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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Rnz4LxdrNc4PJ7nZjmsWNkr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000404202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">04202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Les&#227;o Renal Independente do Volume: Por que a Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste pode Ocorrer Mesmo com Doses Ultrabaixas de Contraste</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5427-3480</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;akan</surname>
            <given-names>Fahri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Antalya</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University &#8211; Cardiology, Antalya &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Fahri &#199;akan</bold> &#8226; Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, <postal-code>07400</postal-code>, Antalya &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>dr.fahri.cakan@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260016</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Meios de Contraste</kwd>
        <kwd>Nefropatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Inj&#250;ria Renal Aguda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <related-article related-article-type="article" id="r1" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20250270" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Prezado Editor,</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Analisei com grande interesse o artigo intitulado "Impacto do volume de contraste utilizado ap&#243;s procedimentos coron&#225;rios percut&#226;neos em pacientes com risco de nefropatia induzida por contraste", de autoria de Freitas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Esta an&#225;lise de subgrupo post-hoc, concebida para avaliar a gest&#227;o do risco de nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC), fornece dados clinicamente valiosos sobre a intera&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo e o volume de contraste, particularmente em popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes de alto risco (n=2.268).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A NIC &#233; uma das complica&#231;&#245;es que n&#243;s, cardiologistas intervencionistas, antecipamos e sempre temos em mente antes de iniciar um procedimento. Ali&#225;s, essa preocupa&#231;&#227;o &#233; maior do que a expectativa de complica&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas que possam ocorrer durante o procedimento. Outro ponto importante &#233; que, em alguns pacientes, mesmo com o uso de uma quantidade significativa de contraste, n&#227;o h&#225; altera&#231;&#227;o nos valores renais. A maioria dos cardiologistas j&#225; se deparou com essa situa&#231;&#227;o. Nesse ponto, fatores como diabetes, idade avan&#231;ada e doen&#231;a renal pr&#233;-existente podem influenciar o resultado, mesmo com volumes baixos de contraste, por meio da "modula&#231;&#227;o do risco individual".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dividir os grupos em intervalos de 150 ml apresenta alguns problemas e oferece uma solu&#231;&#227;o. Primeiro, a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos participantes entre os grupos &#233; bastante diferente. Dado o grande n&#250;mero de participantes, mesmo a menor diferen&#231;a poderia ser significativa. No entanto, curiosamente, devido ao resultado negativo do estudo, a diferen&#231;a no n&#250;mero de participantes entre os grupos atenua essa situa&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, acredito que um volume de corte menor deva ser usado para a an&#225;lise conjunta, tanto para equilibrar a propor&#231;&#227;o de participantes entre os grupos quanto para reduzir a tend&#234;ncia a um erro do tipo 2.</p>
    <p>Em procedimentos coron&#225;rios, &#233; bastante dif&#237;cil estimar com exatid&#227;o a quantidade de contraste efetivamente utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Isso ocorre porque uma quantidade consider&#225;vel de contraste radiopaco &#233; expelida pela linha de inje&#231;&#227;o, pelo cateter, pelo indeflador e durante a lavagem da linha. Considerando que nem todo esse contraste entra no corpo do paciente, a quantidade efetivamente utilizada &#233; menor. Esse volume pode variar de aproximadamente 25 a 50 ml, podendo ser ainda maior em procedimentos complexos e em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Neste artigo, o volume m&#233;dio de contraste para o Grupo I &#233; de 75,3 &#177; 28,0 ml. Para o Grupo II, &#233; de 188,6 &#177; 46,9 ml. Pode-se afirmar que pelo menos 20 a 25 ml desses valores n&#227;o chegam a entrar no leito vascular do paciente, sendo utilizados apenas para o funcionamento do sistema. Considerando esses volumes perdidos em ambos os grupos, podemos supor que o Grupo II utiliza quase tr&#234;s vezes mais contraste efetivo.