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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QnYX6PTShWfWcMc46VBWxmp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000400601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250026</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o Causal entre C&#233;lulas Imunes Mediadas por Metab&#243;litos Plasm&#225;ticos e Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio: Um Estudo de Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-4741-435X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Xing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Yingzhi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lu</surname>
            <given-names>Yvwen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhu</surname>
            <given-names>Yun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Lingli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Jie</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hunan University of Chinese Medicin</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Changsha</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Hunan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hunan University of Chinese Medicin, Changsha, Hunan &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Jie Li &#8226; Hunan University of Chinese Medicin &#8211; Bachelor Road, 300, Yuelu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, 410001 &#8211; China. E-mail: <email>003290@hnucm.edu.cn</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260026</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), um evento cardiovascular agudo, tem sido associado, em estudos anteriores, a respostas imunes e metab&#243;litos. No entanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre c&#233;lulas imunes e IM, bem como o papel mediador dos metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos, ainda n&#227;o foram claramente confirmados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> An&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica da associa&#231;&#227;o causal entre 731 c&#233;lulas imunes e IM, bem como os pap&#233;is mediadores de 1400 metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> A an&#225;lise de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana (RM) bidirecional foi utilizada para explorar a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre c&#233;lulas imunes e IM, e an&#225;lises de media&#231;&#227;o em uma e duas etapas foram realizadas para identificar metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos. Os m&#233;todos de an&#225;lise inclu&#237;ram vari&#226;ncia inversa ponderada (VIP) (p&lt;0,05), mediana ponderada (p&lt;0,05), moda simples (p&lt;0,05), moda ponderada (p&lt;0,05), regress&#227;o MR-Egger (p&lt;0,05), intercepto MR-Egger (p&gt;0,05) e MR-PRESSO (p&gt;0,05) para avaliar a confiabilidade dos resultados. Os SNPs associados a c&#233;lulas imunes e metab&#243;litos foram submetidos &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o de genes utilizando o banco de dados STRING, seguida por an&#225;lise de enriquecimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 44 c&#233;lulas imunes foram identificadas com associa&#231;&#227;o causal com o IM (p&lt;0,05), dentre as quais o HLA DR em c&#233;lulas dendr&#237;ticas (ebi-a-GCST90002106) apresentou a signific&#226;ncia mais forte (p&lt;0,001). Um total de 19 SNPs foram identificados (OR=1,038, IC 95% 1,018-1,059). A an&#225;lise reversa n&#227;o mostrou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&gt;0,05). Metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos, incluindo os n&#237;veis de glicuron&#237;deo de &#225;cido deoxic&#243;lico, a raz&#227;o fosfato/N-acetilneuraminato e a glicosilceramida, desempenharam um papel mediador entre as c&#233;lulas imunes e o IM, com efeitos de media&#231;&#227;o de 7,0%, 4,6% e 6,6%, respectivamente. A an&#225;lise do banco de dados STRING identificou oito genes-chave e uma via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o que potencialmente conectam os fen&#243;tipos imunes e os tr&#234;s metab&#243;litos (p&lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Este estudo identificou uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre c&#233;lulas imunes e IM. Os metab&#243;litos n&#237;veis de glicuron&#237;deo de &#225;cido deoxic&#243;lico, raz&#227;o fosfato/N-acetilneuraminato e glicosilceramida desempenharam um papel mediador parcial nessa rela&#231;&#227;o causal.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Associa&#231;&#227;o Causal entre C&#233;lulas Imunes Mediadas por Metab&#243;litos Plasm&#225;ticos e Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio: Um Estudo de Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana</title>
              <p>
                <italic>Rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre c&#233;lulas imunes e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e an&#225;lise da media&#231;&#227;o de metab&#243;litos associados (Figura criada usando o BioRender).</italic>
              </p>
            </caption>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>An&#225;lise da Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>The National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>81874375</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>General Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province</funding-source>
          <award-id>2023JJ30452</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Key Research Project of the Hunan Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine</funding-source>
          <award-id>C2023002</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Graduate Innovation Projects of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine</funding-source>
          <award-id>2024CX150</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Graduate Innovation Projects of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine</funding-source>
          <award-id>2024CX151</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Graduate Innovation Projects of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine</funding-source>
          <award-id>2024CX152</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Hunan Provincial Department of Education</funding-source>
          <award-id>2023</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de Financiamento O presente estudo foi financiado por The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81874375), the General Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No. 2023JJ30452), the Key Research Project of the Hunan Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. C2023002), the Graduate Innovation Projects of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine (No. 2024CX150, 2024CX151, 2024CX152), and the Science and Technology Innovation Team Support Program for Ordinary Higher Education Institutions, Hunan Provincial Department of Education (No. 2023).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
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    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o uma das principais causas de morte em todo o mundo, sendo a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica respons&#225;vel por 49,2% desses &#243;bitos. O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) &#233; tipicamente causado pela obstru&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;rias ou enxertos de bypass por trombose, caracterizado por uma redu&#231;&#227;o s&#250;bita do fluxo sangu&#237;neo para o mioc&#225;rdio, levando, em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia, &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e &#224; morte mioc&#225;rdica. Apesar dos avan&#231;os significativos no tratamento do IM, ele permanece uma doen&#231;a globalmente prevalente, com alta morbidade e mortalidade. Embora os m&#233;todos de tratamento tenham melhorado, muitos desafios persistem na identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica ideal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Durante o IM, ocorre morte celular mioc&#225;rdica, o tecido na &#225;rea infartada sofre necrose e uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria &#233; ativada. As c&#233;lulas imunes podem tanto promover a morte celular mioc&#225;rdica e a inflama&#231;&#227;o, quanto facilitar a regenera&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio danificado, tornando-se um componente importante na pesquisa da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s o IM &#233; um processo complexo de reparo caracterizado pela infiltra&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios tipos de c&#233;lulas imunes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas relacionadas, como hipercolesterolemia, hipertrigliceridemia, diabetes tipo 2 e hipertens&#227;o, est&#227;o associadas &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas imunes. Esses fatores podem interferir no processo inflamat&#243;rio de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o IM. &#201; evidente que existe uma intera&#231;&#227;o complexa entre c&#233;lulas imunes e metab&#243;litos, e essa rela&#231;&#227;o intrincada pode contribuir conjuntamente para a ocorr&#234;ncia e progress&#227;o do IM. Isso tamb&#233;m sugere que os metab&#243;litos podem atuar como mediadores, influenciando as c&#233;lulas imunes e o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a. Explorar o papel mediador dos metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos na rela&#231;&#227;o entre c&#233;lulas imunes e IM pode aprofundar a compreens&#227;o geral do IM e fornecer novos alvos terap&#234;uticos e dire&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana (RM) &#233; uma t&#233;cnica estat&#237;stica que utiliza varia&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas como vari&#225;veis instrumentais (VIs) para explorar rela&#231;&#245;es causais entre fatores de exposi&#231;&#227;o e desfechos. Esse m&#233;todo utiliza efetivamente os resultados de estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica ampla (GWAS), empregando varia&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas como VIs para investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre exposi&#231;&#227;o e desfecho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Atualmente, h&#225; uma car&#234;ncia de pesquisas sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre c&#233;lulas imunes mediadas por metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos e IM. Este estudo visa utilizar o m&#233;todo de RM para explorar a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre c&#233;lulas imunes e IM, analisar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre metab&#243;litos relevantes e IM, e revelar como as c&#233;lulas imunes influenciam o in&#237;cio e a progress&#227;o do IM por meio de vias metab&#243;licas espec&#237;ficas no plasma. Espera-se que os resultados deste estudo forne&#231;am suporte te&#243;rico para estrat&#233;gias de tratamento cl&#237;nico baseadas na regula&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica, promovam o desenvolvimento de novas abordagens terap&#234;uticas e, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, melhorem o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo adota uma an&#225;lise de RM de media&#231;&#227;o em duas etapas para avaliar o papel dos metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos na regula&#231;&#227;o do IM pelas c&#233;lulas imunes. Primeiramente, por meio de uma an&#225;lise de RM bidirecional de duas amostras, as c&#233;lulas imunes s&#227;o tratadas como fatores de exposi&#231;&#227;o e o IM como vari&#225;vel de desfecho para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre 731 c&#233;lulas imunes e o IM, e para derivar o efeito total (beta_all). Simultaneamente, quando o IM &#233; utilizado como fator de exposi&#231;&#227;o e as 731 c&#233;lulas imunes como vari&#225;vel de desfecho, uma an&#225;lise de RM reversa &#233; realizada para garantir que nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o causal seja encontrada. Em seguida, 47 c&#233;lulas imunes relacionadas ao IM s&#227;o selecionadas. Por meio de uma an&#225;lise de RM de duas amostras, a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre as c&#233;lulas imunes mais significativamente associadas e 1400 metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos &#233; analisada para derivar o tamanho do efeito (beta1) dos metab&#243;litos mediadores. Posteriormente, os metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos