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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">yjwtCvB7MgjcQ5FgbRJhJ6C</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000404201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">04201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250814</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Fim da "Sobrecarga do &#193;trio Esquerdo"</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3835-6067</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nunes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-1033-4107</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Teixeira de Campos e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baranchuk</surname>
            <given-names>Adrian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Mar&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia, Mar&#237;lia, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Abierta Interamericana</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bueno Aires</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidad Abierta Interamericana (UAI), Bueno Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Jos&#233; Nunes de Alencar</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jose.alencar@dantepazzanese.org.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250814</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>&#193;trios do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <related-article related-article-type="article" id="r1" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20250151" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Ao Editor,</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Lemos com grande interesse o artigo de Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os autores devem ser elogiados por conduzirem um estudo desta magnitude e rigor. Enquanto a literatura anterior se baseava em amostras menores ou em valores de corte ecocardiogr&#225;ficos n&#227;o padronizados/obsoletos para o alargamento do &#225;trio esquerdo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> a coorte ELSA-Brasil fornece o poder estat&#237;stico necess&#225;rio para resolver um debate de longa data na cardiologia cl&#237;nica. Acreditamos que esta pesquisa est&#225; destinada a se tornar um ponto de refer&#234;ncia em livros-texto padr&#227;o de eletrocardiografia.</p>
    <p>Gostar&#237;amos tamb&#233;m de abordar uma quest&#227;o cr&#237;tica de precis&#227;o terminol&#243;gica e conceitual prevalente na literatura brasileira: o uso persistente do termo "Sobrecarga Atrial Esquerda" para descrever achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. Acreditamos ser imprescind&#237;vel que a comunidade cardiol&#243;gica esteja ciente da diferen&#231;a entre "alargamento" (uma altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural) e "sobrecarga" (um estado hemodin&#226;mico). Como observado por Alpert et al., os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos frequentemente confundem erroneamente essas entidades fisiopatol&#243;gicas distintas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os autores do presente estudo utilizaram corretamente o &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (IVAE) por ecocardiografia como padr&#227;o ouro, que mede o alargamento (dilata&#231;&#227;o), e n&#227;o a sobrecarga (carga de press&#227;o ou volume). "Sobrecarga" implica um mecanismo hemodin&#226;mico que o eletrocardiograma (ECG) n&#227;o consegue medir diretamente, e o ecocardiograma o avalia apenas por meio de indicadores indiretos. Consequentemente, o termo "Sobrecarga" &#233; cientificamente impreciso neste contexto e deve ser retirado do l&#233;xico em favor de termos que descrevam com precis&#227;o o fen&#244;meno observado.</p>
    <p>Se uma onda P &#8805; 120 ms n&#227;o prev&#234; de forma confi&#225;vel o alargamento do &#225;trio esquerdo (AAE), muito menos a "sobrecarga", o que ela representa? A resposta est&#225; no conceito de bloqueio interatrial (BIA). Embora Josephson et al. tenham identificado corretamente que os padr&#245;es de "AAE" no ECG frequentemente representam atrasos de condu&#231;&#227;o independentes do tamanho atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Foi o trabalho pioneiro de Bay&#233;s de Luna que transformou essa observa&#231;&#227;o em uma entidade cl&#237;nica distinta. A partir de 1979, ele descreveu e classificou sistematicamente esses dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, estabelecendo que o BIA poderia ocorrer transitoriamente e, crucialmente, na aus&#234;ncia de alargamento estrutural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Bay&#233;s de Luna foi al&#233;m da mera observa&#231;&#227;o da dissocia&#231;&#227;o eletromec&#226;nica para estabelecer o significado cl&#237;nico do achado. Ele classificou o BIA em formas parciais e avan&#231;adas &#8212; a primeira definida por uma onda P &#8805; 120 ms com morfologia sinusal normal, enquanto este &#250;ltimo tamb&#233;m inclui morfologia bif&#225;sica (&#177;) nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores &#8212; e identificou seu substrato patol&#243;gico: cardiomiopatia atrial (CA) fibr&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Essa pesquisa, que durou d&#233;cadas, culminou no reconhecimento da "S&#237;ndrome de Bay&#233;s", identificando o BIA Avan&#231;ado como um importante fator preditivo de arritmias supraventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Portanto, uma dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P &#8805; 120 ms n&#227;o deve ser considerada um "falso positivo" para alargamento, mas sim um "verdadeiro positivo" para BIA, especificamente um atraso de condu&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o de Bachmann (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Um limiar de 120 ms &#233; o crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico ideal para essa condi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Embora uma onda P &#8805; 120 ms seja tradicionalmente denominada "Sobrecarga Atrial Esquerda ou "Alargamento", evid&#234;ncias da coorte ELSA-Brasil (Oliveira et al.) demonstram uma fraca correla&#231;&#227;o com o alargamento estrutural real avaliado por ecocardiografia. Por outro lado, o achado el&#233;trico representa um atraso de condu&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o de Bachmann. Portanto, a nomenclatura deve mudar de suposi&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas ou hemodin&#226;micas ("Alargamento/Sobrecarga") para a defini&#231;&#227;o eletrofisiol&#243;gica precisa: Bloqueio Interatrial.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250814-50814-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>Essa distin&#231;&#227;o tem um profundo peso progn&#243;stico. O BIA &#233; uma entidade independente associada &#224; fibrose atrial e &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o eletromec&#226;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, estudos populacionais como o estudo ARIC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> demonstraram que esses defeitos de condu&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o preditores independentes de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA). De forma semelhante &#224; FA, esse marcador el&#233;trico est&#225; fortemente associado a acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Devemos abandonar o termo "Sobrecarga" porque ele implica uma sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica que n&#227;o &#233; medida diretamente pelo ECG nem &#233; sin&#244;nimo das dimens&#245;es estruturais avaliadas pelo padr&#227;o ouro (IVAE). Al&#233;m disso, dada a baixa acur&#225;cia demonstrada neste estudo, tamb&#233;m devemos abandonar o termo "alargamento" para uma onda P prolongada. Em vez disso, a pesquisa de Oliveira representa uma excelente oportunidade para endossar uma distin&#231;&#227;o clara: classificar uma onda P &#8805; 120 ms pelo que ela realmente &#233;: BIA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Essa mudan&#231;a terminol&#243;gica garantir&#225; a precis&#227;o cient&#237;fica e aprimorar&#225; a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para as arritmias e eventos emb&#243;licos associados &#224; CA.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="R01" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Carta-resposta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7794-8399</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cecilia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4414-0537</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius Tostes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6646-1163</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Agradecemos imensamente os elogios ao nosso estudo na Carta ao Editor intitulada "O Fim da Sobrecarga do &#193;trio Esquerdo". Esperamos que nosso trabalho contribua para o conhecimento existente sobre anormalidades atriais.</p>
      <p>Compartilhamos da posi&#231;&#227;o expressa nesta Carta a respeito da recomenda&#231;&#227;o contra o uso do termo "Sobrecarga", visto que implica sobrecarga de press&#227;o ou volume, e, portanto, adotamos exclusivamente o termo "Alargamento". Em nosso artigo, conforme descrito na se&#231;&#227;o de Introdu&#231;&#227;o, o alargamento do &#193;trio Esquerdo foi entendido como a terminologia atual para um padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico que, na verdade, se enquadra no conceito mais amplo de CA. A CA corresponde a qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural, arquitetural, contr&#225;til ou eletrofisiol&#243;gica que afete os &#225;trios com potencial para produzir manifesta&#231;&#245;es clinicamente relevantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esta carta tamb&#233;m trouxe uma discuss&#227;o aprofundada sobre as origens e os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos do BIA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">2</xref></sup> Na se&#231;&#227;o de Discuss&#227;o, indicamos o BIA como causa de onda P prolongada e descrevemos brevemente seus padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. Tamb&#233;m destacamos o valor progn&#243;stico da onda P prolongada, visto que ela est&#225; relacionada a desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">5</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise apresentada nesta carta expande significativamente o tema e certamente contribui para a discuss&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, o texto nos lembra que a eletrocardiografia n&#227;o &#233; uma ci&#234;ncia est&#225;tica, mas din&#226;mica &#8211; uma ci&#234;ncia que deve ser continuamente debatida e atualizada. Atualmente, nos encontramos em meio a diversas mudan&#231;as paradigm&#225;ticas na eletrocardiografia. A crescente disponibilidade de exames de imagem e estudos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos nos permitiu investigar mais a fundo as rela&#231;&#245;es entre os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e