</p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento de NIC com o uso de alto contraste j&#225; &#233; conhecido. Os autores observaram, nas limita&#231;&#245;es, que o n&#250;mero de pacientes que utilizaram alto contraste foi relativamente pequeno. No entanto, a compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos com volumes baixos (&lt;200-300 cc) &#233; importante para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, pois o poder estat&#237;stico foi mantido apesar de todas as restri&#231;&#245;es e an&#225;lises. Embora os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos e seus n&#237;veis de efeito para o desenvolvimento de NIC estejam bem definidos, se sabe que a NIC pode se desenvolver mesmo com volumes muito baixos. Os rins s&#227;o vulner&#225;veis ao contraste em alto volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Contudo, isso destaca um ponto importante nos resultados deste estudo. Apesar de uma diferen&#231;a de contraste de quase tr&#234;s vezes e do uso de contraste de baixa osmolaridade, a aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos sugere que, se um paciente vai desenvolver NIC, ele certamente a desenvolver&#225;; a import&#226;ncia do volume e da osmolaridade m&#233;dia &#233; negligenci&#225;vel. Nesse ponto, se pode considerar que outros fatores na fisiopatologia da NIC podem ser secretamente mais eficazes. Isso explica por que a fisiopatologia da NIC n&#227;o depende exclusivamente do volume e por que processos como isquemia medular renal e toxicidade tubular podem ser desencadeados mesmo em doses muito baixas em pacientes de alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A incid&#234;ncia de 14,8% de NIC observada no grupo de baixo volume (Grupo I) corrobora a teoria de les&#227;o renal independente do volume em pacientes de alto risco relatada na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Se a NIC se desenvolver em pacientes mesmo com baixos volumes de contraste, ser&#225; essencial tomar medidas de prote&#231;&#227;o para todos os pacientes, sem exce&#231;&#227;o. Por essa raz&#227;o, acredito que seja hora de deixarmos de lado a import&#226;ncia do tipo e do volume de contraste para o desenvolvimento da NIC.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="R01" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Carta-resposta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6401-6170</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Andrade Penalva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6286-3109</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; de Ribamar</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Domingos</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Domingos, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Agrade&#231;o sinceramente pelo interesse demonstrado no nosso artigo e pela leitura atenta e reflexiva do manuscrito. Cartas como a sua enriquecem o debate cient&#237;fico e nos ajudam a refinar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, especialmente em um tema t&#227;o relevante e ainda controverso como a nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC).</p>
      <p>Concordo plenamente com sua observa&#231;&#227;o de que a NIC permanece uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o constante entre os cardiologistas. &#201; fato bem conhecido que, em pacientes de alto risco (diabetes, idade avan&#231;ada, doen&#231;a renal pr&#233;-existente), o limiar para o desenvolvimento de les&#227;o renal pode ser consideravelmente mais baixo, e fatores individuais modulam fortemente o risco, como bem destacou ao citar a modula&#231;&#227;o individual do risco.</p>
      <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, a incid&#234;ncia de NIC &#233; inferior a 2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref></sup> Em estudo publicado em 2020, que avaliou 82.683 pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, a incid&#234;ncia observada foi de 5,73%, valor semelhante ao relatado pelo Registro NCDR CathPCI, divulgado em 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref></sup> Ressalta-se, contudo, que em pacientes classificados como de alto risco para o desenvolvimento dessa complica&#231;&#227;o, as taxas podem ultrapassar 30%, a depender da quantidade de fatores de risco presentes individualmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estudo IDPC foi um estudo cl&#237;nico randomizado, unic&#234;ntrico, que comparou contrastes iodados de baixa osmolaridade (ioxaglato) e iso-osmolaridade (iodixanol) na preven&#231;&#227;o de nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC) em pacientes de alto risco submetidos a procedimentos coron&#225;rios percut&#226;neos diagn&#243;sticos e/ou terap&#234;uticos. Foram inclu&#237;dos 2.268 pacientes com pelo menos um fator de alto risco (idade &gt;70 anos, diabetes, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica n&#227;o dial&#237;tica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, choque cardiog&#234;nico ou s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda). O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de NIC, definida como aumento relativo &gt;25% e/ou absoluto &gt;0,5 mg/dL da creatinina entre o 2&#176; e o 5&#176; dia ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao contraste. A incid&#234;ncia global de NIC foi de 15%, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre contraste iso-osmolar (15,2%) e baixa osmolaridade (15,1%; P&gt;0,99), inclusive nas an&#225;lises de subgrupos. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; necessidade de di&#225;lise em 30 dias ou mortalidade. Concluiu-se que, em pacientes de alto risco, a ocorr&#234;ncia de NIC foi semelhante independentemente do tipo de contraste utilizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, como pr&#225;tica rotineira, exames diagn&#243;sticos e procedimentos coron&#225;rios sempre foram realizados com a menor quantidade poss&#237;vel de contraste. A m&#233;dia de constrate utilizada no estudo IDPC foi 89,5mL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">5</xref></sup> Para a an&#225;lise dos grupos, foi aplicada regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com o objetivo de avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a fun&#231;&#227;o renal. A partir da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, se identificou que o ponto de corte de 150 mL de contraste se mostrou o mais adequado para essa avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Sabemos que a ado&#231;&#227;o de um ponto de corte inferior a 150 mL para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos grupos, resultou em grupos desbalanceados em tamanho, mas vale lembrar que as popula&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o muito semelhantes nas suas caracter&#237;sticas. De fato, em an&#225;lises post-hoc como a nossa, o equil&#237;brio entre os grupos nem sempre &#233; ideal, e um corte mais baixo (por exemplo, pr&#243;ximo de 100&#8211;120 mL, ou ajustado por peso corporal/creatinina) poderia trazer maior granularidade e talvez maior poder estat&#237;stico para detectar diferen&#231;as sutis em volumes muito baixos. Trata-se de uma limita&#231;&#227;o inerente ao desenho e sua cr&#237;tica &#233; pertinente; ela refor&#231;a a necessidade de estudos prospectivos com estratifica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-definidas mais refinadas.</p>
      <p>Quanto &#224; quest&#227;o do volume efetivo de contraste que chega ao paciente, sua observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; extremamente v&#225;lida e frequentemente subestimada na literatura. Os 20&#8211;50 mL (ou mais em procedimentos complexos) que permanecem na linha de inje&#231;&#227;o, no cateter, realmente n&#227;o contribuem para a exposi&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Esse ponto fortalece a discuss&#227;o sobre a dificuldade de estimar o volume real na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia de t&#233;cnicas de minimiza&#231;&#227;o de contraste desperdi&#231;ado (sistemas de inje&#231;&#227;o automatizados, cateteres de baixo volume, etc).</p>
      <p>No servi&#231;o de cardiologia invasiva do IDPC, integra a rotina da sala de hemodin&#226;mica, a aspira&#231;&#227;o do contraste residual presente no cateter e na linha injetora ao t&#233;rmino do procedimento, com sua devolu&#231;&#227;o ao frasco original e posterior contabiliza&#231;&#227;o do volume total administrado ao final do exame.</p>
      <p>O achado mais intrigante do nosso trabalho<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">6</xref></sup> &#8212; e o que motivou o t&#237;tulo da sua carta &#8212; foi precisamente a aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a significativa na incid&#234;ncia de NIC entre os grupos, apesar da diferen&#231;a substancial de volume e do uso de contraste de baixa osmolalidade em ambos. A incid&#234;ncia de ~14,8% no grupo de baixo volume &#233;, de fato, importante e se alinha com relatos na literatura de les&#227;o renal em pacientes de alt&#237;ssimo risco mesmo com volumes muito baixos (&lt;50&#8211;100 mL). Isso apoia a no&#231;&#227;o de que, em certos perfis de pacientes, a NIC pode ter um componente volume-independente (ou pouco dependente de volume) significativo, mediado por mecanismos como isquemia medular grave, toxicidade tubular direta em nefrons j&#225; vulner&#225;veis, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, estresse oxidativo e inflama&#231;&#227;o &#8212; processos que podem ser iniciados por doses m&#237;nimas em indiv&#237;duos predispostos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, &#233; importante n&#227;o generalizar excessivamente essa conclus&#227;o. A literatura ainda demonstra uma rela&#231;&#227;o dose-resposta clara na maioria dos cen&#225;rios:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">9</xref></sup> volumes &gt;100&#8211;140 mL (ou &gt;3&#8211;4 mL/kg ou V/CrCl &gt;3,7) aumentam consistemente o risco em an&#225;lises multivariadas, especialmente em popula&#231;&#245;es mistas. O que seu coment&#225;rio destaca &#8212; e com raz&#227;o &#8212; &#233; que, no extremo alto risco, o volume deixa de ser o principal modulador, e outros fatores (hipoperfus&#227;o, anemia, hipotens&#227;o peri-procedimento, microemboliza&#231;&#227;o ateromatosa, entre outros) podem dominar a fisiopatologia. Nesse subgrupo, a NIC pode ser mais <italic>"contrast-associated"</italic> do que estritamente <italic>"contrast-induced"</italic>, e medidas de prote&#231;&#227;o (hidrata&#231;&#227;o adequada, retirada de nefrot&#243;xicos, uso de estatina de alta intensidade, minimiza&#231;&#227;o rigorosa de contraste) devem ser aplicadas universalmente, independentemente do volume planejado.</p>