selecionados s&#227;o tratados como fatores de exposi&#231;&#227;o e o IM como vari&#225;vel de desfecho para avaliar ainda mais a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre eles e derivar o beta2. Combinando beta_all, beta1 e beta2, realizamos uma an&#225;lise de media&#231;&#227;o para avaliar o papel mediador dos metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos na regula&#231;&#227;o do IM pelas c&#233;lulas imunes, avaliando sistematicamente seu impacto. Por fim, integramos e analisamos sistematicamente os SNPs das c&#233;lulas imunes e dos metab&#243;litos, utilizando o banco de dados STRING para identificar os genes relacionados. Posteriormente, realizamos uma an&#225;lise de enriquecimento para selecionar as vias envolvidas e constru&#237;mos uma rede de intera&#231;&#227;o para identificar n&#243;s-chave e vias potenciais. Essa abordagem revela de forma abrangente os potenciais mecanismos de intera&#231;&#227;o entre c&#233;lulas imunes e metab&#243;litos no desenvolvimento e progress&#227;o de doen&#231;as, fornecendo uma base te&#243;rica e direcionamento para estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o subsequentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fontes de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados para este estudo foram obtidos a partir das estat&#237;sticas resumidas do GWAS (Estudo de Associa&#231;&#227;o Gen&#244;mica Ampla) de 731 fen&#243;tipos de c&#233;lulas imunes (GCST90001391-GCST90002121) dispon&#237;veis no Cat&#225;logo GWAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Dentre as 731 c&#233;lulas imunes, os dados foram obtidos por meio de an&#225;lise de citometria de fluxo. Destes, 118 representam contagens celulares absolutas (CA), 389 refletem a intensidade de fluoresc&#234;ncia mediana, 32 s&#227;o par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicos e 192 representam contagens celulares relativas. Especificamente, essas c&#233;lulas foram cuidadosamente classificadas em sete grupos principais, incluindo c&#233;lulas B, c&#233;lulas dendr&#237;ticas (CDs) cl&#225;ssicas, c&#233;lulas T maduras, mon&#243;citos, c&#233;lulas derivadas de mieloides, linf&#243;citos TBNK (c&#233;lulas T, c&#233;lulas B, c&#233;lulas natural killer) e c&#233;lulas T reguladoras (Treg). Os dados originais do GWAS com caracter&#237;sticas imunes foram derivados de 3757 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o relacionados da popula&#231;&#227;o da Sardenha, sem sobreposi&#231;&#227;o entre as coortes. Aproximadamente 22 milh&#245;es de gen&#243;tipos de SNPs de alta densidade foram inseridos e, ap&#243;s o ajuste para fatores de confus&#227;o (como sexo, idade, etc.), a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com base no painel de refer&#234;ncia da Sardenha.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os dados de GWAS sobre metab&#243;litos circulantes utilizados neste estudo inclu&#237;ram informa&#231;&#245;es de 8.299 indiv&#237;duos e abrangeram um total de 1.400 metab&#243;litos, compreendendo 1.091 metab&#243;litos e 309 raz&#245;es de metab&#243;litos, dos quais 850 foram identificados como metab&#243;litos conhecidos. Esses dados foram derivados da coorte do <italic>Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging</italic> (CLSA), que representa um importante recurso para GWAS metabol&#244;micos e fornece informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas para investigar mecanismos metab&#243;licos e suas associa&#231;&#245;es com a varia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica. Todos os dados est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis publicamente, com n&#250;meros de acesso variando de GCST90199621 a GCST90201020. Os dados de IM para este estudo foram obtidos do banco de dados FinnGen, com o n&#250;mero de identifica&#231;&#227;o de dados I9_MI_STRICT. Este banco de dados cont&#233;m dados gen&#244;micos em larga escala da Finl&#226;ndia, que foram submetidos a uma triagem rigorosa e controle de qualidade para garantir a representatividade das amostras e a precis&#227;o dos dados. O tamanho total da amostra &#233; de 406.565 indiv&#237;duos, incluindo 378.019 controles e 28.546 casos da doen&#231;a. A coleta de dados abrange indiv&#237;duos de diferentes idades, sexos e hist&#243;ricos cl&#237;nicos. Como este estudo utiliza dados resumidos dispon&#237;veis publicamente e previamente publicados, nenhuma aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica adicional &#233; necess&#225;ria. Todos os dados originais foram obtidos com o consentimento informado dos participantes. Todos os dados utilizados neste estudo foram obtidos de GWAS ou estat&#237;sticas resumidas do FinnGen dispon&#237;veis publicamente. Nenhuma amostra em n&#237;vel individual foi acessada ou retida neste estudo. Portanto, o tamanho da amostra foi determinado por todos os dados dispon&#237;veis nos conjuntos de dados originais do GWAS ou do FinnGen.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis instrumentais</title>
        <p>Os SNPs s&#227;o usados como uma ferramenta poderosa para avaliar associa&#231;&#245;es potenciais. Esses dados de SNPs s&#227;o tipicamente provenientes de GWAS e s&#227;o considerados VIs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Neste estudo, os SNPs s&#227;o usados como VIs para avaliar rela&#231;&#245;es causais. O delineamento do estudo de RM precisa satisfazer tr&#234;s pressupostos b&#225;sicos: (1) as VIs est&#227;o fortemente associadas &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o; (2) as VIs s&#227;o independentes de quaisquer fatores de confus&#227;o; (3) as VIs afetam o desfecho exclusivamente por meio da exposi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Considerando que o uso do limiar de signific&#226;ncia tradicional de <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo><mml:mn>5</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>8</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> pode limitar o n&#250;mero de SNPs dispon&#237;veis no estudo, afetando assim a viabilidade da an&#225;lise, este estudo adotou um limiar de <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> para aumentar o n&#250;mero de SNPs dispon&#237;veis para an&#225;lise. Essa abordagem aumenta efetivamente o n&#250;mero de SNPs utiliz&#225;veis, aumentando assim o poder estat&#237;stico da an&#225;lise e garantindo a confiabilidade e abrang&#234;ncia dos resultados. Para remover o desequil&#237;brio de liga&#231;&#227;o (DL), foi aplicado um limiar de (kb=10.000, r<sup>2</sup>=0,001). A for&#231;a dos instrumentos foi avaliada usando a f&#243;rmula da estat&#237;stica F: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>K</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mi>K</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, onde R<sup>2</sup> representa a propor&#231;&#227;o da vari&#226;ncia na exposi&#231;&#227;o explicada pela varia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica, N representa o tamanho da amostra do GWAS de exposi&#231;&#227;o e K representa o n&#250;mero de SNPs. Se a estat&#237;stica F correspondente for &gt;10, isso indica aus&#234;ncia de vi&#233;s de instrumento fraco significativo, aumentando assim a confiabilidade dos resultados da an&#225;lise de RM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos</title>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas e gr&#225;ficos foram realizados utilizando os softwares R4.4.0 e RStudio, com o pacote &#8220;TwosampleMR&#8221; e outros utilizados para as an&#225;lises de RM e media&#231;&#227;o. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Este estudo empregou cinco m&#233;todos diferentes para avaliar os efeitos causais bidirecionais, incluindo vari&#226;ncia inversa ponderada (VIP), mediana ponderada (MP), moda simples, moda ponderada e regress&#227;o MR-Egger. Como a VIP &#233; considerada robusta na infer&#234;ncia causal, foi escolhida como o m&#233;todo principal para estimar os efeitos causais. Para abordar poss&#237;veis problemas, como pleiotropia, foram realizadas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o MR-Egger e valida&#231;&#227;o MR-PRESSO. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada utilizando o teste Q de Cochran, a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade foi conduzida utilizando a an&#225;lise leave-one-out e os potenciais vieses foram avaliados por meio de gr&#225;ficos de funil, particularmente para verificar pleiotropia e vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. Utilizamos a Raz&#227;o de Chances (OR) e o respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% para quantificar e descrever com precis&#227;o a magnitude do efeito e sua incerteza. A OR, como medida estat&#237;stica, reflete claramente a probabilidade relativa de um evento ocorrer entre dois ou mais grupos, enquanto o IC de 95% oferece a margem de confiabilidade da estimativa da OR, aprimorando ainda mais a interpretabilidade e a credibilidade dos resultados do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de media&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Um delineamento de RM em duas etapas foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise de media&#231;&#227;o, a fim de investigar se os metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos mediam a via causal entre as c&#233;lulas imunes e o IM. Primeiramente, para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre as c&#233;lulas imunes e o IM, foi aplicada uma an&#225;lise de RM com duas amostras. O objetivo desta etapa foi verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as c&#233;lulas imunes e o IM e calcular o efeito geral (c). Em seguida, uma an&#225;lise de RM reversa foi conduzida, com o IM como fator de exposi&#231;&#227;o e as c&#233;lulas imunes como vari&#225;vel de desfecho, para examinar mais detalhadamente se existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre as c&#233;lulas imunes e o IM.</p>
        <p>Analisamos se os metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos mediam a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as c&#233;lulas imunes e os desfechos de IM, empregando um delineamento de RM em duas etapas para explorar ainda mais esse efeito mediador. A an&#225;lise de RM de media&#231;&#227;o inclui o efeito a, o efeito b e o efeito mediador (ab), com o efeito direto (<inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msup><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#8242;</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula>) calculado. O efeito direto se refere &#224; influ&#234;ncia das c&#233;lulas imunes no IM, enquanto o efeito mediador reflete o impacto das c&#233;lulas imunes no IM por meio da media&#231;&#227;o dos metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos. Finalmente, comparando o efeito indireto e o efeito total, calculamos a porcentagem do efeito mediador (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; (A) Efeito geral entre c&#233;lulas imunes e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM): c representa o efeito geral usando c&#233;lulas imunes como exposi&#231;&#227;o e IM como resultado, enquanto d representa o efeito total usando IM como exposi&#231;&#227;o e c&#233;lulas imunes como resultado. (B) Decomposi&#231;&#227;o do efeito geral em: (1) Efeito de media&#231;&#227;o (ab) usando o m&#233;todo de duas etapas, onde a representa o efeito das c&#233;lulas imunes sobre os metab&#243;litos e b representa o efeito dos metab&#243;litos sobre o IM. (2) Efeito direto (<inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msup><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#8242;</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula>).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260026-50026-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados da an&#225;lise de RM</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre 731 c&#233;lulas imunes e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, para explorar a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre c&#233;lulas imunes e IM, 731 fen&#243;tipos de c&#233;lulas imunes foram utilizados como fatores de exposi&#231;&#227;o e o IM como vari&#225;vel de desfecho. Foram realizadas 731 an&#225;lises de RM de duas amostras, ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o do DL e de VIs fracas. Os resultados revelaram que 47 fen&#243;tipos de c&#233;lulas imunes estavam causalmente associados ao IM. A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade identificou 9 fen&#243;tipos de c&#233;lulas imunes com heterogeneidade e pleiotropia horizontal, e esses 9 fen&#243;tipos foram removidos. Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o, a an&#225;lise VIP mostrou que 38 fen&#243;tipos de c&#233;lulas imunes apresentavam rela&#231;&#245;es causais confi&#225;veis com o IM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Dentre esses, o fen&#243;tipo de c&#233;lula imune HLA DR em C&#233;lula Dendr&#237;tica (ebi-a-GCST90002106) foi o fator de risco mais significativo para IM. A rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre HLA DR em CDs e IM n&#227;o apresentou heterogeneidade ou pleiotropia horizontal, conforme indicado pelo teste Q de Cochran, teste MR-PRESSO e teste de intercepto MR-Egger. Os resultados da an&#225;lise RM reversa de HLA DR em CDs e IM (m&#233;todo VIP, p&gt;0,05) n&#227;o mostraram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, indicando que n&#227;o h&#225; rela&#231;&#227;o causal reversa entre metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos e IM. A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade RM, o gr&#225;fico de floresta e o gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o para HLA DR em CDs e IM s&#227;o mostrados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">5</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Resultados de RM de c&#233;lulas imunes e IM (M&#233;todo VIP).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260026-50026-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Resultados da an&#225;lise de sensibilidade de RM do HLA DR em c&#233;lulas dendr&#237;ticas e IM.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260026-50026-gf03.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Resultados do gr&#225;fico de floresta da an&#225;lise RM entre HLA DR em c&#233;lulas dendr&#237;ticas e IM.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260026-50026-gf04.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o dos resultados da an&#225;lise de RM entre HLA DR em c&#233;lulas dendr&#237;ticas e IM.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260026-50026-gf05.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07">
              <label>Figura 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Resultados da an&#225;lise de HLA DR em c&#233;lulas dendr&#237;ticas com 1.400 metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260026-50026-gf06.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise de RM de 96 metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos e IM</title>
      <p>Os 96 metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos foram utilizados como fatores de exposi&#231;&#227;o, e os SNPs associados a esses 96 metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos foram selecionados como VIs. Uma an&#225;lise de RM de duas amostras foi conduzida com I9_MI_STRICT como vari&#225;vel de desfecho. A an&#225;lise identificou rela&#231;&#245;es causais significativas (p&lt;0,05) entre HLA DR em CDs e os seguintes metab&#243;litos: n&#237;veis de 5-acetilamino-6-amino-3-metiluracila, raz&#227;o glicina/alanina, raz&#227;o serina/treonina, n&#237;veis de glicuron&#237;deo de &#225;cido desoxic&#243;lico, raz&#227;o fosfato/N-acetilneuraminato, n&#237;veis de N-acetilglicina e n&#237;veis de glicosilceramida (d18:2/24:1, d18:1/24:2).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise de RM de Media&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os efeitos de media&#231;&#227;o (valores &#946;) dos n&#237;veis de 5-acetilamino-6-amino-3-metiluracila, da raz&#227;o glicina/alanina, da raz&#227;o serina/treonina e dos n&#237;veis de N-acetilglicina na rela&#231;&#227;o entre HLA DR em CDs e IM apresentaram sinais opostos aos efeitos totais, indicando que esses efeitos devem ser considerados como mascaradores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Portanto, os n&#237;veis de glicuron&#237;deo de &#225;cido desoxic&#243;lico, a raz&#227;o fosfato/N-acetilneuraminato e a glicosilceramida foram selecionados para a an&#225;lise de RM de media&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Consequentemente, se pode inferir que os n&#237;veis de glicuron&#237;deo de &#225;cido desoxic&#243;lico podem atuar como um fator protetor contra IM, enquanto a raz&#227;o fosfato/N-acetilneuraminato e a glicosilceramida podem atuar como fatores de risco para IM.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resultados da an&#225;lise de media&#231;&#227;o por randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Exposi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Resultado</th>
                <th>M&#233;todo Estat&#237;stico</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC de 95%</th>
                <th>Valor - p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#237;veis de glucuron&#237;deo de &#225;cido desoxic&#243;lico</td>
                <td align="center">IM</td>
                <td align="center">VIP</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,89&#8211;0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o fosfato/N-acetilneuraminato</td>
                <td align="center">IM</td>
                <td align="center">VIP</td>
                <td align="center">1.06</td>
                <td align="center">1.01&#8211;1.11</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicosilceramida</td>
                <td align="center">IM</td>
                <td align="center">VIP</td>
                <td align="center">1.08</td>
                <td align="center">1,00&#8211;1,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,044</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; VIP: vari&#226;ncia inversa ponderada.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Propor&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos de media&#231;&#227;o mediados por metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Metab&#243;lito plasm&#225;tico</th>
                <th>Efeito Total (c)</th>
                <th>Efeito das c&#233;lulas imunes nos metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos (a)</th>
                <th>Efeito dos metab&#243;litos no IM (b)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Efeito mediado (ab)</th>
                <th>Propor&#231;&#227;o mediada (ab/c)</th>
                <th>Efeito Direto (c-ab)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#237;veis de glucuron&#237;deo de &#225;cido deoxic&#243;lico</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;0,040</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;0,064</td>
                <td align="center">0,0026</td>
                <td align="center">0,070</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o fosfato/ N-acetilneuraminato</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
                <td align="center">0,0017</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicosilceramida</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
                <td align="center">0,031</td>
                <td align="center">0,078</td>
                <td align="center">0,0025</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise de genes e vias metab&#243;licas associadas a c&#233;lulas imunes e metab&#243;litos</title>
      <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica de SNPs associados ao HLA DR em CDs e tr&#234;s metab&#243;litos: n&#237;veis de glicuron&#237;deo de &#225;cido desoxic&#243;lico, raz&#227;o fosfato/N-acetilneuraminato e glicosilceramida. Posteriormente, uma rede de intera&#231;&#227;o prote&#237;na-prote&#237;na foi constru&#237;da utilizando o banco de dados STRING para explorar os potenciais mecanismos moleculares influenciados por essas variantes gen&#233;ticas. A an&#225;lise identificou oito genes-chave e uma via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o que podem conectar esses fen&#243;tipos imunol&#243;gicos e metab&#243;litos, sugerindo seu potencial papel como mediadores entre as respostas imunes e a regula&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 7</xref>). Essas descobertas fornecem uma base molecular para a compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos mais profundos dos fen&#243;tipos imunol&#243;gicos e dos metab&#243;litos no IM e estabelecem as bases para a subsequente valida&#231;&#227;o funcional e explora&#231;&#227;o de potenciais alvos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f08">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Genes e vias metab&#243;licas associadas a c&#233;lulas imunes e metab&#243;litos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260026-50026-gf07.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O ant&#237;geno leucocit&#225;rio humano (HLA), tamb&#233;m conhecido como complexo principal de histocompatibilidade (MHC), &#233; codificado pelo complexo g&#234;nico HLA. O HLA pode ser classificado em ant&#237;genos de Classe I, Classe II e Classe III, sendo o HLA-DR um ant&#237;geno de Classe II. O HLA desempenha um papel crucial na resposta imune, na regula&#231;&#227;o imune e na vigil&#226;ncia imunol&#243;gica, e est&#225; amplamente envolvido em &#225;reas de pesquisa como doen&#231;as autoimunes, imunidade tumoral, transplante de &#243;rg&#227;os e imunidade reprodutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O HLA-DR, como marcador de ativa&#231;&#227;o, foi descrito inicialmente como um marcador de ativa&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas T ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o a diversos pat&#243;genos, ant&#237;genos ou em rea&#231;&#245;es mistas de linf&#243;citos. O HLA-DR aparece apenas na superf&#237;cie de certos linf&#243;citos T e, em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros marcadores de ativa&#231;&#227;o (como CD69, CD25, CD71), aparece mais tarde durante o processo de ativa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> As CDs desempenham um papel crucial na liga&#231;&#227;o entre os sistemas imunes inato e adaptativo. As CDs s&#227;o c&#233;lulas apresentadoras de ant&#237;genos (APCs) com uma capacidade &#250;nica de ativar c&#233;lulas T virgens. A disfun&#231;&#227;o das CDs pode levar a defeitos ou respostas imunes excessivas, que podem resultar em danos teciduais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Estudos relacionados demonstraram que<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> tanto mon&#243;citos quanto CDs expressam HLA-DR. Em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, os perfis de express&#227;o de mol&#233;culas coestimulat&#243;rias e de ades&#227;o em mon&#243;citos e CDs se alteram. A express&#227;o de HLA-DR, mol&#233;culas coestimulat&#243;rias e mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o em CDs e mon&#243;citos &#233; suprimida e persiste no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem prejudicar os mecanismos de defesa do hospedeiro, afetando a migra&#231;&#227;o celular, a apresenta&#231;&#227;o de ant&#237;genos a c&#233;lulas T virgens e a regula&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas T, aumentando, assim, o risco de infec&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. Uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o de HLA-DR &#233; frequentemente um marcador de imunossupress&#227;o e pode ser induzida por condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas como sepse. Na sepse, a redu&#231;&#227;o do HLA-DR reflete a supress&#227;o do sistema imunol&#243;gico, enquanto na s&#237;ndrome de libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas, os mon&#243;citos s&#227;o fortemente estimulados e a express&#227;o de HLA-DR pode aumentar significativamente, refletindo uma resposta imune hiperativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> As mol&#233;culas de HLA-DR, caracter&#237;sticas dos mon&#243;citos intermedi&#225;rios, s&#227;o altamente expressas e desempenham um papel duplo nas respostas imunes. Elas podem tanto promover a inflama&#231;&#227;o quanto exibir efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A import&#226;ncia do HLA-DR na regula&#231;&#227;o imune &#233; cada vez mais reconhecida, mas a pesquisa sobre seu papel no IM ainda &#233; limitada. Estudos futuros precisam explorar o papel do HLA-DR na regula&#231;&#227;o imune durante o IM com maior profundidade e investigar estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas mais precisas.</p>