seus presumidos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos subjacentes. Esses avan&#231;os tamb&#233;m evidenciaram que os padr&#245;es do ECG n&#227;o refletem necessariamente anormalidades estruturais, o que, por exemplo, fundamenta o termo CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, a introdu&#231;&#227;o da intelig&#234;ncia artificial na interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG levou &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o de padr&#245;es anteriormente desconhecidos com significativo valor progn&#243;stico, embora n&#227;o necessariamente fundamentados no conhecimento eletrocardiogr&#225;fico tradicional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">6</xref></sup> Os avan&#231;os nessas &#225;reas certamente desafiar&#227;o a terminologia atual e nos obrigar&#227;o, como m&#233;dicos e cientistas, a rever conceitos bem estabelecidos.</p>
      <p>Por fim, agradecemos a oportunidade de participar desta troca construtiva, que nos permitiu refletir mais sobre nossas descobertas e ampliar a discuss&#227;o. Acreditamos que este di&#225;logo n&#227;o s&#243; aprofunda a compreens&#227;o do tema, como tamb&#233;m ajuda a identificar dire&#231;&#245;es promissoras para pesquisas futuras.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
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            <article-title>P Wave Duration and Risk of Longitudinal Atrial Fibrillation in Persons &#8805; 60 Years old (from the Framingham Heart Study)</article-title>
            <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
            <year>2011</year>
            <volume>107</volume>
            <issue>6</issue>
            <fpage>917.e1</fpage>
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            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.10.075</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
          <mixed-citation>5 Magnani JW, Johnson VM, Sullivan LM, Gorodeski EZ, Schnabel RB, Lubitz SA, et al. P Wave Duration and Risk of Longitudinal Atrial Fibrillation in Persons &#8805; 60 Years old (from the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(6):917-21.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.10.075.</mixed-citation>
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                <surname>Paix&#227;o</surname>
                <given-names>GMM</given-names>
              </name>
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                <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
                <given-names>MH</given-names>
              </name>
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                <surname>Pinto-Filho</surname>
                <given-names>MM</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Gomes</surname>
                <given-names>PR</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal/>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Deep Neural Network-Estimated Electrocardiographic Age as a Mortality Predictor</article-title>
            <source>Nat Commun</source>
            <year>2021</year>
            <volume>12</volume>
            <issue>1</issue>
            <fpage>5117</fpage>
            <lpage>5117</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41467-021-25351-7</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
          <mixed-citation>6 Lima EM, Ribeiro AH, Paix&#227;o GMM, Ribeiro MH, Pinto-Filho MM, Gomes PR, et al. Deep Neural Network-Estimated Electrocardiographic Age as a Mortality Predictor. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):5117. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25351-7.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
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    </back>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250814i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The End of "Left Atrial Overload"</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3835-6067</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nunes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-1033-4107</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Teixeira de Campos e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baranchuk</surname>
            <given-names>Adrian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Mar&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia, Mar&#237;lia, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bueno Aires</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidad Abierta Interamericana (UAI), Bueno Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Jos&#233; Nunes de Alencar</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, Vila Mariana, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>jose.alencar@dantepazzanese.org.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <related-article related-article-type="article" id="r1en" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20250151i" ext-link-type="doi"/>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>To the Editor,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We read with great interest the article by Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The authors are to be commended for conducting a study of this magnitude and rigor. While previous literature relied on smaller sample sizes or non-standard/obsolete echocardiographic cutoffs for left atrial enlargement (LAE),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> the ELSA-Brasil cohort provides the statistical power necessary to settle a longstanding debate in clinical cardiology. We believe this research is destined to become a reference point in standard electrocardiography textbooks.</p>