      <p>Em resumo, essa discuss&#227;o traz uma reflex&#227;o profunda e necess&#225;ria sobre o tema, considerando uma vis&#227;o abrangente do papel da escolha do meio de contraste, vulnerabilidade individual e os mecanismos n&#227;o volum&#233;tricos. Concordo que &#233; momento de repensar estrat&#233;gias preventivas como universais e n&#227;o apenas volume-dependentes.</p>
      <p>Agrade&#231;o novamente pela contribui&#231;&#227;o valiosa ao debate.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
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  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260016i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Volume-Independent Renal Injury: Why Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Can Occur Even at Ultra-Low Contrast Doses</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5427-3480</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;akan</surname>
            <given-names>Fahri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Antalya</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University &#8211; Cardiology, Antalya &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Fahri &#199;akan</bold> &#8226; Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, <postal-code>07400</postal-code>, Antalya &#8211; T&#252;rkiye E-mail: <email>dr.fahri.cakan@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Contrast Media</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Kidney Injury</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <related-article related-article-type="article" id="r1en" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20250270i" ext-link-type="doi"/>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Dear Editor,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>I reviewed with great interest the article titled "Impact of Contrast Volume Used After Percutaneous Coronary Procedures in Patients at Risk for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy," authored by Freitas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This post-hoc subgroup analysis, designed to assess contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) risk management, provides clinically valuable data on the interaction between contrast type and volume, particularly in high-risk patient populations (n=2,268).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>CIN is one of the complications that we, as invasive cardiologists, anticipate and always keep in mind before starting a case. In fact, this feeling is greater than the expectation of technical complications that may occur during the procedure. Another point is that in some patients, even when a significant amount of contrast is used, there is no change in kidney values. Most cardiologists have experienced this situation. At this point, factors such as diabetes, advanced age, and existing kidney disease can cause the outcome to change even at low volumes by "modulating individual risk."<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dividing the groups into 150 ml actually brings certain problems and a solution with it. First of all, the distribution of participants in the groups is quite different. Considering that the number of participants is also high, even the slightest difference can be expected to be significant. However, the interesting point is that, due to the negative outcome of the study, the difference in participants between groups suppresses this situation. Therefore, I believe that a lower volume cutoff should be applied for grouping, both to balance the ratio of participants between groups and to reduce the tendency for type 2 error.</p>
      <p>In coronary procedures, it is quite difficult to estimate exactly how much contrast agent is actually used in real life. This is because a considerable amount of radiopaque agent is expelled within the injection line, within the catheter, within the indeflator, and during line flushing. Assuming that all of this does not enter the patient's body, the amount of contrast agent actively used is less. This volume can range from approximately 25-50 ml, and may be even higher in complex procedures and bypass patients. In this article, the average contrast volume for Group I is stated as 75.3 &#177; 28.0 mL. For Group II, it is 188.6 &#177; 46.9 mL. It can be said that at least 20-25 mL of these figures does not actually enter the patient's vascular bed but is only used for the system to function. Considering these lost volumes for both groups, we can assume that nearly three times as much effective contrast is used in Group 2.</p>