      <p>O glicuron&#237;deo do &#225;cido desoxic&#243;lico pode se ligar &#224;s c&#233;lulas hospedeiras e participar da circula&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria dos &#225;cidos biliares, principalmente por meio de intera&#231;&#245;es com receptores em c&#233;lulas epiteliais intestinais, c&#233;lulas imunes e outras c&#233;lulas-alvo. Ao modular diretamente a prolifera&#231;&#227;o, diferencia&#231;&#227;o e secre&#231;&#227;o de citocinas das c&#233;lulas imunes, ele pode contribuir para a regula&#231;&#227;o das respostas imunes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Os &#225;cidos biliares s&#227;o sintetizados no f&#237;gado pela via cl&#225;ssica iniciada pela colesterol 7&#945;-hidroxilase (CYP7A1) e t&#234;m sido propostos como potenciais biomarcadores para avaliar a gravidade de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Ap&#243;s a secre&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;cidos biliares prim&#225;rios no intestino, eles s&#227;o transformados por desconjuga&#231;&#227;o bacteriana, 7&#945;-desidroxila&#231;&#227;o e isomeriza&#231;&#227;o em v&#225;rios &#225;cidos biliares secund&#225;rios, como o &#225;cido litoc&#243;lico, o &#225;cido hiodesoxic&#243;lico e o &#225;cido ursodesoxic&#243;lico. Esses &#225;cidos biliares, como metab&#243;litos da microbiota intestinal, t&#234;m demonstrado estreita associa&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento e a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Do ponto de vista intervencionista, estrat&#233;gias como a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com probi&#243;ticos e o transplante de microbiota fecal podem promover a produ&#231;&#227;o de glicuron&#237;deo de &#225;cido desoxic&#243;lico, restaurando a homeostase da microbiota intestinal e, consequentemente, modulando o eixo de intera&#231;&#227;o &#225;cido biliar-microbiota e melhorando a disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular. Ao mesmo tempo, agentes farmacol&#243;gicos j&#225; existentes podem influenciar essa via por meio de diferentes mecanismos: as estatinas podem alterar indiretamente a composi&#231;&#227;o do pool de &#225;cidos biliares; os sequestrantes de &#225;cidos biliares podem modular a circula&#231;&#227;o entero-hep&#225;tica; os agonistas de FXR/TGR5 podem regular diretamente a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;cidos biliares; e os inibidores da &#946;-glicuronidase podem ajudar a manter n&#237;veis est&#225;veis de glicuron&#237;deo de &#225;cido desoxic&#243;lico, prevenindo a desconjuga&#231;&#227;o microbiana dos &#225;cidos biliares conjugados. Estudos demonstraram que o glicuron&#237;deo de &#225;cido desoxic&#243;lico pode regular a infiltra&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos e influenciar a diferencia&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas Th17 por meio da via do receptor muscar&#237;nico de acetilcolina M2 (M2-mAChR)/Src, participando, assim, de respostas inflamat&#243;rias. Esses mecanismos podem estar intimamente relacionados &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular no IM, com altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de glicuron&#237;deo do &#225;cido desoxic&#243;lico afetando potencialmente o recrutamento de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias e o ambiente imunol&#243;gico local durante a isquemia-reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, influenciando, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, a extens&#227;o da les&#227;o e do reparo mioc&#225;rdico. Notavelmente, a pesquisa sobre o glicuron&#237;deo do &#225;cido desoxic&#243;lico no IM ainda &#233; limitada. Dado o seu potencial terap&#234;utico na doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, ele se apresenta como um promissor biomarcador e alvo terap&#234;utico para o IM, oferecendo novas estrat&#233;gias para a preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento do IM e de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>O fosfato s&#233;rico est&#225; intimamente associado &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o arterial em diversas doen&#231;as humanas e animais, particularmente na hiperfosfatemia grave induzida por genes, que pode levar &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o generalizada. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o causada pela hiperfosfatemia &#233; considerada um importante mecanismo que contribui para o aumento da mortalidade em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. Ao mesmo tempo, o papel do fosfato na calcifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria est&#225; primariamente relacionado &#224; hiperfosfatemia. Mesmo quando os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de fosfato permanecem dentro da faixa normal, um aumento nesses n&#237;veis &#233; considerado um potencial fator de risco para morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> O aumento da sobrecarga de fosfato promove, direta ou indiretamente, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o da camada m&#233;dia das art&#233;rias e a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, ambas aumentando a suscetibilidade dos pacientes &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Os gr&#226;nulos de fosfato de c&#225;lcio formados em condi&#231;&#245;es de hiperfosfatemia promovem a transforma&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares (CMLV) em c&#233;lulas semelhantes a osteoblastos, fornecendo, assim, um arcabou&#231;o para a calcifica&#231;&#227;o na camada m&#233;dia arterial. O aumento do fator de crescimento de fibroblastos 23 induzido pela sobrecarga excessiva de fosfato e a disrup&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo da vitamina D desempenham pap&#233;is significativos no desenvolvimento da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e da fibrose card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>O N-acetilneuraminato, tamb&#233;m conhecido como &#225;cido si&#225;lico, &#233; uma mol&#233;cula de a&#231;&#250;car natural comum, amplamente presente em muitas glicoprote&#237;nas e que desempenha um papel importante em sistemas biol&#243;gicos. Ele ativa a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Rho/ROCK (quinase de dom&#237;nio espiralado associada a Rho) ao se ligar a RhoA e Cdc42, promovendo a migra&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos/macr&#243;fagos. O N-acetilneuraminato pertence &#224; fam&#237;lia dos monossacar&#237;deos, com uma cadeia principal de seis carbonos e um alto grau de diversidade estrutural, o que o torna um potencial receptor para v&#237;rus. Est&#225; intimamente associado &#224; transforma&#231;&#227;o maligna, ao c&#226;ncer e &#224; met&#225;stase e invas&#227;o de grandes e pequenos vasos sangu&#237;neos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Estudos relevantes demonstraram que<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> n&#237;veis elevados de C16:0-glicosilceramida est&#227;o independentemente associados a um risco aumentado de morte card&#237;aca. Em um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado e controlado, um ano de tratamento com liraglutida suprimiu significativamente as altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de C16:0-glicosilceramida no plasma de pacientes obesos, demonstrando uma redu&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Esses resultados sugerem que as glicosilceramidas, especialmente a C16:0-glicosilceramida, n&#227;o apenas desempenham um papel importante na sa&#250;de cardiovascular, mas tamb&#233;m podem servir como potenciais biomarcadores ou alvos terap&#234;uticos. A libera&#231;&#227;o de ceramidas por meio da palmitoila&#231;&#227;o, juntamente com a subsequente resposta inflamat&#243;ria e altera&#231;&#245;es no acoplamento el&#233;trico, pode aumentar o risco de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca causada por taquicardia ventricular esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>No entanto, existem poucos estudos sobre o papel da raz&#227;o fosfato/N-acetilneuraminato e da glicosilceramida no IM. Portanto, este estudo visa fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas valiosas e revelar a conex&#227;o entre anormalidades metab&#243;licas e respostas inflamat&#243;rias em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. No futuro, ao explorarmos mais a fundo os pap&#233;is potenciais desses metab&#243;litos no IM e em outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, poderemos oferecer novas dire&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa para o diagn&#243;stico precoce, terapia direcionada e o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias m&#233;dicas personalizadas</p>
      <p>Nubp1 &#233; um componente essencial do complexo de suporte do cluster ferro-enxofre citos&#243;lico, envolvido na montagem e no transporte de clusters ferro-enxofre. Sua regula&#231;&#227;o positiva compensat&#243;ria pode conferir efeitos protetores no mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico; no entanto, &#233; insuficiente para neutralizar completamente os defeitos na fosforila&#231;&#227;o oxidativa (OXPHOS) e, portanto, pode estar associada &#224; les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e &#224; progress&#227;o do IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> TVP23A codifica a prote&#237;na hom&#243;loga A da ves&#237;cula da rede trans-Golgi 23 (anteriormente FAM18A), que est&#225; primariamente envolvida nas fun&#231;&#245;es de transporte e secre&#231;&#227;o das ves&#237;culas de Golgi. Ela &#233; altamente expressa em macr&#243;fagos e plasm&#243;citos, sugerindo um papel potencial na secre&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas imunes e em respostas inflamat&#243;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A alta express&#227;o de TVP23A nessas c&#233;lulas pode influenciar a libera&#231;&#227;o de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios e a resposta ao estresse mioc&#225;rdico, contribuindo assim para os processos patol&#243;gicos do IM. Rbfox1 &#233; um fator de splicing que se liga ao RNA e regula o splicing alternativo do &#233;xon do gene CaV1.2 (Cacna1c). Ele &#233; altamente expresso tanto no desenvolvimento neural quanto nas CMLV, afetando a contra&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo liso vascular e a regula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Dessa forma, pode contribuir para a ocorr&#234;ncia, progress&#227;o e remodelamento patol&#243;gico da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e do IM, alterando a hemodin&#226;mica coron&#225;ria, a complac&#234;ncia vascular e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial local.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> DNAAF5 pertence &#224; fam&#237;lia de prote&#237;nas com repeti&#231;&#245;es HEAT (incluindo huntingtina, fator de elonga&#231;&#227;o eucari&#243;tico 3, PP2A, mTOR, etc.), caracterizada por motivos de repeti&#231;&#227;o &#945;-helicoidal de aproximadamente 30 a 40 amino&#225;cidos. DNAAF5 &#233; um membro da fam&#237;lia DNAAF, que compreende pelo menos 11 prote&#237;nas citoplasm&#225;ticas. Muta&#231;&#245;es homozig&#243;ticas com perda de fun&#231;&#227;o resultam em letalidade embrion&#225;ria, enquanto muta&#231;&#245;es heterozig&#243;ticas compostas (muta&#231;&#227;o de sentido trocado mais dele&#231;&#227;o) causam dist&#250;rbios graves, como hidrocefalia e morte precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Atualmente, o papel espec&#237;fico do DNAAF5 no IM permanece incerto. A CLVS1 &#233; uma prote&#237;na chave na endocitose mediada por clatrina e regula o transporte de &#945;-tocoferol e os n&#237;veis de estresse oxidativo intracelular por meio de sua intera&#231;&#227;o com a prote&#237;na de transfer&#234;ncia de &#945;-tocoferol (&#945;TTP), levando ao ac&#250;mulo de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (EROs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> O excesso de EROs n&#227;o apenas aumenta o tamanho do infarto e prejudica a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, mas tamb&#233;m promove a remodela&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com seus n&#237;veis correlacionando-se estreitamente com a gravidade do IM. O gene FCGR3A, localizado no cromossomo 1, codifica o receptor de baixa afinidade Fc&#947;RIIIa/CD16a, que &#233; expresso principalmente em c&#233;lulas natural killer, macr&#243;fagos e mast&#243;citos, e participa da citotoxicidade celular dependente de anticorpos (ADCC). Seu polimorfismo funcional comum, F158V, resulta de uma varia&#231;&#227;o de um &#250;nico nucleot&#237;deo que leva &#224; presen&#231;a de fenilalanina (F) ou valina (V) nessa posi&#231;&#227;o, e apresenta diferen&#231;as significativas na distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica em pacientes com aterosclerose