      <p>We would also like to expand upon a critical terminological and conceptual precision issue prevalent in Brazilian literature: the persistent use of the term "<italic>Sobrecarga Atrial Esquerda</italic>" (Left Atrial Overload) to describe electrocardiographic findings. We believe that it is imperative for the cardiology community to be aware of the difference between "enlargement" (a structural change) and "overload" (a hemodynamic state). As noted by Alpert et al., electrocardiographic criteria often mistakenly conflate these distinct pathophysiological entities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The authors of the current study correctly utilized left atrial volume index (LAVI) via echocardiography as the gold standard, which measures enlargement (dilatation), not overload (pressure or volume load). "Overload" implies a hemodynamic mechanism that the electrocardiogram (ECG) cannot directly measure, and the echocardiogram assesses it only through surrogates. Consequently, the term "Overload" is scientifically imprecise in this context and should be retired from the lexicon in favor of terms that accurately describe the observed phenomenon.</p>
      <p>If a P-wave &#8805; 120 ms does not reliably predict LAE, let alone "overload", what does it represent? The answer lies in the concept of interatrial block (IAB). While Josephson et al. correctly identified that "LAE" patterns on ECG often represented conduction delays independent of atrial size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It was the pioneering work of Bay&#233;s de Luna that transformed this observation into a distinct clinical entity. Beginning in 1979, he systematically described and classified these conduction disorders, establishing that IAB could occur transiently and, crucially, in the absence of structural enlargement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Bay&#233;s de Luna moved beyond the mere observation of electromechanical dissociation to establish the clinical significance of the finding. He classified IAB into partial and advanced forms&#8212;the former defined by a P-wave &#8805; 120 ms with normal sinus morphology, while the latter also includes biphasic (&#177;) morphology in inferior leads&#8212;and identified its pathological substrate: fibrotic atrial cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This decades-long research culminated in the recognition of "Bay&#233;s Syndrome", identifying Advanced IAB as a key predictor of supraventricular arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Therefore, a P-wave duration &#8805; 120 ms should not be viewed as a "false positive" for enlargement, but rather as a "true positive" for IAB, specifically a conduction delay at the Bachmann region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). A 120 ms threshold is the optimal diagnostic criterion for this condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>While a P-wave &#8805; 120 ms is traditionally termed "Left Atrial Overload" (Sobrecarga) or "Enlargement," evidence from the ELSA-Brasil cohort (Oliveira et al.) demonstrates a poor correlation with actual structural enlargement assessed by echocardiography. Conversely, the electrical finding represents a conduction delay at the Bachmann region. Therefore, the nomenclature should shift from anatomical or hemodynamic assumptions ("Enlargement/Overload") to the precise electrophysiological definition: Interatrial Block.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250814-50814-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>This distinction carries profound prognostic weight. IAB is an independent entity associated with atrial fibrosis and electromechanical remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, population-based studies like the ARIC study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> have shown that these conduction defects are independent predictors of atrial fibrillation (AF). Similar to AF, this electrical marker is strongly associated with stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>We should abandon the term "<italic>Sobrecarga</italic>" (Overload) because it implies a hemodynamic burden that is neither directly measured by the ECG nor synonymous with the structural dimensions assessed by the gold standard (LAVI). Furthermore, given the poor accuracy demonstrated in this study, we should also abandon the term "Enlargement" for a prolonged P-wave. Instead, Oliveira's research is a prime opportunity to endorse a clear distinction - label a P-wave &#8805; 120 ms as what it truly is: Interatrial Block.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This terminological shift will ensure scientific accuracy and enhance risk stratification for the arrhythmias and embolic events associated with atrial cardiomyopathy.</p>
    </body>
    <sub-article article-type="translation" id="R02" xml:lang="en">
      <front-stub>
        <article-categories>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </article-categories>
        <title-group>
          <article-title>Reply</article-title>
        </title-group>
        <contrib-group>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7794-8399</contrib-id>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>Ana Cecilia</given-names>
            </name>
            <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