      <p>The development of CIN with high contrast use is already known. The authors noted in the limitations that the number of patients using high contrast was relatively small. However, comparing groups with low volumes (&lt;200-300 cc) is important for clinical practice. This is because statistical power was maintained despite all the constraints and analyses. Although the classic risk factors and their levels of effect for CIN development are well defined, it is known that CIN can develop even at very low volumes. The kidneys are vulnerable to high-volume contrast.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, it highlights an important point in the results of this study. Despite a contrast difference of nearly threefold and despite the use of low-osmolar contrast, the absence of a significant difference between the two groups suggests that if a patient is going to develop CIN, he will; the importance of volume and media osmolarity is negligible. At this point, it can be considered that other players in the pathophysiology of CIN may be secretly more effective. It explains that the pathophysiology of CIN is not solely volume-dependent, and that processes such as renal medullary ischemia and tubular toxicity can be triggered even at very low doses in high-risk patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The 14.8% incidence of CIN observed in the low-volume group (Group I) supports the theory of volume-independent renal injury in high-risk patients reported in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> If CIN develops in patients even at low volumes, it will be essential to take protective measures for every patient without question. For this reason, I believe it is time to set aside the importance of contrast type and volume for CIN development.</p>
    </body>
    <sub-article article-type="translation" id="R02" xml:lang="en">
      <front-stub>
        <article-categories>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </article-categories>
        <title-group>
          <article-title>Reply</article-title>
        </title-group>
        <contrib-group>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6401-6170</contrib-id>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>Rafaela Andrade Penalva</given-names>
            </name>
            <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
              <sup>1</sup>
            </xref>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6286-3109</contrib-id>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>Jos&#233; de Ribamar</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
              <sup>2</sup>
            </xref>
          </contrib>
          <aff id="aff5">
            <label>1</label>
            <addr-line>
              <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
              <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
            </addr-line>
            <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
            <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff id="aff6">
            <label>2</label>
            <addr-line>
              <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
              <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
            </addr-line>
            <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
            <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Domingos, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          </aff>
        </contrib-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>
        <p>Thank you sincerely for your interest in our article and for your careful and thoughtful reading of the manuscript. Letters like yours enrich the scientific debate and help us refine the interpretation of the data, especially on a topic as relevant and still controversial as contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN).</p>
        <p>I fully agree with your observation that CIN remains a constant concern among cardiologists. It is a well-known fact that, in high-risk patients (diabetes, advanced age, pre-existing kidney disease), the threshold for developing kidney damage can be considerably lower, and individual factors strongly modulate the risk, as you rightly pointed out when citing individual risk modulation.</p>
        <p>In the general population, the incidence of CIN is less than 2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref></sup> In a study published in 2020, which evaluated 82,683 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, the observed incidence was 5.73%, a value similar to that reported by the NCDR CathPCI Registry, published in 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">2</xref></sup> It should be noted, however, that in patients classified as high-risk for developing this complication, rates can exceed 30%, depending on the number of risk factors present individually.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The IDPC study was a randomized, single-center clinical trial that compared low-osmolarity (ioxaglate) and iso-osmolarity (iodixanol) iodinated contrast agents in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in high-risk patients undergoing diagnostic and/or therapeutic percutaneous coronary procedures. 