ou acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico. Como a aterosclerose &#233; uma base patol&#243;gica fundamental para a ocorr&#234;ncia e progress&#227;o do IM, esse polimorfismo gen&#233;tico tamb&#233;m pode estar intimamente associado &#224; suscetibilidade ao IM. CIITA &#233; um gene regulador transcricional cr&#237;tico no genoma humano, respons&#225;vel principalmente pelo controle da express&#227;o dos genes do MHC classe II. As mol&#233;culas MHC II s&#227;o expressas principalmente em APCs, como CDs, macr&#243;fagos e c&#233;lulas B, e t&#234;m a fun&#231;&#227;o de apresentar ant&#237;genos ex&#243;genos &#224;s c&#233;lulas T CD4&#8314;, iniciando assim respostas imunes adaptativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> A CIITA promove respostas inflamat&#243;rias ao aumentar a atividade das c&#233;lulas B e das c&#233;lulas T CD4&#8314;; em condi&#231;&#245;es como a hiper-homocisteinemia, a resposta imune-inflamat&#243;ria amplificada pela via PKM2-CREB1-CIITA tem sido implicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Mecanismos semelhantes podem operar na &#237;ntima coron&#225;ria e em regi&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas isqu&#234;micas, exacerbando a inflama&#231;&#227;o local e promovendo a instabilidade da placa, aumentando assim o risco de IM. O LOC124901307 pertence &#224; categoria de RNA n&#227;o codificante (ncRNA); embora sua fun&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica permane&#231;a obscura e estudos sejam escassos, ele pode contribuir para a ocorr&#234;ncia e progress&#227;o do IM modulando a express&#227;o g&#234;nica ou regulando vias relacionadas &#224; homeostase vascular. Indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico de tuberculose apresentam risco significativamente aumentado de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, incluindo IM, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Isso pode estar relacionado &#224; resposta inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica, &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial induzidas pela infec&#231;&#227;o por tuberculose. Estudos futuros poder&#227;o elucidar ainda mais seus mecanismos moleculares e potencial cl&#237;nico, fornecendo novas estrat&#233;gias para o diagn&#243;stico precoce e interven&#231;&#227;o direcionada no IM.</p>
      <p>Embora este estudo forne&#231;a novas perspectivas para a compreens&#227;o do IM, ele ainda apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, ele se baseia em dados de GWAS dispon&#237;veis publicamente para a an&#225;lise de RM, que podem ser influenciados por fatores como qualidade dos dados, vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra e heterogeneidade gen&#233;tica. Segundo, os dados utilizados neste estudo s&#227;o derivados principalmente de popula&#231;&#245;es europeias, e os dados de GWAS para c&#233;lulas imunes e metab&#243;litos prov&#234;m, em sua maioria, de popula&#231;&#245;es com origens gen&#233;ticas relativamente homog&#234;neas e caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas. Essa homogeneidade pode limitar a validade externa das descobertas, visto que existem diferen&#231;as na arquitetura gen&#233;tica, na composi&#231;&#227;o da microbiota intestinal, nos h&#225;bitos alimentares e no estilo de vida entre as popula&#231;&#245;es. Essas diferen&#231;as podem afetar as respostas imunes, os n&#237;veis de metab&#243;litos e a suscetibilidade ao IM, potencialmente levando a rela&#231;&#245;es causais distintas em popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o europeias. Al&#233;m disso, devido &#224; falta de informa&#231;&#245;es e relatos sobre metab&#243;litos desconhecidos, este estudo enfrenta desafios na interpreta&#231;&#227;o e discuss&#227;o dos resultados da an&#225;lise de RM. Pesquisas futuras devem coletar mais dados individuais de pacientes com IM para validar e ampliar as descobertas, incorporando popula&#231;&#245;es mais diversas e considerando a intera&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos fatores para elucidar de forma mais abrangente a patog&#234;nese do IM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, a an&#225;lise de RM de media&#231;&#227;o foi empregada para avaliar sistematicamente as rela&#231;&#245;es causais e os efeitos de media&#231;&#227;o entre 731 caracter&#237;sticas de c&#233;lulas imunes, 1.400 metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos e IM. Um total de 38 fen&#243;tipos de c&#233;lulas imunes e 96 metab&#243;litos plasm&#225;ticos foram identificados como tendo associa&#231;&#245;es causais com o IM. Os resultados demonstraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal positiva significativa entre o HLA-DR em CDs e o IM, enquanto a an&#225;lise de RM reversa n&#227;o revelou nenhum efeito do IM sobre o HLA-DR em CDs. An&#225;lises adicionais de RM de media&#231;&#227;o indicaram que o HLA-DR em CDs pode influenciar o desenvolvimento do IM por meio dos n&#237;veis de glicuron&#237;deo de &#225;cido desoxic&#243;lico, da raz&#227;o fosfato/N-acetilneuraminato e da glicosilceramida, com propor&#231;&#245;es de efeitos de media&#231;&#227;o de 7%, 4,6% e 6,6%, respectivamente. N&#237;veis elevados de HLA-DR em CDs podem aumentar o risco de IM ao diminuir os n&#237;veis de glicuron&#237;deo de &#225;cido desoxic&#243;lico, aumentar a raz&#227;o fosfato/N-acetilneuraminato e elevar os n&#237;veis de glicosilceramida. Por meio de an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica de SNPs associados ao HLA-DR em CDs e a esses tr&#234;s metab&#243;litos, identificamos genes-chave, incluindo NUBP1, TVP23A, RBFOX1, DNAAF5, CLVS1, FCGR3A, CIITA, LOC124901307, bem como a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o da tuberculose, que podem mediar potenciais intera&#231;&#245;es entre fen&#243;tipos imunol&#243;gicos e caracter&#237;sticas metab&#243;licas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Ilustra&#231;&#227;o Central</xref>). Em resumo, este estudo fornece novas perspectivas sobre a patog&#234;nese do IM, oferece evid&#234;ncias adicionais para elucidar seus mecanismos subjacentes e pode servir como refer&#234;ncia para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de potenciais alvos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
    </sec>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250026i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Causal Association between Plasma Metabolites-Mediated Immune Cells and Myocardial Infarction: A Mendelian Randomization Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-4741-435X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Xing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Yingzhi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lu</surname>
            <given-names>Yvwen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhu</surname>
            <given-names>Yun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Lingli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Jie</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hunan University of Chinese Medicin, Changsha, Hunan &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Jie Li &#8226;</bold> Hunan University of Chinese Medicin - Bachelor Road, 300, Yuelu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, 410001 &#8211; China. E-mail: 003290@hnucm.edu.cn </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivett</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> blaMyocardial infarction (MI), as an acute cardiovascular event, has been shown in previous studies to be associated with immune responses and metabolites. However, the causal relationship between immune cells and MI, as well as the mediating role of plasma metabolites, has not been clearly confirmed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> Systematic analysis of the causal association between 731 immune cells and MI, as well as the mediating roles of 1400 plasma metabolites.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to explore the causal relationship between immune cells and MI, and one-step and two-step mediation analyses were performed to identify plasma metabolites. The analysis methods included inverse variance weighted (p&lt;0.05), weighted median (p&lt;0.05), simple mode (p&lt;0.05), weighted mode (p&lt;0.05), MR-Egger regression (p&lt;0.05), MR-Egger intercept (p&gt;0.05) and MR-PRESSO (p&gt;0.05) to assess the reliability of the results. SNPs associated with immune cells and metabolites were subjected to gene selection using the STRING database, followed by enrichment analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 44 immune cells were identified to have a causal association with MI (p&lt;0.05), among which HLA DR on Dendritic Cell (ebi-a-GCST90002106) showed the strongest significance (p&lt;0.001). A total of 19 SNPs were identified (OR=1.038, 95% CI 1.018-1.059). Reverse analysis showed no statistical significance (p&gt;0.05). Plasma metabolites, including Deoxycholic acid glucuronide levels, Phosphate to N-acetylneuraminate ratio, and Glycosyl ceramide, played a mediating role in immune cells and MI, with mediation effects of 7.0%, 4.6%, and 6.6%, respectively. STRING database analysis identified eight key genes and one signaling pathway that potentially link the immune phenotypes and the three metabolites (p&lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> This study identified a causal relationship between immune cells and MI. The metabolites Deoxycholic acid glucuronide levels, Phosphate to N-acetylneuraminate ratio, and Glycosyl ceramide played a partial mediating role in this causal relationship.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The Causal Association between Plasma Metabolites-Mediated Immune Cells and Myocardial Infarction: A Mendelian Randomization Study</title>
              <p>Causal Relationship Between Immune Cells and Myocardial Infarction and Mediation Analysis of Associated Metabolites (Figure created using BioRender).</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260026-50026-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mendelian Randomization Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, with ischemic heart disease accounting for 49.2% of these deaths. Myocardial infarction (MI) is typically caused by the obstruction of arteries or bypass grafts by thrombosis, characterized by a sudden reduction in blood flow to the myocardium, ultimately leading to heart failure and myocardial death. Despite significant progress in MI treatment, it remains a globally prevalent disease with high morbidity and mortality. Although treatment methods have improved, many challenges remain in identifying an ideal therapeutic strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> During MI, myocardial cell death occurs, the tissue in the infarcted area undergoes necrosis, and an inflammatory response is activated. Immune cells can both promote myocardial cell death and inflammation, as well as facilitate the regeneration of damaged myocardium, making them an important component in disease research.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Myocardial remodeling after MI is a complex repair process characterized by the infiltration of various types of immune cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Related metabolic diseases, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension, are associated with the activation of immune cells. These factors may interfere with the inflammatory healing process after MI. It is evident that there is a complex interaction between immune cells and metabolites, and this intricate relationship may jointly contribute to the occurrence and progression of MI. This also suggests that metabolites could serve as mediators influencing immune cells and disease development. Exploring the mediating role of plasma metabolites in the relationship between immune cells and MI may deepen the overall understanding of MI and provide new therapeutic targets and research directions.</p>
