51.4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Our findings are consistent with those of Petermann Smits et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and Lee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The lower prevalence observed among controls may reflect differences in population characteristics or methodology. Most prior studies in AAV were retrospective,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and the only cross-sectional study included a small sample.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Earlier studies also relied on European Medicines Agency or Chapel Hill criteria, whereas the present study applied the updated ACR/EULAR definitions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In contrast to prior reports identifying older age as a classical risk factor for MetS in the general population, patients with MetS in this cohort were slightly younger than those without MetS. This finding may reflect earlier and more intensive exposure to glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive therapy in younger patients as well as survival and referral biases, as described in other vasculitides such as Takayasu arteritis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Younger patients with more severe or active disease may be more frequently followed at a tertiary center, whereas older patients with a greater cardiometabolic burden and prior cardiovascular events may be underrepresented in this cross-sectional sample. Most patients with MetS were male, consistent with Park et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and with recent data indicating a rising prevalence of MetS among younger men in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Higher BMI was independently associated with MetS, consistent with previous findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although BMI did not differ between patients with AAV and controls, waist circumference was higher in patients, particularly among those with MetS, highlighting central adiposity. The combination of similar BMI and higher waist circumference in patients with AAV suggests a predominance of central (abdominal) obesity, which is more strongly associated with cardiometabolic risk than generalized obesity. BF percentage did not differ between groups; adipometry was considered appropriate given its feasibility and the low prevalence of obesity.</p>
        <p>Cardiovascular risk factors were more frequent among patients with AAV, particularly among those with MetS. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were more common in patients with AAV than in controls, whereas triglyceride levels were higher in patients with MetS but similar between AAV and controls. Total cholesterol and HDL-C levels were lower in patients with AAV, consistent with inflammation-related lipid changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> LDL-C levels did not differ, diverging from some previous reports.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Fasting glucose levels were elevated in both patients with AAV and those with MetS. A family history of CVD was more frequent among patients with AAV, whereas physical inactivity and HAQ scores were similar across groups. In multivariable analysis including both patients and controls, MetS and a positive family history of CVD remained independently associated with AAV, underscoring the unfavorable cardiometabolic profile of this cohort.</p>
        <p>No association was observed between MetS and subtype of AAV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and pharmacologic treatment was largely comparable between groups, except for the more frequent use of mycophenolate mofetil among patients with MetS. This unexpected finding should be interpreted with caution. Mycophenolate mofetil is often selected for patients with specific organ involvement or pre-existing comorbidities that discourage the use of alternative immunosuppressive agents. Therefore, the higher frequency of mycophenolate use among patients with MetS likely reflects confounding by indication and physician treatment preferences rather than a direct causal effect of the drug on metabolic parameters. To the best of our knowledge, there is no robust evidence supporting a diabetogenic or dyslipidemic effect of mycophenolate mofetil, and further studies are needed to clarify this association.</p>
        <p>This study has several limitations. First, its cross-sectional design precludes causal inference and does not allow determination of whether MetS preceded AAV onset or developed as a consequence of the disease and its treatment. Second, this is a single-center study based on a convenience sample of consecutive prevalent cases under regular follow-up at a tertiary referral Vasculitis Unit, which inherently introduces selection bias and limits generalizability. Both the AAV cohort and the CTR, recruited from hospital staff and patient companions, are unlikely to be representative of the broader AAV or general populations. Therefore, the findings should be interpreted as descriptive of this specific clinical cohort rather than as population-level estimates. Third, the relatively small sample size reduces statistical power and limits the inclusion of multiple clinically relevant confounders (such as detailed organ involvement and disease duration) in multivariable models. Fourth, although current prednisone use and dose were systematically recorded, detailed information on lifetime cumulative exposure to glucocorticoids, particularly before referral to our center, was not consistently available, which limits the assessment of its impact on MetS components. Finally, incident cardiovascular events after the diagnosis of MetS were not evaluated, as longitudinal follow-up was beyond the scope of this cross-sectional analysis.</p>
        <p>Taken together, these limitations indicate that causal or strong epidemiological inferences should be made with caution. Prospective, longitudinal, multicenter studies with larger samples and systematic collection of cumulative treatment exposures and disease-related variables are needed to clarify the temporal relationship between AAV, MetS, and cardiovascular outcomes, including the incidence of new cardiovascular events after the diagnosis of MetS in this population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>MetS is highly prevalent among patients with AAV in this single-center convenience cohort and is associated with male sex and higher BMI, contributing to an unfavorable cardiovascular risk profile. These findings highlight the need for systematic screening and aggressive management of MetS components in patients with AAV, alongside optimal control of vasculitis activity. Early identification and treatment of cardiometabolic risk factors, combined with lifestyle interventions, may reduce cardiovascular morbidity and improve long-term outcomes, although this hypothesis requires confirmation in prospective longitudinal studies.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>This study was funded by FAPESP #2025/1337-4 to MLF, CNPq #148988/2025 to MAAl, CNPq #300379/2018-9 to SKS, Faculdade de Medicina da USP to SKS</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the HCFMUSP under the protocol number 41762820.1.0000.0068. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT to create the central figure. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <title>Data Availability Statement</title>
        <p>All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