              <sup>1</sup>
            </xref>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4414-0537</contrib-id>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>Vinicius Tostes</given-names>
            </name>
            <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
              <sup>1</sup>
            </xref>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6646-1163</contrib-id>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>Marcelo M.</given-names>
            </name>
            <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
              <sup>1</sup>
            </xref>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
            <name>
              <surname>Brant</surname>
              <given-names>Luisa</given-names>
            </name>
            <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
              <sup>1</sup>
            </xref>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
            </name>
            <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
              <sup>1</sup>
            </xref>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id>
            <name>
              <surname>Foppa</surname>
              <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
            </name>
            <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
              <sup>2</sup>
            </xref>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
            </name>
            <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
              <sup>1</sup>
            </xref>
          </contrib>
          <aff id="aff9">
            <label>1</label>
            <addr-line>
              <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
              <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
            </addr-line>
            <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
            <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff id="aff10">
            <label>2</label>
            <addr-line>
              <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
              <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
            </addr-line>
            <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
            <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          </aff>
        </contrib-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>
        <p>We are extremely thankful for the generous compliments on our study in the Letter to the Editor entitled "The End of Left Atrial Overload". We hope that our work contributes to the existing body of knowledge regarding atrial abnormalities.</p>
        <p>We share the position stated in this Letter concerning the recommendation against using the term "Overload," as it implies pressure or volume load, and have therefore adopted the term "Enlargement " exclusively. In our paper, as outlined in the Introduction section, left atrial enlargement was understood as the current terminology for an electrocardiographic pattern that, in fact, falls within the broader concept of atrial cardiomyopathy (AC). AC corresponds to any structural, architectural, contractile, or electrophysiological change affecting the atria with the potential to produce clinically relevant manifestations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This Letter also brought a thorough discussion on the origins and diagnostic criteria of IAB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">2</xref></sup> In our Discussion section, we indicate IAB as a cause of prolonged P-wave and briefly describe its electrocardiographic patterns. We also pointed out the prognostic value of a prolonged P-wave, as it is related to adverse health outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">5</xref></sup> The review in this Letter significantly expands on the topic and certainly builds on the discussion.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, the text reminds us that electrocardiography is not a static but a dynamic science - one that must be continuously debated and updated. At present, we find ourselves in the midst of several paradigm shifts in electrocardiography. The increasing availability of imaging and electrophysiologic studies has enabled us to further investigate the relationships between electrocardiographic findings and their presumed underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. These advances have also evidenced that ECG patterns do not necessarily reflect structural abnormalities, which, for instance, underpins the term atrial cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition, the introduction of artificial intelligence in ECG interpretation has led to the identification of previously unknown patterns with significant prognostic value, although not necessarily rooted in traditional electrocardiographic knowledge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">6</xref></sup> The advances in these fields will certainly challenge current terminology and compel us, as physicians and scientists, to review well-established concepts.</p>
        <p>Finally, we are grateful for the opportunity to engage in this constructive exchange, which has allowed us to further reflect on our findings and broaden the discussion. We believe that this dialogue not only deepens the understanding of the topic but also helps identify promising directions for future research.</p>
      </body>
    </sub-article>
  </sub-article>
</article>