        <p>Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis is a statistical technique that uses genetic variations as instrumental variables (IVs) to explore causal relationships between exposure factors and outcomes. This method effectively utilizes the results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), using genetic variations as IVs to investigate the causal relationship between exposure and outcome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Currently, there is a lack of research on the causal relationship between plasma metabolites-mediated immune cells and MI. This study aims to use the MR method to explore the causal relationship between immune cells and MI, analyze the correlation between relevant metabolites and MI, and reveal how immune cells influence the onset and progression of MI through specific plasma metabolite pathways. The findings of this study are expected to provide theoretical support for clinical treatment strategies based on metabolite regulation, promote the development of new therapeutic approaches, and ultimately improve the prognosis of MI patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This study adopts a two-step mediation MR analysis to evaluate the role of plasma metabolites in immune cell regulation of MI. First, through a two-sample bidirectional MR analysis, immune cells are treated as exposure factors and MI as the outcome variable to assess the causal relationship between 731 immune cells and MI, and to derive the total effect (beta_all). At the same time, when MI is used as the exposure factor, and the 731 immune cells as the outcome variable, a reverse MR analysis is performed to ensure that no causal relationship is found. Secondly, 47 immune cells related to MI are selected. Through a two-sample MR analysis, the causal relationship between the most significantly associated immune cells and 1400 plasma metabolites is analyzed to derive the effect size (beta1) of the mediating metabolites. Subsequently, the selected plasma metabolites are treated as exposure factors and MI as the outcome variable to further assess the causal relationship between them and derive beta2. By combining beta_all, beta1, and beta2, mediation analysis is performed to evaluate the mediating role of plasma metabolites in immune cell regulation of MI, systematically assessing their impact. Finally, we systematically integrated and analyzed the SNPs of immune cells and metabolites, and employed the STRING database to identify the related genes. Subsequently, enrichment analysis was performed to screen the involved pathways, and an interaction network was constructed to identify key nodes and potential pathways. This approach comprehensively reveals the potential interactive mechanisms between immune cells and metabolites in the development and progression of diseases, and provides a theoretical basis and direction for subsequent intervention studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data sources</title>
          <p>The data for this study were sourced from the GWAS summary statistics of 731 immune cell (GCST90001391-GCST90002121) phenotypes available in the GWAS Catalog.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Among the 731 immune cells, data were obtained through flow cytometry analysis. Of these, 118 represent absolute cell counts (AC), 389 reflect median fluorescence intensity (MFI), 32 are morphological parameters, and 192 represent relative cell. Specifically, these cells were carefully classified into seven major groups, including B cells, classical dendritic cells, mature T cells, monocytes, myeloid-derived cells, TBNK lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, natural killer cells), and regulatory T cells (Treg). The original GWAS data with immune characteristics were derived from 3757 unrelated individuals from the Sardinian population, with no overlap between cohorts. Approximately 22 million high-density SNP genotypes were input, and after adjusting for confounding factors (such as sex, age, etc.), the correlation analysis was performed based on the Sardinian reference panel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The GWAS data on circulating metabolites used in this study included information from 8,299 individuals and covered a total of 1,400 metabolites, comprising 1,091 metabolites and 309 metabolite ratios, of which 850 were identified as known metabolites. These data were derived from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) cohort, which represents an important resource for metabolomics GWAS and provides valuable information for investigating metabolic mechanisms and their associations with genetic variation. All data are publicly available, with accession numbers ranging from GCST90199621 to GCST90201020. The MI data for this study were sourced from the FinnGen database, with data ID number I9_MI_STRICT. This database contains large-scale genomic data from Finland, which has undergone rigorous screening and quality control to ensure the representativeness of the samples and the accuracy of the data. The total sample size is 406,565 individuals, including 378,019 controls and 28,546 disease cases. The data collection covers individuals of different ages, sexes, and clinical backgrounds. As this study uses publicly available summary data previously published, no additional ethical approval is required. All original data were obtained with informed consent from the participants. All data used in this study were obtained from publicly available GWAS or FinnGen summary statistics. No individual-level samples were accessed or retained in this study. Therefore, the sample size was determined by all available data in the original GWAS or FinnGen datasets.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Selection of instrumental variables</title>
          <p>SNPs are used as a powerful tool to assess potential associations. These SNP data are typically sourced from GWAS and are considered as IVs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In this study, SNPs are used as IVs to assess causal relationships. The MR study design needs to satisfy three basic assumptions: (1) IVs are strongly associated with the exposure, (2) IVs are independent of any confounding factors. (3) IVs affect the outcome solely through the exposure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Considering that using the traditional significance threshold of <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo><mml:mn>5</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>8</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> may limit the number of available SNPs in the study, thereby affecting the feasibility of the analysis, this study adopted a threshold of <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> to increase the number of SNPs available for analysis. This approach effectively enhances the number of usable SNPs, thereby increasing the statistical power of the analysis and ensuring the reliability and comprehensiveness of the results. To remove linkage disequilibrium (LD), a threshold of (kb=10,000, r<sup>2</sup>=0.001) was applied. The strength of the IVs was evaluated using the F-statistic formula: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>K</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mi>K</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, where R<sup>2</sup> represents the proportion of variance in the exposure explained by genetic variation, N represents the sample size of the exposure GWAS, and K represents the number of SNPs. If the corresponding F-statistic is &gt;10, it indicates no significant weak instrument bias, thus increasing the reliability of the MR analysis results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical methods</title>
          <p>All statistical analyses and plotting were performed using R4.4.0 and RStudio software, with the &#8220;TwosampleMR&#8221; package and others used for MR and mediation analyses. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. This study employed five different methods to assess bidirectional causal effects, including inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median (WM), simple mode, weighted mode, and MR-Egger regression. Since IVW is considered robust in causal inference, it was chosen as the primary method for estimating causal effects. To address potential issues such as pleiotropy, MR-Egger regression analysis and MR-PRESSO validation were performed. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran&#8217;s Q statistic, sensitivity analysis was conducted using leave-one-out analysis, and potential biases were evaluated through funnel plots, particularly to check for pleiotropy and publication bias. We used Odds Ratio (OR) and the corresponding 95% Confidence Interval (CI) to accurately quantify and describe the magnitude of the effect size and its uncertainty. The OR, as a statistical measure, provides a clear reflection of the relative probability of an event occurring between two or more groups, while the 95% CI offers the reliability range of the OR estimate, further enhancing the interpretability and credibility of the study results.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mediation analysis</title>
          <p>A two-step MR design was used for mediation analysis to investigate whether plasma metabolites mediate the causal pathway between immune cells and MI. First, to assess the causal relationship between immune cells and MI, a two-sample MR analysis was applied. The purpose of this step was to verify the association between immune cells and MI and calculate the overall effect (c). Then, a reverse MR analysis was conducted, with MI as the exposure factor and immune cells as the outcome variable, to further examine whether a causal relationship exists between immune cells and MI.</p>
          <p>We analyzed whether plasma metabolites mediate the relationship between immune cells and MI outcomes, employing a two-stage MR design to further explore this mediating effect. The mediation MR analysis includes effect a, effect b, and the mediating effect (ab), with the direct effect (<inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msup><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#8242;</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula>) calculated. The direct effect refers to the influence of immune cells on MI, while the mediating effect reflects the impact of immune cells on MI through the mediation of plasma metabolites. Finally, by comparing the indirect effect and total effect, we calculated the percentage of the mediating effect (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; (A) Overall effect between immune cells and myocardial infarction (MI): c represents the overall effect using immune cells as the exposure and MI as the outcome, while d represents the total effect using MI as the exposure and immune cells as the outcome. (B) Decomposition of the overall effect into: (1) Mediation effect (ab) using the two-step method, where a represents the effect of immune cells on metabolites, and b represents the effect of metabolites on MI. (2) Direct effect (<inline-formula><mml:math><mml:msup><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#8242;</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula>).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260026-50026-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>MR analysis results</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Causal relationship between 731 immune cells and MI</title>
            <p>In this study, to explore the causal relationship between immune cells and MI, 731 immune cell phenotypes were used as exposure factors, and MI as the outcome variable, with 731 forward two-sample MR analyses conducted after removing LD and weak IVs. The results revealed that 47 immune cell phenotypes were causally associated with MI. Sensitivity analysis identified 9 immune cell phenotypes with heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy, and these 9 phenotypes were removed. After removal, IVW analysis showed that 38 immune cell phenotypes had reliable causal relationships with MI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). Among these, the immune cell phenotype HLA DR on Dendritic Cell (ebi-a-GCST90002106) was the most significant MI risk factor. The causal relationship between HLA DR on Dendritic Cells and MI showed no heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy, as indicated by Cochran&#8217;s Q test, MR-PRESSO test, and MR-Egger intercept test.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f03001">
                <label>Figure 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; MR Results of Immune Cells and MI (IVW Method).</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260026-50026-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>The reverse MR analysis results of HLA DR on Dendritic Cell and MI (IVW method, p&gt;0.05) showed no statistical significance, indicating that there is no reverse causal relationship between plasma metabolites and MI. The MR sensitivity analysis, forest plot, and scatter plot for HLA DR on Dendritic Cell and MI are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figures 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">4</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">5</xref>.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f04001">