2,268 patients with at least one high-risk factor (age &gt;70 years, diabetes, non-dialysis chronic kidney disease, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, or acute coronary syndrome) were included. The primary outcome was the occurrence of CIN, defined as a relative increase &gt;25% and/or absolute increase &gt;0.5 mg/dL in creatinine between the 2nd and 5th day after contrast exposure. The overall incidence of CIN was 15%, with no significant difference between iso-osmolar (15.2%) and low-osmolarity (15.1%; P&gt;0.99) contrast agents, including in subgroup analyses. There was also no difference in the need for dialysis within 30 days or mortality. It was concluded that, in high-risk patients, the occurrence of CIN was similar regardless of the type of contrast agent used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our institution, as routine practice, diagnostic tests and coronary procedures have always been performed with the smallest possible amount of contrast. The average contrast used in the IDPC study was 89.5 mL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">5</xref></sup> For the analysis of the groups, logistic regression was applied to evaluate the occurrence of outcomes and their relationship with renal function. From the statistical analysis, it was identified that the cutoff point of 150 mL of contrast proved to be the most appropriate for this evaluation.</p>
        <p>We know that adopting a cutoff point lower than 150 mL for group stratification resulted in unbalanced groups in size, but it is worth remembering that the populations are very similar in their characteristics. In fact, in post-hoc analyses like ours, the balance between groups is not always ideal, and a lower cutoff (for example, closer to 100&#8211;120 mL, or adjusted for body weight/creatinine) could provide greater granularity and perhaps greater statistical power to detect subtle differences in very low volumes. This is an inherent limitation of the design, and its criticism is pertinent; it reinforces the need for prospective studies with more refined pre-defined stratifications.</p>
        <p>Regarding the issue of the effective volume of contrast that reaches the patient, your observation is extremely valid and is frequently underestimated in the literature. The 20&#8211;50 mL (or more in complex procedures) that remain in the injection line, catheter, do not actually contribute to systemic exposure. This point strengthens the discussion about the difficulty of estimating the real volume in clinical practice and reinforces the importance of techniques for minimizing wasted contrast (automated injection systems, low-volume catheters, etc.).</p>
        <p>In the invasive cardiology service at IDPC, the routine in the hemodynamics room includes aspirating the residual contrast present in the catheter and injection line at the end of the procedure, returning it to the original vial, and subsequently accounting for the total volume administered at the end of the examination.</p>
        <p>The most intriguing finding of our work<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">6</xref></sup> &#8212; and what motivated the title of your letter &#8212; was precisely the absence of a significant difference in the incidence of CIN between the groups, despite the substantial difference in volume and the use of low-osmolality contrast in both. The incidence of ~14.8% in the low-volume group is, in fact, important and aligns with reports in the literature of kidney injury in very high-risk patients, even with very low volumes (&lt;50&#8211;100 mL). This supports the notion that, in certain patient profiles, CIN may have a significant volume-independent (or slightly volume-dependent) component, mediated by mechanisms such as severe bone marrow ischemia, direct tubular toxicity in already vulnerable nephrons, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation &#8212; processes that can be initiated by minimal doses in predisposed individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, it is important not to overgeneralize this conclusion. The literature still demonstrates a clear dose-response relationship in most scenarios<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">9</xref></sup>: volumes &gt;100&#8211;140 mL (or &gt;3&#8211;4 mL/kg or V/CrCl &gt;3.7) consistently increase risk in multivariate analyses, especially in mixed populations. What your comment highlights&#8212;and rightly so&#8212;is that, at the extreme high risk, volume ceases to be the primary modulator, and other factors (hypoperfusion, anemia, peri-procedural hypotension, atherosclerotic microembolization, among others) may dominate the pathophysiology. In this subgroup, CIN may be more "contrast-associated" than strictly "contrast-induced," and protective measures (adequate hydration, withdrawal of nephrotoxic agents, use of high-intensity statins, rigorous minimization of contrast) should be universally applied, regardless of the planned volume.</p>
        <p>In summary, this discussion brings a profound and necessary reflection on the topic, considering a comprehensive view of the role of contrast medium choice, individual vulnerability, and non-volumetric mechanisms. I agree that it is time to rethink preventive strategies as universal and not just volume-dependent.</p>
        <p>Thank you again for your valuable contribution to the discussion.</p>
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