                <label>Figure 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; MR Sensitivity Analysis Results of HLA DR on Dendritic Cell and MI.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260026-50026-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f05001">
                <label>Figure 4</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Forest Plot Results of MR Analysis Between HLA DR on Dendritic Cell and MI.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260026-50026-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f06001">
                <label>Figure 5</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Scatter Plot Results of MR Analysis Between HLA DR on Dendritic Cell and MI.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260026-50026-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>MR analysis of 1400 plasma metabolites and immune cells</title>
        <p>To reveal the mechanisms through which the selected immune cells influence metabolic phenotypes and their impact on MI, we conducted MR analysis between HLA DR on Dendritic Cell and 1400 plasma metabolite phenotypes using five methods: MR Egger, Weighted Median, IVW, Simple Mode, and Weighted Mode. The IVW method was used as the primary testing method. After analysis, 96 plasma metabolites were identified, and sensitivity analysis revealed no heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07001">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Analysis results of HLA DR on Dendritic Cells with 1,400 plasma metabolites.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260026-50026-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>MR analysis of 96 plasma metabolites and MI</title>
        <p>The 96 plasma metabolites were used as exposure factors, and SNPs associated with these 96 plasma metabolites were selected as IVs. Two-sample MR analysis was conducted with I9_MI_STRICT as the outcome variable. The analysis identified significant causal relationships (p&lt;0.05) between HLA DR on Dendritic Cell and the following metabolites: 5-acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil levels, Glycine to alanine ratio, Serine to threonine ratio, Deoxycholic acid glucuronide levels, Phosphate to N-acetylneuraminate ratio, N-acetylglycine levels, and Glycosyl ceramide (d18:2/24:1, d18:1/24:2) levels.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mediation MR analysis</title>
        <p>The mediation effects (&#946; values) of 5-acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil levels, Glycine to alanine ratio, Serine to threonine ratio, and N-acetylglycine levels on the relationship between HLA DR on Dendritic Cell and MI were found to have opposite signs to the total effects, indicating that these effects should be considered as masking effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Therefore, Deoxycholic acid glucuronide levels, Phosphate to N-acetylneuraminate ratio, and Glycosyl ceramide were selected for mediation MR analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Accordingly, it can be inferred that Deoxycholic acid glucuronide levels may serve as a protective factor for MI, whereas Phosphate to N-acetylneuraminate ratio and Glycosyl ceramide may act as risk factors for MI.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Results of mediation MR analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Exposure</th>
                  <th>Outcome</th>
                  <th>Statistical Method</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95%CI</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Deoxycholic acid glucuronide levels</td>
                  <td align="center">MI</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89&#8211;0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Phosphate to N-acetylneuraminate ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">MI</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01&#8211;1.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glycosyl ceramide</td>
                  <td align="center">MI</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00&#8211;1.16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.044</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>MI: myocardial infarction; IVW: inverse variance weighted.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Proportion of mediation effects mediated by plasma metabolites</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Plasma Metabolite</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Total Effect (c)</th>
                  <th>Effect of Immune Cells on Plasma Metabolites(a)</th>
                  <th>Effect of Metabolites on MI (b)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Mediated Effect (ab)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Proportion Mediated (ab/c)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Direct Effect (c-ab)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Deoxycholic acid glucuronide levels</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.040</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8722;0.064</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0026</td>
                  <td align="center">0.070</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Phosphate to N-acetylneuraminate ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0017</td>
                  <td align="center">0.046</td>
                  <td align="center">0.035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glycosyl ceramide</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                  <td align="center">0.031</td>
                  <td align="center">0.078</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0025</td>
                  <td align="center">0.066</td>
                  <td align="center">0.035</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>MI: myocardial infarction.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of genes and pathways associated with immune cells and metabolites</title>
        <p>A systematic analysis was performed on SNPs associated with HLA DR on Dendritic Cells and three metabolites: Deoxycholic acid glucuronide levels, Phosphate to N-acetylneuraminate ratio, and Glycosyl ceramide. Subsequently, a protein&#8211;protein interaction network was constructed using the STRING database to explore the potential molecular mechanisms influenced by these genetic variants. The analysis identified eight key genes and one signaling pathway that may link these immune phenotypes and metabolites, suggesting their potential role as mediators between immune responses and metabolic regulation (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 7</xref>). These findings provide a molecular basis for understanding the deeper mechanisms of immune phenotypes and metabolites in MI, and lay the groundwork for subsequent functional validation and exploration of potential therapeutic targets.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08001">
            <label>Figure 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Genes and Pathways Associated with Immune Cells and Metabolites.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20260026-50026-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), also known as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), is encoded by the HLA gene complex. HLA can be classified into Class I antigens, Class II antigens, and Class III antigens, with HLA-DR being a Class II antigen. HLA plays a crucial role in immune response, immune regulation, and immune surveillance, and is widely involved in research areas such as autoimmune diseases, tumor immunity, organ transplantation, and reproductive immunity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> HLA-DR, as an activation marker, was first described as a marker of T cell activation after exposure to various pathogens, antigens, or in mixed lymphocyte reactions. HLA-DR appears only on the surface of certain T lymphocytes and, compared to other activation markers (such as CD69, CD25, CD71), it appears later during the activation process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. DCs are antigen-presenting cells with a unique ability to activate naive T cells. Dysfunction of DCs can lead to defects or excessive immune responses, which may result in tissue damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Related studies have shown that<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) both express HLA-DR. In patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), the expression profiles of costimulatory molecules and adhesion molecules on monocytes and DCs change. The expression of HLA-DR, costimulatory molecules, and adhesion molecules on both DCs and monocytes is suppressed and persists in the postoperative period. These changes may impair the host&#8217;s defense mechanisms, affecting cell migration, antigen presentation to na&#239;ve T cells, and T cell regulation, thereby increasing the risk of postoperative infections. A decrease in HLA-DR is often a marker of immunosuppression and can be induced by pathological conditions such as sepsis. In sepsis, the reduction in HLA-DR reflects immune system suppression, while in cytokine release syndrome (CRS), monocytes are strongly stimulated, and HLA-DR expression may significantly increase, reflecting an overactive immune response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> HLA-DR molecules, as a characteristic of intermediate monocytes, are highly expressed and play a dual role in immune responses. They can both promote inflammation and exhibit anti-inflammatory effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The importance of HLA-DR in immune regulation is increasingly recognized, but research on its role in MI is still limited. Future studies need to explore the role of HLA-DR in immune regulation during MI in greater depth and investigate more precise therapeutic strategies.</p>
        <p>Deoxycholic acid glucuronide can bind to host cells and participate in the secondary bile acid circulation, primarily through interactions with receptors on intestinal epithelial cells, immune cells, and other target cells. By directly modulating the proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine secretion of immune cells, it may contribute to the regulation of immune responses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Bile acids are synthesized in the liver via the classical pathway initiated by cholesterol 7&#945;-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and have been proposed as potential biomarkers for assessing the severity of cardiovascular diseases. After primary bile acids are secreted into the intestine, they are transformed by bacterial deconjugation, 7&#945;-dehydroxylation, and isomerization into various secondary bile acids, such as lithocholic acid (LCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). These bile acids, as metabolites of the gut microbiota, have been shown to be closely associated with the development and progression of coronary artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>From an interventional perspective, strategies such as probiotic supplementation and fecal microbiota transplantation may promote the production of deoxycholic acid glucuronide by restoring gut microbial homeostasis, thereby modulating the bile acid&#8211;microbiota interaction axis and improving vascular dysfunction. Meanwhile, existing pharmacological agents may influence this pathway through different mechanisms: statins can indirectly alter the composition of the bile acid pool; bile acid sequestrants can modulate the enterohepatic circulation; FXR/TGR5 agonists can directly regulate bile acid signaling; and &#946;-glucuronidase inhibitors may help maintain stable levels of deoxycholic acid glucuronide by preventing microbial deconjugation of conjugated bile acids. Studies have shown that deoxycholic acid glucuronide can regulate macrophage infiltration and influence Th17 cell differentiation via the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M2-mAChR)/Src pathway, thereby participating in inflammatory responses. These mechanisms may be closely related to MI inflammation and vascular dysfunction, with alterations in deoxycholic acid glucuronide levels potentially affecting the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the local immune environment during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, ultimately influencing the extent of myocardial injury and repair. Notably, research on deoxycholic acid glucuronide in MI remains limited. Given its potential therapeutic value in peripheral arterial disease, it holds promise as a biomarker and therapeutic target for MI, offering new strategies for the prevention and treatment of MI and cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        <p>Serum phosphate is closely associated with arterial calcification in various human and animal diseases, particularly in gene-induced severe hyperphosphatemia, which can lead to widespread calcification. Calcification caused by hyperphosphatemia is considered an important mechanism contributing to increased mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). At the same time, the role of phosphate in coronary artery calcification (CAC) is primarily related to hyperphosphatemia. Even when serum phosphate levels remain within the normal range, an increase in phosphate levels is considered a potential risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Increased phosphate loading directly or indirectly promotes medial arterial calcification and left ventricular hypertrophy, both of which increase the susceptibility of patients to coronary artery disease. Calcium-phosphate granules formed under hyperphosphatemia conditions promote the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into osteoblast-like cells, thereby providing a scaffold for calcification in the arterial media. The increased fibroblast growth factor 23 induced by excessive phosphate load and the disruption of vitamin D metabolism play significant roles in the development of myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> N-acetylneuraminate, also known as sialic acid, is a common natural sugar molecule widely present in many glycoproteins and plays an important role in biological systems. It activates the Rho/Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway by binding with Rho A and Cdc42, promoting the migration of monocytes/macrophages. N-acetylneuraminate belongs to the monosaccharide family, with a six-carbon backbone and a high degree of structural diversity, making it a potential receptor for viruses. It is closely associated with malignant transformation, cancer, and the metastasis and invasion of large and small vessel complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Relevant studies have shown that<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> high levels of C16:0-glycosylceramide are independently associated with an increased risk of cardiac death. In a randomized controlled clinical trial, one year of liraglutide treatment significantly suppressed changes in C16:0-glycosylceramide levels in the plasma of obese patients, showing a reduction compared to the control group. These results suggest that glycosylceramides, especially C16:0-glycosylceramide, not only play an important role in cardiovascular health but may also serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets. The release of ceramides through palmitoylation, along with the subsequent inflammatory response and changes in electrical coupling, may increase the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) caused by left ventricular ventricular tachycardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>However, there is limited research on the role of the Phosphate to N-acetylneuraminate ratio and Glycosyl ceramide in MI. Therefore, this study aims to provide valuable metabolic information and reveal the connection between metabolic abnormalities and inflammatory responses in cardiovascular diseases. In the future, by further exploring the potential roles of these metabolites in MI and other cardiovascular diseases, we may offer new research directions for early diagnosis, targeted therapy, and the development of personalized medical strategies.</p>
        <p>Nubp1 is an essential component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) scaffold complex, involved in the assembly and transport of iron-sulfur clusters. Its compensatory upregulation may confer protective effects on ischemic myocardium; however, it is insufficient to fully counteract defects in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and thus may be associated with myocardial injury and the progression of MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> TVP23A encodes the trans-Golgi network vesicle protein 23 homolog A (formerly FAM18A), which is primarily involved in the transport and secretory functions of Golgi vesicles. It is highly expressed in macrophages and plasma cells, suggesting a potential role in immune cell secretion and inflammatory responses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>The high expression of TVP23A in these cells may influence the release of inflammatory mediators and the myocardial stress response, thereby contributing to the pathological processes of MI. Rbfox1 is an RNA-binding splicing factor that regulates alternative exon splicing of the CaV1.2 (Cacna1c) gene. It is highly expressed in both neural development and vascular smooth muscle cells, affecting vascular smooth muscle contraction and the regulation of vascular tone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> It may thereby contribute to the occurrence, progression, and pathological remodeling of myocardial ischemia and MI by altering coronary hemodynamics, vascular compliance, and local endothelial function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> DNAAF5 belongs to the HEAT-repeat protein family (including Huntingtin, eukaryotic elongation factor 3, PP2A, mTOR, etc.), characterized by &#945;-helical repeat motifs of approximately 30&#8211;40 amino acids. DNAAF5 is a member of the DNAAF family, which comprises at least 11 cytoplasmic proteins. Homozygous loss-of-function mutations result in embryonic lethality, whereas compound heterozygous mutations (missense plus deletion) cause severe disorders such as hydrocephalus and early death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Currently, the specific role of DNAAF5 in MI remains unclear. CLVS1 is a key protein in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and regulates the transport of &#945;-tocopherol and intracellular oxidative stress levels through its interaction with &#945;-tocopherol transfer protein (&#945;TTP), leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Excessive ROS not only enlarges the infarct size and impairs myocardial function but also promotes left ventricular remodeling, with its levels closely correlating with the severity of MI. The FCGR3A gene, located on chromosome 1, encodes the low-affinity receptor Fc&#947;RIIIa/CD16a, which is primarily expressed in natural killer cells, macrophages, and mast cells, and participates in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Its common functional polymorphism, F158V, results from a single nucleotide variation leading to either phenylalanine (F) or valine (V) at this position, and exhibits significant genotype distribution differences in patients with atherosclerosis or ischemic stroke. Since atherosclerosis is a key pathological basis for the occurrence and progression of MI, this gene polymorphism may also be closely associated with MI susceptibility. CIITA is a critical transcriptional regulatory gene in the human genome, primarily responsible for controlling the expression of MHC class II genes. MHC II molecules are mainly expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, and function to present exogenous antigens to CD4&#8314; T cells, thereby initiating adaptive immune responses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> CIITA promotes inflammatory responses by enhancing the activity of B cells and CD4&#8314; T cells; under conditions such as hyperhomocysteinemia, the amplified immune-inflammatory response via the PKM2-CREB1-CIITA pathway has been implicated<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup>.Similar mechanisms may operate in the coronary intima and ischemic myocardial regions, exacerbating local inflammation and promoting plaque instability, thereby increasing the risk of MI. LOC124901307 belongs to the non-coding RNA (ncRNA) category; although its specific function remains unclear and studies are lacking, it may contribute to the occurrence and progression of MI by modulating gene expression or regulating pathways related to vascular homeostasis. Individuals with a history of tuberculosis exhibit a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including MI, acute coronary syndrome, ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> This may be related to the chronic inflammatory response, immune activation, and endothelial dysfunction induced by tuberculosis infection. Future studies could further elucidate its molecular mechanisms and clinical potential, providing novel strategies for the early diagnosis and targeted intervention of MI.</p>
        <p>Although this study provides new insights into understanding MI, it still has certain limitations. First, it relies on publicly available GWAS data for MR analysis, which may be influenced by factors such as data quality, sample selection bias, and genetic heterogeneity. Secondly, the data used in this study are mainly derived from European populations, and the GWAS data for immune cells and metabolites are primarily from populations with relatively homogeneous genetic backgrounds and specific characteristics. Such homogeneity may limit the external validity of the findings, as differences in genetic architecture, gut microbiome composition, dietary habits, and lifestyle exist across populations. These differences may affect immune responses, metabolite levels, and susceptibility to MI, potentially leading to distinct causal relationships in non-European populations. In addition, due to the lack of information and reports on unknown metabolites, this study faces challenges in interpreting and discussing the MR analysis results. Future research should further collect individual-level data from MI patients to validate and expand the findings, while incorporating more diverse populations and considering the interaction of multiple factors to more comprehensively elucidate the pathogenesis of MI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this study, mediation MR analysis was employed to systematically evaluate the causal relationships and mediation effects among 731 immune cell traits, 1,400 plasma metabolites, and MI. A total of 38 immune cell phenotypes and 96 plasma metabolites were identified to have causal associations with MI. The results demonstrated a significant positive causal relationship between HLA DR on Dendritic Cells and MI, while reverse MR analysis did not reveal any effect of MI on HLA DR on Dendritic Cells. Further mediation MR analysis indicated that HLA DR on Dendritic Cells may influence the development of MI through Deoxycholic acid glucuronide levels, Phosphate to N-acetylneuraminate ratio, and Glycosyl ceramide, with proportions of mediation effects of 7%, 4.6%, and 6.6%, respectively. Elevated levels of HLA-DR on dendritic cells may increase the risk of MI by decreasing deoxycholic acid glucuronide levels, increasing the phosphate to N-acetylneuraminate ratio, and elevating glycosyl ceramide levels. Through systematic analysis of SNPs associated with HLA-DR on dendritic cells and these three metabolites, we identified key genes, including NUBP1, TVP23A, RBFOX1, DNAAF5, CLVS1, FCGR3A, CIITA, LOC124901307, as well as the tuberculosis signaling pathway, which may mediate potential interactions between immune phenotypes and metabolic traits (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). In summary, this study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of MI, offers additional evidence to elucidate its underlying mechanisms, and may serve as a reference for identifying potential therapeutic targets.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p> This study was funded by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81874375), the General Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No. 2023JJ30452), the Key Research Project of the Hunan Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. C2023002), the Graduate Innovation Projects of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine (No. 2024CX150, 2024CX151, 2024CX152), and the Science and Technology Innovation Team Support Program for Ordinary Higher Education Institutions, Hunan Provincial Department of Education (No. 2023).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
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